OneGeology-Europe – an INSPIRE testbed for semantic harmonisation of „geology“ data across Europe (WP 3)

Kristine Asch and John Laxton Project deliverables

• Interoperable on- shore geology spatial dataset • with ”progress • Mutilingual metadata for towards discovery harmonisation” • View services • Forerunner and “guinea • Geological pig” for the vocabulary and data implementation of specifications for INSPIRE Directive Europe • Use case studies Fact

Vast amount of data hidden in the archives and hard disks in governmental organisations across Europe …

Kristine Asch ©BGR.de And they are all different.. Edge matching at national boundaries? Î National boundary Î geological terms and classifications (age, lithology, tectonics ..) Î age of data (mapping campaign) Î choice of units to be mapped Î level of detail / scale Î topographical base (projection, spheroid, drainage system, ...) Î Portrayal (colours and symbols) Î Mapped border of the units Interoperability and harmonisation

• Interoperability – when the data model/structure and properties to describe its parts (what GeoSciML does) is agreed – E.g. agreeing a data model will have the feature of “GeologicUnit” with properties of “age” and “lithology”

• Semantic harmonisation – when the use of the same definitions and classifications to describe a concept/term is agreed – E.g. ‘clay’. The same concept can be labelled with several terms (“argilla” in Italian, “Ton” in German), but needs to have the same definition, in this case of “clay/Ton/argilla, …”): > 50% particles < 0,004 mm (Wentworth grade scale), or: > 50% particles < 0,002 mm (ISO 14688)

• Geometric harmonisation – edge-matching at national boundaries Harmonized?

BasaltBasaltBasaltBasalt Harmonized! national boundary Alkali interoperable olivineBasaltBasalt basalt

BasaltBasalt BasaltBasalt

BasaltBasalt AlkaliAlkali olivineolivine basaltbasalt Geometric Semantic harmonisation harmonisation 5050 kmkm The 1G-E Geology Vocabulary

• 516 agreed defined terms, definitions and parent/child relations: – lithology (sedimentary, magmatic, metamorphic) – geological age – genesis – faults and structures

• Taken on board: 532 review comments from 20 national data + 2 global NGOs • > 100 new terms and definitions fed into the global geoscience vocabulary of the IUGS Commission of Geoscience Information • Portrayal rules for age, lithology and structures • Explanatory Notes how to encode in GeoSciencel ML ►THE base for semantic harmonisation ►Enables comparability of the information ►Basis for cross-boundary planning Portrayal Rules visualizing the content – and its lack of harmonisation … Vocabulary Building

1GEurope Global CGI scientific Vocabulary require- ments

Extract

Particularily DRAFT European (e.g. orogenies)

Review 1GE-core Team

1G-E Vocabulary Vocabulary Challenges

• Agreement: 10 individual country representatives defining the vocabulary (terms and definitions) • 20 national representatives reviewing • The (English) project Language – a neverending source for misunderstanding • Integration with the global CGI vocabulary group – many heated discussions via e-mail, phone and in meetings • Short time available • Acceptance …. The need for a common denominator was not seen by all project participants from the start WP 3 Geology Harmonisation Workshop, Slovenia

ry ula ab • 26 experts voc -E • 18 nations (EC) 1G • 2 days the e of us se: Ba Tasks: • Define generic harmonisation issues • Solve these individually • Develop a workflow/method how to tackle this Our 1st obstacle

Data gaps – no content

National boundary mismatches Harmonisation Workshop issues

• Hardly any country has harmonised its boundaries semantically and/or geometrically • Political issues… who provides Gibraltar, Northern Ireland? • Base problem: the difference of scales; target scale 1/1000.000 includes 1/250.000, 1/300.000, 1/400.000, 1/500 000, 1/625 000, 1/1 000 000 –> our advise: define the scale if there is a strong necessity for data harmonisation • Many mismatches solvable by bilateral negotiation, by use of more detailed data sets/maps and publications • However, there will mismatches remain that can only be solved with additional field work ! Geological harmonisation: Draft of a general workflow process

Condition: parties use same conceptual model and vocabulary

Define properties to be harmonized Expert group

Define level of harmonisation Expert group

Identify and classify mismatches minor Tools: Mismatch matrix

major Generalize semantic Tools /snap boundaries

Inform neighbours and Mediator start negotiating process

no Solvable by negotiation? yes Neighbours

Mark feature Modify just identified Modify general unit border polygones Summary and Conclusions

• The work on the OneG-E data vocabulary enriched and improved the global CGI vocabulary • It has been reviewed and agreed by 20+4 countries (subsidiarity principle) • Provides a solid base, easy-to-use vocabulary to describe the geology of Europe • Explanation notes are written to help the implementation • Provides a geology vocabulary and basis for semantic harmonisation of geology in Europe • Reference material for the INSPIRE Geology and Mineral Resources Data TWG GE-MR Specification TWG GE- MR…. • “progress-towards-harmonisation” report provides guidance for future cross-border consistency and harmonisation Thanks to:

• Ian Jackson • Francois Robida • Jolanta Cylene • Steve Richard, CGI • Luca DeMicheli • Chris Schubert • Garry Baker • Claudia Delfini • Sybille Hennings • Robert Tomas • Aleksandra Kuczerawy • Kathryn Bull • Jean-Jacques Serrano • Alexander Tschistiakow • Dominique Janjou • Agnès Tellez-Arenas • Stephan Gruijters • Milos Bavec • Marco Klicker • Mary Carter • Alan Smith • Horst Troppenhagen • Marco Pantaloni • Pierre-Yves Declerq • Mikko Nironen • Fernando Perez • Monika • Urzula Stepien • Stefan Bergman • and many more of the 1G-E Team … • Pjotr Czupek • Stefan Kacer • Pavla Guertlerova Invitation to the IUGS-CGI GeoScience Language Workshop + Open GeoSciML Day 25.-27. August 2010 Berlin Topics: Ontologies, vocabularies and terms: Developments and implemention Registration: [email protected] [email protected] Lessons learned WP 3 Harmonisation Workshop in Slovenia

Ouch, yes, I will do anything, I will even HARMONIZE !! Aaaargh!! “The classification of the sedimentary rocks is a problem on which much thought has been expended and one for which no mutually satisfactory or complete solution has yet been found" !!!!!

F. J. Pettijohn (1975) More information on OneGeology-Europe http://onegeology-Europe.org

More information on OneGeology (global)

http://onegeology.org The 1G-E vocabulary in numbers

• 532 Review comments to the Scientific Data Specification D3.1 V1, 2009 • 6 Metamorphic Grade terms • 6 Proportion terms Revised vocabulary 2010 • 163 Lithology terms • 6 Geologic unit part role terms • 197 age terms • 5 Contact type terms • 82 Genesis terms (42 environments + 40 processes) • 4 Geologic unit Type terms • 15 Orogenic Events • 3 Geologic unit Morphology • 12 Fault type terms terms • 11 Metamorphic Facies terms • 2 Feature Observation Method terms • 1 Mapped Feature Observation Method term agenda

• One Geology – Europe • Discrepancies • The vocabulary • The vocabulary by numbers • Building the vocabulary: - develop requirements independently - scrutinizing global standards, extract - recognition and defining of gaps -merge • The stony way to a global herd … examples • CGI multihierarchie contra single

• Challenges • Products 1G-E WP3 Vocabulary Sources

Bates, R.L. & Jackson, J.A. (1987): Glossary of Geology (3rd ed.). American Geological Institute; 788 p.; Alexandria, Virginia.

Bingen, B., et al. (2008): The Mesoproterozoic in the Nordic Countries.-Episodes, Vol. 31, 29-34; Journal of International Geoscience (Beijing)

Bucher & Frey (1994): Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks; -7th ed.; Edition. – Springer (Heidelberg)

CGI IWG (in review 2008): Simple Lithology vocabulary - Draft vocabularies for GeoSciML Web services.; Available at https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/ConceptDefinitionsTG

CGI IWG (in review 2010): Draft vocabularies for GeoSciML Web services.; Available at https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/subversion/GeoSciML/vocabulary/trunk/2010LithologyRevisions/SimpleLithology2010_rc.rdf

Faure Maure, et al. in press: Devonian Geodynamic Evolution of the Variscan Belt, Insights from the French Massif Central and Massif Armoricain. Tectonics (Washington DC), in press.

Fettes, D. & Desmons, J. (2007): Metamorphic Rocks – A Classification and Glossary of Terms – Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks; Cambridge University Press (Cambridge).

Fry, N. (1984): The Field Description of Metamorphic Rocks.- John Wiley & Son Ltd (London)

Gillespie, M.R. & Styles, M.T. (1999): BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 1, Classification of igneous rocks.; British Geological Survey (Nottingham)

Hallsworth, C.R. & Know, R. W, 'B (1999):BGS Rock Classification Scheme. Volume 3: Classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks.- British Geological Survey; Keyworth, Nottingham.

Koistinen, T., Stephens, M.B., Bogatchev, V., Nordgulen, O., Wennerström, M., Korhonen, J., 2001. Geological map of Fennoscandian Shield, scale 1:2 000 000. Geological Surveys of Finland, Norway and Sweden and the North-West Department of Natural Resources of Russia

LeMaitre, R.W. et al. (2002): Igneous Rocks – A Classification and Glossary of Terms – Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks ; 2nd Edition.- Cambridge University Press (Cambridge).

LINNEMANN, U (2003): The structuraL units of Saxo-Thuringia.- Geologia Saxonia 48/49, 19-28;

Matte, P. 2001: The Variscan collage and orogeny (480±290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review, Terra Nova 13, 122- 128

McKerrow, W.S. Mac Niocaill, C. & Dewey, J.F. 2002: The Caledonian Orogeny redefined, Journal of the Geological Society 157, pp. 1149-1154; London.

Murawski, H. & Meyer, W. (1998): Geologisches Wörterbuch; 10., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl. – Enke (Stuttgard). Igneous material of the CGI Vocabulary 2008 plus new required 1G-E terms

phaneritic_igne ous_rock foidolite anorthosite gabbro foid_syenitoid

basic_igneous pegmatite gabbroic_rock _rock aplite igneous_material ultrabasic_igne anorthositic_rock monzo_gabbro ous_rock dioritic_rock syenitic_rock … acidic_igneous foid_syenite igneous_rock _rock foid_bearing_ syenitoid syenite foid_gabbroid syenite ultramafic_igne peridotite quartz_syenite ous_rock pyroxenite tonalite monzonite granite hornblendite granodiorite quartz_rich_phaneritic fine_grained_ig quartz_monzo neous_rock granitoid nite CGI Simple Lithology 200811 rhyolitoid new 1G-E terms rhyolite basalt tholeiitic_basalt alkali_olivine_basalt foid_diorite phaneritic_ign foid_dioritoid foid_monzodiorite eous_rock foidolite … anorthosite foid_monzosyenite foid_bearing_anorthosite gabbro foid_syenitoid quartz_anorthosite quartz_gabbro pegmatite basic_igneous gabbroic_rock foid_bearing_ _rock gabbro aplite monzogabbroic_rock monzo_gabbro igneous_material anorthositic_rock alkali_feldspar_syenitic_rock gabbroid syenitic_rock … acidic_igneous foid_syenite monzonitic_rock igneous_rock _rock foid_bearing_ syenitoid foid_monzogabbro syenite foid_gabbroid foid_gabbro syenite ultramafic_igne alkali_feldspar_granite quartz_syenite ous_rock peridotite pyroxenite tonalite monzonite granite hornblendite foid_bearing_ granodiorite monzonite quartz_rich_phaneritic fine_grain_ignened_ig monzodioritic_rock quartz_monzo ous_rockneous_rock granitoid dioritic_rock nite rhyolitoid alkali_feldspar_rhyolite syenogranite dioritoid monzogranite … rhyolite basalt tholeiitic_basalt … … alkali_olivine_basalt 1G-E vocabulary as part of the new Vocabulary of CGI (Simple Lithology 201001) … phaneritic_iphaneritic_ignegn ous_rockeous_rock foidolite anorthosite gabbro foid_syenitoid pegmatite basic_igneous gagabbroic_rockbbroic_rock _rock aplite igneous_material anorthositic_rock monzo_gabbro syenitic_rock … acidic_igneous foidfoid_sye_syenitenite igneous_rock _rock foid_bearing_ syenitoisyenitoidd syenite foid_gabbroidfoid_gabbroid syenite ultramafic_igne peridotite quartz_syenite ous_rock peridotite pyroxenite tonalite monzonite granite hornblendite granodiorite quartz_rich_phaneritic fine_grained_ig quartz_monzo neous_rock granitoid dioritic_rock nite CGI Simple Lithology 200811 rhyolitoidrhyolitoid diordiorititoidoid new 1G-E terms rhyolite basalt tholeiitic_basalt proposed changes for definitions by 1G-E alkali_olivine_basalt Example Arenite

Arenite (1G-E): Clastic sandstone that contains less than 10 percent matrix. Matrix is mud-size silicate minerals (clay, feldspar, quartz, rock fragments, and alteration products) of detrital or diagenetic nature. Pettijohn, Potter, Siever, 1972, Sand and Sandstone: New York, Springer Verlag, 681 p..

Arenite: A general name used for consolidated sedimentary rocks composed of sand-sized fragments with a pure or nearly pure chemical cement and little or no interstitial matrix material ; e.g. sandstone, graywacke, arkose, calcarenite. The term is equivalent to the Greek-derived term psammite and was introduced as arenyte by Grabau (1904, p.242) who used it with appropriate prefixes in classifying medium-grained rocks (e.g. “autoarenyte”, “autocalcarenyte”, “hydraarenyte” and “hydrosilicarenyte”). See also lutite, rudite. A “clean” sandstone that is well sorted, contains little or no matrix material, and has relatively simple mineralogic composition; specif. a pure or nearly pure, chemically cemented sandstone containing <10% argillaceous matrix (Williams et. al., 1954, p.290). The term is used for major category of sandstone, as distinguished from wacke. Neuendorf et al. 2005, American Geological Institute Alexandria, Virginia 2005, 35 p.. Grain sizes

ISO 14688‐1, Geotechnical investigation SGF 18, Karlsson and Hansbo, 1992 BGS grain‐size scheme and testing – Jordarternas indelning och benämning (3rd (based on Wentworth, 1922) Identification and classification of soil – Ed.), Byggforskningsrådet, Stockholm (1992). Part 1: Identification and description [grain‐size in Aggregate name Aggregate name [grain‐size in mm] Aggregate name [grain‐size in mm] mm] Coarse boulder 2000 ‐ …

Medium boulder 600 ‐ 2000 Large Boulder 630 ‐ … Boulder Boulders 256 ‐ …

Coarse stone 200 ‐ 600

Boulder 200 – 630 Stone Medium stone 60 ‐ 200

Gravel Cobble 63 – 200

Cobbles 64 ‐ 256 Coarse gravel 20 ‐ 63 Coarse Gravel 20 ‐ 60 Pebbles 4 ‐ 64 Medium gravel 6,3 ‐ 20 Medium gravel 6 ‐ 20 Gravel Gravel Granules 2 ‐ 4 Fine gravel 2,0 ‐ 6,3 Fine gravel 2 ‐ 6 Very‐coarse 1 ‐ 2

sand

Coarse sand 0,5 ‐ 1 Coarse sand 0,63 ‐2,0 Coarse sand 0,6 ‐ 2

Sand Medium sand 0,25 ‐ 0,5 Medium sand 0,2 ‐ 0,63 Medium sand 0,2‐ 0,6 Sand Sand Fine sand 0,125 ‐ 0,25 Fine sand 0,063 ‐ 0,2 Fine sand 0,06 ‐ 0,2 Very fine sand 0,032 ‐ 0,125 Silt 0,004 ‐ 0,032 Coarse silt 0,02 ‐ 0,063 Coarse silt 0,02 ‐ 0,06

Medium silt 0,0063 ‐ 0,02 Medium silt 0,006 ‐ 0,02 Silt Silt

Mud Fine silt 0,002 ‐ 0,0063 Fine silt 0,002 ‐ 0,006 Clay … ‐ 0,004 Clay … ‐ 0,002 Clay … ‐ 0,002