For information on the contents of this document contact: Ministry of Employment and Investment Energy and Division British Columbia Geological Survey Branch 5 - 1810 Blanshard Street PO Box 9320, Stn Prov Gov't Victoria, BC, V8W 9N3 Attn: W.J. McMillan, Manager, Map ing Section Fax: 250-952-0381 [mail: [email protected] or; B. Grant, Editor, GSB Fax: 250-952-0451 E-mail : [email protected]. bc.ca

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data I Main entry under title: Specifications and guidelines for bedrock mapping in British Columbia

Includes bibliographical references: p. ISBN 0-7726-2950-1

1. Geological mapping - British Columbia. 2. , Structural - British Columbia. 3. Geology - Maps - Symbols. I. British Columbia. Geological Survey Branch. Victoria British Columbia May 1997 October, 1996

TaMb Off GmQmQs

Introduction ...... 3 Fission Track Dating Technique ...... 36 Part 1: Fundamental Bedrock Mapping Concepts 5 Usual Application of . . . 36 Part 2: Mapping and Field Survey Procedures. . 7 Materials Suitable for Dating...... 36 2-1 Overview...... 7 Rubidium-strontium Dating ...... 38 2-2 Bedrock Field Survey Databases . . . . . 10 -Lead Dating ...... 3 8 2-3 Quality Control, Correlation, and Map Lead Isotope Analysis ...... 38 Reliability ...... 11 Fission Track Dating ...... 38 Part 3: Data Representation On Bedrock Maps 13 Analytical Procedure ...... 39 3-1 Title Block ...... 13 Quaternary Dating Methods ...... 39 3-2 Base Map Specifications ...... 15 Radiocarbon Dating ...... 39 3-3 Reliability Diagrams ...... 15 Potassium-Argon Dating of Quaternary 3-4 Legend ...... 16 Volcanic Rocks...... 40 3-5 Map Attributes ...... 17 Fission Track Dating ...... 40 3-6 Symbols...... 17 Sampling ...... 41 3-7 Map-unit Designations ...... 17 Appendix 111: 3-8 Terminology ...... 17 Symbol Usage In Map-unit Designation . . . . 45 3-9 Cross-sections...... 22 Geologic Age ...... 45 3- 10 Reference-authorization ...... 22 Stratigraphic Unit Name ...... 46 Part 4: Symbol Library ...... 25 Other Informal Unit Identifier, or Dominant ...... 47 Part 5: Bibliography...... 27 . Appendix IV: Appendix I: Rock Classification Schemes...... 49 Stratigraphic Nomenclature...... 29 Siliciclastic Rocks Introduction...... 29 (Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks) . . . . . 49 Main Stratigraphic Categories ...... 29 Carbonate Rocks ...... 49 Lithostratigraphic Units ...... 30 Plutonic Rocks ...... 49 Lithodemic Units ...... 3 1 Volcanic Rocks...... 49 Naming of Formal Units ...... 32 Pyroclastic Rocks Precedence ...... 32 (fragmental or clastic rocks derived from Informal Nomenclature for Lithostratigraphic volcanic processes)...... 49 and Lithodemic Units ...... 33 Metamorphic Rocks ...... 49 Other Informal Stratigraphic Terms: Appendix V: Assemblage, and Terrane ...... 33 Traverse and Station Numbering Protocol . . . 5 1 Uncertainty ...... 34 Appendix VI-a: Ap endix 11:...... Rock and Codes for Geology Maps . . 53 agiom metric Dating Methods Appendix VI-b: and Geologic Time Scales ...... 35 Computer-Oriented Rock and Mineral Codes . 55 Geochronology ...... 35 A pendix VII: The Potassium-argon Technique ...... 35 ~rossar~of Selected Geologic Terms ...... 61 Rubidium-strontium Technique ...... 35 Appendix VIII: Autocad Layer Dictionary ...... 67 Strontium Isotope Ratios ...... 35 Appendix IX Uranium-lead Technique ...... 36 Geological Symbol Library ...... 71 Lead-lead Technique ...... 36

Ministry of Employment & Investment 1 Bedrock Mapping Standards

FIGURES Figure 7. Data reliability index maps for a bedrock map arq provided by two inset ma s. (a). The 'source map displays the sources of in&mation used to producq Figure I. In bedrock ma ping, map-unit designations are the main eologic map, and b) The 'traverse map based on a ierarchical system. The figure shows alftraverse lines (inci uding roads mapped) illustrates the systemsfor volcanic and sedimentary and individual spot checks made during the field rocks, and for plutonic and metamorphic rocks. survey. Figure 2. Stages in a bedrock mapping program from Figure 8. Reproduced portions of a bedrock map legend inception tofinal map and report production shows layout and formatting of a typical geological Figure 3. An example of computer-oriented data collection legend. See Fi re 11 or explanation o symbols form. The illustration is afield orm used for data used. ~odifkE~er&iarizza and Ga da (I 996). capture by the BC Geological s'urvey Branch. Figure 9. The 1992 eolo ic time scale; updated from Harland et af (19f0as b). and Lumbers and Card (1991). Figure 10. Symbols commonly found on geology maps Figure 5. An example o the structure o the title block (modified after Grant and Newell. 1990). recommended/r use on bedrocl ma s (that used by the B. C. Geolo ical survey ~ranclfrom Grant and Newel1 199$ Figure 6. Example of a project area "Location Index Map" to accompany a bedrock geological map.

- 2 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

This document, part of the provincial Re- M. Mihalynuk and J. Newel1 are gratefully ao source Inventory Committee initiative, provides knowledged. guidelines and is a step toward development of common standards and methodologies for bedrock This document is broken into five parts: mapping in British Columbia. It recommends Part 1 provides a general overview of bedrock methodology for the presentation of geological irr mapping methodology. formation and describes the types of data that must Part 2 describes methodology involved in be collected for the production of geological maps. project planning and information about be& Implementing these guidelines will make sign if^ rock field surveys. It also describes both es cant progress toward the goal of making compari- sential and desirable data that should be son and exchange of geological data in the collected to produce geological maps using province easier. These standards will be of interest symbols outlined in Part 3. We strongly recr to both specialists and non-specialists, and will ommend that field data be collected on for- help users understand the underlying bedrock data matted field forms to facilitate digital data that is used to produce geologic maps and reports. capture. It is important to note that geologic maps are NOT Part 3 covers data representation and provides raw data, they are interpretations of the raw data. guidelines for the graphical presentation of geological information. Although the standards contain specific reci Part 4 describes typical map symbols and re ommendations, they should be treated as guide fers to Appendix IX,which is a "libra~y"con- lines. The guidelines are intended to be detailed taining comprehensive cartographic enough to provide consistency, but not so restric- descriptions of specific geological symbols. tive that they cannot be easily implemented. They Appendix IX contains geologic and digital will not be usable in every circumstance, but will definitions for geologic symbols. Note: the cover most applications. It is hoped that this flexi- British Columbia Geological Survey Branch ble approach will ensure faster and wider accep plans to make the descriptions and AutoCad tance for the recommended standards. definitions of the symbols available in digital The conceptual design and content of this form. manual is based on recommendations made by the Part 5 contains the main references used to RIC Bedrock Geology Task Group of the Earth help compile this manual and to establish Sciences Task Force, which involved a multi- standards in conformance with accepted prao agency workshop and a client survey. The manual tice within the geosciences. was compiled by W.J. McMillan, F. Ferri and C. Nine appendices provide background infor- Rees with major input and desktop publishing by mation on aspects of bedrock mapping dis B. Grant. Comments on earlier drafts were re- cussed in parts 1 to 3, and provide definitions ceived from many sources, in particular those by for selected geological terms.

Ministry of Employment & Investment 3 Bedrock Mapping Standards

I LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS IN BEDROCK MAPPING I VOLCANIC AND SEDIMENTARY Typical Map Scale

Supergroup 1: 1 million or less detailed I lGroup] -1 G~OBI1 Group C I

Formation B-1H~orm-~~orrnation 8-31

[l-i [l-i M~B-B~~JI Member B-2-iii]

- I Bed -1-1 Bed I Bed 8-2-ii-c I 1:5000 or more detailed

1 LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS IN BEDROCK MAPPING PLUTONIC AND METAMORHIC ROCKS I I Typical Map Scale Complex A 1: 1 million or less detailed

I -L~thodemeA Lithodeme B H~ithodeme c I 1.20 000 or more detailed Figure I. In bedrock ma ping, map-unit designations are based on a hierarchical system. This flgure illustrates the systems for voLanic and sedimentaty rocks, and for plutonic and metamorphic rocks.

4 B.C. Geological Survey October, 19%

Bedrock geological maps are generally plot- gocene Epoch. This kind of grouping is usually ted on topographic bases and use rock types (lithol- based on fossils found in the rocks, but may be ogy), age (based on fossil or isotopic information) based on isotopic dating. Its application is limited and structural data to define map-units and portray because age boundaries cannot be mapped di- their distribution. rectly. The map-unit designations are based on a hi- erarchical system (Figure 1). The terminology is In practice, subdivisions on bedrock maps described in more detail Appendix 111. The system are based on lithology within a time kamework progresses from the very general to the more spe- (stratigraphy). For example, a map legend for cific. For example, based on lithology, a super- northeastern British Columbia shows rocks of Late group consists of a number of related volcanic Triassic age that consist of three rock packages, the andlor packages (groups) that Pardonet, Baldonnel and Charlie Lake Forma- occur over a wide area. Successively finer subdivi- tions. Lithologic units and packages of lithologic sions split out distinctive map-units (formations) units in themselves provide no indication of when within groups, mappable rock subunits within for- they formed; a sandstone could be Cambrian or mations (members) and even specific rock layers (beds). For intrusive or metamorphic rocks, like Cretaceous. Without age control, the relative stm granites or , equivalent divisions are the tigraphic positions of map-units can only be sur- complex, supersuite, suite and lithodeme. mised based on geometric position; units overlying A similar progression has also been devel- other units are presumed to be younger. However, oped to classify rocks based on age rather than rock folding and faulting often modify such relatiow type. In this approach, all rocks formed during a ships, and place younger rocks over older. Deter- specific period of time are grouped together, for mining relative age is a critically important example, all rocks of the Jurassic Period or the 01k element of bedrock mapping.

Ministry of Employment & Investment 5 Bedrock Mapping Standards

define program objectives and parameters select map areas that meet the program objectives - prepare project proposals with budget estimates I gain management approval to proceed ! Step 2: Preparation for Field Su rveys compile exisiting geologic data, including geoscience maps, reports, remote sensing data, topographic base maps, etc., determine logistical needs, make contact with key people study air photos and other remote sensing data for geological information compile a draft geological map from this information, ther a 'working map' \ prepare a preliminary traverse plan

Step 3: Conducting Field Surveys assemble a qualified field crew and equipment carry out systematic ground traverses to establish ground control and determine the distribution of bedrock types, mineralization and structures

r ( Step 4: Data Synthesis and Analysis interpretation of the data to produce bedrock geological maps - involves plotting data and interpreting geologic contacts (both stratigraphic and structural) and defining structures that control lithologic (rock type) distribution patterns conduct literature research and applied research I

Map Production compilation of all digital and hard copy data completion of a cartographically correct map that meets agency standards productionof a final publication master product appropriate to the publication medium I

Production of Written Report a report written to agency standards in conjuction with the map provides details related to the objectives of the survey, and aids understanding of the geology of the

i region mapped. 1

Figure 2. Sta es in a bedrock mapping progrant from inception to final map and report pro ifuction.

6 B.C. Geological Survey PART $2: MIappImg mdl Fiddl Summy

Collect copies of maps and reports, and re- view contents. This section outlines the major steps foL Assemble topographic maps and air photo lowed to produce a bedrock geological map - from graphs for the area. the planning stage to production of the final map. Determine crew size, timing of field work, These steps, summarized in Figure 2, must be field logistics (such as equipment needed, clearly understood and followed if the objective of what transportation will be used (foot, truck, producing bedrock geological maps that conform fixed wing aircraft, helicopter, boat, horse)). to a provincial standard is to be met. Contact people knowledgeable about the ge- ology (if possible) and logistics of the area (such as access to and within the area, where 2-1 -1 Step 1: Project Planning to put camps, the nearest helicopter base, Project planning is a crucial step in a map sources of supplies, names of expediters, ping and inventory project. It is needed both to err whether other field crews will be in the area). sure that the project meets the objectives of the Step 2, Stage 2: organization, and to gain approval to proceed. The planning stage sets the scene for the project by: de Review all available geological materials to develop an initial understanding of the nature fining objectives for the survey, ensuring involve and distribution of lithologic units and their ment by necessary individuals and clients, and inter-relationships in the area, and to develop setting targets, products and time-lines. The plan a preliminary understanding of the structural ning stage also sets budgets and determines the development of the area. scope and scale of the project. Review remote sensing data (satellite im agery, air photographs & geophysical maps 2-1 -2 Step 2: Preparation for Field Surveys e.g., aeromagnetic maps) to interpret stw Preparation begins with compilation of all tural and lithologic features that will be veri- existing data, and acquisition of the basic tools fied by field checks. needed to carry out the survey. Project personnel Step 2, Stage 3: needs are defined, field logistics determined, tr* Develop a working geological legend from verses planned, and all available existing geologic the initial list of geological units identified in data reviewed. If circumstances permit, prelimi- stage 2, and incorporate lithologic units pre nary interpretation of the bedrock geology is made dicted (based on units in nearby map areas) to with the assistance of remotely sensed data (air exist in the map area. If possible initiate dis photographs, satellite images, geophysics, geo cussions with geologists familiar with the area chemistry). Stages involved when planning to to define geological problems that can be ex- carry out a bedrock field mapping project are de- pected to be encountered during the field scribed in more detail below. mapping. The working legend, which is based on age, litholology, and lithological group Step 2, Stage 1: ings, should include unit symbols and names Compile information on existing geological (see Appendix I). It is used to develop map maps and related information for the area. ping and sampling strategy.

Ministry of Employment & Investment 7 Bedrock Mapping Standards

British Columbia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH FlELD MAPPING SURVEY DATA COLLECTION CARD

Figure 3. An Exam le of a computer-oriented data collection form. The illustration is afield form used for data capture by the British dlumbia Geological Survey Branch.

8 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

If a field reconnaissance is possible, the initial During the field program, traverses are made working legend would be modified to include and geological data collected. The bedrock observationsmade during the reconnaissance. maps are continually revised as the work pre Step 2, Stage 4: gresses to update geological interpretions and Produce a "working map" for the area of inter- identify problem areas so that the preliminary est based on data from stage 1 and research traverse plan can be modified to deal with carried out in stages 2 and 3. It is important them. that existing geological maps be consulted at Field Inventory Surveys this early stage so that general rock unit Bedrock mapping (inventory) is required to boundaries can be transferred to a topographic develop or refine the classification of rock types base map to create this working map. In gen- and to confirm map-unit designations and bound* eral such contacts are significantly modified ries. The resulting grouping of rock types into rep as field mapping progresses. The working resentative units establishes a framework for the map is augmented by adding interpretations area that enables extrapolation of contacts and rock from remote sensing data (stage 2). Areas of units between traverselsampling control lines. A suspected bedrock exposure are identified to series of ground traverses provides site-specific im aid in planning traverse location and density. formation on the distribution and characteristics of This preparation should be completed prior to rock units, their interrelationships, their structural field reconnaissance (if any) as it helps estab characteristics, a1 teration and other information lish areas where relationships between re that is critical to properly interpreting the geology. motely sensed and ground features can be checked. Areas should be selected that repre- Inventory Methods: sent the range of complexity expected. Brief The recommended method of bedrock map field visits to these areas will help to confirm ping at 150000-scale is to carry out sufficient sys geological relationships and make subsequent tematic traverses on foot, or by vehicle to establish remote sensing interpretations more reliable. at least 1000 control points or stations distributed When previous mapping, to the same stan- throughout the map area. At each of these stations dards and scale, is completed in adjacent areas systematic descriptions are recorded that include the stratigraphy and geology should be corre- rock type, rock association, structural information lated. and comments on alteration or mineralization pres Preparation of a worlung map helps provide ent. Information should be collected on forms with an initial understanding of the distribution of litho data in a format that can easily be entered into a logical units in an area; it helps to determine where computer database (see Figure 3). Copies of the da- ground traverses and sampling are required; and, it tabase format, which runs on a DBase or Foxpro provides a framework in which mappers can test platform, are available on request from the Gee concepts developed. logical Survey Branch, Ministry of Employment and Investment. Step 2, Stage 5: Prepare a preliminary plan of traverse loca- General descriptions of geologic features are also made along traverse lines between stations. In tions, patterns and spacing. This should be re- addition, visual checks, which are the least detailed viewed daily as the work progresses and form of field observation, are carried out during modified as needed. field surveys to improve projections of geological unit contacts, faults or folds through areas between 2-1 -3 Step 3: Project Implementation traverse lines. They are also used to decide whether Overview ground traverses or spot checks are needed to con- firm interpretations in the intervening areas. Vis Field mapping surveys may only require ual checks may also consist of observations from weeks or can take several field seasons to com- low-flying (or hovering) aircraft. This is often an plete. The activities described following would be effective way of tracing geological units through undertaken annually during the life ofthe project. areas where bedrock exposures are too abundant to conduct interviews and select a field team. check them all, and may help to trace units through assemble equipment needed for the survey. areas where bedrock exposures are scarce, such as travel to the field area (may involve trucking, alpine tundra or wetlands. Although a minimum of shipping, air support). data are recorded, it is recommended that field carry out the field program. Bedrock mapping forms, maps or air photos be used to preserve a rec- is generally carried out during the summer ord of the observations. months to avoid problems caused by snow Macrofossils are collected wherever possi- cover. All successive elements of the project ble to provide age control on the host rocks. Chert hinge on this vitally important phase. and calcareous units may be sampled to determine

Ministry of Employment & Investment 9 Bedrock Mapping Standards if they contain identifiable microscopic fossils. In the case of the British Columbia Geologi- Samples of igneous rocks may be analysed to de- cal Survey Branch, a preliminary version of the rive an isotopic age based on breakdown of radio- bedrock map (Open File series map) must be pub active isotopes in the rock (see Appendix I1 for lished within a few months of the field season so all information about isotopic dating methods). new mapping results are available to clients quickly. Therefore Branch geologists must pro- Survey Intensity ceed without the benefit of vital back-up inform* Survey intensity is a function of the scale of tion, such as fossil identifications or isotopic age the mapping and could be characterized either as dates. As a consequence, Open File maps present the number of stations per unit area in the region preliminary interpretations and are subject to mapped, or the line-kilometres of ground traversed change. during the mapping. However, several factors pre- In the final stage of a project, which, may irr vent completely uniform coverage of a given area: volve several map sheets, geological interpret* the relative abundance of bedrock exposures tions are refined based on experience gained varies widely, fiom nearly one hundred per- during the study. Age constraints fiom fossil and cent in the mountains, to just a few percent in isotopic dating results, and other results, such as the lowlands where glacial and other cover those from thin-section studies and chemical may be thick. analyses of rock samples further refine the inter- local infiastructure, that is roads, trails, etc. pretations. The map legend is finalized during this Some areas have well developed road net- stage. Once the final interpretation is made, the works, others have none. bedrock map(s) is ready for drafting, checking, topography and natural barriers, like rivers, then publication and sale to the public. cliffs, or glaciers. Maps are prepared in digital format (Aut~ vegetation density that may hamper access Cad). Paper copies are marketed as Geological and conceal outcrops. Survey Branch Geoscience Maps; over time, these ease of land and air access. will be provided through the internet. fimding levels that affect field time available. A lower survey intensity does not necessar- 2-2 BEDROCK FIELD SURVEY DATABASES ily mean the map will be less accurate, although this is generally the case. Other factors also inflw This part of the manual could have been ence reliability: geological complexity, whether termed the 'Data Acquisition Stage' because it geological variations are readily identifiable on air deals primarily with the types of data that should be photos or other remotely sensed images, and the collected during the course of field surveys. It is knowledge and experience of the mapping team. broken into three sections: 1) 'Systematic Data Collection', which describes computer-oriented Survey intensity level is related to scale, al- data collection forms; 2) 'Essential Data', which is though local variations in intensity level are corn a listing of the minimum amount of information mon, for example, small areas of closely spaced that should be gathered at each field station (a site traverses may be needed to understand geologi- where geologic observations are recorded); and 3) cally complex areas within a 150 000-scale map. 'Desirable Data', which is a list of data that should In general, 150 000-scale maps provide the mini- be recorded where possible. mum amount of data needed for informed land-use decisions and to guide mineral exploration. The 2-2-1 Systematic Data Collection - Formatted higher cost of an intense survey level is not usually Field Forms warranted for broad government land management To facilitate and encourage proper data cap planning, but detailed mapping is common in min ture, it is recommended that computer-oriented era1 exploration programs. data sheets, like the BCGSB's formatted field forms, (Figure 3) be used when collecting data. 2-1 -4 Applied Research, Data Synthesis and The headings on these forms correspond to the data Report & Map Production types listed in the essential and desirable data cate After the field season, the focus of the proj- gories discussed. Use of standardized forms en- ect changes to report preparation and readying the courages collection of a standard data set in a bedrock map for publication. Literature research systematic format and facilitates data entry into a geological database. and applied research on samples collected, for ex- ample petrography, are carried out. Selected sam ples are submitted for assay and chemical analyses. 2-2-2 Essential Data Fossil collections and samples collected for iso Data acquisition for a geological map irr topic analysis are submitted for processing. volves the collection of different types of geologi-

i B.C. Geological Survey A 3 dj October, 1996

cal and nongeological information in the field. statistically significant amount of structural Commonly, and for practical reasons, the informa data and portray it on the map. tion collected at each station varies (some factors 2. Samples are not necessary at every station, but are the quality of the bedrock exposure, the nature the exact type of sample must be recorded. of the bedrock, and the scale of the mapping). Typically the purposes of sampling include: However, it is important that a minimum "base a. Analysis - indicate sample type: grab, se line" amount of information is available to prepare lected, grab, chip or channel. the map. It is strongly recommended that the foL b. Whole-rock lithogeochemistry. lowing types of information be collected at every c. Petrography. locality to guarantee that key data are in the data d. Reference hand specimens. base for every station. This will also allow effee e. Fossils: specify whether the samples contain tive use of this database by subsequent workers. macrofossils or are for microfossil analysis. This minimum information should include: The Geological Survey of Canada locality number is added to the database, when 1. Location: X,Y map coordinates must be prG available, if the sample was submitted to a vided, preferably as UTM coordinates. Z loca- GSC paleontologist for identification. tion (elevation) is also desirable, although it f. Radiometric analysis (include hll field de can be determined using- X-Y coordinates and a scription; specify size, intended dating topographic base map. method, and destination laboratory for sam 2. Full field station and substation identifier follow ing a standard method, preferably that used by 3. Photographs at any given site should have the the BCGSB (Appendix V). date, time and location identified; show the di- 3. Rock type: For computerized data collection, it rection of view, if appropriate; include a scale is recommended that standardized four-letter indicator; and be keyed to the traverse or gee rock and mineral code abbreviations be used to logical station identifier. ensure rapid and standarized data capture (a 4. Other data not specifically included in bedrock listing of those used by the BCGSB is given in mapping, but helpful to map users should also Appendix VI). A possible field station data coh be collected, for example, orientation of glacial lection form is presented in Figure 3 (example striae, information about the type and thickness copies are available from the BCGSB). In rare of surficial materials and historic cultural fea cases where a rock type cannot be entered other tures (old cabin, sluice boxes, and artifacts features of interest should be noted, for exam- such as old cabins or old worlungs. ple, soil colour, a mineral spring or diagnostic vegetation, like " moss." Evidence of ex- ploration activity, such as claim posts, dia 2-3 QUALITY CONTROL, CORRELATION, mond drill holes, adits, or other features should AND MAP RELIABILITY be recorded. 4. Name of mapper. 2-3-1 Quality Control and Correlation 5. Date. This manual provides standards for bedrock 6. NTS or BCGS sheet (See Part 3, Figure 4). 7. Air photo number, if used. geological mapping in the province, so that sur- 8. Type of rock exposure (bedrock, float, displaced veys follow the same methodology and so data is bedrock, other). compatible from project to project. It also offers 9. Rock samples, if any are taken. recommended standardized map symbols to repre 10. If present, alteration, mineralization, fossils, sent geological entities. It recognizes that a must be recorded. If samples or specimens are number of rock classification schemes exist, and collected record the kind of sample (e.g.,a grab recommends referencing methodology to avoid sample of mineralization, a chip confusion for users of bedrock maps. sample across 2 metres of silicified volcanic For each project, a project leader must be rock, a channel sample across a vein). identified who is responsible for ensuring that project team members, who may be technicians or 2-2-3 Non-Essential but Desirable Data students, are mapping consistently and meeting quality standards. The BCGSB only assigns proj- The following is a recommended list of in ect leader status to geological staff who are regis formation to supplement the essential data set tered members of the Association of Professional listed above. The collection of any of these data ds Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia pends on: their availability at the station locality; (APEGBC). The APEGBC code of practice re- the scale of mapping; the purpose of mapping; quires full acountability, and APEGBC bylaws available resources and time. specify conceptual reviews and also field reviews 1. Structural measurement(s) are not essential at if the work of the professional is questioned. If the every station, but the mapper should record a project leader is not a registered professional, then

Ministry of Employment & Investment 11 Bedrock Mapping Standards reviews are required to evaluate preparations for ing the contact of a granite body with a spe fieldwork, the fieldwork itself, final map interpre cific rock unit. tations, map legends and accompanying reports 3. Plot transects within the map area that cross a that describe the geological units that are mapped. number of geological features. Mark ten to twenty sample sites at a fixed interval (if oub 2-3-2 Map Reliability crop abundance makes this feasible) along the transect. An assessment of map reliability provides an 4. Sample along each transect and assess each evaluation of how accurately the map and legend sample site using the ground-truthing attrib represents the bedrock geology. Both qualitative utes selected in 1 above. and semi-quantitative assessments of map reliabil- 5. Analyze the data and generate statistics. We ity are possible. Production of a geological map of suggest that for a simple map-unit, that the necessity involves much interpretation, so the map measured value of the attribute "equal" the es cannot truly be quantitatively evaluated. timate in at least 75% of the reliability check Qualitative Assessment samples. For complex map-units, the propor- tion of a polygon attribute should be within Table 1 outlines the type of information that 20% of the true proportion. For example, if a can be used to qualitatively assess the reliability of geological unit is estimated to cover 80% of a map. A visual representation of this information the area being checked then the measured pro- should be provided on the geological map as a "re- portion should be between 60 and 100%. liability diagram" that consists of a "source map" and a "traverse map" (see Section 3-3 for details). The proportion of test areas meeting the quantitative criteria will vary depending upon the Semi-Quantitative Assessment scale of the mapping (survey intensity level). At Periodic discussions with the project leader more general scales (1 :250 000, for example), per- and field visits by the project supervisor during the haps only half the areas will pass the reliability field work are generally adequate to assess the "test", whereas in areas mapped in more detail mapping being done, particularly if the project (1 50 000 scale), most areas should pass. leader is a registered professional. In unusual cir- cumstances, a selected area or areas of the map could be assessed in the field by the mapping proj- ect supervisor or a qualified designate. The objeo tive of this assessment would be to provide some Table 1: Type of Information required statistics on the accuracy of the contact locations, for qualitative assessment of map rock type designations and to evaluate the geologi- cal interpretation in order to "audit" the mapping 1. air photo scale, year, flight lines and numbers. project. There would be a need to allow for reason- 2.survey intensity level: able alternative interpretations. The following pro cesses of assessing map reliability semi- -expressed as number of stations; and quantitatively, similar to those outlined in Mitchell .line-kilometres of ground traversing (on et al.. (1989) and adapted from those in the Stan- foot, by truck or by boat). dards for Terrestrial Ecosystems Mapping in Brit- 3.modes of access and coverage attained: ish Columbia manual, could be followed: -kilometresof road per map sheet 1. Identify attributes from the legend (or attribute file) to be assessed at each station checked, for .locations and number of traverses example, lithology, structural measurements .number of stations and sample points (attributes), stratigraphic correlation, accu 4.name of mapper and whether a registered racy of location, and determine the allowable member of APEGBC. variation from the recorded information. 5.names of project leader and supervisor ap 2. Randomly select stations to check. This could proving mapping project results. be done for the total map area (not more than 1 % of the stations for a map area) or for areas within the map that are representative of 6.previously available data and maps. larger areas (for example a small area contain-

-- 12 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1936

PART 3: DaQaR~presmQaQbm am

To be hnctional, a bedrock geologic map 3-7 TITLE Block must contain sufficient information to allow the user to decipher the , structures and The map title or header must include the gem symbols depicted on the map. In this section are era1 location of the map area, a clear statement of the purpose of the mapping, the authors and the recommendations for the basic kinds of informa- scale. It is recommended that the layout of the title tion that should be provided on any l :50 000-scale block follow that described in the B. C. Geological geologic map. Although detailed guidelines for Survey Branch Style Guide ( Figure 5, after Grant symbols, such as bedding attitudes, and map-unit & Newell, 1992). The minimum information re designations are provided, we do not specify map quired for a map title is listed below: layout. Instead, we recommend using guidelines 1. A title, preferably including a named geographic already published, for example, the reader is re- feature that generally will be the name given to ferred to the B. C. Geological Survey Branch Style the 1: 50 000-scale National Topographic Sys Guide (Grant and Newell, l992), that describe text tem (NTS) map sheet if one is used as a base formatting of data and its exact placement within map. The 1:20 000-scale British Columbia the body of the map. The symbols presented are Geographic System (BCGS) map sheets do not use geographic names as part of the map sheet drawn from and/or modified after those described designation, if mapping is done on these bases, in various guidelines published in Canada and the title should contain the name of one of the elsewhere. most prominent geographic features present in Our recommendations fall into eight catego the map area. The general NTS and BCGS map ries: title; base map specifications; reliability dia organization schemes are illustrated in Fig. 4. 2. The main purpose of the mapping, for example, grams; legend; map attributes; rock terminology; "Bedrock and Surficial Geology of ... " or cross-sections and reference-authorization. The "Bedrock Geology and Mineral Deposits of recommendations focus on the information in 9, these categories, not their layout. 3. ~iieiantNTS or BCGS map sheet numbers The scale of mapping and the nature of the (e.g.,NTS 93A112W or BCGS 083A.035). geological problems being addressed influence the 4. The scale of the map must be shown by a bar scale (divisions may be as low as hundreds of kinds of data collected. Consequently, the recom metres if needed, but kilometres are generally mended standards are flexible. This is best exem adequate). The scale ratio, for example plified by comments in Part 3-8 and Appendix IV 1:20 000, indicates that one centimetre on the that deal with rock classification schemes. We do map represents 20 000 centimetres or 200 me not stipulate which schemes to use, but allow tres on the ground should also be given. authors the freedom to use almost any lithological 5. Author(s), with professional status. classification system they prefer. However, there 6. All government maps must include appropriate corporate identifications, such as logos, and are two conditions that must be met: the scheme Ministry and Branch names. must have been published, and it must be refer- enced both on the map and in the body of any ac- companying report.

Ministry of Employment & Investment 13 Bedrock Mapping Standards

L Figure 4. Index maps showing thegrids usedfor the National Topographic System (NTS) and British Columbia Geographic System (BCGS) maps.

Figure 5. An exam le of the structure of the title block recommended for use on bedrock maps (that used by the B. C. Geological Survey Lunch; Grant and Newell, 1992)

- -- 14 B.C. Geological Survey October, 19%

3-2 BASE MAP SPECIFICATIONS 3-3 RELIABILITY DIAGRAMS The topographic base map is the foundation This section describes several diagrams that of the geological map. It is vitally important that are used to visually display the underlying sources the specifications of the base map are clearly dis of existing information used to produce the gee played. The necessary information includes the da logical map, and also the distribution of new infor- tum used (e.g.,North American datum (NAD) 27 mation collected during the present mapping. This or NAD 83) and type of projection used (such as is accomplished through the use of "source" and Lambert conformal conic projection, or Universal "traverse" diagrams (Figures 7a, b). Both diagrams are presented as inset maps on the bedrock map, Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection), and a and are plotted on simplified versions of the base small, provincial-scale reference map showing the map. The source diagram shows regions where location of the map area within the province. bedrock mapping has been done, who did the work, Knowing the base map specifications is critical for a reference and the scale of the mapping. For ex- computer processing of the map data, particularly ample, that in Figure 7a depicts the area of the if the base and geological information will be quadrangle map covered by the present mapping transferred into a Geographic Information System project, and shows areas mapped at 150000-scale (GIs), or ifthe data are to be merged with data from by Nixon et al., and published in 1990, unpub adjacent areas. A properly configured base map is lished 1:250 000 scale mapping by Monger in also necessary so that the user of the map can accu- 1986, and an area of 1:20 000-scale mapping car- rately locate point data, such as a station on a mi* ried out by Irvine and published in 1974. The fig- eralized showing or a fossil locality, and be able to ure also depicts areas where mapping during the relocate the station on the ground. present study was less intense, where contacts were established based on air photographic inter- Where they are available, use of digital pretation, and where no mapping was done. The bases, like TRIM files, is strongly recommended. traverse map (Figure 7b) shows all traverses and Otherwise, merging maps and transporting the spot checks completed by the authors of the geo- data into CAD or GIs systems can be a technical logic map. Stations (sites where notes containing nightmare. observations about the bedrock are taken) are lo- cated along the traverse lines but the diagram is too Essential base map specifications are: small to show them individually. Presentation of reliability diagrams, in combination with the info^ 1. The North American datum (NAD) used to con- mation given by the way contacts are drawn on the struct the base map. geological map (defined, approximate, inferred - 2. The source and age of the topographic database, see Part 4 and Appendix IX for symbols), allows whether it is part of the federal government's the user to judge the level of accuracy or reliability NTS system or the provincial government's of any part of the geological map. BCGS system, and the latitude and longitude along the neat lines (the lines that surround a map, separating it from its margins). 3. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone. 4. The 1-kilometre Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid (along the border of the map sheet). 5. The magnetic declination, the year, and the rel* tive annual rate of change. 6. A reference location map with two components: (1) a simplified map of the province with an overlaid NTS gr~dshowing the location of the map area, and (2) an enlargement of the region around the map area showing the area mapped relative to the NTS grid, and indicating the main physiographic and cultural features (Fig we 6). 7. Brief notes on the method of locating points on 1 400 kilometres -' ,.- the ground, for example, on topographic maps, -- . ? transferred to topographic maps from air phe tographs, on scale-corrected orthophotos, or by means of a geographic positioning system Figure 6. Example of a project area 'Location Map' to (GPS). accompany a bedrock geological map.

Ministry of Employment & Investment 15 Bedrock Mapping Standards

Detailed specifications for these two diagrams are: 1. Information Source Diagram. The diagram should be subdivided to indi- cate the source(s) of all information incorporated in the map, such as original mapping ( the present work); compilation of data fiom other maps; and adaptation or re-interpretation of previous work. It must also show any areas surveyed in less detail (sparse traverses); areas where contacts were mapped in by air photo interpretation; and UP mapped area(s). Any data on the map that are iw corporated from the work of others must be cited in the map reference list. A small legend describing the various regions must accompany the diagram. No scale is specified, but the horizontal length should be approximately 10 centimetres. It should 126"M also show major drainages, simplified contours SOURCFS OF DATA Original mapping, this study and several cultural features as geographic refer- Incorporates and modifies earlier work by: ence points (Figure 7a). 2 - Nelson et al.. 1987 1 :50000 scale 3a - Jones. Unpublished PhD Thesis. 1985. 1 LEGEND 3. Traverse Diagram 1 :20000 scale 1 4 Data source This diagram portrays all traverse lines Includes areas with fewer control traverses: : -boundary 4 - Swvey at less intensity - - - walked and all isolated localities, such as boat 5 -Contacts mapped by air photo interpretation 6 - Not mapped by this sludy landings or helicopter spot checks, where data were collected. It should also show all roads driven, whether bedrock outcroppings were pres- ent or not. This diagram (Figure 7b) should be the same size and be plotted on the same base ( show- ing major drainages, simplified contours, key gee graphic features) as the source diagram (Figure 7a).

3-4 LEGEND The map legend is essential; it describes all lithologic units and geologic symbols used on the map. This section provides information to ensure that legends have a consistent style and adhere to the North American Stratigraphic Code. 1. It is recommended that legends follow the lay out described in the B.C. Geological Survey Branch Style Guide (Grant and Newell, 1992). In this format lithostratigraphic units

I ,,I ' LEGEND are separated from lithodemic (intrusive) P ----- Contours in metres Traverses units, and descriptions of the units are listed + Spotchecks from youngest at the top to oldest at the boe Roads IN -- tom of each subsection of the legend (Figure 8). A listing and brief description of all gee logic symbols, such as faults or geologic COP tacts, that appear on the map are placed after rock unit descriptions. Figure 7. Data reliability maps for a bedrock map are 2. It is important to review all previous work in the provided by two 'inset :maps: a) The 'source map displays the sources of area, so that rock unit nomenclature complies information used to produce the main geologic map, with usage for the area as established in and authoritative sources. Rock units may then be b) The 'traverse map' shows all traverse lines, including roads map ed, and individual spot checks further divided where desirable or new units made during theliePd survey. established as necessary. These may be either formal or informal, but must be in accordance

16 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

with the guidelines established by the North 3-7 MAP-UNIT DESIGNATIONS American Commission on Stratigraphic Ne menclature (NACSN, l983), especially names 1. Map-unit designation should follow the standard applied to new units. Appendix I presents a formats used by both the British Columbia condensed version of the NACSN rules. Geological Survey Branch (BCGSB) and the The specific geologic time scale followed Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). Where should be referenced as several are widely used. age constraints exist, this system is based on This is particularly important if unit ages have both the geological age of the unit and a stm been constrained by rather than tigraphic identifier. It uses the appropriate get, fossils. The British Columbia Geological Survey logic age symbol (representing the age of the Branch uses the scale depicted in Figure 9. stratigraphic unit) followed by a condensed stratigraphicunit name which is capitalized but in smaller point size than the age symbol, for 3-5 MAP ATTRIBUTES example KG would represent fie cretaceous Gething Formation. This symbol may be mod& For a map to be usable, the legend must fied by other qualifiers (usually in lower case) clearly identify map-unit designations and sym to indicate lithology type or asa subunit desig bols. Use of standardized map-unit designations nator or to avoid confusion, for example KBi and geologic symbols makes this task simpler. The for the Cretaceous Bickford Formation but format for map-unit symbols used by both the pre KBP for the Beattie Peaks Formation. A de vincial and federal geological surveys is based on tailed guide for applying this methodology is the sequence: age, name and lithology. Only gem given in Appendix 111. Where there are no age era1 guidelines on usage of geologic symbols are constraints, a numerical system is applied. The outlined here, for a detailed symbol listing and oldest, or if 'way-up" is unknown, the structur- their cartographic elements see Part 4 and Appem ally lowest unitis designated unit 1 and succes dix IX. sive units are 2,3 and so on. 2. It is recommended that map labels be kept sim ple. Qualifiers such as 'early, middle and late' 3-6 SYMBOLS should be omitted in the label and only be re tained in the legend subheadings(for examples 1. Only symbols found in the Symbol Library (Ap see Appendix 111). pendix IX) should be used on the map. If no ap 3. Uncertainty in applying any map-unit designst plicable symbol can be found in the library then tion to a given area on the map is indicated by a new symbol may be created but it must be putting a question mark, for example Up?, af- clearly defined in the map legend. For ease of ter the map symbol. reference, commonly used symbols are pre- 4. Every geological entity or field (polygon) on the sented in Figure 10. map must be clearly identified by a color or a 2. The map originator must ensure that the correct label. Areas on the map that are outside the symbols are being used by checking the defini- limit of mapping must be indicated as 'Not tions found with each symbol in the Symbol Li- Mapped'. brary. 3. Each symbol description in the map library also has a statement about the relative accuracy of 3-8 ROCK TERMINOLOGY the location of the site of the sample attribute (degree of confidence for the map location of 1. Rock terminology or classification is too varied the symbol). to be standardized, but marginal notes on the 4. Any uncertainty about the nature or location of a map must reference the classification scheme geological boundary is shown by breaking the used for each particular rock type found within contact line and inserting a question mark (?). the map area, for example Le Maitre (1989) for 5. It is not necessary to add labels to attribute infor- igneous rocks (plutonic and volcanic rocks) mation sites unless there is a reference to mar- and Dunham (1962) for carbonates. A list of ginal data tables (for example the label site the most commonly used rock classification might be for a mineral occurrence, and the schemes is given in Appendix IV. The use of MINFILE reference number on the map would contentious and ambiguous rock terms should be keyed to a table describing the commodities be avoided; if such terms are used there must be present and other information about the occur- a reference to the corresponding classification rence). scheme. 6. The Symbol Library also describes the exact 2. The main rock classes which must be addressed placement of each symbol, that is what point on are : the symbol overlies the ground location of the Igneous Rocks data point. Volcanic rocks

Ministry of Employment & Investment 17 Bedrock Mapping Standards INTERMONTANE BELT QUATERNARY I m Unconsolidatedglacial, fluvial and alluvial deposits NEOGENE CHlLCOTlN GROUP I mTc I Olivine ; minor andesite, tuff, breccia, , sandstone and siltstone OLIGOCENE AND(?) LOWER MIOCENE -1 -1 Andesite and basalt tuff, breccia and flows TERTIARY Eocene to Miocene volcanic rocks (undivided) EARLY CRETACEOUS ALBIAN SPENCES BRIDGE GROUP ------EKSB I Amygdaloidal andesite, dacite; andesitic breccia; minor basalt flows JURASSIC AND/OR CRETACEOUS(?) Siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate Fl Andesite beccia, tuffs and flows; minor argillaceous tuff CADWALLADER TERRANE LATE TRIASSIC MIDDLE?AND LATE NORIAN TYAUGHTON GROUP Conglomerate, conglomeratic sandstone and sandstone; limestone and limestone conglomemte; siltstone, calcareous sandstone and coquina EARLY AND MIDDLE NORIAN CADWALLADER GROUP (ITrH to ITrCv) HURLEY FORMATION (ITrCH and ITrCHv) I ETrHs I Sandstone, calcarenite and siltstone; polymict conglomerate, pebbly mudstone, limestone- greenstone breccia and micritic limestone ETrHv Greenstone, mafic volcanic breccia, mafic tuff, sandstone, tuffaceous sandstone, polymict con 0glomerate and micritic limestone VOLCANIC UNIT I ETrCv I Pillowed to massive greenstone, mafic volcanic breccia and mafic tuff CACHE CREEK TERRANE PENNSYLVANIAN TO TRIASSIC CACHE CREEK COMPLEX I[rL,+:te, siliceous phyllite, ribbon and massive chert, , tuff, mafic flows, limestone, -

[ CCU I Undivided sedimentary and volcanic rocks INTRUSIVE ROCKS MIOCENE TMfg Quartz monronite; minor granite ------LATE CRETACEOUS I[Granodiorife, quartz diorite EARLY CRETACEOUS MOUNT ALEX PLUTONIC COMPLEX Hornblende leucotonalite, granodiorite AGE UNKNOWN I gb I Gabbro I Figure 8. Reproduced ortions of a bedrock ma legend showing la out and ormatting of a t pica1 geological legend. See Figure fifor eqdanalion oIsynt&ls used. (~od~edjronlSc)(;arizza and ~a&.1996)

18 B.C. Geological Survey PHANEROZOIC CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC -

'ERIOD EPOCH I STAGE 'ERIOD EPOCH I STAGE 'ERIOD

PERIOD lcalabri - Maastrichtian Piacenzian Zanclian Campanian Jeoproterozoic Ill

- - Tortonian Hadrynian Cryogenian Cenomanian (late)

Serravallian Albian Tonian Bashkirian - - 323 29 Stenian 333 * 0 Aptian Helikian Visean I Ectasian I (middle) Barremian 349.5 + 4.5 Aquit Tournaisian / Hauteryian_'- Calymmian Valanginian Chattian Statherian -Berriasian ...... Aphebian Orosirian u (early) Rupelian Callovian Rhyacian Bathonian Bajocian Priabonian Siderian Aalenian Bartonian Toarcian Neoarchaean ------(late) Pliensbachian

Lutetian Mesoarchaean (middle) Hettangian-.-. Canadian Norian Paleoarchaean Ypresian (early)

Eoarchaean Thanetian Ladinian I Waucoban I (earliest)

base not defined (4.5 Ca f)

208 2 18 isotopic age for sta boundary & uncertainty; (239) interpolated isoto ic age for sta boundary Figure 9. Geological time scale uPZted /rum the geologic time scales O~~arlanJetal.. (196~1,6) and Lumbers and Card (1991). Bedrock Mapping Standards

Surficial Geology and Miscellaneous

Overburden area Glacial striae End Morraine Minor moraines, rib moraines (direction of ice movement washboard moraines. 'annual moraines', known, unknown) till ridges transverse to ice flow (# indicates oldest relative age) (irregular, straight)

Drumlin or drumlinoid ridge; / craa and tall: Glacial linear Esker Crescentic , scars furrow, fluting: ouge or till ridge; Glacial flow feature direction of flow chatter marks line paralley with Ce flow direction known, unknown (normal, reverse) (ice movement d~rectlon (on a glacier known, unknown)

Landslide Avalanche shoot (headwall scar)

Macrofossil site 8 Microfossil site 8 Escarpment GSC catalog No. GSC catalog No. Vertebrates = V Radiolaria = r Cochenterata = C Conodonta = c Age determination Rock outcrop(s) ... Brachipoda = B Foraminifera = f Area of outcrop Bivalvia = P Palynological = p . . Arnrnonoidea = A Graphloidea = G . Limit of mapping 0 = indeterminate

Well location Dry hole Oil Gas Oil & Gas Show of gas Oil well -Show of oil & gas 1 Location of drilling producer producer producer abandoned abandoned abandoned I

I I Coal seam trace (defined, approximate, assumed) I

' MlNFlLE & Mining Symbols

I I / ,Fa, 1 Li E L mineshaft & 4 &-4 i Producer Pa. producer Developed prospect Prospect / (Active mine) (Abandoned (Deposit plus (Deposit plus Showing Gravel pit / Quarry I mine) major reserves) minor reserves) - Active / Abandoned I DDH92-89 I a@ . Drillhole location ! ,dy/-. . .. (Direction and Trench Adit or tunnel ljllll 11' 11 57

I surface projection) (open) ;I! :I"'~~ Mineralized vein, i~:~g~~$;;labon Vein or Dike bed or seam PDH = percussmn 3 .Mapping Stockwork defined, (chalcopyrite) f~eldstation defined, approximate, v A Adit or tunnel approximate, assumed, Outcrop location (caved) dip indicated dip indicated

Figure 10. Symbols commonlyfound on $eoloy maps (nrodifed aJer Grant and Newell. 1992). Note that sur rcial geolo features are not described in Appendix X. T tey are included here only because they are open portrayed on Ldrock geo%D maps. (refer to RIC Surficial Geology nlapping standards)

20 B.C. Geological Survey Octoher, 1936

Standard Map Symbols

Geological Boundaries Unconformity (defined, approximate, inferred) Fault Geological contact (solid circle indicates downthrown side) (defined, approximate, Inferred) (arrows indicate relative movement)

Thrust fault (teeth in upper plate)) (defined, approxlmate, Inferred) Fault Metamorphic lsograds (defined, approx~mate,inferred) (from higher to lower order (inclined) symbol point to higer grade)

Bedding - facing known, Bedding - facing unknown, Primary flow structure horizontal, horizontal overturned (horizontal, inclined, Bedding, estimated dip in .igneous rocks inclined, vertical, overturned, vertical, d~punknown) (gentle (g), moderate (m), steep (s)) (horizontal, inclined. dip unknown (facing known, facing unknown) vertical, dip indeterminate) (arrowhead indicates proved facing direction)

2 Dike , - (too small to plot) Pillow lava - facing known r_ - (horizontal, horizontal overturned (horizontal, inclined, vertical) 3 inclined, vertical + facing direction, - 1 . overturned, dip unknown) Foliation, schistosity, gneissosity, cleava e (horizontal, ~nclined, vertica? dip unknown) 1 - 1st generation; Pillow lava - facing unknown Small shear Joints, veins 2 - 2nd generation; (horizontal, inclined (inclined, vertical) (horizontal, inclined, vertical) 3 - 3rd generation etc. vertical, dip unknown)

Fold Elements .51 ,51 Antiform and synform A+ t t Anticline and syncline (arrow indicates plunge) '

I 4 A Anticline and syncline Ant~formand synform I1 overturned overturned 'S', Multiple'2 and 'M'folds folds (arrow md~catesplunge) =--. 1 /- (inclination of axial plane ''\ Note: arrows po~ntdown dip known, unknown; plunge unknown: Anticline and synclme A 7 ' base of 'U' pants m vergence d~rectlon. S-fold Z-fold recumbent 7 A Plunge of fold axis -.

t .27 . %a 1 . 1 Linear Elements '9 ~ ! I

Primary beddinglsedimentary lineation Mineral Lineation 26 (horizontal, inclined. (horizontal. inclined, inclined with unknown plunge, inclined - unknown plunge, s5/ vertical) vertical; Sill = sillimanite) Slickenside striae trend & plunge i --

Ministry of Employment & Investment 21 Bedrock Mapping Standards

Cenozoic C Paleozoic Quaternary Q Permian HoloceneIRecent R Carboniferous Pennsylvanian Pleistocene f Tertiary T Mississippian Neogene N Devonian Pliocene P Silurian Miocene M Ordovician Paleogene P Cambrian Oligocene 0 Proterozoic Eocene E Hadrynian Paleocene P Helikian Mesozoic M Aphebian Cretaceous K Jurassic J Archean Triassic 1;

Age Modifiers (these are placed at the left side of the age symbol) Early E Middle M Late L

Formation or Member are designated by small capitals ZE3' on the right side of the age symbol:

e=g=, * E NC

Lower case letters designate I

e.g., Cretaceous granite - K I I Hyphens are used to separate Group, Formation and member symbols: e.g.,

Figure I I. Guide to eolo ical a e symbols and their usage to describe ages of geological units in reports and on maps (afrer Grant and%ewe$, 1999) Plutonic rocks resented on the map. They also help the user to un- Sedimentary rocks derstand this interpretation. If no cross-sections Carbonate rocks are presented, the geologist should list reasons for Siliciclastic rocks their omission in the marginal notes, for example, Metamorphic rocks insufficient data, lack of multiple rock types or Miscellaneous rocks lack of structural data).

3-9 CROSS-SECTIONS 3- I0 REFERENCE-AUTHORIZATION

Cross-sections are important to help illus This section describes the hnd of informa- trate the author's interpretation of the geology rep tion that should be placed on the map to help end

22 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

users find published references or to locate specific 5. Where the map was published. material used in its preparation. This information 6. Reference to any accompanying report, if appli- should include a note about where the map may be cable. purchased (if applicable), the publication date, any 7. If the map is part of a series, or is a compilation of cited references, reference to any accompanying maps from a series, there should be a reference reports, and so on. An expanded listing of desirable to the map series. information follows. 8. Reference should be made to any accompanying 1. The dates when the fieldwork (or data collection) map sheets. One way to do so is to label the was carried out. map sheet x of y, for example, sheet 2 of 4. 2. The scale of field mapping, if different from the 9. Reference should be made to Bedrock Mapping published scale. Standards employed, for example, this manual, 3. The map publication date, and the date the mate and which edition was followed, and to stan- rial on the map was compiled (relevant for re dard lithologx classification schemes foL searchers and for time-dependent databases lowed. like MINFILE where new showings may have 10. A listing of key references should be provided; been discovered after the fieldwork. generally, this will consist of 5 or fewer refer- 4. The revision date, if the map is an updated ver- ences; less significant references are cited in sion of a previously published map. the text, but not on the map.

Ministry of Employment & Investment 23 Bedrock Mapping Standards

24 B.C. Geological Survey Symbols commonly found on 1:5O 000- A. Coal, Oil and Gas scale geological maps are presented in Figure 10 B. MNILE, Exploration and Mining (after Grant and Newell, 1992). These and many C. Outcrop Features, Fossils, Geochronology, other map symbols are described in detail in the Geochemistry Geologic Symbol Library (Appendix IX). The D. Geological Boundaries structure of the data in the library is illustrated by E. Planar Elements the symbol template shown below, in which fields F. Fold Elements in the template are explained. The format of this li- G. Linear Elements brary was influenced by the structure used to de- These group headings follow the main sub fine geographic objects in the TRIM database by divisions defined within the BCGSB Style Guide. the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Some of the fields within the Symbol Library are The main groups in the library are sequenced blank (Cartographic Definition and Feature Code) according to economic activity (A, B), then field and await the recommendations of the Symbol station information (C), then geological elements Committee for their definitions. on the map (D to G):

Group: The main subdivision Symbol Description: for the symbol library

- Cartographic Definition: Field Blank at this time. A graphic example of the (Detailed cartog? hic definition of the symbol, sym b01 is placed here. I mcludrng lrne wr$hs, lengths, spang, etc.) Positional Definition: This field describeswhat part of the s mbol corresponds to the actual' map location of the data ant. The precis~onand accuracy, goth positional and geological, of the symbol is also def1ned)here. - Definition: Remarks: This field describes the general parts of the symbol and what they represent.

CAD La er: This field specifies the name of Feature Code: the ~~dla~erwithin which the symbol should 1 Ibe placed.

Ministry of Employment & Investment 25 Bedrock Mapping Standards

26 B.C. Geological Survey General Pettiiohn. F.J.. Potter. P.E. and Siever. R. (1972):' Sand and Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A., Editors, (1987): Glossary of "Sandstone; springer- Verlag, 6 1 8 pages. Geology; American Geological Institute, 788 pages. Schmid, R., (1 98 1): Descri tive Nomenclature and Classifi- cation of Pyroclastlc Be osits and Frapents: Recom- Gabrielse,.H. and Yorath, C.J., Editors (1 99 I): Geology of the mendatlons of the I~GSSubcommrssron on the Cordilleran Orogen In Canada; Geolo ical Survey of Systematics of Igneous Rocks; Geology, Volume 9, Canada, Geology of Canada, No. 4, 84fpages. pages 4 1-43. Grant, B. and Newell, J.M. (1992): British Columbia Geologi- cal Surve Branch Style Guide; Ministry of Ener Mines an$ petroleum Resources, Information ~ircu% Standards 1992-7, 133 pages. Wheeler, J.O. and McFeel , P., compilers (1991): Tectonic Assemblage Map of tie CanadIan Cordillera and Adja- Geological Survey of Canada (1984): Standards and Specifi- cent Parts of the of America; Geological cations for the Preparation of Geological Maps; Geologi- Survey of Canada, Map 17 12A, scale 1:2,000,000. cal Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Report 34. Wheeler, J.O., Brookfield A.J., Gabrielse, H., Mon er International Subco~issionon Strati aphic Classification J.W.H., Tipper, H.W. and Woodsworth, 8.1: (1 976): Intematlonal Stratrgra Kc Guide; Hedber (camp.)( 199 1 : Terrane Map of the Canadian Cordillera; H.D., Editor, John Wiley and %ns, New York, 2bd Geolo ical J urvey of Canada, Map 1713A, scale pages. 1:2,00~,000. Mitchell, W.R., Green, R.N., Hope, G.D. and Klinka, K. (1989): Methods for Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Map- Fng; British Columbra Mrnistry of Forests, Research Rock Classifications eport RR89002-KL, 33 pages. North American Commis~ionon Stlatigraphic Nomenclature (1 983): North Amerrcan Stratl aphrc Code;. American Dunham, .R. J. (1962): Classification of Carbonate Rocks Ac- Association o Petroleum ~eo&ists, Bullet~n,Volume cording to De osltlonal Texture; American Association of Petroleum 8eologists, Memolr Number 1, pages 108- 67, pages 84 L875. 121. Stewart, A.J., Walton, D.G., Stirzaker, J.F. and Moffat P. 1989): S bols Used on Geological Maps; ~ustra1,an Fisher, R.V: (196 1): Proposed Classification of Volcaniclas- kreau ogineral~esources, Geology and Geophyslu, t~cSediments and Rocks; Geological Society ofAmerica, Bulletin 72, pages 1409- 1414. 74 pages. Fisher, R.V. (1966 : Rocks Composed of Volcanic Fra - ments; Earth- Jcience Reviews, Volume I, pages 289- Time 298. Folk, R.L. (1962): Spectral Subdivision of Limestone Types; Harland, W.B., Armstron , R.L., Cox, A.V., Craig, L,E., American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memolr Smlth, A.G. and ~mlt&D.G. (1990a : A Geologrc Trme Number 1, pages 62-84. Scale 1989; Cambridge University Jress, 263 pages. Irvine, T.N. and Bara ar, W.R.A. 1971): A Guide to the Chemlcal ~lasslkcatlonof tI e Common Volcanlc Harland, W.B., Armstron R.L., Cox, A.V., Craig, L,E., Rocks; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 8, Smith, A.G. and ~mitg:D.G. (1990b : A Ge~logcTrme pages 523-548. Scale 1989; Cambridge University Jress. (Chart). Le Maitre, R.W., Editor, (1989): A Classification of I neous Lumbers, S.S. and Card, K. (1 99 1): Geolog, Volume 20, Part Rocks and Glossary of Terms; Blackwell ~cientiffcPub- 3, pages 56-57. Ilcatlons, 193 pages. Palmer, A.R. (1 983 : The Decade of North American Geol- Pettijohn, F.J. 1975): Sedimenta Rocks, Third Edition; ogy 1983 Geo1 oglc Tlme Scale; Geology, Volume 1I, Harper an6 ROW,Publishers, %8 pages. pages 503-504.

Ministry of Employment & Investment 27 Bedrock Mapping Standards

28 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

INTRODUCTION aged to consult the original document for a complete formulation of the guidelines. One of the most important tasks facing the geologist is to name and organize bedrock geologk MAIN STRATIGRAPHIC CATEGORIES cal units in a way that is consistent, logical and avoids ambiguity. As a result of considerable ef- Although rocks can be classified or differen- fort over many years, a guide or code of recom- tiated in many ways, each having its advantages mendations has been developed for defining depending on the objectives of the work and the stratigraphic terminology in North America; it is data available, the stratigraphic code distinguishes also widely used internationally. Development of three main categories. Those based on rock charao the code is an ongoing process, and it continues to teristics (lithostratigraphic and lithodemic units); be revised and improved. those based on fossil content (biostratigraphic This appendix derives from two relatively units); and those based on age (chronostratigraphic recent works: The North American Stratigraphic and geochronologic units), as follows: Code (1 983), hereafter called NACSN (1983), and The term Lithostratigraphic covers strati- The International Stratigraphic Guide (1976), [ fied sedimentary, volcanic or volcaniclastic units, hereafter called ISSC (1976)l. The guidelines pre- or their (low-grade) metamorphic equivalents, sented are not regulations, they are recommenda- where order of formation (relative age) is generally tions. They establish working definitions for the deducible from the unit's relative position (they fundamental elements of stratigraphy, and use obey the Law of Superposition). Lithodemic refers these to build a relatively unrestrictive system of to units which are generally not stratified, such that terminology and nomenclature which will serve neither their internal configuration nor their posi- the widest possible range of users. Geologists of tion with respect to bounding units necessarily re the British Columbia Geological Survey Branch flects their order of formation. Intrusive rocks and (BCGSB) are strongly encouraged to follow the strongly metamorphosed or pervasively deformed guidelines. rocks generally fall into this category. The following section summarizes the main Lithostratigraphic and lithodemic units are points of the NACSN (1983) as they apply to the based on the composition of the rock, including most common requirements of bedrock mapping. texture, fabric, components, structure, colour, and It begins with an explanation of the basic catege fossil content (in the sense of constituent material). ries of stratigraphy. This is followed by an outline In defining such a unit, these physical characteria of the criteria for establishing and ranking formal tics take priority over the relative time interval stratigraphic units, and their terminology. Finally, over which the rocks formed, as implied by their criteria for naming formal and informal stra stratigraphic position. Thus, these units may have tigraphic units are presented. Although this section formed over a different time interval from place to is somewhat lengthy, it is intended to help the non- place (diachronous). specialist to understand bedrock geological maps A biostratigraphic unit is based on a distino and their legends; it may also serve as a convenient tive, determinate fossil or fossil assemblage, re reference for specialists, although they are encour- gardless of lithology, and so is strongly indicative

Ministry of Employment & Investment 29 Bedrock Mapping Standards of geologic age. A biostratigraphic unit may well LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS have a distinctive lithology, but this is incidental to its definition. The basic unit is the biozone. The formal lithostratigraphic unit terms are: Chronostratigraphic and geochronologic supergroup, group, formation, member and bed; units are defined entirely on the basis of geologic they are capitalized only if they are part of a name age. A chronostratigraphic unit represents all rocks that has been formally proposed and approved. The terms should not be used in an informal way, ex- formed during a given span of time (e.g., the Juras- cept during the early stages of a mapping project, sic Period, the Oligocene Epoch). A geochron* although there are exceptions (see subsection on logic unit refers to that time span itself (e.g., the Informal Nomenclature). Groups and formations Callovian Age of the Middle Jurassic Period, the must be mappable (capable of being delineated Chattian Age of the Oligocene Epoch); it is not a over a reasonably wide area), but members and stratigraphic unit. beds may be regionally restricted. Although lithostratigraphic and biostr* Supergroup: On very general scale, a su- tigraphic units are area specific, chronostra- pergroup is a formal assemblage of superposed or tigraphic and geochronologic units are related groups, or of groups and formations. To il- interpretive, relying on time-diagnostic criteria. lustrate, the Windermere Supergroup is actually Since age is a universal property, the units, such as used in both senses: in the Cariboo Mountains, the the Jurassic Period, are potentially recognizable Windermere Supergroup consists of the Kaza worldwide, and their names have been adopted in- Group and the overlying Cariboo Group; else- where throughout the Cordillera it is used to relate ternationally, at least for the higher ranks (Figure a series of similar Upper Proterozoic groups, in 9). Each unit boundary is defined to be synchro- cluding the Miette, Horsethief Creek, Kaza, Cari- nous, within the limits of resolution of the criteria boo, Ingenika and Misinchinka groups. used. Its numerical age limits are based on locali- ties around the world with clear age relationships, Group: A group consists of two or more for- and are subject to international acceptance. Occa mations that are distinguishable but have some unifying characteristic(s). The names and bounda- sionally this 'calibration' is refined or revised ries of the constituent formations of a group may when new information or localities with better age change from place to place, provided that there is constraints are found; compare, for example, the broad equivalence. A group may also include rock error limits for the ages of the upper and lower packages that have not been classified as forma- boundaries ofthe Cretaceous in Figure 9. Chronos- tions. Due to the practical limitations of exposure tratigraphic units provide the age part of a map- and structural disruption, type sections of the cop unit name (see Appendix I1 on map-unit designa- stituent formations in a group need not be contigw tion) rather than its definitive name; it is effeo ous. Groups are key lithostratigraphic units on a tively impossible to map time lines as such. regional rather than a local scale. The objective of the code is to organize tam Although 'group' is a formal term and gible stratigraphic criteria into useful units for should be used responsibly, it is more flexible than mapping purposes. One problem is that lithostra- 'formation' in that it may be used for a lithostra- tigraphic and biostratigraphic elements do not al- tigraphic unit which lacks sufficient detailed infor- mation to be divided into formations, in whole or in ways coincide. For example, a single stratigraphic part, but which may be in the future. Historically, unit may be diachronous, hence of Triassic age in the term group has often been used in this way. one locality, but Jurassic in another. Priority is This usage recognizes that some widespread rock generally given to the lithostratigraphy because units merit formal designation even though, be- rock properties are inherent and readily observable cause ofpatchy exposure, stratigraphic complexity in the field, whereas biozones are sometimes prob or structural disturbance, it may not be possible to lematic. Biota are not evenly distributed, and they measure type sections to define formations (for ex- may not be preserved as fossils. Further, fossils ample, the Takla Group in Quesnellia, which is a found may be poorly preserved and not identifi- volcanic island-arc sequence). The characteristics able, or, well preserved fossils may not be distino on which such a group is based should be specified, tive. and its distinction from bounding units outlined. This formal description should take the form of a The guiding principle is that lithostra- composite stratotype, rather than type sections. tigraphic (and lithodemic) units should be defined The stratotype will consist of several reference objectively so other geologists will be able to reo sections or descriptions from various areas that ognize and map the units based on your description represent the lithological character of the group. Its in areas away from the type area. age range should be reasonably well constrained.

30 B.C. Geological Survey Formation: The fundamental building LITHODEMIC UNITS block of formal lithostratigraphic nomenclature is the formation. A formation comprises a set of corn The formal lithodemic unit ranks are super-. tiguous strata that is unified by a particular lithoL suite, suite, complex and lithodeme. Each should ogy or combination of lithologies, or even great be defined based on its lateral and vertical litho heterogeneity, providing that the characteristic logical variations and contact relationships, preE distinguishes it from adjacent strata. Formations erably by designating a type locality or section(s). are most valuable when mapping at a relatively lo Geologic age properly plays no part in the defmi- cal scale (1 :50 000 and more detailed). tion of lithodemic units, although it may be practi. The thickness of a formation can vary from cal to use this criterion. For example, two granitic less than a metre to several thousand metres. How- intrusions which are lithologically indistinguish ever, to be valid, a member must be mappable, so able should be assigned to different units if they are very thin formations, that can be depicted only as known to have significantly different ages. lines on maps at the most scales ofmapping, are not A supersuite consists of two or more suites, desirable unless they are significant regional mark- with or without complexes (defined following), ers (very distinctive rocks, such as the Cadomin that have some vertical or lateral relationships. Formation in the Rockies, a thin conglomerate that A complex is an assemblage or mixture of is traceable for hundreds of kilometres. two or more genetic classes of rocks, for example, A formation may represent a short or very a complex might consist of igneous, deformed long time interval, may include minor hiatuses (ps sedimentary and metamorphic lithodemes. Corn riods of nondeposition or erosion), and may be plexes may or may not be structurally complicated. diachronous. Often the upper and lower time Complex is a usehl term where it is impractical to brackets of a formation, such as may be indicated separate diverse components, which is often the by fossils, vary regionally and do not necessarily case at regional scales. Complex has a rank compa- correspond to a particular biozone. However, in rable to suite or supersuite; therefore, the term can general, formations are not strongly diachronous. be used for two or more constituent lithodemic units, with or without lithostratigraphic units, that A formation should be based on a standard might be separable if more detailed mapping ex- type section or stratotype. There should be a rea- isted. For example, complex may be used for a sonably detailed lithological and paleontological poorly divided assemblage of volcanic, volcani- description of its constituent strata, complete with clastic and related intrusive rocks; or a heterogene thickness measurements, as observed at the local- ous terrain of metamorphic and plutonic rocks; or a ity where it was first recognized or is best repre- mixed unit (melange) consisting of structurally sented. The unit's upper and lower boundaries are disrupted rock bodies. The term should not be ap particularly important; where the boundary is gr* plied to either heterogeneous plutonic or metamor- dational, arbitrary criteria are used but must be phic units, for which suite or supersuite are more clearly explained, for example, the uppermost appropriate. sandstone layer that is more than 5 metres thick in a sequence that is grading from sandstone domi- The next smaller lithodemic unit is thesuite. nated to shale dominated. It comprises two or more associated or related lithodemes of the same class, for example, an in Member: Subdivisions of formations can trusive suite or a metamorphic suite. Constituent be made if they facilitate mapping. The member is lithodemes may or may not be formally named. Al- the next subordinate unit to formation. The term is though their names may change or be abandoned used for a distinctive lithologic subunit within a from place to place, the suite may be continued as formation, that is readily recognized and suff- long as its character remains the same, for exam ciently extensive to be traceable for several kilo ple, medium grade metamorphic rocks. metres. The term may also be applied to lateral lithologic variations, or facies, within a formation, The lithodeme is the fundamental building if warranted. The terms lens and tongue may be block of the lithodemic nomenclature. It comprises used in this way, and would be regarded as formal a body of intrusive or pervasively deformed or terms (Article 25, NACSN, 1983). highly metamorphosed rock, unified either by a characteristic rock type or mixture ofrock types, or Bed: On occasion, an even smaller unit, the by a distinctive lithic heterogeneity. Key criteria bed (or beds) is defined. A bed is the smallest for- are mineralogy, texture and structure; chemical mal lithostratigraphic unit of sedimentary rocks. composition alone is an unsuitable criterion be The equivalent rank for volcanic flow rocks is a cause it is not mappable as such, however, it may flow. Only beds or flows that are stratigraphically be used informally. Contacts with other units may significant, for example, a distinctive green sad be depositional, intrusive, tectonic or metamor- stone layer in a shale sequence, or a distinctive phic. A lithodeme is comparable in rank to a for- flow. should be formalized. mation although the term is not used as part of a

Ministry of Employment & Investment 31 Bedrock Mapping Standards formal name in the same way (see subsection on ogy changes along strike. The name of a formal Naming of Units). Any units below the rank of bed orflow combines a geographic term and a lithic lithodeme are informal. term. The name of a group would normally be de- rived from a geographic area containing its corn stituent formations and no lithic term is used, for NAMING OF FORMAL UNITS example, Fort St. John Group. When naming a geological unit, it is the re Lithodemic unit names also begin with a sponsibility of the geologist to review all other suitable geographic name. For lithodemes, this is maps and reports to confirm or reject the possibiL followed by a capitalized descriptive term which ity that the unit correlates with an existing named may be compositional, such as Hell's Gate Grarn unit. If the geologist correlates a newly mapped ite, Anarchist or Cross , or mor- unit with an existing stratigraphic unit, perhaps phological, such as Rupert Stock, Gnawed from an adjacent map area, the source should be Mountain Dike or Guichon Creek Batholith. In ei- referenced, either on the map or in an accompany- ther case, such terms should be general, simple and ing report. It is important to find out whether the familiar, to accommodate any spatial variations in term has been used formally or informally, and to the lithology or form ofthe body. The neutral terms make this clear in the current work. Priority of pub 'pluton' and 'intrusion' may be best for inhomoge lication should be respected, particularly if the ex- neous or incompletely mapped bodies. Genetic isting term (precedent) was applied in accordance terms like diatreme are acceptable but 'sensitive' with the NACSN (1 983). Even if the earlier usage because the interpretation is open to dispute; it is does not comply with the present guidelines on for- better to avoid generic terms if there is any uncer- mal or informal nomenclature, it should be contin tainty. ued if it is widely accepted and functional. For suites, the geographic name is followed However, if the precedent is very recent, not well by an adjective describing the fundamental charao publicized, not properly proposed, or incorrectly ter of the suite, as in Anvil Plutonic Suite, and Po applied, it may be necessary to revise the name or laris Ultramafic Suite. The geographic name need rank. A new informal name may be assigned, but it not be the same as that of any of the component is desirable to replace the old term with a new for- lithodemes, although this may be appropriate if the mal name by providing a stratotype (see subsection component is dominant or strongly representative. on Precedence, and article 7 in the NACSN, 1983). The term supersuite is simply preceded by a geo- A new name may also be introduced if the graphic term. A complex may be named the same unit is newly recognized or if extending the use of way as a suite or supersuite, to which it is compara- an existing unit name from adjacent areas into the ble in rank. For example: Wolverine Complex, present map area would be inappropriate for some Monashee Complex or Bridge River Complex. reason, such as a gap in exposure that makes corre- lation uncertain, or lack of age control in the new PRECEDENCE region. Any new formal unit should be introduced in a recognized publication, with a full account of To avoid confusion, the name of a formal its properties and significance. To be accepted, the lithostratigraphic or lithodemic unit should be new name must be published. Published maps are unique in Canada (strictly, North America!). The not acceptable publication vehicles because the catalogue of formal names is maintained by the format does not allow an adequate description of Committee on Stratigraphic Nomenclature at the the geology. However, a published report, such as GSC in Ottawa; the committee should be con a BCGSB Paper Series report like Geological tacted for approval before a new name is proposed. Fieldwork, or a journal article is acceptable. A new First consult the NACSN (1983), especially arti- name should not duplicate an existing name (see cles 3 to 15, for details on the naming of stra- subsection on Precedence, below, and articles 4,5 tigraphic units. and 7 in the NACSN, 1983). The geological literature contains some A formal stratigraphic term is one which long-established stratigraphic unit names and combines a geographic term with a simple lithic rankings that are not consistent with the NACSN term or rank term (or both). The initial letters of all (1983). In most cases it is not practical or desirable names and terms are capitalized. Formalfonnation to change these unless there is a pressing need. One and member names are preferably based on a example would be if new fossil information shows named geographic (or artificial but permanent) that areas mapped as such a unit have different ages feature, which should reflect the locality of the and do not actually correlate. Another might be if a unit's type section or area, or perhaps where it was region is remapped or reinterpretated by a recog- first recognized, for example, Bonanza Formation nized authority, and the revisions are published in a or Quatsino Limestone. Formation in this usage widely circulated journal or report. The purpose of has the advantage of remaining valid even if lithok the stratigraphic code is to promote the use of stan-

- - 32 B.C. Geological Survey Octaber, 1996

dards in stratigraphic practice. To attempt to re map legend under a heading such as 'Unnamed name or reclassifL existing units, would cause a Unit'. great deal of confusion. OTHER INFORMAL STRATIGRAPHIC TERMS= INFORMAL NOMENCLATURE FOR ASSEMBLAGE, AND TERRANE LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC AND LITHODEMIC UNITS Although in the strict sense it is a biostm tigraphic term, assemblage has ofien been used as A separate informal terminology is a valu an informal term for lithostratigraphic and/or lithe able tool for providing temporary designations of demic rock units on a variety of scales. However, map-units while mapping is in progress, for casual the term should be reserved for biostratigraphic reference, to meet unconventional criteria, or for units, or alternatively a regionally important pack- non-stratigraphic applications. An informal unit age of rocks called a 'tectonostratigraphic assem should generally be distinguished on a map where blage' or 'tectonic assemblage'. This package may possible, but may be used only for descriptive pur- poses because it was useful during mapping to de- or may not have been divided into formal units. It is termine relative stratigraphic position, for bounded by regionally important unconformities, example, the 'upper argillaceous member of the X or faults, or both. A tectonic assemblage differs Formation'. from adjacent assemblages in a fundamental fea- ture(~)of its depositional or tectonic environment It is difficult to avoid ambiguity between of formation. This usage clearly hasregional rather formal and informal usage. NACSN (1983) recom- mended not capitalizing status, that is formation, than local significance, such that assemblage has a group etc., to indicate informal usage, for example, rank comparable to supergroup (cf: 'subterrane'). not capitalizing 'formation' in 'Seller Creek for- It should not be used for relatively restricted rock mation'. Unfortunately, this approach has not been units which, with a little more work, could be de effective because the distinction is often over- fined as a group(s) or another formal term. Like looked. Worse, different agencies have their own tectonic terranes and subterranes (defined follow- editorial preferences on capitalization, which ing), these tectonic assemblages are interpretive, causes confusion. Even stating that Seller Creek and their contents are subject to change. For this formation is an "informal unit" may not prevent it reason, 'assemblage' does not lend itself to more being adopted sooner or later as if it was formal (al- formal guidelines. Nevertheless, when combined though this might confirm the validity of the unit, with a geographic or other name, assemblage problems may arise if new information causes the should be capitalized. To illustrate, the Earn As- unit to be renamed or the informal name to be aban- semblage covers a number of formal Devonian- doned). Although it is not strictly in keeping with the code, we recommend capitalization in Mississippian groups and formations from the all cases. MacMillan Pass area in the north to the Cariboo Mountains in the south, that are characterized by Informal usage can be indicated in several distinctive clastic lithologies with unusual wesk ways. One way is to consistently omit a geographic erly or northerly source areas. The most recent term in the name. In this way, formal terms like for- compilation of tectonic assemblages in the CordiL mation, member, schist and intrusion can be still be used, as in shaly formation, upper member, rusty lera is by Wheeler and McFeely (199 1, GSC Map schist, porphyry intrusion. They would 17 12A) and the terminology used in it should be not be capitalized unless succeeded by an identi- followed if possible. fier, such as Dike G, Porphyry 111. Another way is Just as lithostratigraphic units are organized to use informal nouns such as succession, unit, fa- into tectonic assemblages, tectonic assemblages cies, phase, division, marker, horizon or band are organized into terranes. A terrane consists of (avoid 'sequence'). None would be capitalized un- one or more tectonic assemblages. These may have less succeeded by an identifying letter or number, formed in a different geographic location that at such as Phase B, Division 4. Other names can be present, and perhaps in a tectonically discrete envk coined and added to facilitate frequent mention, as in Camp succession. Ptarmigan facies, Summit ronment. Subsequently, the terrane was trans- phase, Ridge subunit. The first name will not ap ported and emplaced into its present position pear on a topographic map, and it should be obvi- (accreted) as a result of large-scale plate tectonic ous that the unit has a temporary and informal processes. Terrane maps and terminology are also designation. Informal terms may or may not form interpretive and subject to change. The most recent part of the map-unit designation. A number of in- terrane map of the Cordillera is by Wheeler et al., formal map-unit terms can be assembled in the (1991, GSC Map 1713A).

Ministry of Employment & investment 33 Bedrock Mapping Standards

Peroc-Macao formation intermediate between the UNCERTAINTY two formations and may be assigned to either If enough information is available, informal S ilurian-Devonian unit includes both Silu- terms may be avoided by assigning a tentative or rian and Devonian rocks provisional name, using question marks to express Silurian or Devonian questionably either Silu- doubt. The following is based on ISSC (1 976, page nan or Devonian 2 1): Silurian and Devonian both but no distinction yet possible (undifferen- Devonian? tiated) doubtfully Devonian The question marks denoting uncertainty Macao? Formation doubtfully Macao For- may be used in mid-sentence, but should be mation avoided at the end of a sentence to avoid conhsion.

34 B.C. Geoiogical Survey October, 1996

IIA. GEOCHRONOLOGY: A and minerals. Ages can be measured with an ana- GEOLOGICAL MAPPING TOOL lytical uncertainty of l to 2% for rocks as young as 100 Ka or older than 3000 Ma. The determination of the ages of rocks and minerals by the measurement of radioactive ele RUBIDIUM-STRONTIUM ECHNIQUE ments and their decay products, and the measure- ment of the isotopic abundances of strontium and Rubidium, because of its geochemical ass* lead have become accepted tools for mappers, re- ciation with potassium, is also found in a wide searchers and exploration geologists in oil and range of rocks and minerals. Because of its lower metals exploration. Age control is vitally impor- relative abundance, its longer half-life and the uni- tant in geological, petrogenetic, tectonic and gee versal presence of common 87sr (the radiogenic morphological studies and for stratigraphic isotope), the Rb-Sr method does not usually pr* correlations. duce a very precise age when applied to young There are three basic assumptions underly- rocks (e.g..Mesozoic or Cenozoic). However, it is ing calcualtions of ages based on superior to the K-Ar method for dating rocks that of unstable isotopes: have suffered thermal or dynamic and has been widely applied to rocks of Precam- The half-life, or "decay-constant", of the par- brian age. ent isotope is accurately known. NOTE: that any older dates from the literature must be re-calculated with the latest decay STRONTIUM ISOTOPE RATIOS constants to be compared to newer dates. Precise corrections can be made for the Normal strontium contains four stable iso amount of pre-existing daughter product, if topes of mass 84,86,87 and 88. The relative abun- any, incorporated in the mineral at the time of dance of these isotopes in nature is constant for all, its formation, and the amounts of the isotope except 8%r, which is produced by the radioactive introduced in the lab procedure. decay of 87~band will therefore occur in different THERE HAVE BEEN NO LOSSES OR GAINS concentrations in rocks of differing ages and RbISr OF EITHER PARENT ISOTOPE OR DAUGH- ratios. Thus, the ratio of 87Sr/86~rwill vary with TER ISOTOPE BY ANY PROCESSES OTHER time and place. Waters containing strontium dis THAN RADIOACTIVE DECAY. solved from rocks will therefore have a range of 87~rl86Srratios and, on a gross scale, marked THE POTASSIUM-ARGON TECHNIQUE variations can be found between the strontium iso topic compositions of marine and continental wa The relatively high abundance and wide- ters. Carbonates deposited from, and calcareous spread distribution of potassium in the earth's crust organisms living in these waters will have distinc~ enables the potassium-argon (K-Ar) technique of tive 87sr186sr ratios, depending on the environ- age determination to be applied to common rocks ment in which they form.

~i'nistr~of Employment & (rlnvestrnent 35 Bedrock Mapping Standards

This property can be utilised to determine temperature at which fission tracks are destroyed) whether a carbonate rock devoid of fossils, was de- and its uranium content. posited in a marine or freshwater lacustrine, or an alternating marinelfreshwater environment. USUAL APPLICATION OF GEOCHRONOLOGY URQNIUM-LEAD TECHNIQUE DATING SUBSURFACE SAMPLES to deter- The presence of uranium-rich accessory mine whether igneous rocks encountered in minerals (e.g., , , sphene and apa- drillholes in sedimentary basins are old base tite) in acid to intermediate igneous and metamor- ment, interlayered volcanics or late intm phic rocks enables the uranium-lead technique to sives; be applied to the problems of precisely defining DATING METALLOGENIC PROVINCES or crystallization ages of such minerals. The differing relating igneous or metamorphic rocks to half-lives for the radioactive 2% and 2% mineralized zones; means that two systems can be used to calculate ESTIMATING RATES OF RECENT GEO- ages and when plotted against each other provide a MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES affect- test for closed system behaviour; i. e. when there is ing Cenozoic igneous rocks (e.g., uplift, concordancy ofthe two uranium-lead ages, giving denudation, laterite, silcrete and duricrust for- rise to a conventional concordia diagram (a plot of mation). The K-Ar method is most suited to 207pbl235~vs 206pbl238~).Further, a model this application and the error, for Cenozoic leadllead age can be determined from the rocks, can be less than 1 Ma so that relatively 207~b1206~bratio alone. short episodes can be distinguished; The main advantage of the uranium-lead DATING DETRTTAL MINERALS (e.g., musco- technique rests with the resistance of accessory vite) to assist investigations in alluvial min phases, notably zircon, to post-crystallization dis era1 fields or in paleogeographic studies of old turbances and alteration. Even though lead may be terrains by indicating the age of the source lost from the system, in most cases a cogenetic rocks; suite of will preserve the age of crystalliza DATING MINERALIZATION to determine the tion. time relation between mineralization and hostrock formation. LEAD-LEAD TECHNIQUE MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR DATING Measurement of lead isotope ratios in whole-rocks, minerals and has long been rec- All radiometric dating methods are based on ognized as an important technique in studying the the assumption of closed system behaviour of the origins of igneous and metallogenic suites. This sample throughout geological time; i. e. there is no technique, sometimes referred to as the common loss or gain of either parent or daughter nuclide ex- lead method, relies on the assumption that lead- cept that produced by the radioactive decay of one rich (or uranium poor) phases preserve the lead to the other. If these conditions are not met, then isotopic signatures of their source U/Pb and ThIPb the "age" determined will not be correct and, fre ratios. These ratios are dependent both on geologi- quently, will be impossible to interpret. cal age, due to the different rates of radioactive de ca of 232~h/208pb,235~1207~b and POTASSI UM-ARGON DATING 2&/206Pb, and also on geological evolution, as uranium and are mobile elements during Not all potassium-bearing minerals are suik fractionation in crustal processes. Hence, rec cam able for K-Ar dating. Some minerals may lose m brian from a massive sulphide deposit will diogenic argon continuously throughout have a characteristic lead isotopic signature that geological time. Ages determined on such miner- will be reflected in material derived from a mas als are invariably too young and have no geologi- sive sulphide source. cal significance. Four groups of samples may be considered FISSION TRACK DATING TECHNIQUE for K-Ar dating, as follows: This technique relies on the formation of Potassium-Bearing Minerals damage tracks in minerals, produced by the spon- These minerals contain potassium as a major taneous decay of uranium. The fission track den- element, which is always present in the theoretical sity of a mineral is thus a function of its age as formula. Minerals in this group are , musco defined by the time since the mineral was last vite, sanidine-anorthoclase,glauconite, illite, ser- heated through its annealing temperature (i.e. the icite and alunite.

36 B.C. Geoiogical Survey 13 J ;I TABLE 11-1. MINERALS THAT MAY BE USEFUL FOR POTASSIUM-ARGON DATING - -- MATERIAL ROCK TYPE VOLCANIC I PLUTONIC I METAMORPHIC I SEDIMENTARY sanidine 1 * anorthoclase 1 ~laaioclase 2

leucite 2 nepheline 2 2 biotite 1 1 1

muscovite 1 1 lepidolite 1 glauconite 2 AMPHIBOLES hornblende 1 1 2 PYROXENE 2 3 3 SECONDARY MINERALS I

WHOLE ROCK basalt 1 I I I I I * This table lists the most widely used materials for K-Ar dating. Reliability of these materials is rated on a scale of 7 to 3; with 7 indicating consistently reliable results and 3 indicating poor reliability. It should be noted that although sanidine- age. However, young volcanic rocks (Cenozoic) anorthoclase is suitable for dating, other K- with moderate amounts of undevitrified glass, ap feldspars of plutonic or metamorphic origin are not pear to have given reliable K-Ar whole-rock ages. (e.g.,orthoclase and microcline). Adularia, a low- temperature form of K-feldspar, has been dated, Unusual Minerals but as of yet, there are insufficient data to confirm Other minerals have been investigated, with the suitability of this mineral. mixed success. One of the earliest minerals to be dated was sylvite, but the solubility of this mineral Non- Potassium Minerals in water makes it less than ideal for dating, as the These minerals do not usually have potas- mineral may have partially dissolved and repre sium in their theoretical formulae, but may carry cipitated more than once since the time of its for- minor amounts (usually %) as impurities or as sub mation. stitutions for sodium (e.g.,in plagioclase). Miner- Other minerals that have not been corn als in this group are hornblende, plagioclase and monly used include leucite, nepheline, adularia pyroxene. Hornblende is excellent for dating, but and alunite. Leucite and nepheline occur more the other minerals, particularly plagioclase and py commonly in the groundmass of volcanic rocks roxene, are not always suitable for K-Ar dating. and have therefore been dated as part of a whole- rock sample more frequently than as a separated Whole Rock mineral. The fact that the whole-rock age determi- If all components of a rock are of primary nations appear to be reliable suggests that these origin and completely unaltered, a whole-rock two minerals may be suitable for dating in their sample may be suitable for dating. In practice, only own right. non-prophyritic volcanic rocks have been found to be suitable, and of these, the commonest variety Adularia and alunite are common minerals associated with hydrothermal mineralization dated is basalt. and are therefore potentially usefbl to determine Volcanic glass often contains a significant the age of ore emplacement. Most of the work done proportion of potassium, and, therefore, argon. on these minerals has been on mineralized rocks of Glass, however, may not retain argon quantita- Tertiary to Quaternary age, and while the K-Ar tively over extended periods of time, and any trend ages appear to fit within the time constraints of towards devitrification will result in argon leak- dates from older and younger rocks, the argon re-

Ministry of Employment & investment Bedrock Mapping Standards tentitivity of adularia and alunite over more exten MONAZITE sive periods of geological time has not been tested extensively. Some manganese minerals (e.g., cryp Monazite is usually found in granitoids and tomelane) contain minor potassium and are also high-grade metasedimentary rocks. It is enriched potentially suitable for dating. in thorium and uranium, and low in initial lead, making it suitable for uranium-lead dating. For ig Table 11- 1 lists the most widely used materi- neous rocks, monazite may be used to supplement als for K-Ar dating and the reliability of these mst- a zircon concordia plot. Monazite is well suited to terials. the dating of upper amphibolite-grade and higher, The of the mineral should be metamorphic events, as under these conditions, it greater than 0.15 millimetre because a mineral invariably yields concordant uranium-lead ages. concentrate coarser than 200 mesh (BSS) is pre- ferred for analysis. If possible, at least 1-2 kilo TlTANlTE (sphene) grams of rock should be collected because a minimum weight of 1-2 grams of high-potassium generally occurs in acid to interme mineral or 2-3 grams of low-potassium mineral is diate plutonic igneous rocks. It is generally lower required. in uranium and thorium than zircon, and the rel* tive proportions of common lead may be high. It can prove to be a useful phase to date granitoids RUBIDIUM-STRONTIUM DATING where inherited zircon may complicate the age ds termination. The presence of titanite in more inter- High Rb-Sr minerals such as micas (biotite mediate to basic igneous rocks enables the and muscovite) and all potassium-feldspars are the uranium-lead technique to provide ages for igns most common minerals used for Rb-Sr dating. ous rocks of these compositions. Whole-rock samples of igneous and metamorphic rocks are fkequently used, but to avoid errors due to uncertainty in the initial Sr isotopic composition, it is necessary that analyses of several genetically re+ Apatite is a very common accessory phase, lated whole-rock samples be made. If possible, at but is more susceptible to open system behaviour least 2 kilograms of rock should be submitted. than zircon, particularly during lower temperature alteration. Shales may be dated by whole-rock tech- niques and also by separation and analysis of the fine-grained ( micron) clay fraction. Interpretation OTHERS of these results is often made complex because of Uranium-lead dating can also be applied to diagenetic and post-diagenetic changes in the other uranium-rich phases, such as xenotime, al- chemical and crystallographic properties of the lanite, uraninite and thorite. clay minerals. Whole-rock dating by the uranium-lead technique is also possible as a useful sideline to URANIUM-LEAD DATING common lead analysis of whole-rocks.

ZIRCON LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS Zircon is the most appropriate mineral for precise dating of igneous events (e.g.. crystalliza- A wide variety of materials may be exam tion ages for granitoids and felsic volcanics). It is ined for lead isotope measurement, ranging from generally resistant to metamorphic overprinting, relatively straight-forward determinations of is@ up to lower facies, and the low-grade al- tope ratios for galenas, to whole-rocks and feld- teration of total rock samples has minimal effect on spars, and to more complex samples of gossans and the zircon uranium-lead concordia age. For grani- soils. It is generally recommended that isotope dC toid sampling, approximately 15 kilograms is re lution analysis to determine uranium and lead con quired, whereas slightly more (c. 20 kg) is needed tents be carried out at the same time, particularly, to extract sufficient zircon from felsic volcanics. for example, when looking at whole-rocks and Zircon fiom metamorphic rocks can also be mixed sulphide ores, as the uranium-lead syste- dated. However, in some cases, scattering of the matics may be used to more effectively evaluate data may be observed. This is particularly seen in the Pb isotope ratios. lower metamorphic-grade paragneisses. For high- grade gneisses, complex metamorphic histories FISSION TRACK DATING may be unravelled through careful studies of zir- con morphology and uranium-lead nlrasurements Very small sample quantities are required of differing morphological types. for fission track dating (one crystal will in many 9 38 B.C. Geological Survey 2 3 3 October, 1 996

cases suffice) and thus minerals best suited for fis determined by isotope-dilution mass-spectrometry sion track dating are apatite (annealing tempera and a separate mass-spectrometric determination ture 125OC to 240°C), titanite (annealing of the lead isotope ratios is performed. temperature 400°C to 500°C) and zircon (anneal- For the normal method of uranium-lead dat- ing temperature above 600°C); these minerals are ing, a suite of four to six zircon fractions having commonly found in small amounts in a wide varC different size/magnetic/morphologicalfeatures, ety of rocks. separated from a single sample is preferable in or- Those minerals with high annealing tern der to achieve either suitable concordant analyses peratures may not be affected by hydrothermal al- or to define a straight line discordant array. These teration and can often give a primary date, even if fractions consist of several hundred to many tho& the rock is strongly altered, while those minerals of zircon grains whereas the 'single-crystal' with low annealing temperatures would generally technique involves the careful selection of one or be annealed during hydrothermal a1 terat ion, and several individual zircon crystals of a specific coL thus give the age of the alteration. our, morphology and/or clarity, and which are gen- Sample weights of a few hundred grams are erally more concordant than the normal separated required. fractions. Factors such as precision of the mass- spectrometer isotope-ratio determinations, errors associated with the use of spikes and knowledge of ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES laboratory blank and initial common lead ratios are all taken into consideration when computing the f* Thin sections are prepared from all samples nal precision of the uranium-lead age determina- and a petrographic examination made to evaluate tion. In general, a precision of less than &1% (at their suitability for dating and to select an apprt, least 95% confidence level) is obtained and <0.5% priate mineral. Suites of samples for Rb-Sr dating can be achieved for many cogenetic zircon suites are crushed and approximate estimates of rubi& from Proterozoic igneous rocks. The 'single- ium and strontium abundances by x-ray floures- crystal' technique can be used in conjunction with cence analysis are made for selection of the most the normal method to significantly reduce the error favourable samples. limits on discordia ages by selection of the most A single analysis for argon is made by concordant zircons. isotope-dilution mass-spectrometry, and potas For fission track dating, the uranium content sium is determined in duplicate by atomic absorp of the mineral is determined by irradiation with a tion spectroscopy. The precision of an individual known thermal neutron flux, which produce a new analysis is 1% (standard deviation) for most sarn set of fission tracks from the induced fission of ur* ples, but is higher for rocks younger than about 1 nium. The fission tracks are made visible to an op Ma. tical microscope by etching, and the fission track Rubidium-strontium analyses may be made density is determined by counting the tracks over a either by isotope-dilution mass-spectrometry or by known area. A precision of &5% may be obtained a combination of replicate RbISr ratios by x-ray for the most favourable samples. diffraction (XRF) and a mass-spectrometric deter- This section was adapted fiom an Informa- mination of 87~r186~r.The method used is se- tion Sheet published by Amdel, South Australia. lected on the basis of the type of sample to be For further information, please contact: The Man- analysed: minerals and total rock samples are ana- aging Director, Amdel, P.O. Box 114, Eastwood, lysed by isotope dilution while total rock only sam South Australia 5063. ples are analysed by XRFImass spectrometry. For suites of related rocks for which an isochron is de- rived, the data are regressed by computer to fit a QUATERNARY DATING METHODS straight line by a least squares regression. The pre- cision is controlled by the level and variation in Quaternary geologists rely on a suite of dat- RbISr ratios within the group and by the degree of ing methods which range from sidereal and is* open system behaviour that may have been in- topic to radiogenic and biochemical. Several types duced by later geological events. of methods are categorized in Table 11-2. The most Uranium-lead determinations are carried out common methods are briefly summarized below. in the highest quality laboratory environment available in the "clean room" using all teflon-ware Radiocarbon Dating for specially distilled reagents and dissolutions to minimize the laboratory lead blank contamination. Developed in the early 1%Os, this technique For zircons, a hydrofluoric acid attack is carried relies on the measuring the amount of 14~isotope out in teflon digestion vessels at elevated tempera retained in an organic sample (e.g., bone, wood, tures under pressure. uranium and lead contents are shell). The principles and assumption are simple.

Ministry of Employment i4 investment 39 Bedrock Mapping Standards

TABLE 11-2. CLASSl FlCATlON OF QUATERNARY DATING ME7 Sidereal Isotopic Radiogenic Chemical and Geomorphic I Biochemical Historical records Carbon 14 Uranium-trend Amino acid Soil profile I racemization development Dendrochronology K-Ar and 39Ar-40Ar Thermoluniinescence Obsidian Rock and mineral Tephrochronology I hydration weathering Varve chronology Uranium- series Electron-spin resonance Tephra Rock varnish Paleomagnetism I hydration Fission track Lead 21 0 Lichenometry Progressive land-form Fossils and artifacts modification Other cosniogenic Soil chemistry Rate of deposition Stable Isotopes isotopes Rate of deformation Astronomical correlation

Geomorphic position Tecti tes and microtectites

One assumes that the amount of cosmic-ray pro- Three problems associated with dating Qua duced 14~in the atmos here is constant and that ternary volcanic rocks are: 1) correction for the at- the radioactive decay of r4C is also constant with a mospheric argon is very large and subject to error half-life of 5570 years. This quantifiable relation due to isotope fractionation resulting from incom ship indicates that by documenting the amount of plete equilibration; 2) samples are more easily bi- 14~remaining in the dead organic sample. relative ased by extraneous older materials; 3) amounts of to the presumed amount when the organism was excess radiogenic argon that would be negligible living, permits a back estimate of the time of death. for older samples may seriously affect the apparent The calculation also corrects for isotope fractiona- age of Quaternary rocks. tion by using the 13~isotope as an indicator of possible enrichment or depletion of sample 14~FISSION TRACK DATING during its formation. The maximum range attain able is -70 000 years BP, although most labs rarely This method of dating has been primarily exceed ages of 40 000 years BP. Two methods of used to date volcanic ash layers. When an atom of analysis involve either gas chromatography or 2% fissions, the nucleus breaks up into two mass spectrometry. Samples as small as 0.05 milli- lighter nuclei which recoil in opposite directions gram of carbon have been dated (rare and expen- and disrupt the electron balance of the atoms in the sive). Cheaper methods require larger samples. host mineral or glass along their path. The result is Contamination is a common problem from modem a zone of damage defining the fission track. Only roots, old "dead" carbon (coal, carbonates) and zircon and glass are routinely used for fission track reservoir effects. Measurements are given with an dating in Quaternary studies and both have differ- error estimate of one standard deviation. Ages are ent laboratory requirements. Contamination is in radiocarbon years and should be converted to ac- readily recognized as specific grains are scanned tual age or calendric years using calibration curves and counted. The disadvantage is that very young (established from precisely dated trees). samples (< 100 000 years) usually have low sponta- neous track density. The method has been widely POTASSIUM-ARGON DATING OF used with tephrochronology, where volcanic ash QUATERNARY VOLCANIC ROCKS layers are more than 50 000 years old. Other popular methods of dating include There are two basic methods of isotopic dat- thermoluminescence, paleomagnetism, convem ing that make use of the radioactive decay of40~ tional uranium-series and Uranium-trend, and to 40~r.These are the conventional potassium- Amino-acid racemization geochronology. argon method and the 40~1-139~rmethod. In the conventional method, the potassium content of the The following references should be consulted for sample is usually measured by flame photometry specifics on Quaternary dating methods. or atomic absorption spectrometry and the radie Easterbrook, D.J. (1 988): Dating Quaternary Sediments; Geo- logical Society of America, Special Paper 227. genic40Ar b mass spectrometric isotope dilution. Rosholt, J.N., Colman, S.M.,Stuiver, M., Damon, P. E., Nae- In the 40Ar/3hr method, 3% is tirst converted to ser, C.W., Neaser, N. D., Szabo, B.J., Muhs, D. R., L~ddi- 39Ar by reaction in a nuclear reactor, and the ar- coat, J.C., Forman, S.L., Machette, M.N. and Pierce, K.L. (1991): Datmg Methods A plicable to the Quater- gon isotope ratios are determined by mass spec- nix . in Quaternar Non lacial geology; Conterminous trometry. Morrison, i.l3.,Editor, Geological Society of

B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

America, The Geology of North America, Volume K-2, thermal alteration (new zircon growth). Weathered pages 45-74. surfaces can be tolerated but should be kept to a Rutter, .N.W., Brigham-Grette, J. and Catto, N. (1 989): Ap- phed uaternary Geochronolog uaternary Interna- minimum. Remove all vein material. Make sure to tional,% olume 1, NO. I, pages PI &. stay away from contact metamorphosed and hy- Rutter, N. W. and Catto, N. (1 994): Dating Methods of Quater- drothermally altered rocks. If you have a choice, nary Deposits; Geological Association of Canada, Geo- science Canada Reprint Serles 2. collect from an area of the intrusive body that has visible quartz, and where the predominant mafic mineral is biotite( i.e., biotite granite or quartz SAMPLING FOR lSOTOPE DATING monzonite). Normal amounts of more mafic, hornblende-rich varieties ( diorite, etc.) often do SOME SAMPLING TIPS not yield sufficient zircon for analysis. If you coL The date you get is only as good as the sam- lect these mafic types, collect a large sample and ple you collect; great care must be taken to collect a expect that you may have to contact a lab that can usable sample. Keep in mind that for plutons larger handle small samples and make special arrange than 50 square kilometres (8 krn diameter) you ments if zircon yield is low. may be dealing with a composite body with a com The same is true for extrusive rocks. Any- plex intrusive history. thing less felsic than rhyodacite andlor a sample It is tempting to try to get more than one type that is aphanitic may not yield sufficient zircons of mineral separate out of a single bulk sample, but for analysis. mineral separating procedures are sufficiently dif NOTE: When you break up the sample, ferent that this shortcut is both time-consuming make sure to do it on a surface composed of the and more difficult for the laboratory. Depending same rock that you are trying to date. DO NOT on the sequence of processing, contamination is a break up the sample on another rock type, or as- potential problem. In most cases, it is best to coL phalt, or concrete, or any other surface that might lect separate samples for separate methods (e.g. U- contribute exotic zircons and contaminate your Pb vs. K-Ar). The best isotopic technique to use de- sample. Rinse off dirt from samples and store in pends on the nature of the problem you are trying to pails or other containers that prevent contamina solve (see Table 11-3). Pros and cons of various tion. methods are presented in Table 11-4. Rb-Sr: This method is an elegant, sophisti- cated, complex isotope method that is often diff~ SAMPLE TYPE/QUALITY cult and sometimes impossible to interpret. When K-Ar and Ar-Ar: Samples must be fresh, it works well, it yields a wonderfully clear, unam free of weathered zones, fractures, veinlets and al- biguous date that you probably could have ob teration (unless you are trying to date that alter* tained with KAr. For a given mineral, Rb-Sr has a tion) unless your are sampling a dike or pluton. slightly higher than K-Ar. A Samples should be AT LEAST 100 metres from useful byproduct of the Rb-Sr method is the Sr-Sr the nearest dike and AT LEAST 1 kilometre from "initial ratio" (see Table 11-3 ), from which infer- the nearest stock or pluton, to avoid thermal reset+ ences can be made about the nature of the source ting problems. If you are interested in a crystalliz* rocks. tion age for an intrusive rock, it must not be metamorphosed. With the Rb-Sr method, multiple samples are analysed, and the points are lotted on a dia- When there is no alternative, volcanic whole gram of 87~r/86~rversus 87Rb/&r. The age of rock or biotite hornfels or sericitic, or other fine the igneous body is indicated by the slope of the potassium-rich concentrates may be used for dat- line (isochron) that passes through these points. ing. Since potassium is the parent, a low-K amphk Thus, while two points can define a line and pre bole (actinolite) is not suitable. vide a date (this method is frequently used), the Concentrates should be about 5 grams; the more points there are, the more precisely the line amount of the desired mineral for dating in each can be defined. The initial ratio is the y-intercept of sample determines how large a sample is required the line. If the age of the igneous body is well (eg.., 1% biotite requires more sample than 20% known by other methods, the Sr initial ratio can be biotite). It is wise to collect more sample than you calculated using a single sample.See Faure (1986), need, - say a small sample bag full. for a comprehensive and comprehensible review of this method. U-Pb: You must collect the freshest sample available. Weathering, hydrothermal alteration, For Rb-Sr, several samples must be col- contact metamorphism, and low to high ranges of lected from the same igneous body. The key to col- regional metamorphism, can all potentially have a lecting a useable Rb-Sr sample set is to maximize profound impact on zircons, especially metamor- the heterogeneity of your samples. This is rela- phism (Pb loss and new zircon growth)and hydro- tively easy to achieve with intrusive rocks, hetero

Ministry of Employment B Investment 41 Bedrock Mapping Standards

Table 11-3: RADIOGENIC ISOTOPE ME rHODS IN GEOLOGY METHOD STATUS APPLICATIONS MATERIALS

Mine(R) ~nra Experimental 00 K-AI R provides cooling ages for igneous rocks and whole rock (all classes)' hornblende*, muscovite*, biotite*, thermal events sericite*, K-feldspar, glauconite, feldspathoids, alunite

I I I I U-Pb I R lprovides crystallization ages for felsic igneous Izircon8(3),titanite* (sphene), monazite*, xenotime, I I ]rocks and approx. ages of metamorphism(1) Irutile apatite, baddeleyite and inherited zirco"(2) Rb-ST R dates (intri~sions,flows,thermal events) yields whole rock* (all classes) feldspars, feldspathoids, micas Sr/Sr data Fission R dates cooling through 200-100°C range (e.g. zircon*, apatite*, , micas, epidote, sphene, tektites, Track lava, intrusions, metamorphism, final tectonic volcanic glass (U238) uplift) AT-AT R dates (similar to K/Ar) track thermal histories of same as K-Ar(4);biotite and hornblende, may not be reliable minerals Sm-Nd R dates crustal source/evolution whole rocks* ST-Sr R crustal source/evolution (a.k.a. strontium initial same as Rb-Sr (whderock*) sphene, epidote, apatite. ratios) Nd-Nd X crustal source/evolution same as Sm-Nd Re-0s X dates molybdenite, Re-bearing ores, meteorites . Nd-Sr XX crustal source/evolution basalt. , K-Ca M dates sylvite, pejqnatites. Lu-Hf XX dates apatite, garnet, monazite, , some whole rocks

I I I I indicates commonly used minerals. (1) Generally not used to date metamorphism. Gives mtrgh estrmate of age and indicates ~ftlw rock has Inherited older crustal material. (2Single zircon analyses ate not available at U.B.C. (3) U.B.C. has only been doing zircons nwtinely, howewr, other minerals can abo be run (4) DiLn from K-Ar in that a single grain can be used thmugh laser step-lwating process.

TABLE 11-4. PROS AND CONS OF DATING METHODS METHOD ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS - quickest lab method - thermal resetting common - routine analysis - large amount of sample needed - easily interpreted - better results from mineral separates than whole rock - small samples analysed, but are mineral separates - minerals must be unweathered, and unaltered - precision 3% - no reliable igneous ages on metamorphosed samples - thermal resetting of minerals - high accuracy - expensive - high precision (1%) - very large bulk samples required - resists thermal resetting - sometimes ambiguous or approximate results - can analyze xenocrysts - suitable for intermediate to felsic rocks only Rb-Sr - may work when above methods are unsuitable - expensive - yields Sr-Sr data (strontium initial ratios) - attempt only with large total samples set (<2 point sochron) - applicable to a wide range of rock types - must be unweathered, and unaltered - results may be ambiguous to unusable, unless samples are 'resh (unaltered) Fission Track - ideal for low-temperaturethermal events - application limited to low-temperaturethermal events - best method for tracking thermal histories - only 2 labs in Canada with laser-step heating capability Ar-Ar - only a small amount of sample needed - no mineral sepirates needed - thin section should accompany sample Pb-Pb - small samples - need a large data set for meaningful interpretations - quick turnaround - a poor method of dating, better used to describe sources 3f lead - inexpensive - interpretation can be complex - routine analvsis

42 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

geneity is represented by variations in texture, e.g:, solute maximum or minimum distances between coarse-grained core zones as opposed to fine- sample sites; distances should be governed by the grained border zones (skip chilled margins to size and distribution of the unit "pairs" from at avoid chemical exchange problems), by variations least five sites along its entire length; for an equidi- in modal composition and by other features. Sam- mensional stock with a diameter of 5 kilometres, ple heterogeneity from an extrusive flow can be six samples around the rim and four evenly spaced maximized by determining the flow morphology in the central area would give ten sample sites and orientation, then searching for the most varied roughly 2 kilometres apart. locations, e.g:, base, flowtop, margins, up [Faure, G., Editor (1986): Principles of Isotope Geology, stream/downstream, vent or toe. There are no ab John Wiley and Sons, New York, 589 pages.]

Ministry of Employment & investment 43 Bedrock Mapping Standards

44 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

Geological map-units are designated after Alternatively, where rock unit ages are un- all information available has been evaluated. The known, or in reports or articles, or on sketch maps name and rank of a map-unit are based on recom- of small areas such as mineral showings, units may mendations on stratigraphic nomenclature out- be labeled with numbers, ' 1' always being the rela- lined in Appendix I (stratigraphic nomenclature tively oldest unit. Numbers may also be used and the stratigraphic code). This section follows on where computer databases are involved, for com- from Appendix I and deals with the symbolic map pilations, or for presentations where they make um derstanding of the map easier for the client group. designations of rock units. As with stratigraphic nomenclature, symbol format is recommended, but it is acceptable to deviate from it, ifnecessary. GEOLOGIC AGE On many geological maps, particularly early For the age of a map-unit, abbreviations for stage products, such as BCGSB Open File maps, the geologic systems and periods, and their divi- some map-unit designations are uncertain (see sions follow an international convention Qee Fig- subsection on Uncertainty, below). Correlation ures 8 & 11). Some of them are special characters: may be hampered by lack of information, such as for example, a modified "P" is needed to distin geochemical analyses, or lack of age control (fos guish Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Pennsylvanian, Pa- sils or radiometric dating). leogene, Paleocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene from For map production, the standard basic font Permian (see note on special characters, below). style recommended is Helvetica regular, or an The term system encompasses rocks formed equivalent sans serif font such as Ariel. during a span of time large enough to act as a world reference; the temporal equivalence of the system To save space and avoid clutter, units on a is the period. That is rocks in the Triassic system map are indicated by coded labels, generally on the formed in the period between 245 and 208 million basis of: years ago Systems and periods are divided into 1. geologic age, followed by named series and epochs, respectively, as shown 2. lithostratigraphicllithodemic unit name in in the Geologic Time Scale (Figure 9, Appendix smaller type, followed by 11). Unfortunately, there is no unequivocal rela 3. any other necessary identifier, or dominant tionship between these named divisions and the lithology in lower case. qualifiers LowerIEarly, Middle, and UpperILate, An example would be KMns for the Creta- especially for divisions like the Jurassic, with more ceous Monaclz Formation sandstone. A similar ap than three stages within a division. Options are dis cussed in Harland et al., (1990a). In the Cordillera, proach is used for plutonic and ultramafic rocks, it is recommended that the divisions Early, Middle, for example, KIMd. Such labels should not be too and Late be used as part of the map-unit designa- lengthy. Their advantage is that they are self- tion, and the stage (if known) specified in the map explanatory once the abbreviations are familiar, legend. Alternatively, the use of qualifiers for divi- and provide consistency between map sheets. The sions of periods as part of the map-unit designation map-unit abbreviations are expanded and ex- could be dropped, and each division shown as a plained in the geological legend for the map (for subheading in the map legend instead, as was done example, Figure 8). for the Cretaceous in Figure 8.

Ministry of Employment & investment 45 Bedrock Mapping Standards

When writing about lithostratigraphic units, and are capitalized where written out. Addi- general 1996 usage of division qualifiers is as fol- tional qualzjiers are generally informal and lows: Lower, Middle or Upper Devonian rocks are not capitalized, for example: late Early formed during Early, Middle or Late Devonian Devonian time; upper Late Triassic limestone. time respectively (Figure 1 1). Harland et al., Some geologic age designations used are not (199Oa) recommended abandoning this distinction defined in the Geologic Time Scale. For example, and using only the qualifiers Early, Middle and the Cretaceous has no middle series or epoch. Late, which is the convention that will be followed Therefore a rock unit dated at ca. 100 Ma may be here. described as 'mid-' or 'middle' Cretaceous, but the Whatever usage is followed, 'formal' divi- qualifier should not be capitalized. In the map-unit sions are always capitalized when written out, for designation, a lower case 'm' should be used as fol- example: Late Cambrian (rocks); Late Jurassic lows: (time). They may be represented in the map-unit designation in the form of a prefix for the sys- I mK I for mid-cretaceous temlperiod abbreviation, as follows: The same approach should be applied to For lithostratigraplric units with ages in the other periods with no middle epoch, namely Silw Paleozoic or Mesozoic eras, an upper case E, rian, Carboniferous and Permian. M or L prefix (of the next lower point size) is Other usages may also cause confusion: used to denote the early, middle or late divi- sion or series of the system, if the system is so (a) Mississippian is synonymous with Early divided. For example, LK for Late Creta- Carboniferous; Pennsylvanian is synonymous ceous. with Late Carboniferous. In North America, the The Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian map symbols,M Tertiary sub-era, have their own epoch names and P respectively, are generally preferred to the (Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Carboniferous equivalents - EC and LC, respec- Pliocene) and special character abbreviations tively. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (see Figure 8). As a result, the letter T, for Ter- themselves are not broken into early, middle and tiary, is only used in the map-unit designation late divisions, so usage should be kept informal iftime control is imprecise. As before, the E or (not capitalized). L prefixes can be used to further subdivide (b) Paleogene may be used instead of Early these epochs; some also have a 'middle' divi- Tertiary; and Neogene instead of Late Tertiary (or sion, as well (see the time scale, Figure 9). vice versa). The convention for litliodenric units (intru- (c) By convention, it is acceptable to make sive and high-grade metamorphic rocks) is to indefinite divisions of the Paleozoic (even though denote the age by the abbreviation for the pe- they may not appear as such in the Geologic Time riod, prefixed by a capital E, M, or L (in the Scale), as follows: early Paleozoic for indefinite next lower point size) to indicate an Early, Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian; late Paleozoic Middle or Late epoch, if it is known, and if the for Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and period is so divided, for example, LJ for a Permian. For example: Late Jurassic granodiorite intrusion. The comments applied to the Tertiary and its sub for indefinite late Permian, and: divisions that were given above also apply [ LP I here. for indefinite early Mesozoic For high-grade metamorphic rocks, the age assigned to the unit is that of the original rock (d) In the time scale of Harland et al., (1990 (protolith), not the metamorphic event. a,b), the authors list the Tertiary is a subera of the Cenozoic, and define the Paleogene and Neogene Note on Special Characters: as periods. As described above, although world- The special character abbreviations used to wide the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are sub denote geologic periods (Figure 8) are easily re- periods of the Carboniferous period, they are producible in graphics programs, and are already effectively periods in North America. in use in AutoCad products. They should be used on all maps being published. However, there are no STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT NAME ANSI codes for many of these symbols for use in word processing programs. As a consequence, it is The stratigraphic or other unit name in a best to write the names out in full in text descrip map-unit designation may be formal or informal. A tions. lithostratigraphic formal name is usually that of a Note: As mentioned above. fonual geologic group or formation (but not both together; see be- age unitsform part of the map-unit designation low). The name, not including the rank term, is ab

46 B.C. Geological Survey 3 J 3 October, 1936

breviated to one (or two) capital letter(s) using the beled the same way as formal units, for example: next smaller point size than that used for the geo Chum Creek succession is abbreviated to CC as if logic age abbreviation discussed above, and fol- it was a formation or group. However, it is advis lows it, for example, KM for the Cretaceous Monteith Formation. Other examples are dis able to avoid this usage for units which have been cussed below and highlighted in bold text on Fig- given a temporary casual name in order to prevent ure 8. the unit from being mistaken for a formal unit. If a mapped formation is part of a group, only the formation abbreviation is incorporated in OTHER INFORMAL UNIT IDENTIFIER, the map-unit designation, however, the full OR DOMINANT LITHOLOGY group name forms a heading for the forma- tion(~)in the map legend (see Figure 8, Cad- The last element of the map-unit designit wallader Group, Hurley Formation). If rocks belonging to a group are not divided tion, dominant lithology, is optional. It is given in into formations on part or all of the map, the lower case in the same point size as the stra unit can be given the group abbreviation (see tigraphic unit abbreviation (described in Section 2 Figure 8, Spences Bridge Group), or a lower above). case 'u' for 'undivided' directly after the age abbreviation (see Figure 8, Cache Creek The dominant lithology is generally reduced Complex), or both. to one or two letters, so only very general rock If two or more particular formations (whether types can be indicated, such as v for volcanic, g for or not they belong to a group) are known to be granite, gn for , s for sandstone, 1 for lime present in a map-unit but are not separable, stone, and so on. A set of these abbreviations is their abbreviations can be strung together (but given in Appendix VI-a. It is important to describe preferably separated by commas). Alterna- tively, a 'u' for 'undivided' can be placed di- the constituent lithologies of a map-unit in the gee rectly after the age abbreviation (see Figure 8, logical legend. If the lithology of a unit is consis Intermontane Belt, Tertiary). tent throughout the map, use of a lithologic If two or more map-units have the same age qualifier is optional. However, qualifiers become symbol and the same name initial (whatever usehl if lithologies vary such that different rock rank), a lower case letter follows the initial of types are locally dominant. In these cases the quali- at least one of them to distinguish them (for fier can be used to indicate facies changes in the example, the Jurassic to Cretaceous Monteith Formation (JKM) versus the undivided Min- unit. Even if a lithological variation is not mappa nes Group in the same area (JKMn) see Figure ble, the full map-unit symbol can be attached to in 8,. dividual outcrop stations, or groups of outcrops. If a member of a formation constitutes a map- 0ther informal unit identifiers: Altema unit, its lower case initial should be separated from the formation's abbreviation by a hy- tively, the lithology element of the map-unit desig phen. nation may be used as an identifier for unnamed 0 In the case of intrusive or metamorphic rocks informal map-units or subunits, whether they are (lithodemic units), the unit abbreviation de subdivisions of formal units (see Figure 8, the vol- rives from the proper name of the body or canic unit of the Hurley Formation) or not (see Fig suite or complex (see Figure 8, Early Creta- ure 8, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Grouse ceous Mount Alex Complex). If no name is applicable, this element of the map-unit des Creek siltstone unit). Some examples of abbrevia ignation is omitted (see Figure 8, Miocene tions are: i for intrusive; q for quartzite unit; v for quartz monzonite; minor granite). volcanic marker; and 1, 2, 3 for the lowermost, Informal units which have a proper name middle and uppermost units, such as Dsl, Ds2 and and are likely to be useful for several years, are la- Ds3 for these units in the Stone Formation.

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48 B.C. Geoiogicai Survey October, 1996

APPENDOZX OW:

The following is a list of references for corn VOLCANIC ROCKS monly used rock classification schemes. Compton, R.R. (1985): Geology in the Field; John Wiley & Sons, 398 pages. SILICICLASTIC ROCKS Irvine, T.N. and Bara ar, W.R.A. 1971): A Guide to the Chem~calclasslf~cat~on of tI, e Common Volcanic (Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks) Rocks; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 8, pages 523-548. Compton, R.R. (1985): Geology in the Field; Jolrri Wiley & Le Maitre, R.W., Editor, (1989): A Classification of I eous Sons, 398 pages. Rocks and Glossary of Terms; Blackwell ~cienttF~ub- Pettijohn, F.J. 1975): Sedimentar Rocks, Third Edition; lications, 193 pages. Harper an'!I Row. Publishers. l28 pages. Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Siever, R. (1972): Sand and PYROCLASTIC ROCKS Sandstone; Springer- Verlag, 6 18 pages. (fragmental or clastic rocks derived from volcanic processes) CXRBONATE ROCKS Compton, R.R. (1985): Geology in the Field; John Wiley & Compton, R.R. (1985): Geology in the Field; Johtt Wiley & Sons, 398 pages. Sons, 398 pages. Fisher, R.V, ( 196 1 ): Proposed Classification of Volcaniclas- Dunham, R.J. (1962): Classification of Carbonate Rocks Ac- tlc Sediments and Rocks; Geological Society ofAmerzca, cording to Depositional Texture; American Association Bulletin 72, pages 1409-1414. of Petroleur~rGeologists, Memoir Number 1, pages 108- 121. Fisher, R.V. (1966 : Rocks Composed of Volcanic Fra - ments; Earth-J cience Reviews, Volume 1, pages 289- Folk, R.L. (1962): Spectral Subdivision of Limestone Types; 298. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memolr Number 1, pages 62-84. Le Maitre, R. W., Editor, (1989): A Classification of I eous Rocks and Glossary of Terms; Blackwell ~cientrppub- lications. 193 pages. PLUTONIC ROCKS Schmid, R., ( I98 1): Descri tive Nomenclature and Classifi- cation of Pyroclastlc 8e osits and Frapepts: Recom- mendations of the I~GSSubcommission on the Le Maitre, R. W., Editor (1 989): A Classification of I neous Systematics of Igneous Rocks; Geology, Volume 9, Rocks and Glossary of Terms; lackw well ~ciettt& Pub- pages 4 1 -43. lications, 193 pages. Streckeisen, A. 1976): To Each Plutonic Rock Its Pro er Name; Eart! I Scic~tce Reviews, Volume 12, pages 1 -?3. MRAMORPHIC ROCKS

Compton, R.R. (1985): Geology in the Field; John Wiley & Sons, 398 pages.

Ministry of Employment 6: investment 49 Bedrock Mapping Standards

i

_I A 2 3 .J A A A 50 B.C. Geological Survey 9 A "a October, 1996

It is important that each outcrop station cre bered - 1, -2 etc. after the fbll station number. The ated by the mapper has a unique label. One method, oldest (if known) or most abundant rock type is that is generally followed by BCGSB geologists, is usually numbered substation 1. Each substation to use the traverse number and station (outcrop) has its own unique identifier, descriptive data and number, preceded by a five-letter code identifying sample information, but all substations of a station the geologist and the year the field work was done. have the same map coordinates because they all OG The prefix begins with the initial of the geologist's cupy the same point on the map. Conversely, a new first name, followed by the first two letters of their station must be created if data are collected from a surname, followed by the year. For example, new location. PDE88-3-2 would indicate the second station es The use of substations is discretionary: lithe tablished during the third traverse done in 1988 by logical variations in an outcrop are common and mapper Patrick Desjardins. An alternative (not need not be recorded separately in this way unless recommended) is to omit the traverse number and they are significant. Minor variations can be de simply number stations consecutively from the be scribed in free-form notes. ginning to the end of the field season. The method used should be made clear to avoid potential con- On a geological map, the exact position of a hsion. station is indicated by a suitable symbol. It may be The unique (alphanumeric)number for each an outcrop symbol, or a structural measurement, or field station is the key element for locating infor- a mineral occurrence symbol. The station identi- mation in the resultant geoscientific database. The fier number is not plotted, as this would create clu& database could be used to identify a single rock ter and make the map difficult to read. During type, whether rock or fossil samples were col- fieldwork, however, the geologist will compile a lected, map-unit and age etc., all linked (related) by traverse map overlay, consisting only of numbered this unique number. Laboratory and other results - traverses and stations. This is used for planning, chemical analyses, thin-section studies, fossil cross-reference and to keep track of the area cov- identifications, etc. can also be added and related ered. This map will also be used later for digitizing - the station points, but is generally not published, to the unique identifier. As a result, all geological except in general form as the "traverse map" to feature(s) related to a station can be or interrela show areal coverage and indicate mapping reliabil- tionships can be evaluated. ity (see Part 3-3); it might be produced in digital If a station has more than one significant form, particularly if the 'raw' database is released rock type, it can be divided into substations, num digitally.

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Octo her, 1936

For lzativc. c.lc.nzerzts, such as gold, silver nnd , use chemical symbols (Au, Ag, Cu) MineralIRock Abbrev MineralIRock Abbrev MineralIRock Abbrev MineralIRock Abbrev actinoli te act adularia ad dickite dk marble mb schist shst a lomerate diopside dp marcasi te marc scor aEte a diorite dl0 marl marl sericite ser alunite alun diorite gneiss microcline mcln serpentine serp am hibolite a~iiph dolomite dio;Pb; mi matite m ig serpentine marble anchusite ad1 dolomite marble miybdenite mo spt-mb andesite andt dol-mb monazite mz serpentinite an lesite ang dunite dun montniorillonite mm shale anf ydrite an h en monzonite monz sid an kerite an k epidote mudstone mdst silica si apatite apt feldspar 2i muscovite mus sillimanite sill aplite apl felsite fls muscovite schist sil tstone slst argentite agt fluorite fl ml slate sl t ar illite arg fossiliferous limestone nepheline neph smithsonite smth arlose arks f-Is niccolite nic soapstone spst arsenopyrite as,; gabbro olivine 0l specularite spec asbestos as gabbro gneiss oolitic limestone 0-1s sph augen gneiss a-gn orpiment spinel s P augite aug garnet orthoclase ,9:E spodumene spod azurite az garnet schist ortho pyroxene OPX stannite sn banded gneiss b- n gneiss E7-' peat peat staurolite str barite Ra gneiss ~n Peg sti bnite sb basalt bas granite gr pentlandite syenite bentonite ben granite gneiss gr-gn peridotite sylvite sl beryl brl granodiorite gd phlogopite tantalite ta biotite bio granulite grnl phosphorite tnt biotite schist bio-shst graphite phyllite tenorite ten bismuthinite bs gsgR st plagioclase tetrahedrite tet borax brx greisen gs polybasite titanomagnetite tmag bn greywacke gwk porphyry PPY topaz t PZ bournonite bo fYPsum proustite Prs tourmaline tml breccia bx alite % pyrargyrite PYg trachyte trch calcite calc hematite hem trap trp carbonate carb hornblende hb pyrochlore PYCpi travertine trvt cassiterite CSS hornblendite hbt pyrolusite PZ tremolite trem cerrusite ce hornfels hf pyroxene PYX tuff tuff chalcedony chal h persthene pyroxenite PYXt vanadinite va chalcocite CC iI ite h~fl pyrrhoti te PO vermiculite vm chalcopyrite CPY ilmenite ilm quartz qtz vesuvianite VS chert cI1t iron formation I-Fm quartz basalt q bas volcanic breccia vbx chlorite chl jamesonite if?' quartz diorite qd wolframite wf chlorite schist 'arosi te I' quartz gabbro qgb wollastonite WO chl-shst Laolinite kaol quartz nionzonite 9"' zeolite ze chromite cr kyanite ky quartzite qtze zircon zr cinnabar cn b kyanite schist ky-shst k claystone clst latite lat %!%$h rosite rho Modified after Grant clinopyroxene CPX lignite lgnt rhodoni te rhd and Newell (7 992). coal coal limestone Is rhyolite rhy corundum cor limonite lim rut covell i te CV listwanite list sandstone SS cuprite cup ma netite scapolilc sca p dacite dac makchite ma$ma scheelite sc h

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R.C. Geological Survey 4 -- - October, 1996

? - - - --

The following is an alphabetical listing of rock, mineral, alteration, and some other gedogical terms together with a corresponding four-letter abbreviation as defined in the BCGSB MINFILE manual. gene^ ally, unless the words are short, the code consists of the first letter ofthe name, then threeconsonants (vowels are omitted), for example, limestone is coded as lmst, and dularia as ADLR Acanthite ACNT Amphi bolitic APBC Argillaceous AGLC Accretionary ACRN Amygdaloidal AMGD Argillite ARGL Acid ACID ALCM Arkose ARKS Acmite ACMT Analci te ANLC Arkosic ARKC Actinolite ACNL ANTS Armenite ARMT Adularia ADLR Andalusite ADLS ARSC Aegirine AGRN Andesine ANDS Arsenopyrite ARPR Agate AGTE Andesite ANDT Asbestos ASBS Agglomerate AGLM Andesi tic ANDC Ash ASHH Agglomeratic AGMC Andorite ANDR Augelite AUGL Aguilarite AGLR Andradi te ADRD Augen AUGN Akerite AKRT Anglesite AG LS Augite AUGT Akermanite AKRM Anhydrite ANHY Aurichalcite ACLC Aktashite AKTS Ankaramite ANKM Aurosti bite ARSB Alaskite ALSK An kerite ANKR Autunite ATNT Albandite ALBD An keritic ANKT Awaruite AWRT Al bertite ALBR Annabergite ABRG Axinite AXNT Albite ALBT Anorthite ANRT Azurite AZRT Albiti te ALBE Anorthosite ANRS Baddeleyite BDLT Algal ALGL Anthophyllite AN PL Banded BNDD Algodonite ALGD Anthracite ANRC Barite BRIT Alkali ALKL Antigorite ANGR Baritic BRTC Al kalic AKLC Antimony ANMN Barytocalcite BCLC Allanite ALNO Apatite APTT Basalt BSLT Allemontite ALMT Aphanitic ANPC Basaltic BSLC Alluvium AVUM Aphyric APRC Basanite BSNT Alnoite ALNT Aplite APLT Basic BS lC Altai te A LTT Aplitic APLC Bastite BSTr Altered ALRD Apophyllite APPL Bastnaesite BSNS Aluminous ALMS Aragonite ARGN Bauxite BUXT Alunite ALUN Arenaceous ARCS Bedded BDED Amblygonite AMBG ARNT Beforsite BFRS Amethyst AMTS Arfvedso n ite AFVU Bentonite BENT Amphibole AMPB Argentite ARGT Berthierite BRTR Amphibolite AMPH Argentopyrite AGPR Beryl BRYL

Ministry of Employment & Investment 55 Bedrock Mapping Standards

Betafite BTFT Chalcomenite CLCM Cyrtolite CRTL Beudantite BDNT Chalcopyrite CLCP Dacite DClT Bindheimite BNDM Chalcostibite CLCB Dacitic DCTC Biotite BOlT Chamosite CMST Danaite DNlT Bismuth BSMT Charnockite CRCK Danalite DNLT Bismuthinite BSMN Chert CHRT Datolite DTLT Bismutite BMrr Cherty CHTY Deudantite DDNT Bitumen BTMN Chevkinite CVKN Diabase DlBS Bituminous BMNS China Stone CNSN Diamictite DMCT Bixbyite BXBT Chloanthite CLNT Diamond DMND Black BLCK Chloride CLRD Diaspore DSPR Block BOCK Chlorite CLRT Diatomaceous DTMS Boothi te BTHT Chloritic CLRC Diatomite DlTM Boracite BRCT Chloritoid CLTD Dickite DCKT Borax BORX Chondrodite CDRD DGNT Bornite BRNT Chromite CRMT Dike DIKE Boulangerite BLGR Chromitite CRTT Diopside DPSD Boulder BLDR Chrysocolla CRCL Diorite DORT Bournonite BRNN Ch rysol i te CRLl Dioritic DORC Brannerite BRNR Chrysotile . CRSL Djurleite DJRL Braunite BRUN Cinnabar CNBR Dolerite DLRT Bravoite BRVT Clastic CSTC Dolomite DOLM Breccia BRCC Clausthalite CLSL Dolomitic DLMC Brecciated BRCD Clay C LAY Domeykite DMKT Breithauptite BRTP Claystone CLSN Dumortierite DMRR Breunnerite BRRT Cleavelandite CLVD Dunite DUNT Brines BRMS Clinochlore CLCL Dunitic DNTC Britholite BRTL Clinoptilolite CLTL Dyscrasite DSCR Brochantite BRCN Clinopyroxene CLPX ECLG Bronzite BRNZ Clinopyroxenite CLPT Electrum ELCM Brucite BRUC Clinozoisite C LZS Ellsworthite ELSR Calaverite CLVR Coal COAL Emery EMRY Calcsilicate CLSC Coarse Grained CGRD Empressite EMPR Calcarenite CLCR Co baltite CBLT Enargite ENRG Calcareous CLCS Coffinite CFNT Enstatite ENST Calciosamarskite CCMK Collinsite CLLT Epiclastic EPCL Calcirudite CALR Collophane CLPN Epidote EPDT Calcite CLCT Coloradoite CLDT Epsomite EPSM Camptonite CMPN Columbite CLMB Equigranular EQGL Cancrinite CNCR Conglomerate CGLM Erythrite ERTR Carbon CRBO Conichalcite CCLC Eschynite ESCN Carbonaceous CRBC Copper CPPR Esker Sediment EKSM Carbonate CARB Cordierite CRDR Essexite ESXT Carbonatite CRBM Corkite CRKT Euxenite EXNT Carbonatized CARZ Coronadite CRND Evaporite EVPR Carbonite CRBN Corundum CRDM Extrusive EXN Carnallite CRNL Corynite CRYN Famatinite FMTN Carnotite CRNT Cosalite CSL-r Fa ya li te FY LT Carroll ite CRLT Covell i te CVLT Feldspar FLDP Cassiterite CSTR Crackle CCKL Feldspathic FDPC Cataclasite CC LS Crinanite CRNN Feldspathoid FDPD Cataclastic CCTC Cristobalite CTBL Felsic FLSC Celadonite CLDN Crocidolite CCDL Felsite FLST Celestite CLST Crossite CRSS Fenite FNlT Celsian CELS Crushed CHRD Ferberite FRBR Cerargyrite CRRG Cryolite CRYL Fergusonite FRGS Cerussite C RST Cryptomelane CPML Ferricrete FRCR Cervantite CRVN Crystal XTAL Ferrimolybdite FMBD Chalcanthite CHLT Cubanite CBNT Ferro FRRO Chalcedony CLCD Cummingtonite CMNG Ferrodolomite FDLM Chalcocite CLCC Cuprite CPRT Ferrub'JI~OUS FRUG

56 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

Fersmite FRSM Gravel GRVL Jacobsite JCBS Fine Grained FGRD Greerinlite GRNL Jacupirangi te JCPG Fireclay FRCL Greenockite GRCK Jade JADE Flow FLOW Greensand GRSD Jadeite J DlT FLAP Greenschist GRCS Jalpaite JLPT Fluorite FLRT Greenstone GRNS Jamesonite JMSN Fluorphlogopite FPGP Greisen GRSN Jarosite J lw Fluorspar FLRP Greywacke GRWK Jasper JSPR Fluvial FLVL Grit GRIT Jasperoid JPRD Foliated FLTD Grossularite GRLR Jaspilite JSPL Formanite FRMN Grunerite GRRT Jordanite JRDN Forsterite FRSR Guano GUN0 K- Feldspar KS PA Fossiliferous FLFR Gudmundite GDMD Kainite Kl NT Fractured FRCD Gummite GMMT Kaolin KOLN Fragmental FRAG Gypsi te GPST Kaol in ite KLNT Franckeite FRCK Gypsum GPSM Kasoli te KSLT Freibergi te FRBG Halite HLlT Kentallenite KNLN Freieslebenite FRLB Harzburgite HZBG Keratophyre KRPR Friedelite FRLT Hatchettolite HTCL Kermesite KRMS Frohbergite FRBT Hausmannite HSMN Kersantite KRSN Froodi te FRDT Heazlewoodite HZLD Kim berlite KMBL Fuchsite FCST Hedenbergi te HDBG Knebelite KNBL Gabbro GBBR Hedleyite H DLT Knopite KN PT Gabbroic GBRC Hematite HMlT Kobellite KB LT Gadolinite GDLN Hematitic HMTC Krennerite KRNR Gahnite GHNT Heminiorphite HMRP Kyan ite KY NT Galena GLEN Hercynite HRCN Laboradorite LBRD Gallium GLLM Hessi te HSST Lahar LAHR Garnet GARN Heterolithic HRLC Lam proite LMPT Garnetiferous GRFR Heulandite HLND Lamprophyre LMPP Garnetite GART Hollandite HLDT Lapilli LPLL Garnierite GRNR Hornblende HBLD Lapillistone LPLS Gaspeite GS PT Hornblendite HRBD Larnite LRNT Gei kielite GKLT Hornfels HRFL Latite LTlT Geocronite GCRN Hornfelsed HOFD Laumontite LMNT Germanite GRMN Howlite HWLT Lava LAVA Gersdorffite GRDF Hubnerite HBNR Layered LYRD Geyserite GSRT Humite HUMT Lazulite LZLT Gibbsite GBST Hybrid HBRD Lepidocrocite LPCC Glacial GLCL Hydrocarbon HDCB Lepidolite LPDL Glaciolacustrine GLLC Hydrornagnesite HDMG Lepidomelane LPDM Glass GLSS Hydrozincite H DZC Leuchtenbergite LCBG Glaucodot GLCD Hypersthene H PRS Leucite LUCT Glauconite GLCN ldaite IDIT Leucocratic LCCC Glaucophane GLCP ldocrase IDCR Leucopyrite LCPR Gmelinite GMLN lgnimbrite IGMB Leucoxene LCXN Gneiss GNSS ljolite IJLT Lignite LGNT Gneissic GNSC ll I i te l LLT Limestone LMSN Goethite GTHT Ilmenite ILMN Limonite LMON Gold GOLD Ilmenoriitile ILMR Limy LIMY Gorceixite GRCX Ilvai te I LVT Linarite LNRT Gossan GSS N Intermidiate INTR Linnaeite LNNT Gouge GOUG Intraformational lFM L Listwanite LSWN Granite GRNT Intrusive l NTV Li t-par-lit LPRL Granitic GRNC lnyoite I NM Lithic LTHC Granitoid GRND Iridium l RDM LTPL Granodiorite GRDR lridosmine IDSM Lizardite LZDT Granophyre GRPR lron l RO N Lollingite LLGT Granulite GRNU lron Formation IRFM Lugarite LGRT Graphite GRPT Ironstone lRS N Luxullianite LXLN Graphitic GRPC lsokite ISKT Lyndochite LNDC

Ministry of Employment & investment 57 Bedrock Mapping Standards

Mackinawite MCKN Morenosite MRNS Peridotite PRDT Mafic MAFC Mudstone MDSN Perknite PRKN Maghemite MGHM Mugearite MGRT Perlite PERL Magnesian MGSN Muscovite MSCV Perovskite PRVK Magnesite MGNS Mylonite MLNT Perthite PRrr Magnesitic MGSC Mylonitic MLNC Petzite PTZT Magnetite MGNT Nagyagite NGCT Phlogopite PLGP Malachite M LCT Natroalunite NTRL Phonolite PNLT Maldonite MLDN Natrolite NTLT PS PT Malignite MLGN Naumannite NMNT Phosphatic PSPC Manganiferous MGFR Neodigenite NDGN Phosphorite PS RT Manganite MNGN Neotoci te NTCT Phosphuranylite PHUR Marble MRBL Nepheline NPLN Phyllite PLLT Marcasite MRCS Nephelinite N PLT Phyllitic PLLC Mariposite MRPS Nephrite . KPRT Phyllonite PLNT Marl MARL Neyite NYTE Phyric PH RC Marmatite MRMT Niccolite NC LT Picrite PCRT Martite MRTT Ningyoite NGYT Picritic PCRC Massive MSSV Niocali te KOCL Picrolite PCRL Matildite MTLD Nitre XITR Pillow PLLW Maucheri te MCRT Nodular NOLR Pinite PINT Mcgillite MCGL Nontronite NNRN Pipe PIPE Medium Grained MGRD Nordmarkite NDMK Pitchblende PCBD Megacrysti c MGCR Norite NORT Pitchstone PCSN Melanocratic MLCR Novacul ite NVCL Plagioclase PLGC Melanterite MLNR Obsidian OBSD Platinum PLNM Melilite MLLT Ochre OCHR Pollucite PLCT Meneghinite MNGT Odinite ODNT Polybasite PLBS Mercury MRCR Oligoclase OLGC Polycrase PLCR Merenskyite MRSK Oligomictic OGMC Polydymite PLDM Mernchaum MRCM Olivine OLVN Polymictic PMCC Merwinite MRNT Oolitic 0 LTC Porcellanite PORC Mesocratic MSCR Opal 0PA L Porphyritic PPRC Meta M ETA Orbicular OBCL Porphyroblastic PPBL Metabasite M BST Orpiment OKPM ''orphyr~ PRPR Metacinnabar MCBR Ortho ORTH Powelli te PWLT Metamorphic MMPC Orthoclase ORCL Prehnite PRNT Metastibnite MSBN Ortho pyroxene ORPX Priorite PRRT MTRB Orthopyroxenite OTPR Prosopite PRSP Metazeunerite MZNR Osmiridium OMDM Proustite PRST Miargyrite MRGR Ouachitite OCTT Psam m ite PSMT Mica MICA Owyheeite OYHT Psammitic PSMC Micaceous MCCS Palladium I'LLM Psilomelane PLML Michenerite MCNR Palygorskite PLGK Pulaskite PLSK Microcline MCCL Para PARA Pumice PUMC Microdiorite MDRT Paragoni te I'RG N Pumpellyite PMPL Migmatite MGMT Parahopeite PRPT Pyrargyrite PRRG Migmatitic MGMC Pararammelsbergite PMBG Pyrite PY RT Millerite MLRT Parisite PRlS Pyritic PY RC Mimetite MMlT Parkerite PRKR Pyrobitumen PY BM Minette MNTT Pearceite PKCT Pyrochlore PCLR Minnesotaite MNST Peat PEAT Pyroclastic PCLC Molybdenite MLBD 1% B L Pyrolusite PRLS Molybdite MBDT Pegmatite PGMT Pyromorphite PRMP Monazite MNZT Pegmatitic PGMC Pyrope PYRP Monchiquite MNCQ PLlT Pyrophanite PRPN Monticellite MNCL Pelitic PLTC Pyrophylli te PRPL Montmorillonite MMRL Pelletal I'LT L Pyroxene PRXE Monzodiorite MZDR Penninite PNNT Pyroxenite PRXN Monzonite MNZN Pentlandite PNLD Pyroxenitic PRXC Monzonitic MNZC Periclase PRCL Pyrrhotite PYrr - 2 58 B.C. Geological Survey 2 October, 1996

Quartz QRTZ Serpentinized SERZ Sulphidic SPDC Quartzite QRn Seyberti te SBRT Sulphite SLPH Quartzi ticlQuartzose QRZS Shale SHLE Sulphur SLPR Quartzofeldspathic QZFP Shaly SHLY Sulvanite SULV Rammelsbergite RMBG Sharpstone SHRP Svan bergite SVAN Rankinite RNKN Shonkinlte SNKN Syen ite SY NT Rapakivi RPKV Siderite SDRT Syenitic SYEN Rauhaugite RHGT Siegenite SGNT Syeno SYNO Realgar RLGR Silica SlLC Sylvanite SLVN Reworked RWRK Silicate SLCT Sylvite SLVT Rhodochrosite RDCR Siliceous SLCS Synchysite SNCS Rhodonite RODN Sill SILL Syngenite SNGT Rhyodacite RDCT Sillinmnite SLMN Tachylyte TCYL Rh yodaci tic RDCC Silt SILT Tailings TLGS Rhyolite RY LT Siltstone SLSN Talc TALC Rhyolitic RYLC Silty SLTY Talcose TLCS Rickardite RCKD Silver S LVR Talus TLUS Riebeckite RBCK Sinter SNTR Tantalite TNTL Rock ROCK Skarn SKRN Tapiolite TPLT Rodingite RDNG Skutterudite SKRD Tectonic TCNC Rozenite RZNT Slate S LTE Telluride TLRD Ruby Silver RSVR Slaty SLAT Tellurobismuthite TLBM RUDT Smaltite SMLT Temiskamite TMKM Rutile RUTL Slnecti te SMCT Tennantite TNNT Sabugalite SBGL Smithsonite SMSN Tenorite TNRT Safflorite SFLR Soapstone SPSN Tephra TPHR Sahlite SHLT Sodalite SDLT Tephrite TPRT Saleeite SLET Sod i c SODC Tertiary TRTR Sal ite SLIT Soil SOIL Teschenite TSCN Salts S LTS Sovi te SOVl Tetradymi te TRDM Samarskite SMRK Specularite SPCL Tetrahedrite TRDR Sand SAND Spencerite SPCR Theralite TERL Sandstone SNDS Sperrylite SPRL Tholeiite THLT Sandy SNDY Spessartine SPSR Tholeiitic T LTC Sanidine SNDN Spessarti te S PST Thomsonite TMSN Sapphirine SPRN Sphalerite SPLR Thorianite TRNT Sapropel SPPL Sphene SPHN Thorite THRT Saussurite SS RT Spilite SPLT Thorogummite TRGM Scapolite SCPL Spinel SPNL Thucholite TC LT Scawtite SCTT Spodumene SPDM Thuringite TRNG Schapbachite SCBC Spotted SPTD Tiemannite TMNT Scheelite SC LT Spurrite SPRT Till TILL Schist SCST Stalactite STLC Tilleyite T LYT Schistose SCTS Stalagmite SLGM Tillite TLLT Schorlomite SCLM Stannite STNT Titanite TTNT Schultenite SCLN Staurolite STRL Tonalite TNLT Scoria SCOR Steatite STTT Topaz TOPZ Scorodi te SCRD Stephanite STPN Torbernite TRBN Scorzalite SCRZ Stern bergitc-. SRBG Tourmaline TRML Sedimentlsedimentary SDMN Stibiconite SBCN Tourmalinite TMLN Selenide SLND Stibnite STBN Tourmalite TRMT Selenite SLNT Stilbite STLB Trachyandesite TCAN Selenitic SLNC Stilpnomelane SLPM Trach ybasalt TCBL Semi SEMI Stromatolitic SMLC Trachydacite TRCC Semseyite SMST Stromeyerite SRMR Trachyte TRCT Senarmonti te SNRM Strontianite SRNN Trachytic TRTC Sepiolite SPOL Sub SUBB Transported TRPR Sericite SRCT Subfeldspalhic SBFP Travertine TRVR Sericitic SRCC Sulphantinwnide SPMD Tremolite TMLT Serpentine SRPN Sulphate SLPT Tridymite TDYM Serpentinite SERP Sulphide SLPD Troctolite TRCL

Ministry of Etnpiovment & ltwestment 59

October, 1996

These definitions and explanations are de- ASSAY A chemical analysis of the concentra- signed to help non-specialists understand fie- tion of metallic elements of economic signif% quently used basic terms in bedrock geology. cance, such as gold, copper and zinc in a rock Although some more specialized terms are also in- sample. cluded, the list is limited to terms commonly used on maps. Many definitions are simplified; please consult appropriate geological, dictionaries (see AXIAL PLANE OR AXIAL SURFACE The plane Bates and Jackson (1987), the Anzericnrr Geologi- that connects the hinge lines of successive rock or cal Institute ) or BCGSB staff mineral layers in a fold (a hinge line is the locus of if more information is required. the point of maximum curvature). The tern axial plane is used when this surface is nearly planar. ADlT A horizontal passage or tunnel that leads from the surface into an underground work- AUGEN Lenticular (eyes) mineral grains or ing, such as a mine. aggregates in a finer grained matrix. Common in gneissic rocks. ALTERATION Any change in the mineralogi- cal composition of the rock caused by physical or BASE METALS Any of the more common and chemical means, often the action of hydrothermal chemically active metals, such as lead, zinc, cop fluids. Because such fluids may be rich in base or per or molybdenum. precious metals, alteration may be associated with mineralization, so recognizing alteration in the BEDDING The layered structure common in field is an important first step in locating many sedimentary and fragmental volcanic rocks, such kinds of mineral deposits. as tuffs. Generally, bedding is the result of settling of particles under gravity and resulting layers are ALLUVl UM Unconsolidated detrital material statistically parallel to the earth's surface at the (silt, sand and gravel) moved by streams and de- time (paleohorizontal) when they form. Bedding is posited either in the bed of the stream or on its shown on geological maps by means of strike and flood plain or delta. dip symbols. Deformation of rocks causes changes in the orientation of bedding, hence bedding meas- AMPHI BOLlTE A medium to coarse-grained urements are essential tools to help understand hornblende-plagioclase rock of n~etamorphicori- bedrock structure at the surface and to project these gin (not the same as hornblendite, which is of igns structures to depth. ous origin). Often hornblende prisms are aligned to form a lineation. Deformed fine grained rocks may split along aligned, closely-spaced planar struo ANTICLINE A fold, usually convex upward, tures called cleavage planes. It is a variety of folk with older rocks in the core. tion.

ANTIFORM A convex upward fold in which COLLUVI UM Any loose, heterogeneous and the relative ages of the component rock layers is incoherent mass of soil and/or rock fragments not known. moved downslope by gravity driven processes

Ministry of Emphyrnent & Investment 61 Bedrock Mapping Standards

(like creep or sheet wash) and deposited at the base FACIES BOUNDARY The boundary, com- of the slope or hillside. monly irregular or indistinct, between two areally restricted parts of a geological unit which are in continuity but which differ in composition or some COMPOSITIONAL BANDING C o m p o s i- other characteristic. Each of the distinctive parts is tional layering in igneous or metamorphic rocks. called a facies; they reflect different but contempo The term may be used when the origin or signifi- raneous environments during formation of the cance of the layering is uncertain. whole unit. For example, sandstone may give way to shale, representing a change from near-shore to deeper water conditions when the unit was depos- ited. CROSS-SECTION A diagram or drawing showing an interpretation of geological features, generally on a vertical plane. The location of a FACING OR TOPS A term used in associa- cross-section is normally indicated as a line on an tion with bedding (or other forms of layering) to irr accompanying map. dicate the direction in which rocks get younger. Facing is indicated by certain physical characteris tics of the bedding, like size grading or erosional CUMULATE LAYERING Layering in igneous scours. rocks produced by the sinking and settling of min- erals that crystallized in the magma. The rock pre FAULT A break, fracture, or zone of fractures duced is called a cumulate. along which there has been movement of one side relative to the other. DEFORMATION A general term for the pro- cess of folding, faulting, shearing, compression or FLOAT A general term for isolated fragments extension of rocks due to earth pressures. of rock that have moved from the area where they outcrop. Examples are transported boulders DETERMINATE FOSSl L A macrofossil or mi- downslope from the source outcrop, and boulders crofossil which is identifiable with certainty and moved many lulometres from the source outcrop has an age range (the time span over which the fos- by glacial transport. sil is found) precise enough to be useful as a map ping tool. The most useful fossils had short spans FOLD AXIS A fold axis is a line along the of existence, large, rapidly diversifying popula point of maximum curvature (crest or trough) of a tions with wide extent, and preserve well; exam fold; if moved parallel to itself this line will de ples are trilobites during the Paleozoic, or scribe the form of the fold. ammonites during the Mesozoic. FOLlAT1 ON A general term for a planar fab- DEVELOPED PROSPECT An occurrence of ric in a rock, defined by the parallel orientation of mineralization on which exploration has pre platy minerals (especially micas) that develops gressed to the stage where a reasonable estimate of during deformation of the rock. Deformation flat- the tonnage and grade of potentially mineable tens minerals, or causes them to rotate into or actu commodities can be made. ally grow (recrystallize) in a plane perpendicular to the stress direction. Rocks with foliation tend to DlKE A tabular (sheet-like) body of rock, of- split easily along the foliation planes. ten an igneous intrusion, that cuts across the layer- ing or dominant fabric of the hostrocks (compare GEOLOGICAL CONTACT The plane or ir- with sill). regular surface that separates two types or ages of rocks. This term includes contacts produced by DIP The angle that a structural surfdce, like a tectonic movements (faults and thrusts). Examples bedding or a fault plane, makes with the horizontal. would be a normal sandstone-shale sedimentary It is measured perpendicular to the strike (a hori- contact, a thrust fault, or the contact between a plu zontal line on the plane). ton and the country rock (even though the country rock could be metamorphosed). DRIFT PROSPECTING The term applied to prospecting in glacially derived materials for min GLACIAL STRIAE OR STRIATIONS Scratches eralized float. or furrows in the underlying bedrock surface caused by rocks embedded in the base of a glacier DOWN-THROWN BLOCK Rocks on one side rnoving across the bedrock. Such striae may record of a fault that have moved downward relative to a number of episodes of glacial advance and re- those the opposite side. treat.

62 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

GNEISSOSITY A compositional banding in ally occur in sets of parallel structures, and more metamorphic rocks, commonly millimetres to cen than one set is common. timetres thick. It may represent thoroughly recrys tallized bedding, or be the result of the extreme flattening and transposition of other composition LINEATION A general tern for any linear els ally heterogeneous features during metamorphism ment in a rock. The most common type is caused by and deformation. an alignment of the long axes of minerals in a rock.

GNEISS A medium to coarse-grained, irregu- larly "banded" rock with micaceous layers alter- MACROFOSSIL A fossil large enough to be nating with quartzo-feldspathic layers. It has a studied with the naked eye. poorly developed schistosity because of the pre- ponderance of quartz and feldspar. It is of equiva- MICROFOSSIL A fossil so small it must be lent or higher regional metamorphic grade than a studied with a microscope. schist. MINOR FOLD A small-scale fold associated GOSSAN A generally reddish brown iron- with, and related to, a larger fold. They are sign if^ bearing weathered product. It forms when sul- cant because the axes and axial planes of minor phides oxidize and sulphur and most metals are re folds reflect (statistically) that of the major fold, moved by leaching leaving hydrated iron oxides and their symmetry or asymmetry reflects their p and rarely sulphates. Because, pyrite is commonly sition with respect to the location of the hinge of associated with alteration and metallic mineralim the major fold. tion, gossans tend to be priority targets for mineral exploration. In thinly vegetated areas, they may be NORMAL FAULT A fault in which the rocks visible from a great distance. 'resting' on the fault plane have moved downward relative to the rocks 'supporting' the fault plane. GRANULITE An even-grained quartz, feld- Normal faults generally dip between 45" and 90". spar, and to a lesser extent pyroxene and garnet They are the products of extension. rock poor in micas (not schistose) but typically having a rough foliation due to lighter and darker OUTCROPS Rock exposures at the earth's layers or to the parallelism of flat lenses of quartz surface. or feldspar. This rock type only forms under condi- tions of very high grade regional metamorphism. PAST PRODUCER A mineral deposit which is currently inactive but which has a record of mining HORNFELSIC OR GRANOBLASTIC A nondi- production in the past, by open pit andlor under- rectional, usually contact tex- ground methods. The term does not include those ture (country rock adjacent to an intrusive body, deposits in which some mining has been done to like a granite). Any planar or prismatic grains pres extract a large bulk sample for testing purposes ent, are not oriented. The term hornfelsic should be only. reserved for finer grained and granoblastic for coarser grained textures. PHYLLITE A fine-grained schistose rock re- sulting fiom more advanced (higher temperature INDETERMINATE FOSSIL A macrofossil or and/or pressure) regional metamorphism than microfossil which is not identifiable, perhaps be slate. The schistosity surfaces have a lustrous cause of poor preservation or deformation, such sheen due to the development of new mica and that its age or age range cannot be determined. chlorite. It is part of a progression from shale (m metamorphosed) to slate to phyllite to schist to ISOGRAD A line on a map indicating the ap gneiss with increasing metamorphic grade. pearance or limit of a specified metamorphic min era1 or mineral assemblage. Isograds reflect PILLOW A physical form present in some pressure and temperature conditions and composi- lava flows in which the flow consists of numerous tional controls during metamorphism. The isograd pillow-shaped masses, commonly 30 to 60 centi- pattern may or may not conform with the lithologk metres across. Pillow lavas or pillows form under- cal pattern or structural trends. Certain index min water by the quenching of successive, bulbous erals or assemblages are used to differentiate protrusions of lava at the leading edge of a flow. . PLUNGE The direction and angle of inclina- JOINT A fracture or parting in a rock across tion of a linear element in a rock measured in the which there has been no displacement. Joints usu- vertical plane.

Ministry of Employment & investment 63 Bedrock Mapping Standards

PORPHYRY An of any composi- topic system and the minerals used. Relatively few tion that contains conspicuous phenocrysts (rela- rocks are suitable for radiometric (isotopic) dating. tively large crystals) in a finer grained groundmass. Usage of the term depends on the overall grain size of the rock and the relative abuw REVERSE FAULT A fault in which the rocks dance of phenocrysts. For example, dacite por- 'resting' on the fault plane move upward relative to phyry when phenocrysts are not abundant, feldspar the rocks 'supporting' the fault plane. Reverse porphyry when the groundmass is fine grained and faults generally dip between 45" and 90"; those phenocrysts are abundant, or porphyritic granite that dip less than 45" are called thrust faults or when the groundmass is medium to coarse grained. thrusts. Reverse faults and thrusts are the products of compression during contraction.

PREFERRED ORIENTATION A general term to denote parallelism of tabular or elongate grains, ROOF PENDANT A body of country rock as in schistosity or lineation. surrounded by intrusive rock.

RCS Regional Geochemical Survey: Refers PRIMARY FLOW FABRIC A fabric, usually to the regional reconnaissance-scale geochemical planar but sometimes linear. defined by the align surveys carried out by government to produce ment of minerals in an igneous rock. It is produced baseline data. Data are obtained from non-bedrock by flow during crystallization of the original materials (stream or lake sediment, moss-mats and magma or lava. water). Where shown on bedrock geological maps, RGS sites show where a sample of stream sediment PRODUCER A mineral deposit in which ore or other material was taken for analysis. The is currently being mined by open pit and/or under- BCGSB has a database for much of the province at ground methods. This term does not include those a density of 1 sample each 13 square kilometres deposits in which mining is in progress to extract a (nearly 40 000 samples). large bulk sample for testing purposes only. SCHIST A strongly foliated rock with con- PROSPECT A documented occurrence of centrations of medium to coarse grained mica mineralization that warrants further investigation. flakes along the folia. Represents more advanced regional metamorphism than a phyllite. QUATERNARY DEPOSITS Deposits such as alluvium, sand and gravel, usually unconsolidated, SCHISTOSIN A type of foliation character- which were fonned during and after the last glacia- ized by an abundance of medium to coarse grained tion. The term includes material deposited by mo& mica crystals. em surface processes. Quaternary deposits cover large areas throughout British Columbia, particw larly in river valleys and areas of low relief, where little or no bedrock is exposed. On most bedrock SHAFT OR DECLINE A vertical or inclined maps Quaternary deposits are treated as a single excavation driven to provide access to an orebody undifferentiated unit. In contrast, surficial map and for transporting ore from depth to surface in ping focuses primarily on the surficial deposits. operating underground mines Recently, integrated maps that show both bedrock geology and ~~cialdeposits are being produced. These are particularly help ~LIIfor drift prospecting. SHOWING An occurrence with apparently relatively minor amounts of mineralization, in RADIOMETRIC AGE DETERMINATION R a- which there is an element(s) of economic sign if^ dioactive isotopes decay in a systematic way. By cance, such as copper in the mineral chalcopyrite. measuring the ratio (using a mass spectrometer) Judgment is required to distinguish a showing between a radioactive isotope and its stable decay from a prospect product, the age of formation of a rock, or a subse- quent heating event that affected it (expressed in millions (Ma) or billions (Ga) of years before the present) can be calculated. The calculation uses SINK HOLE A commonly hmel-shaped de- knowledge ofthe half-life in the decay of the radie pression with a circular outline at surface, formed active isotope, that is, the time it takes for half of by subsidence into a space created by solution and the amount of the element present at the time the removal of part of the underlying rock by ground- rock formed to change to a daughter product. water. Relatively common in areas of limestone Methods and precision vary, depending on the is* bedrock.

64 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996

SLATE A very fine-grained rock with a well term is applied to a fold of any geometry that has developed platy cleavage. This cleavage results younger rocks in its core. from incipient parallel growth of micaceous min erals, due to metamorphism (generally regional) of fine-grained clastic sediments such as mud, shale, SYNFORM A concave-upward fold in which silt, or tuff. the relative ages of the folded rocks is unknown.

SLICKENSIDES Striations on the polished THRUST OR THRUST FAULT See REVERSE surface of a fault plane caused by abrasion during FAULT. movement on the fault. TOPS See FACING. STATION A point on the ground in a map area where observations were recorded. The station 1e TREND/AZIMUTH The direction of a hori- cation is then plotted on the base map, either as a zontal line such as the strike of a foliation plane, or station symbol, or another geological symbol the horizontal projection of an inclined line such as a fold axis, expressed in degrees measured clock- STOCKWORK A three-dimensional network wise fiom true north. of veins commonly containing quartz but also a va riety of other minerals UNCONFORMITY A geological contact separating two units of substantially different age STRIKE Part of the imeasure~nentof the orien- (this does not apply to intrusive contacts). The time tation of a plane, the strike being the direction of a gap usually represents a period of non-deposition horizontal line in the plane. Usually given in de or erosion. Oflen, bedding orientations in the rocks grees measured clockwise from true north. Used in above and below the unconformity differ because conjunction with dip (the angle of inclination of the older rocks were deformed before the younger the plane measured perpendicular to the strike and rocks were deposited. If the contact represents downward from the horizontal to the plane). Dip is non-deposition, bedding is likely to be parallel measured in degrees and a direction is specified, above and below the unconformity and the true re for example southeast. A typical convention used lationship may not be evident unless fossils effee is the "right hand rule". In this the dip direction is tively date the two units. always "to the right" or clockwise from the strike azimuth. For example if the strike azimuth is wrik VEIN A tabular (sheet-like) epigenetic (in- ten as 025", then the plane must dip southeasterly, duced later than the formation of the hostrock) but an azimuth written as 205' indicates a north mineral aggregate filling a fault or other fracture in westerly dip. the rock. It may be concordant, but most are discor- dant with respect to the layering or foliation, if any, STRI KE-S LIP FAULT A fault in which the in the hostrock. dominant relative movement is parallel to the strike of the fault plane, therefore horizontal. WHOLE-ROCK ANALYSIS In geochemical analysis: the bulk chemical composition of a rock, SYNCLl N E Generally a concave-upward fold generally expressed as weight per cent of oxides of with younger rocks in the core zone. In areas of in- the major rock-forming elements, and parts per tense deformation, where folds are overturned, the million for the minor or trace elements.

Ministry of Employment Y investment 65

7- - - October, 1996

AUTOGAD LAVER DDGTUONARV

This is a summary of the Autocad Layer Dictionary. Main headings are layers in which general in- formation may be placed which is not appropriate to specific layers. New layers may be created if needed, but please check with your cartographic unit first. Adherence to a standardized layer systemis absolutely necessary if your data is to be easily usable in the future for compilation maps, GIs syskms or other appli- cations external to AutoCad. Also note that the illustrated hierarchy is not recognizedby AutoCad (this may vary with newer versions) but is presented in this fashion to make identification of the various data- layers easier. DIGITAL MAPS DO NOT HAVE TO CONTAIN ALL POSSIBLE LAYERS - ONLY THOSE APPROPRIATE TO THE INFORMATION PRESENTED. Map Layer ACAD Layer Code Map Layer ACAD Layer Code CULTURE Iosgrad 1 GTisog 1 Isograd 2 GUisog2 Claims ABclms GVisog3 Coastline ACCstl Isograd 3 UTM grid ADugrid Isograd 4 GWisog4 UTM text AEutxt MINFILE MAminf Culture text AFctxt MINFILE symbols MBmsym 20 Contours AG20cnt MINFILE text MCmtxt 50 Contours AHSOcnt Mineral potential MDmpot 100 Contours A1 1OOcnt Mineral potential text MCmptxt 500 Contours AJSOOcnt Contour text AKcntxt QUATERNARY QAquat Major rivers ALriv 1 Glaciers QBglac Intermediate rivers AMriv2 Glacier text QCgltxt Minor rivers ANriv3 Surficial geology QDsg Drainage text AOdtxt Sdcial geology text QEsgtxt Lakes APlake Surficial geology symbol QF sym STRUCTURE SAstru Map border AQmap Bedding SBbed Political boundaries ARpolit Foliations SCfoil Title-legend AStitle Lineations SDlinea TRIM ATtrim Hatch patterns Auhatch Faults 1 SEflt 1 Transport routes Avtrans Faults2 SFflt2 Faults3 SGflt3 GEOCHEMISTRY CAchem Thrust faults 1 SHtflt1 Chemical symbols CBcsym Thrust faults2 SItflt2 Chemical text CCctxt Disconfonnity UDucon3 Whole rock analysis CDwrx Thrust faults3 SJtflt3 GEOLOGY Gage01 Fold axis 1 SKfaxis1 Contacts, defined GBcnt 1 Fold axis 2 SLfaxis2 Contacts, approx. GCcnt2 Fold axis 3 Smfaxis3 Contacts, assumed Gdcnt3 Anticlines SNantic Layered contact, defined GElcnt 1 Synclines Sosync Layered contact, approx GFlcnt2 UNCONFORMITIES Uacon f Layered contact, assumed Gglcnt3 Intrusive contact 1 GHicnt 1 Unconformity UBucon1 Intrusive contact 2 GIicnt2 Angular unconfonnity UCucon2 Intrusive contact 3 Gkicnt3 Nonconformity Ueaconl Dikes GLdike MISCELLANEOUS Xamisc Fossils GMfossl Mapping limit GNmaplm Geochronology GOgeocrn Symbols msym Geology text GPgeotxt Symbol text XCsymtxt Gossans GQgoss Stops XDstop Outcrops GRocrop Cross sections XEsect Alteration GSalter Registration points Xfiegis

Ministry of Employment & Investment 67 Bedrock Mapping Standards

AUTOCAD LAYER DICTIONARY

The following is the type of information pertinent to each standard layer. Layers are identified by their AutoCad codes as per the summary on the previous page. For furfher information contact BCGSB, Scientific Review Office. Aacult CULTURE - General layer con- Auhatch Hatch - separate layers for differ- taining cultural features not other- ent hatch patterns. wise allocated to a layer. Avtrans Transportation - linework for Abclms Claims - polygons identifying the roads, railways, feny routes etc: boundaries of mineral or placer claims. Caclwm GEOCHEMISTRY - general ACCstl Coastline - provincial coastline. layer for geochemical infonna- Adugrid UTM gnd - linework representing tion. the UTM grid in the map area. Cbcsym Geochemical symbols - identify- Aeutxt UTM text - text and labels defin- ing geochemical sample locations ing the UTM grid. or results. Afctxt Cultural text - all text associated Ccctxt Geochemical text - labels, text or with cultural features; e.g. place values associated with geochemi- names, highway numbers etc. cal samples. AG20cnt Linework - 20-metre.topographic Cdwrx Whole-rock analysis - labels and contours. text relating to whole-rock analy- AHSOcnt Linework - 50-metre topographic sis (symbols go on Xbsym layer) contours. A1 1OOcnt Linework - 100-metre topo- Gage01 GEOLOGY - general geological graphic contours. data not allocated to a specific AJSOOcnt Linework - 500-metre topo- layer. graphic contours. Gbcnt 1 Geological contact, defined (solid Akcntxt Contour text - all text associated line). with contour linework. Gccnt2 Geological contact, approximate Alriv 1 Major rivers. (dashed line). Amriv2 Intermediate rivers or streams. Gdcnt3 Geological contact, assumed (dot- ted line). Anriv3 Minor creeks or tributaries and in- termittent drainages. Gelcnt 1 Layered rock contact, defined Aodtxt Drainage text - text associated (solid line). with all classes of drainages. Gflcnt2 Layered rock contact, approxi- Aplake Lakes - all polygons representing mate (dashed line). lakes. Gglcnt3 Layered rock contact, assumed (dotted line). Aqmap Map border - main administrative border defining the limits of the Ghicnt 1 Intrusive contact, defined (solid drafting area. Usually corre- line). sponds to NTS boundaries. Giicnt2 Intrusive contact, approximate Arpolit Political boundary - provincial, (dashed line) federal or international bounda- Gkicnt3 Intrusive contact, assumed (dotted nes. line) Astitle TitleILegend - text and artwork Gldike Dikes - geological contacts identi- related to title block, legend and fying dike rocks. summary notes. TRIM Gmfossl Fossil - fossil locality symbols Attrim - all information contained and similar data. Text related to within a TRIM database used for a base map. May duplicate the fossils goes on GPgeotxt layer. type of information otherwise Gnmaplm Mapping limit - linework indicat- broken out to individual layers. ing extent of mapping or research.

68 B.C. Geological Survey Gogeocrn Geochronology - all geochrono- Ubunconf Unconformity - line symbols on logical data. side of younger rocks. Gpgeotxt Geology text - all geological text, Ucagconf Angular unconformity - line sym- labels, formationlgroup identific* bols on side of younger rocks. tion or similar information. Uddisconf Disconformity - line symbols on Gqgoss Gossans - polygons or symbols identifying gossanous rocks (text side of younger rocks. goes on GPgeotxt layer). Uenonconf Nonconformity - line symbols on Grocrop Outcrops - polygons or symbols side of younger rocks. identifying location or area of outcrop. Sastru STRUCTURE - general layer for Gsalter Alteration - polygons denoting al- structural data. teration zones. Sbbed Structural symbols - related to Gtisog 1 Isograd 1 - isograd linework for bedding attitudes. the first metamorphic category. Scfoil Structural symbols - related to fe Guisog2 Isograd 2 - linework for the sec- ond metamorphic category. liation. Gvisog3 Isograd 3 - linework for the third Sdlinea Structural symbols - related to metamorphic category. lineations. Gwisog4 Isograd 4 - linework for the fourth Seflt 1 Faults - defined traces. metamorphic category. Sfflt2 Faults - approximate traces. Sgflt3 Faults - assumed traces. Maminf MINFILE - general layer for Shtflt 1 Thrust faults - defined traces. MWILE or mineral occurrence data. Sitflt2 Thrust faults - approximate traces. Mbmsym MINFILE syn~bols- MINFILE or Sjtflt3 Thrust faults - assumed traces. mineral occurrence symbols. Skfaxis1 Fold axis - defined. Mcmtxt MINFILE text - text or labels for Slfaxis2 Fold axis - approximate. MINFILE or mineral occurrence Smfaxis3 Fold axis - assumed. data. Snantic Anticlines - linework for axis. Mdmpot Mineral potential - symbols or li- nework related to mineral poten- Sosync Synclines - linework for axis. tial or metallogenic data. Mcmptxt Mineral potential text - text and Xamisc MISCELLANEOUS data related to mineral potential. Xbsym Symbols - all structural, geologi- cal or mining related symbols not Qaquat QUATERNARY - general layer allocated specific layers. for surficial geology data. Xcsymtxt Symbol text - all text related to Qbglac Glaciers - polygons or point sym- symbols on the Xbsym layer bols locating glaciers. Xdstop Stops - invisible edges of un- re Qcgltxt Glacial text - all text or labels closed polygon areas. These allow lated to glaciation.. . patterns or fills to occupy such Qdsg Surficial geology - polygons or polygons. line-work for surficial geology. Xesect Cross-sections - linework, labels Qesgtxt Surficial geology text - text or la- bels related to surficial geology. and text associated with geologi- cal, geochemical or geophysical Qfsgsym Surficial geology symbols - all symbols related to surficial geol- cross sections. ogy Afiegis Registration marks - Three or four points close to the comers and Uaconf UNCONFORMITIES - general outside the map border. These layer for data pertaining to uncon- points are used to register layers formable contacts of all types. when they are printed separately.

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Ministry of Employment & InvertL9 tnent 69 Bedrock Mapping Standards

70 B.C. Geological Survey October, 19%

The following pages contain a listing of recommended 150 000-scale geological map symbols. It illustrates the contents of the Geologic Symbol Library. The format was influenced by the structure used by the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks for the defmition of geographic objects within its TRIM &tabase. Most of these symbols originated in the British Columbia Geological Survey Branch Style Guide (Grant and Newell, 1992) and reflect conventions recognized by the international geoscience community. Other symbols have been created for less common attributes. A blank symbol template with defmitions for each field is shown below:

Group: The main subdivision Symbol Description: Concise geological name of the symbol. for the symbol library. These are listed in alphabetical order within each group. Cartographic Definition: FIELD BLANK AT THIS TIME An example of the symbols is Will contain detailed cartographic definition of the symbol, including placed here. line widths, lengths, spacing etc.

Positional Definition: This section describes what part of the symbol corresponds to the actual map location of the data point. The precision and accuracy, both positional and geological, of the symbol is also defined here. Definition: This area contains a geologic Remarks: This section describes the general parts definition of the symbol. of the symbol and what they represent.

-- CAD Layer: This specifies the name of the CAD Feature Code: This area will eventually contain a layer within which the symbol should be placed. digital code for the symbol. See Appendix VIII for data about layers used by the British Columbia Geological Survey Branch.

Some of the fields within the Symbol Library, for example, Feature Code, which is intended to contain a binary defmition of the symbol, are blank. A listing of standard AUTOCAD layers used by the British Columbia Geological Survey Branch is given in Appendix VIII, (after Grant and Newell, 1992).

The library is organized on the Group heading with all symbols listed alphabetically within each group. The main groups are: A: COAL, OIL AND GAS B: MINFILE, EXPLORATION, MINING C: OUTCROP FEATURES, FOSSILS, GEOCHRONOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY D: GEOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES E: PLANAR ELEMENTS F: FOLD ELEMENTS G: LINEAR ELEMENTS

B.C Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards Detailed listing of symbol elements contained in the library:

C: OUTCROP FEATURES, FOSSILS, A. COAL, OIL and GAS page 76 GEOCHRONOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY page 88 COAL SEAM, defined, Approximate, assumed

GENERAL, WELL LOCATION C-1: OUTCROP FEATURES page 88 GENERAL, DRY HOLE PRODUCING OIL WELL FIELD STATION LOCATION ABANDONED OIL WELL OUTCROP LOCATION PRODUCING GAS WELL ISOLATED OUTCROP ABANDONED GAS WELL OR SHOW OF GAS C-2: FOSSILS page 89 PRODUCING OIL AND GAS WELL MACROFOSSIL SITE, ABANDONED OIL AND GAS WELL determinate MICROFOSSIL SITE, B. MINFILE, EXPLORATION, MINING page 80 determinate FOSSIL SITE, El: MINFILE page 80 indeterminate MINFILE NAME MINFILE NUMBER C-3: GECHRONOLOGY page 90 PRODUCER ARGON-ARGON, PAST PRODUCER biotite, hornblende, muscovite, DEVELOPED PROSPECT whole rock PROSPECT NEODYMIUM-SAMARIUM SHOWING POTASSIUM-ARGON, biotite, hornblende, muscovite, B-2: MISCELLANEOUS page 82 whole rock MINERAL OCCURRENCE RUBIDIUM-STRONTIUM, (minerals of economic interest are biotite, feldspar, hornblende, present but there is insufficient data to muscovite, whole rock classify the showing) URANIUM-LEAD, MINERALIZED VEIN, monazite, zircon, titanite, Other defined, approximate MINERALIZED VEIN, C-4: GEOCHEMISTRY page 96 defined, approximate ANALYSIS - SAMPLE SITE RGS SAMPLE SITE B-3: MINING page 83 SITE OF ROCK SAMPLE SUBMITTED FOR ALTERATION ZONE, GENERAL GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, GOSSAN, OXIDIZED ZONE whole rock, trace element, or assay. TRENCH DRILL HOLE, D: GEOLOGIC BOUNDARIES page 97 surface location GEOLOGIC CONTACT, DRILL HOLE, defined, approximate, assumed surface projection UNCONFORMITY, ADIT OR TUNNEL, defmed, approximate, assumed open, caved FACIES BOUNDARY, SURFACE MINING defined, approximate, assumed OPEN-PIT MINE, LIMIT OF QUATERNARY COVER active, abandoned FAULT, NORMAL, GRAVEL PIT, defined, approximate, assumed active, abandoned SMALL SHEAR, UNDERGROUND MINING, Inclined, vertical SHAFT, active, abandoned IN MAP VIEW: FAULT, STRIKE SLIP, RAISE OR WINZE defined, approximate, assumed IN CROSS SECTION VIEW: FAULT, STRIKE SLIP MOVEMENT INDICATOR, away, toward the viewer FAULT, THRUST, UPRIGHT, defined, approximate, assumed FAULT, THRUST, OVERTURNED,

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 19% defined, approximate, assumed defined, approximate, assumed FAULT, MOVEMENT UNKNOWN, ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, defined, approximate, assumed UPRIGHT, SECOND E: PLANAR ELEMENTS page 109 GENERATION, BEDDING, FACING KNOWN, defined, approximate, assumed HORIZONTAL, ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, upright, overturned UPRIGHT, BEDDING, FACING KNOWN, INCLINED, UNKNOWN GENERATION, upright, overturned defined, approximate, assumed BEDDING, FACING KNOWN, VERTICAL ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, BEDDING, FACING UNKNOWN, OVERTURNED, dip unknown, horizontal, inclined, vertical FIRST GENERATION, COMPOSITIONAL BANDING, IGNEOUS OR defined, approximate, assumed METAMORPHIC ROCKS, ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, dip unknown, horizontal, inclined, vertical OVERTURNED, DIKE LOCATION, SECOND GENERATION, defined, approximate, assumed defined, approximate, assumed DIKE, ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, horizontal, inclined, vertical OVERTURNED, JOINTS, UNKNOWN GENERATION, dip unknown, horizontal, inclined, vertical defined, approximate, assumed FOLIATION, FIRST GENERATION, ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, dip unknown, horizontal, inclined, vertical RECUMBENT, FOLIATION, SECOND GENERATION, FIRST GENERATION, dip unknown, horizontal, inclined, vertical defined, approximate, assumed FOLIATION, UNKNOWN GENERATION, ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, dip unknown, horizontal, inclined, vertical RECUMBENT, METAMORPHIC MINERAL ISOGRAD, SECOND GENERATION, DEFINED, defined, approximate, assumed symbols for four highest grades of ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, metamorphism illustrated and more options RECUMBENT, shown UNKNOWN GENERATION, PILLOW LAVA, FACING DIRECTION defined, approximate, assumed KNOWN, dip angle indeterminate F-2: ANTIFORMS page 139 PILLOW LAVA, FACING DIRECTION ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, KNOWN, DIP HORIZONTAL, UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, upright, overturned FIRST GENERATION, PILLOW LAVA, FACING DIRECTION defined, approximate, assumed KNOWN, INCLINED, ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, upright, overturned UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, PILLOW LAVA, FACING DIRECTION SECOND GENERATION, KNOWN, VERTICAL defined, approximate, assumed PILLOW LAVA, FACING DIRECTION ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UNKNOWN, UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, dip unknown, horizontal, inclined, UNKNOWN GENERATION, vertical defined, approximate, assumed PRIMARY FLOW, IGNEOUS ROCKS, ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, dip unknown, horizontal, inclined, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, vertical FIRST GENERATION, PRIMARY LAYERING, IGNEOUS ROCKS, defined, approximate, assumed dip unknown, horizontal, inclined, ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, vertical OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, VEINS OR STOCKWORKS, SECOND GENERATION, defined (vertical, inclined), defined, approximate, assumed approximate ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, F: FOLD ELEMENTS page 130 OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, UNKNOWN GENERATION, F-1 :ANTICLINES page 130 defined, approximate, assumed ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UPRIGHT, FIRST GENERATION,

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, F-3: SYNCLINES page 145 OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UNKNOWN GENERATION, UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, defined, approximate, assumed FIRST GENERATION, defined, approximate, assumed F-5: RECUMBENT FOLDS, page 160 SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, Age relationships unknown UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT SECOND GENERATION, FOLD, FIRST GENERATION, defined, approximate, assumed defined, approximate, assumed SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, FOLD, SECOND GENERATION, UNKNOWN GENERATION, defined, approximate, assumed defined, approximate, assumed TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, FOLD, UNKNOWN GENERATION, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, defined, approximate, assumed FIRST GENERATION, defined, approximate, assumed G: LINEAR ELEMENTS page 163 SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, G-1: LINEATIONS page 163 SECOND GENERATION, PRIMARY BEDDING, SEDIMENTARY defined, approximate, assumed LINEATION, SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, UNKNOWN GENERATION, vertical defined, approximate, assumed MINERAL LINEATION, SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, RECUMBENT, PLUNGING, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, FIRST GENERATION, vertical defined, approximate, assumed INTERSECTION LINEATION, SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, RECUMBENT, PLUNGING, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, SECOND GENERATION, vertical defined, approximate, assumed RODDING MULLION STRUCTURE, SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, RECUMBENT, PLUNGING, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, UNKNOWN GENERATION, vertical defined, approximate, assumed SLICKENSIDE STRIAE, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, F-4: SYNFORMS page 154 inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, vertical UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, FIRST GENERATION, G2: MINOR FOLD ELEMENTS page 170 defined, approximate, assumed CRENULATION LINEATION, SECOND SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, GENERATION ON FIRST UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, GENERATION, SECOND GENERATION, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, defined, approximate, assumed inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, vertical UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, CRENULATION LINEATION, THIRD UNKNOWN GENERATION, GENERATION ON FIRST defined, approximate, assumed GENERATION, SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, FIRST GENERATION, vertical defined, approximate, assumed MINOR FOLD, FOLD AXIS, FIRST SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, GENERATION, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, SECOND GENERATION, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, defined, approximate, assumed vertical

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 19% MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, MINOR FOLD, FOLD AXIS, SECOND FIRST GENERATION, GENERATION, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, vertical vertical MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, MINOR FOLD, 'M' SYMMETRY, FIRST SECOND GENERATION, GENERATION, horizontal, inclined - plunge known, inclined - plunge known, inclined - inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, plunge angle indeterminate, vertical vertical MINOR FOLD, 'S' SYMMETRY, FIRST MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, GENERATION, UNKNOWN GENERATION, inclined - plunge known, inclined - horizontal, inclined - plunge known, plunge angle indeterminate, vertical inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, MINOR FOLD, 'S' SYMMETRY, SECOND vertical GENERATION, inclined - plunge known, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, vertical MINOR FOLD, 'Z'SYMMETRY, FIRST GENERATION GENERATION, inclined - plunge known, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, vertical MINOR FOLD, 'Z' SYMMETRY, SECOND GENERATION, inclined - plunge known, inclined - plunge angle indeterminate, vertical

B.C. Geological Suwey Bedrock Mapping Standards A: COAL, OIL and GAS

Group: COAL, OIL AND GAS Symbol Description: COAL SEAM, DEFINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: A bed of coal. Remarks:

CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

-- - -- Group: COAL, OIL AND GAS Symbol Description: COAL SEAM, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: A bed of coal. Remarks:

CAD Layer: XBsym Feature Code:

------Group: COAL, OIL AND GAS Symbol Description: COAL SEAM, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 1000 metres of position shown.

Definition: A bed of coal. Remarks:

CAD Layer: XBsyrn Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: COAL, OIL AND GAS Symbol Description: GENERAL, WELL LOCATION, Cartographic Definition: 0

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A bore hole drilled to attempt to locate Remarks: economic concentrations of oil and gas.

CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

Group: COAL, OIL AND GAS Symbol Description: GENERAL, DRY HOLE, Cartographic Definition: 1 4 ~k

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A bore hole which did not intersect Remarks: economic concentrations of oil and gas.

CAD Layer: XBsym Feature Code:

Group: COAL, OIL AND GAS Symbol Description: OIL WELL, PRODUCER, Cartographic Definition: a

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A bore hole which is currently (at the Remarks: time the map is made) producing oil.

CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

B.C Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

t Group: COAL, OIL AND GAS Symbol Description: OIL WELL, ABANDONED, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A bore hole which originally produced Remarks: oil but which has now been abandoned.

CAD Layer: XBsym Feature Code:

Group: COAL, OIL AND GAS I Symbol Description: GAS WELL, PRODUCER, Cartographic Definition:

- - - - Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A bore hole which is currently (at the Remarks: time the map is made) producing gas.

CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

- - Group: COAL, OIL AND GAS Symbol Description: GAS WELL, ABANDONED, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point.

- - Definition: A bore hole which originally produced Remarks: gas but which has now been abandoned.

CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: COAL, OIL AND GAS I Symbol Description: OIL AND GAS WELL, PRODUCER I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. I Definition: A bore hole which is currently (at the Remarks: time the map is made) producing oil and gas.

CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code: I

IGroup: COAL, OIL AND GAS 1 Symbol Description: OIL AND GAS WELL, ABANDONED,

------Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. IDefinition: A bore hole which originally produced I Remarks: oil and gas but which has now been abandoned.

I CAD Layer: XBsyrn I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards B. MINFILE/MINING

B-1: MINFILE

Group: MINFILE I Symbol Description: MINFILE OCCURRENCE NAME, Cartographic Definition: I Mt. Milligan (

Positional Defmition: Symbol is located close to the feature, which is marked by a second symbol, such as a "developed prospect" symbol, (see page 8 1). Definition: Most common or historically relevant Remarks: name used for a mineral occurrence listed in the MINFILE database.

CAD Layer: MBmsym I Feature Code:

Group: MINFILE I Symbol Description: MINFILE OCCURRENCE NUMBER, Cartographic Definition: 094C 003

Positional Definition: Symbol is located close to the feature, which is marked by a second symbol, such as a "developed prospect" symbol, (see page 8 I).. Definition: A unique number consisting of NTS Remarks: location and a sequential three digit number used to identi@ a mineral occurrence listed in the MINFILE database.

CAD Layer: MBmsyrn I Feature Code:

Group: MINFILE Symbol Description: PRODUCER, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: Mineral occurrence from which ore Remarks: containing one or more commodities is currently (at the time the map was made) being mined.

I CAD Layer: MBmsym I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

-- -- Group: MINFILE I Symbol Description: PAST PRODUCER, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: Mineral occurrence which is not Remarks: currently being mined but has recorded production in the past.

CAD Layer: MBmsym I Feature Code:

Group: MINFILE Symbol Description: DEVELOPED PROSPECT, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: Mineral occurrence on which Remarks: exploration has progressed to a stage where a reasonable estimate of the size and grade of the resource is possible.

------CAD Layer: MBmsym I Feature Code:

Group: MMFILE 1 Symbol Description: PROSPECT, Cartographic Definition: H Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: Mineral occurrence documented as Remarks: containing mineralization that may warrant further exploration.

CAD Layer: MBmsym Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

IGroup: MINFILE I Symbol Description: SHOWING, ICartographic Definition:

------~ositionalDefinition: Location of feature comspondstothe centre of the symbol unless a positional Iline connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: Mineral occurrence apparently hosting Remarks: only small amounts of potentially economic mineralization.

I CAD Layer: MBmsym I Feature Code:

B-2: MISCELLANEOUS

Group: MINFILE Symbol Description: MINERAL OCCURRENCE, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A minor occurrence of mineralization Remarks: Most significant commodity is that is apparently not abundant enough to be added indicated (Cu or copper in the example). to the WILEdatabase.

- CAD Layer: MBmsym Feature Code:

Group: MISCELLANEOUS Symbol Description: MINERALIZED VEIN, DEFINED Cartographic Definition: ,.----.

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: A mineralized vein is a tabular, Remarks: epigenetic (introduced later that the formation of the host-rock) mineral aggregate filling a fracture in a rock. The infilling may be of economic interest. The valuable mineral in this example is chalcopyrite. See Appendix VI for other mineral codes. CAD Layer: XBsym Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: MISCELLANEOUS Symbol Description: MINERALIZED VEIN, APPROXIMATE

Cartographic Definition: ,..~l-'--.~, 0 CPY

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres of position shown.

- - Defmition: A mineralized vein is a tabular, Remarks: epigenetic (introduced after formation of host-rock) mineral aggregate filling a fracture in a rock. The valuable mineral in this example is chalcopyrite. See Appendix VI for other mineral codes.

-- CAD Layer: XBsyrn I Feature Code:

B-3: MINING

Group: MINING Symbol Description: ALTERATION ZONE - GENERAL, Cartographic Definition:

--- Positional Definition: Delineating line is accurate to within 500 metres.

Definition: A general term for changes in the Remarks: chemical and mineralogical composition of a rock as a result of oxidation or exposure to water or other fluids introduced into the rock, often along fracture systems. CAD Layer: GSalter Feature Code:

Group: MINING I Symbol Description: GOSSAN, OXIDATION ZONE, I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Delineating line is accurate to within 500 metres. I Definition: An area of weathered rock Remarks: characterized by a conspicuous, rusty brown colour due to the oxidation of iron-rich sulphides, particularly pyrite. 1 CAD Layer: GSalter Feature Code: I

B.C. Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: MINING I Symbol Description: TRENCH, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Defmition: A narrow steep sided artificial Remarks: excavation usually cut across a zone of mineralization.

-- CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

Group: MINING I Symbol Description: DRILL HOLE, SURFACE LOCATION, Cartographic Definition: DH 96-13

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The surface location of a bore hole, Remarks: generally drilled in search of economic mineralization or to explore a mineralized zone. Identifjling lable shown if appropriate.

CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

Group: MINING I Symbol Description: DRILL HOLE, SURFACE PROJECTION, Cartographic Definition: ___.

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the circular part of the symbol unless a positional line connects theqmbol to the actual location point. Definition: The surface location of a bore hole Remarks: Where possible, add drill-hole number, showing the projection of the bore hole in plan azimuth, dip and length of hole view. Iden-g lable shown if appropriate. 270'1-55'; 335m ___. DDH 95-32

CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: MINING Symbol Description: ADIT OR TUNNEL, OPEN, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of opening to the surface corresponds to the base of the V-shaped part of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point.

-- Definition: A horizontal passage or tunnel fiom Remarks: the surface into a mine which is presently (at the time the map is made) open.

CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

Group: MINING Symbol Description: ADIT OR TUNNEL, CAVED, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of opening to the surface corresponds to the base of the V-shaped part of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A horizontal passage or tunnel fiom Remarks: the surface into a mine which has been blocked.

I CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

SURFACE MINING I Group: MINING I Symbol Description: OPEN-PIT MINE, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a surface excavation for the extraction of metallic or nonmetallic ore: metals, industrial minerals, aggregate or energy resources (coal)

I CAD Layer: XBsym Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards

L Group: MINING Symbol Description: GRAVEL PIT, ACTIVE, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: An open pit where gravel is being Remarks: mined.

CAD Layer: XBsym Feature Code:

1 Group: MINING I Symbol Description: GRAVEL PIT, ABANDONED, I 1 Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: An open pit where gravel was mined Remarks: in the past.

CAD Layer: XBsym Feature Code:

UNDERGROUND MINING Group: MINING Symbol Description: MINE SHAFT, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional Iline connects the symbol to the actual location point. Remarks:

mineral deposits. It provides access for miners, and a means of transporting ore mined at depth to the surface. I CAD Layer: ~~sym I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: MINING I Symbol Description: MINE SHAFT,ABANDONED -- - Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The surface expression of an Remarks: underground excavation formerly used extraction of a mineral deposit.

CAD Layer: XBsym Feature Code:

Group: MINING I Symbol Description: RAISE OR WINZE -- - Cartographic Definition:

Positional ~efinition:Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A mine opening driven to connect Remarks: levels in an underground mine; a raise is driven upwards from a lower to a higher level; a winze is driven from downyard from a higher to a lower level. CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards

C: OUTCROP FEATURES, FOSSIL, GEOCHRONOLOGY & GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLE SITES C-1: OUTCROP FEATURES

- --- Group: OUTCROP FEATURES I Symbol Description: FIELD STATION, I Cartographic Definition: L4,

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A point on the map where an Remarks: observation was recorded.

CAD Layer: GRocrop Feature Code: Group: OUTCROP FEATURES Symbol Description: AREA OF OUTCROP, I Cartographic Definition:

I Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the interior of the symbol. I 1 Definition: A region on the surface of the Earth where I Remarks: I one or more geological formations are exposed.

CAD Layer: GRocrop Feature Code:

I Group: OUTCROP FEATURES I Symbol Description: ISOLATED OUTCROP, DEFINED, I I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional I line connects the symbol to the actual location point. I Definition: A part of one (or more) geological Remarks: formation(s) that appears at the surface of the Earth and is(are) too small to outline at the map scale.

CAD Layer: GRocrop Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996 C-2: FOSSILS

I Group: FOSSILS I Symbol Description: MACROFOSSIL, DETERMINATE, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a collection of one or Remarks: Macrofossils identified should be more fossils which can be identified without the indicated by a code letter and defined in the map aid of a microscope and which give a relative legend. Examples: V=vertebrates; C=cochenterata; geologic age for the rocks they are found in. B=brachipoda; P=bivalvia; A=ammonoidea; G=graphloidea.

--- I CAD Layer: GMfossl I Feature Code:

Group: FOSSILS Symbol Description: MICROFOSSIL, DETERMINATE, Cartographic Definition: 0 Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a collection of one or Remarks: Microfossils identified should be more fossils which can be identified only with the indicated by a code letter and defined in the map aid of a microscope and which give a relative legend. Examples: mdiolaria; c=conodonta; geologic age for the rocks they are found in. +foraminifera; p=palynological.

CAD Layer: GMfossl Feature Code: Group: FOSSILS Symbol Description: INDETERMINATE, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional , line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Defmition: The location of a site where rocks Remarks: were collected in hopes of finding identifiable fossils but which either had no fossils, or the fossils present are not identifiable or not usable to assign a relative age. CAD Layer: GMfossl Feature Code:

6.C Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards C-3: GECHRONOLOGY

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: ARGON-ARGON, BIOTITE, I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positionalp line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of 40~rand 39Ar found within B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; H=hornblende; BIOTITE separated from a rock sample from the Kf=potassium feldspar; Mz=monazite; station. P=pyroxene; R=rutile; S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn I Feature Code: I

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: ARGON-ARGON, HORNBLENDE, Cartographic Definition: m

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of 40Ar and "Ar found within B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; H=hornblende; HORNBLENDE separated from a rock sample Kf=potassium feldspar; Mz=monazite; fiom the station. P-pyroxene; Rqtile; S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; Uwaninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn I Feature Code:

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: ARGON-ARGON, MUSCOVITE, I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of 40~rand 39Ar found within B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; H=hornblende; MUSCOVITE separated from a rock sample from Kf=potassium feldspar; M=muscovite; the station. Mz-lnonazite; P=pyroxene; R=rutile; S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn Feature Code:

90 Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

I Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: ARGON-ARGON, WHOLE ROCK, I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Arapatite; relative proportions of 40Arand 39Ar found within B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; Kf-'=potassium a rock sample from the station. feldspar; Mz=rnonazite; P=pyroxene; Rmtile; S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; Uqaninite; W=whole rock; X-enotime. I CAD Layer: GOgeocrn I Feature Code: I

I Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: NEODYMIUM-SAMARIUM, I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=allcali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of neodymium and samarium B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; Kf=potassium found within a rock sample from the station. feldspar; Mz=monazite; P=pyroxene; Rmtile; S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime. I CAD Layer: GOgeocrn I Feature Code: I

I Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: POTASSIUM-ARGON, BIOTITE, Cartographic Definition: Q Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Arapatite; relative proportions of potassium and argon found B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; K+potassium within the mineral BIOTITE separated fiom a rock feldspar; Mz=monazite; P=pyroxene; Rmtile; sample fiom the station. S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime.

-- CAD Layer: GOgeocrn Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY 1 Symbol Description: POTASSIUM-ARGON, HoRNBLE~E,I I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of potassium and argon found B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; H=hornblende; within the mineral HORNBLENDE separated from Kf=potassium feldspar; monazite; a rock sample fiom the station. P'pyroxene; R=rutile; S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; Wvhole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn Feature Code:

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY 1 Symbol Description: POTASSIUM-ARGON, MUSCOVITE, Cartographic Definition: 0. Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of potassium and argon found B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; Kf=potassium within the mineral MUSCOVITE separated from a feldspar; M=muscovite; monazite; rock sample fiom the station. P-pyroxene; R=rutile; S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; Wvhole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn Feature Code:

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY Symbol Description: POTASSIUM-ARGON, WHOLE ROCK, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of potassium and argon found B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; motassium within a rock sample from the station. feldspar; monazite; P=pyroxene; Rwtile; S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U-llraninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime.

- - CAD Layer: GOgeocrn Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: RUBIDIUM-STRONTIUM, WHOLE ROCK, I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Abalbite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of rubidium and strontium B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; Kf=potassium found within a rock sample from the station. feldspar; Mmnonazite; P=pyroxene; Rmtile; S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn I Feature Code: I

- - -- Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: RUBIDIUM-STRONTIUM, BIOTITE, I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Abalbite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of rubidium and strontium B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; motassium found within BIOTITE separated from a rock feldspar; Mz=monazite; P=pyroxene; Rwtile; sample from the station. S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn I Feature Code: I

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY ISymbol Description: RUBIDIUM-STRONTIUM, FELDSPAR, I I I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of rubidium and strontium B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; notassium found within ALKALI FELDSPAR separated from feldspar; Mz=monazite; P=pyroxene; Rwtile; a rock sample from the station. S=sericite; T-titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY 1 Symbol Description: RUBIDIUM-STRONTIUM, HORNBLENDE, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Apapatite; relative proportions of rubidium and strontium B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; H=hornblende found within HORNBLENDE separated from a Kf=potassium feldspar; Mz=rnonazite; rock sample from the station. P-pyroxene; Rwtile; S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn Feature Code:

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY Symbol Description: RUBIDIUM-STRONTIUM, MUSCOVITE, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Apapatite; relative proportions of rubidium and strontium B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; Kf=potassium found within MUSCOVITE separated from a rock feldspar; Mz=rnonazite; P=pyroxene; R=mtile; sample from the station. S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; W-whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn I Feature Code:

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: URANIUM-LEAD, MONAZITE, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of isotopes of uranium and lead B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; Kf=potassium found within the mineral MONAZITE separated feldspar; Mz=rnonazite; P=pyroxene; Rmtile; from a rock sample from the station. S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U-aninite; W--whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

I Symbol Description: URANIUM-LEAD, TITANITE, Cartographic Definition:

-- Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=alkali feldspar; Ayapatite; relative proportions of isotopes of uranium and lead B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; Kf-potassium found within the mineral TITANITE (sphene) feldspar; Mz-=monazite; p'pyroxene; R=mtile; separated from a rock sample from the station. S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=umninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn I Feature Code:

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: URANIUM-LEAD, ZIRCON, I I Cartographic Definition:

-- Positional Definition: Location offeature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=allcali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of isotopes of uranium and lead B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; Kf=potassium found within the mineral ZIRCON separated from a feldspar; Mz=monazite; P=pyroxene; Rwtile; rock sample from the station. S=sericite; T-titanite; Th=thorite; U=uraninite; W=whole rock; X=xenotime; Z=zircon. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn I Feature Code: I

Group: GEOCHRONOLOGY I Symbol Description: LEAD-LEAD, GALENA, I I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point.

-- Definition: The location of a station where a Remarks: Minerals used for analysis: A=allanite; radiometric age was determined based on the Ab=albite; A-F=allcali feldspar; Ap=apatite; relative proportions of lead isotopes found within B=biotite; Bd=badellyite; g=galena; IWpotassiurn GALENA separated from a rock sample collected feldspar; Mz=monazite; P=pyroxene; Rmtile; at the station. S=sericite; T=titanite; Th=thorite; U=waninite; W--whole rock; X=xenotime. CAD Layer: GOgeocrn Feature Code: I

BoC Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards C-4: GEOCHEMISTRY

Group: GEOCHEMICAL Symbol Description: ANALYSIS SITE, I FEATURES I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional I line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a sample which has Remarks: been analysed to determine the concentration of one or more metallic elements of potential economic significance.

I CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

Group: GEOCHEMICAL Symbol Description: RGS SAMPLE, FEATURES Cartographic Definition: + Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of a Regional Remarks: Geochemical Survey point, typically a stream sediment sample which is analyzed for its concentration of various elements.

- CAD Layer: XBsym I Feature Code:

Group: GEOCHEMICAL Symbol Description: WHOLE ROCK, FEATURES Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of feature corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The location of an analysis of the bulk Remarks: chemical composition of a rock.

CAD Layer: CDwrx Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 19%

D: GEOLOGIC BOUNDARIES

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: GEOLOGIC CONTACT, DEFINED, DIP BOUNDARIES UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a plane or irregular Remarks: surface between two types or ages of rock.

CAD Layer: GBcnt 1 I Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: GEOLOGIC CONTACT, APPROXIMATE, BOUNDARIES DIP UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a plane or irregular surface Remarks: between two types or ages of rock.

CAD Layer: GCcnt2 Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: GEOLOGIC CONTACT, ASSUMED, DIP BOUNDARIES UNCERTAIN I Cartographic Definition:

I Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of a plane or irregular surface Remarks: between two types or ages of rock.

I CAD Layer: GDcnt3 I Feature Code: I

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: UNCONFORMITY, DEFINED BOUNDARIES Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

- -- Definition: The trace of a geological contact Remarks: separating two stratigraphic units of substantially different age that represents an interval of non- deposition or erosion.

CAD Layer: UBunconl Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: UNCONFORMITY, APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a geological contact Remarks: separating two stratigraphic units of substantially different age that represents an interval of non- deposition or erosion.

CAD Layer: UBunconl I Feature Code: I

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: UNCONFORMITY, ASSUMED BOUNDARIES Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a geological contact Remarks: separating two stratigraphic units of substantially different age that represents an interval of non- deposition or erosion.

CAD Layer: UBunconl Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FACIES BOUNDARY, DEFINED BOUNDARIES

I Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the boundary between two Remarks: areally restricted parts (facies) of a geological unit which are in continuity but which differ in composition.

I CAD Layer: GAgeol I Feature Code: I

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FACIES BOUNDARY, APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the boundary between two Remarks: areally restricted parts (facies) of a geological unit which are in continuity but which differ in composition.

CAD Layer: GAgeol I Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FACIES BOUNDARY, ASSUMED BOUNDARIES Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the boundary between two Remarks: areally restricted parts (facies) of a geological unit which are in continuity but which differ in composition.

CAD Layer: GAgeol Feature Code:

BoCo Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: LIMIT OF QUATERNARY COVER, BOUNDARIES I Cartographic Definition:

I Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres.

Definition: Geographic limit of deposits such as Remarks: alluvium, sand and gravel, usually unconsolidated, which were formed by glacial, fluvial and mechanical weathering. Includes such materials as alluvium, sand and gravel, debris slides and so on. CAD Layer: QAquat ~ Feature Code: I

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, NORMAL, DEFINED, DIP BOUNDARIES KNOWN Cartographic Definition: I

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a fault which generally Remarks: Tick and attached solid circle marks dips between 45 and 90 degrees and where the which side of the fault has moved down relative to rocks above the fault plane have moved downward the other. Dip of fault plane indicated in degrees relative to those below it. from the horizontal.

CAD Layer: SEfltl Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, NORMAL, DEFINED, EXACT DIP BOUNDARIES UNKNOWN I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a fault which generally Remarks: Tick and attached solid circle marks dips between 45 and 90 degrees and where the which side of the fault has moved down relative to rocks above the fault plane have moved downward the other. relative to those below it.

CAD Layer: SEfltl Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 19%

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, NORMAL, APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES Cartographic Definition:

- - -L ,

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres of position shown.

-- Definition: The trace of a fault which generally Remarks: Tick and attached solid circle marks dips between 45 and 90 degrees and where the which side of the fault has moved down relative to rocks above the fault plane have moved downward the other. relative to those below it.

CAD Layer: SFflt2 I Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, NORMAL, ASSUMED BOUNDARIES Cartographic Definition: - - 23 - -

- - Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of a fault which generally Remarks: Tick and attached solid circle marks dips between 45 and 90 degrees and where the which side of the fault has moved down relative to rocks above the fault plane have moved downward the other. relative to those below it.

1 CAD Layer: SGflt3 I Feature Code: I

Group: GEOLOGIC I Symbol Description: FAULT, SMALL SHEAR, INCLINED, BOUNDARIES

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to centre of the long axis of the symbol or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown. Definition: The trace of a small inclined fracture or Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of zone of fractures along which the relative symbol. Dip given in degrees from the horizontal displacement is unknown. and dip direction indicated by tick. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep.

CAD Layer: SAstru Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, SMALL SHEAR, VERTICAL, BOUNDARIES Cartographic Definition: + Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to centre of the long axis of the symbol or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown. Definition: The trace of a small vertical fracture or Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of zone of fractures along which the relative symbol. displacement is unknown.

CAD Layer: SAstru Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, STRIKE-SLIP, DEFINED, DIP BOUNDARIES KNOWN Cartographic Definition: , 81 v Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of an inclined fault in which Remarks: Arrows indicate relative motion of the relative movement is parallel to the strike of the rocks on either side of the fault. Small tick points fault plane, the strike being the direction or trend of in the dip direction of the fault plane with the dip a horizontal line in the fault plane. indicated in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. CAD Layer: SEfltl Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, STRIKE-SLIP, DEFINED, DIP BOUNDARIES UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a fault in which the Remarks: Arrows indicate relative motion of relative movement is parallel to the strike of the rocks on either side of the fault. fault plane, the strike being the direction or trend of a horizontal line in the fault plane.

CAD Layer: SEfltl Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, STRIKE-SLIP, APPROXIMATE, BOUNDARIES DIP UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a fault in which the Remarks: Arrows indicate relative motion of relative movement is parallel to the strike of the rocks on either side of the fault. fault plane, the strike being the direction or trend of a horizontal line in the fault plane.

CAD Layer: SFflt.2 Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, STRIKE-SLIP, ASSUMED, DIP BOUNDARIES UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a fault in which the Remarks: Arrows indicate relative motion of relative movement is parallel to the strike of the rocks on either side of the fault. fault plane, the strike being the direction or trend of a horizontal line in the fault plane.

CAD Layer: SGflt3 Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, STRIKE-SLIP, MOVEMENT BOUNDARIES INDICATOR - CROSS SECTIONS I Cartographic Definition:

-- Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: A symbol used in cross-sections, I Remarks: Movement away from the viewer. usually in conjunction with strike-slip faults and which indicates that the rock mass has moved AWAY from the viewer.

CAD Layer: XEsect Feature Code:

B.C Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, STRIKE-SLIP, MOVEMENT BOUNDARIES I INDICATOR, Cartographic Definition: n

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

--- - Definition: A symbol used in cross-sections, Remarks: Movement toward the viewer. usually in conjunction with strike-slip faults, and which indicates that the rock mass has moved TOWARD the viewer.

CAD Layer: XEsect I Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, THRUST, DEFINED, DIP BOUNDARIES MEASURED I Cartographic Definition:

I Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown. Definition: The trace of a fault in which rocks Remarks: Thrust 'teeth' attached on the side of the above the fault plane have moved upward relative fault which has been thrust over the other side of to rocks below the fault plane. Thrust faults the fault. Dip of fault plane given in degrees fiom generally have dips of less than 90 degrees and the horizontal. more commonly less than 45 degrees. I CAD Layer: SHtfltl Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, THRUST, DEFINED, DIP NOT BOUNDARIES MEASURED OR VARIABLE I Cartographic Definition: I

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a fault in which rocks Remarks: Thrust 'teeth' attached on the side of the above the fault plane have moved upward relative fault which has been thrust over the other side of to rocks below the fault plane. Thrust faults the fault. generally have dips of less than 90 degrees and more commonly less than 45 degrees. CAD Layer: SHtflt1 Feature Code: I

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 19%

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, THRUST, APPROXIMATE, DIP BOUNDARIES UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a fault in which rocks Remarks: Thrust 'teeth' attached on the side of the above the fault plane have moved upward relative fault which has been thrust over the other side of to rocks below the fault plane. Thrust faults the fault. generally have dips of less than 90 degrees and more commonly less than 45 degrees. CAD Layer: SIstflt2 I Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, THRUST, ASSUMED, DIP BOUNDARIES UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of a fault in which rocks Remarks: Thrust 'teeth' attached on the side of the above the fault plane have moved upward relative fault which has been thrust over the other side of to rocks below the fault plane. Thrust faults the fault. generally have dips of less than 90 degrees and more commonly less than 45 degrees. CAD Layer: SJtflt3 I Feature Code: I

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, THRUST, OVERTURNED, BOUNDARIES DEFINED, DIP MEASURED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a thrust fault which has Remarks: Thrust 'teeth' attached on the side of been rotated such that rocks which were originally the fault which has been thrust over the other side above the fault plane are now below it. Prior to of the fault. Tick points in the down dip direction of rotation rocks above the fault plane moved upward the fault plane with the dip indicated in degrees relative to rocks below the fault plane. fiom the horizontal. CAD Layer: SHtflt 1 Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, THRUST, OVERTURNED, BOUNDARIES DEFINED, DIP NOT MEASURED OR VARIABLE Cartographic Definition: I

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of a thrust fault which has Remarks: Thrust 'teeth' attached on the side of the been rotated such that rocks which were originally fault which has been thrust over the other side of above the fault plane are now below it. Prior to the fault prior to overturning. rotation rocks above the fault plane (which dips less than 90 degrees) moved upward relative to rocks below the fault plane. CAD Layer: SHtfltl Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, THRUST, OVERTURNED, BOUNDARIES APPROXIMATE, DIP UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition: >*-a Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a thrust fault which has Remarks: Thrust 'teeth' attached on the side of the been rotated such that rocks which were originally fault which has been thrust over the other side of above the fault plane are now below it. Prior to the fault prior to overturning. rotation rocks above the fault plane moved upward relative to rocks below the fault plane. CAD Layer: SIstflt2 Feature Code:

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, THRUST, OVERTURNED, BOUNDARIES ASSUMED, DIP UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition:

e

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a thrust fault which has Remarks: Thrust 'teeth' attached on the side of the been rotated such that rocks which were originally fault which has been thrust over the other side of above the fault plane are now below it. Prior to the fault prior to overturning. rotation rocks above the fault plane moved upward relative to rocks below the fault plane. CAD Layer: SJtflt3 I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

-- - Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, UNKNOWN MOVEMENT SENSE, BOUNDARIES DEFINED, DIP KNOWN Cartographic Definition:

Positiona1,Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of an inclined fracture or Remarks: Dip of fault plane shown in degrees zone of fractures along which the relative from the horizontal. Estimated dip; g=gentle, displacement is unknown. m=moderate, s=steep.

CAR Layer: SEfltl I Feature Code: I

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, UNKNOWN MOVEMENT SENSE, BOUNDARIES APPROXIMATE, DIP UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition: - / -4 Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of a fracture or zone of Remarks: fractures along which the relative displacement is unknown.

CAD Layer: SFflt2 I Feature Code: I

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, MOVEMENT SENSE UNKNOWN, BOUNDARIES ASSUMED, DIP UNCERTAIN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of a fracture or zone of Remarks: fractures along which the relative displacement is unknown.

CAD Layer: SGflt3 Feature Code:

B.C Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: GEOLOGIC Symbol Description: FAULT, MOVEMENT SENSE UNKNOWN, BOUNDARIES DEFINED, DIP UNCERTAIN

I Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown. Defmition: The trace of a fracture or zone of Remarks: fractures along which the relative displacement is unknown.

I CAD Layer: SEflt 1 I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996 E: PLANAR ELEMENTS

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: BEDDING, FACING KNOWN, HORIZONTAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A primary layered structure in Remarks: sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks. Layering is presently horizontal and right way up.

CAD Layer: SBed I Feature Code: I

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: BEDDING, FACING KNOWN, HORIZONTAL, OVERTURNED Cartographic Definition: P

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strrke line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A primary layered structure in Remarks: sedimentary or volcaniclastic. Layering is presently horizontal but beds are now inverted, that is upside down.

CAD Layer: SBed I Feature Code: I

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: BEDDING, FACING KNOWN, INCLINED

Cartographic Definition: /

-- - Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A primary layered structure in Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line and sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks. Layering is inclination of bedding by small tick. Dip of now inclined and right way up. bedding is indicated in degrees fiom the horizontal. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep.

CAD Layer: SBed Feature Code:

B.C Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards I Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS BEDDING, FACING KNOWN, I Cartographic Definition: I

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A primary layered structure in Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line and sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks. Layering is inclination of bedding by small arrow. Dip of now inclined and overturned. bedding is indicated in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep.

I CAD Layer: SBed I Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: BEDDING, FACING KNOWN, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A primary layered structure in Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line. Arrow sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks. Layering is indicates direction of stratigraphic top. now vertical; the facing direction (way up) is in the direction of the arrow.

CAD Layer: SBed I Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: TREND LINE OF BEDDING, FACING UNKNOWN, DIP UNKNOWN I Cartographic Definition:

- --- - Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the st&e line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A primary layered structure in Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line. sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks. The dip and facing direction (way up) of the layering cannot now be determined.

-- - CAD Layer: SBed Feature Code: I - -- I I

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996 I Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS BEDDING, FACING UNKNOWN,

~ositionilDefinition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A primary layered structure in Remarks: sedimentary or volcaniclastic. Layering is now horizontal but the facing direction (way up) is not determinable.

I CAD Layer: SBed I Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS BEDDING, FACING UNKNOWN,

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A primary layered structure in Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line and sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks. Layering is inclination of bedding by a small tick. Dip of now inclined but the facing direction (way up) is bedding is indicated in degrees from the horizontal. not determinable. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep.

I CAD Layer: SBed I Feature Code: rGroup: PLANAR ELEMENTS BEDDING, FACING UNKNOWN, I Cartographic Definition: /

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A primary layered structure in Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line. sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks. Layering is now vertical, but the facing direction (way up) is not determinable.

CAD Layer: SBed Feature Code:

B.C Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: COMPOSITIONAL BANDING, IGNEOUS I OR METAMowHIc ROCKS, DIP UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition: + Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A compositional layering in igneous or Remarks: metamorphic rocks at an unknown inclination. The term may be used when the origin or significance of the layering is uncertain.

CAD Layer: Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: COMPOSITIONAL BANDING, IGNEOUS OR METAMORPHIC ROCKS, HORIZONTAL I Cartographic Definition: I

-- Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A compositional layering in igneous or Remarks: metamorphic rocks which is horizontal. The term may be used when the origin or significance of the layering is uncertain.

-- CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: COMPOSITIONAL BANDING, IGNEOUS I OR METAMORPHIC ROCKS, INCLINED Cartographic Definition: 167

-- -- Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A compositional layering in igneous or Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line and metamorphic rocks which is inclined. The term inclination of plane by small triangle. Dip of plane may be used when the origin or significance of the is indicated in degrees from the horizontal. layering is uncertain. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep.

CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 19%

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: COMPOSITIONAL BANDING, IGNEOUS OR METAMORPHIC ROCKS, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition: I

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point.

- -- - Definition: A compositional shown by long axis of metamorphic rocks which is may be used when the origin or simcance of the layering is uncertain.

CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: DIKE, DEFINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

- - Definition: A tabular igneous intrusion that cuts Azimuth is shown by ling axis of across the layering or dominant fabric of the symbol. Inclination, in degrees fiom the jorizontal, hostrocks at an unknown inclination. shown by tick and given by the number. Width of symbol varies to reflect the width of the dike.

- CAD Layer: GLdike Feature Code: 7--

I Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: DIKE, APPROXIMATE I Cartographic Definition:

-- -- - Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: A tabular igneous intrusion that cuts I Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long axis of across the layering or dominant fabric of the host symbol. Inclination direction shown by tick and rocks and whose inclination is unknown. approximate dip shown by symbol: g - gentle; m - moderate; s - steep.

I CAD Layer: GLdike Feature Code: I

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: DIKE, ASSUMED

Cartographic Definition: <, ~

Positional Definition: Location accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: A tabular igneous intrusion that cuts Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long axis of across the layering or dominant fabric of the symbol. hostrocks and whose inclination is unknown.

CAD Layer: GLdike Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: DIKE, HORIZONTAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A tabular igneous intrusion that cuts Remarks: Feature is generally too small to outline across the layering or dominant fabric of the at the scale of mapping. hostrocks and is horizontal.

CAD Layer: GLdike Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: DIKE, INCLINED Cartographic Definition: '69 '69

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A tabular igneous intrusion that cuts Remarks: Feature is too small to outline at scale across the layering or dominant fabric of the of mapping. Azimuth is shown by long line and hostrocks in an attitude that is inclined. inclination of the body by the small rectangle with degrees from the horizontal indicated. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. CAD Layer: GLdike Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: DIKE, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Defmition: A tabular igneous intrusion that cuts Remarks: Feature is too small to outline at scale across the layering or dominant fabric of the of mapping. Azimuth is shown by long axis of the hostrocks and is vertical. symbol.

CAD Layer: GLdike Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: JOINTS, DIP UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A surface of fracture or parting in a Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long axis of rock across which there has been no displacement symbol and where the inclination is unknown.

CAD Layer: SAstru Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: JOINTS, HORIZONTAL Cartographic Definition: 1

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A surface of fracture or parting in a Remarks: rock across which there has been no displacement and which is horizontal.

CAD Layer: SAstru I Feature Code:

6.C Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: JOINTS, INCLINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Deiinition: A surface of fracture or parting in a Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line and rock across which there has been no displacement inclination of joint plane by small open rectangle. and which is inclined. Dip of joint plane is indicated in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. CAD Layer: SAstru I Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: JOINTS, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition: 1,

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A surface of fracture or parting in a Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long axis of rock across which there has been no displacement symbol. and which is vertical.

CAD Layer: SAstru Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, FIRST GENERATION, DIP IUNKNOWN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line of rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or symbol. tabular minerals with unknown inclination, and which was the first foliation to form relative to other similar fabrics in the rock or map area. CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, FMTGEN&ATIoN, 1 HORIZONTAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or tabular minerals which in this case is aligned horizontally and was the frrst foliation to form relative to other similar fabrics in the rock or map area. CAD Layer: SCfoil I Feature Code: I

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, FIRST GENERATION, l INCLINED Cartographic Definition: 7'

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: Azimuth shown by long line of symbol. rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or Inclination is indicated by small tick and is in tabular minerals which is inclined and was the first degrees from the horizontal. Estimated dip; foliation to form relative to other similar fabrics in g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. the rock or map area. CAD Layer: SCfoil I Feature Code:

------Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS FOLIATION, FIRST GENERATION,

Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line of rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or symbol. tabular minerals, which is aligned vertically and was the first foliation to form relative to other similar fabrics in the rock or map area. CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, SECOND GENERATION, DIP UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a I Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line of rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or symbol. tabular minerals with unknown inclination and which was the second foliation to form relative to I other similar fabrics in the rock or map area. CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, SECOND GENERATION, 1 HoMzoNTAL I Cartographic Definition: 1 I

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or tabular minerals, which is now aligned horizontally and was the second foliation to form relative to other similar fabrics in the rock or map area. CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, SECOND GENERATION, INCLINED Cartographic Definition: A i Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the 9 connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual _3 location point. J Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: Azimuth shown by long line of symbol. 2 rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or Inclination is indicated by small tick and is in A tabular minerals which is inclined and was the degrees from the horizontal. Estimated dip; 3 second foliation to form relative to other similar g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep. A fabrics in the rock or map area. A CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code: A A 1 Ministry of Employment and Investment 3 J .3 October, 1996

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, SECOND GENERATION, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line of rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or symbol. tabular minerals, which is aligned vertically and was the second foliation to form relative to other similar fabrics in the rock or map area. CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, UNKNOWN GENERATION, DIP UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line of rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or symbol. tabular minerals with unknown inclination and unknown age relative to other foliations in the rock or map area. I CAD Layer: SCfoil I Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, UNKNOWN GENERATION, 1 HoRlzoNmL Cartographic Definition: -4-

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: rock, defmed by the parallel orientation of platy or tabular minerals, which is aligned horizontally and of unknown age relative to other foliations in the rock or map area. CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, UNKNOWN GENERATION, INCLINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: Azimuth shown by long line of symbol. rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or Inclination is indicated by small tick and is in tabular minerals, which is inclined and of unknown degrees from the horizontal. Estimated dip; age relative to other foliations in the rock or map g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep. area.

- -- -- CAD Layer: SCfoil I Feature Code: I

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: FOLIATION, UNKNOWN GENERATION, 1 vERncAL

Cartographic Definition: i

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A general term for a planar fabric in a Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line of rock, defined by the parallel orientation of platy or symbol. tabular minerals, which is aligned vertically and of unknown age relative to other foliations in the rock or map area. CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: METAMORPHIC MINERAL ISOGRAD, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: A line on a map indicating the Remarks: Symbol on line points to higher appearance or limit of the metamorphic mineral or metamorphic grade. Mineral or mineral mineral assemblage of the highest grade in the assemblage associated with symbol is indicated in map-area. the legend of the map.

CAD Layer: GTisog 1 Feature Code:

Ministy of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: METAMORPHIC MINERAL ISOGRAD, Cartographic Definition: / 1'

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: A line on a map indicating the Remarks: Symbol on line points to higher appearance or limit of the metamorphic mineral or metamorphic grade. Mineral or mineral mineral assemblage of the second highest grade in assemblage associated with symbol is indicated in the map-area. the legend of the map.

CAD Layer: GTisog2 Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: METAMORPHIC MINERAL ISOGRAD, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: A line on a map indicating the Remarks: Symbol on line points to higher appearance or limit of the metamorphic mineral or metamorphic grade. Mineral or mineral mineral assemblage of the third highest grade in the assemblage associated with symbol is indicated in map-area. the legend of the map.

CAD Layer: GTisog3 Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: METAMORPHIC MINERAL ISOGRAD, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: A line on a map indicating the Remarks: Symbol on line points to higher appearance or limit of the metamorphic mineral or metamorphic grade. Mineral or mineral mineral assemblage of the fourth highest grade in assemblage associated with symbol is indicated the map-area. within legend of the map.

CAD Layer: GTisog4 I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: METAMORPHIC MMERAL ISOGRAD, Cartographic Definition: / I

------Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: A line on a map indicating the Remarks: Symbol on line points to higher appearance or limit of the metamorphic mineral or metamorphic grade. Mineral or mineral mineral assemblage of the fifth highest grade in the assemblage associated with symbol is indicated map-area. within legend of the map.

CAD Layer: GTisog4 I Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: METAMORPHIC MINERAL ISOGRAD, Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: A line on a map indicating the Remarks: Symbol on line points to hgher appearance or limit of a specified metamorphic metamorphic grade. Mineral or mineral mineral or mineral assemblage of the sixth highest assemblage associated with symbol is indicated grade in the map-area. within legend of the map.

CAD Layer: GTisog4 I Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PILLOW LAVA, FACING KNOWN, DIP ANGLE mEmmAm

------I Cartographic Definition: 4

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A form present in some submarine Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line in volcanic lava flows in which the flow consists of symbol. Stratigraphic tops indicated by solid pillow-shaped masses which indicate the semicircle. paleohorizontal and facing direction, and whose present inclination is known in direction but not angle. CAD Layer: SBed I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PILLOW LAVA, FACING KNOWN, HoRlzoNw, 1 - - Cartographic Definition:

- -- Positional ~eflztion:Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A form present in some submarine Remarks: volcanic lava flows in which the flow consists of pillow-shaped masses which indicate the paleohorizontal and facing direction, and which are presently horizontal and right way up. CAD Layer: SBed I Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PILLOW LAVA, FACING KNOWN, I r-roRIzowAL, OvERTuRNED Cartographic Definition:

-- Positional ~efiztion:Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A form present in some submarine Remarks: volcanic lava flows in which the flow consists of pillow-shaped masses which indicate the paleohorizontal and facing direction, and are I presently horizontal and overturned. CAD Layer: SBed Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PILLOW LAVA, FACING KNOWN, 1 rmmm Cartographic Definition:

Positional Defmition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point.

- - Definition: A form present in some submarine Remarks: Azimuth shown by long line in symbol. volcanic lava flows in which the flow consists of Solid semicircle indicates direction and inclination pillow-shaped masses which indicate the of bedding in degrees from the horizontal. paleohorizontal and facing direction, and are Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep. presently inclined. CAD Layer: SBed Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PILLOW LAVA, FACING KNOWN, INCLINED, OVERTURNED

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A form present in some submarine Remarks: Azimuth shown by long line in symbol. volcanic lava flows in which the flow consists of Solid semicircle indicates direction of inclination of pillow-shaped masses which indicate the bedding and degrees from the horizontal. Estimated paleohorizontal and facing direction, and are dip; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep. presently overturned. CAD Layer: SBed Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PILLOW LAVA, FACING KNOWN, 1 vERncAL I Cartographic Definition: I I

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A form present in some submarine Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line in volcanic lava flows in which the flow consists of symbol. Arrow indicates stratigraphic tops. pillow-shaped masses which indicate the paleohorizontal and facing direction, and are presently vertical. CAD Layer: SBed Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Descript ,on: PILLOW LAVA, FACING UNKNOWN, I DIP ImETERM NATE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional I line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A form present in some submarine Remarks: Azimuth shown by two parallel lines. volcanic lava flows in which the flow consists of pillow-shaped masses which indicate the paleohorizontal. This symbols is used where facing direction and angle of dip are indeterminate. I CAD Layer: SBed I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 19%

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PILLOW LAVA, FACING UNKNOWN, I HoRIzomiL

- Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A form present in some submarine Remarks: volcanic lava flows in which the flow consists of pillow-shaped masses which indicate the paleohorizontal. Facing direction is indeterminate but the dip is horizontal.

-- -- CAD Layer: SBed Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PILLOW LAVA, FACING UNKNOWN, I INcLmD 1 Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A form present in some submarine Remarks: Azimuth shown by two parallel lines. volcanic lava flows in which the flow consists of Solid semicircle indicates inclination of bedding in pillow-shaped masses which indicate the degrees from the horizontal. Estimated dip; paleohorizontal. Facing direction is indeterminate g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep. and beds are inclined. . CAD Layer: SBed Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PILLOW LAVA, FACING UNKNOWN, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition: 'h

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A form present in some submarine Remarks: Azimuth shown by two parallel lines. volcanic lava flows in which the flow consists of pillow-shaped masses which indicate the paleohorizontal. Facing direction is indeterminate and beds are vertical. CAD Layer: SBed Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PRIMARY FLOW, IGNEOUS ROCKS, DIP 1 mETEmmAn Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A fabric, usually planar, defined by the Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long axis of alignment of minerals in an igneous rock, and with symbol indeterminate inclination. It is produced by flow during crystallization of the original magma or lava. CAD Layer: SCfoil I Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PRIMARY FLOW, IGNEOUS ROCKS, I HowzoNTAL Cartographic Definition: + Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A fabric, usually planar, defined by the Remarks: alignment of minerals in an igneous rock, and which is horizontal. It is produced by flow during crystallization of the original magma or lava.

I CAD Layer: SCfoil I Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PRIMARY FLOW, IGNEOUS ROCKS, INCLINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A fabric, usually planar, defined by the Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line and alignment of minerals in an igneous rock, and inclination of flow plane by small triangle. Dip of which is inclined. It is produced by flow during flow plane is indicated in degrees fiom the crystallization of the original magma or lava. horizontal. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

Ministy of Employment and Investment October, 1996

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PRIMARY FLOW, IGNEOUS ROCKS, 1 vERncAL

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: A fabric, usually planar, defined by the Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long line. alignment of minerals in an igneous rock, and which is vertical. It is produced by flow during crystallization of the original magma or lava.

I-CAD Layer: SCfoil I Feature Code: I

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PRIMARY LAYERING, IGNEOUS ROCKS, DIP INDETERMINATE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The mineralogical layering in plutonic Remarks: Azimuth is shown by parallel lines. rocks caused by the sudden appearance andlor progressive disappearance of some mineral phases, I and where the inclination is not known. I I 1 CAD Layer: SCfoil I Feature Code: I

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PRIMARY LAYERING, IGNEOUS ROCKS, HORIZONTAL

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The mineralogical layering in plutonic I Remarks: rocks caused by the sudden appearance andfor progressive disappearance of some mineral phases and which is horizontal.

CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards I Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS PRIMARY LAYERING, IGNEOUS ROCKS, I

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional I line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The mineralogical layering in plutonic Remarks: Azimuth is shown by parallel lines and rocks caused by the sudden appearance andor inclination direction by small triangle. Dip of flow progressive disappearance of some mineral phases plane is indicated in degrees from the horizontal. and which is inclined. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep.

I CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code: I

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PRIMARY LAYERING, IGNEOUS ROCKS, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The mineralogical layering in plutonic Remarks: Azimuth is shown by parallel lines. rocks caused by the sudden appearance andor progressive disappearance of some mineral phases and which is vertical.

CAD Layer: SCfoil Feature Code:

Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: VEINS OR STOCKWORK, DEFMED, INCLINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

-- - Defmition: A vein is a tabular, epigenetic Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long axis of (introduced later that the formation of the hostrock) symbol. Inclination is given as degrees down from -era1 filling of a fracture in a rock. A stockwork the horizontal plane. Estimated dip; g=gentle, is an occurrence consisting of a three-dimensional m=rnoderate, s=steep. network of veins. CAD Layer: GLdike I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October, 1996

-- - Group: PLANAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: VEINS OR STOCKWORK, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 100 metres of position shown.

Definition: A vein is a tabular, epigenetic Remarks: Azimuth is shown by long axis of (introduced later that the formation of the hostrock) symbol. Inclination is indeterminate. mineral filling of a fracture in a rock. A stockwork is an occurrence consisting of a three-dimensional network of veins. CAD Layer: GLdike I Feature Code:

B.C Ceologicd Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards F-1: ANTICLINES

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I UPRIGHT, FIRST GENERATION, DEFINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of plunge of fold axis. convex upward fold which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

IGroup: FOLD ELEMENTS Cartographic Definition:

IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of plunge of fold axis. convex upward fold which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. I CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code: I

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UPRIGHT, FIRST GENERATION, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition: ----+--- 5 ------b Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of plunge of fold axis. convex upward fold which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I mum=,SECOND GENERATION, DEFINED Cartographic Definition: fi Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of plunge of fold axis. convex upward fold which contains stratigraphicallyolder rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

-- Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UPRIGHT, SECOND GENERATION, APPROXIMATE

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of plunge of fold axis. convex upward fold which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UPRIGHT, sicomGENERATION, AssmD I Cartographic Definition: ------b

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a of fold axis. convex upward fold which contains stratigraphicallyolder rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

B.C Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I UPRIGHT, UNKNOWN GENERAnoN, DEFINED Cartographic Definition:

--- Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of an anticline of line and the attached arrow indicates general unknown generation and the earth's surface. An direction of plunge of fold axis. anticline is a convex upward fold which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I UPRIGHT, UNKNOWN GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition: +

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of an anticline of line and the attached arrow indicates general unknown generation and the earth's surface. An direction of plunge of fold axis. Ianticline is a convex upward fold which contains I I stratigraphically older rocks in its core. I I CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UPRIGHT, UNKNOWN GENERATION, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition: ___-----I ------b IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown. Definition: The trace of the intersection between I Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of an anticline of line and the attached arrow indicates general unknown generation and the earth's surface. An direction of plunge of fold axis. anticline is a foldconvex upward fold which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I OVERTURNED, msTGENmumN, DEFmm Cartographic Definition: fi Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

-- Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the inclined axial surface of a first generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually convex upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphicallyolder rocks in its core. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, FIRST GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition:

IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a first generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually convex upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphically older rocks in its core. down-dip direction of axial plane. I CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, FIRST GENERATION, ASSUMED I Cartographic Definition:

IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

- - I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a first generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually convex upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphically older rocks in its core. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards IGroup: FOLD ELEMENTS Cartographic Definition: h IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually convex upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphicallyolder rocks in its core. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I omRTuR.mD, SECOND GEmRAnoN, APPRoxmTE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Defmition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually convex upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphicallyolder rocks in its core. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, SECOND GENERATION, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition: ---+

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

-- - Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually convex upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphically older rocks in its core. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OmRTuRNm, momGEmwTIoN, DEmm -- -- I Cartographic Definition:

- Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

------Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the inclined axial surface of an anticline of line, attached arrow indicates general plunge unknown generation and the earth's surface. An direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol anticline is a fold, usually convex upward, which points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, UNKNOWN GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of an anticline of line, attached arrow indicates general plunge unknown generation and the earth's surface. An direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol anticline is'a fold, usually convex upward, which points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I OvERmD,UNKNOWN amwnoN,ASSUMED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Defmition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

~efiition:The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of an anticline of line, attached arrow indicates general plunge unknown generation and the earth's surface. An direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol anticline is a fold, usually convex upward, which points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

BoC Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I RECUMBENT, FIRST GENEBATION, DEFINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge first generation anticline and the earth's surface. direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol An anticline is a fold, usually convex upward, points in direction of fold closure. which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I RECUMBENT, FIRST GENERATION, APPROXIMAm Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge fust generation anticline and the earth's surface. direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol An anticline is a fold, usually convex upward, points in direction of fold closure. which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic 1 Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I REcummr, FIRST GEmwmoN,AssmED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between the Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a first dashed line, attached arrow indicates generation anticline and the earth's surface. An anticline general plunge direction of fold axis. is a fold, usually convex upward, which contains Convex part of symbol points in direction of stratigraphically older rocks in its core. fold closure. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT, SECOND GENERATION, DEFINED

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between the Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a second long line, attached arrow indicates general generation anticline and the earth's surface. An plunge direction of fold axis. Convex part of anticline is a fold, usually convex upward, which symbol points in direction of fold closure. contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, / mcmENT, mom GENERATION, APPRoxmm Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between the Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a second dashed line, attached arrow indicates general generation anticline and the earth's surface. An plunge direction of fold axis. Convex part of anticline is a fold, usually convex upward, which symbol points in direction of fold closure. contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I mcumENT, SECOND c+EmRAmoN,ASSUMED Cartographic Definition:

-- -- - Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between the Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a second dashed line, attached arrow indicates general generation anticline and the earth's surface. An plunge direction of fold axis. Convex part of anticline is a fold, usually convex upward, which symbol points in direction of fold closure. contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic 1 Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I REcmmENT, uNmomGENERATION, DEFINED Cartographic Definition: fi Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of an line, attached arrow indicates general plunge anticline of unknown generation and the earth's direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol surface. An anticline is a fold, usually convex points in direction of fold closure. upward, which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT, UNKNOWN GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition: ,,--4

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of an line, attached arrow indicates general plunge anticline of unknown generation and the earth's direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol surface. An anticline is a fold, usually convex points in direction of fold closure. upward, which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTICLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I REcmmENT, momGENERATION, AssmD Cartographic Definition: ------&------

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of an line, attached arrow indicates general plunge anticline of unknown generation and the earth's direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol surface. An anticline is a fold, usually convex points in direction of fold closure. upward, which contains stratigraphically older rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996 F-2: ANTIFORMS

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I mmw,PLmGmG, msTGmmumN, DEmm Cartographic Definition: +I+ Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antiform is a direction of fold axis. convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I mmGm,PLmGmG, FIRST GEmRAmoN, AmxoxmwTE Cartographic Definition: ----++

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antiform is a direction of fold axis. convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

- Group: FOLD ELEMENTS

Cartographic Definition:

Positiodal Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antifonn is a direction of fold axis. convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards IGroup: FOLD ELEMENTS

IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antifonn is a direction of fold axis. convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks are not known.

-- -- I CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, SECOND GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antiform is a direction of fold axis. convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks are not known.

------CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I wmHT,PLmGmG, SECOND GENEwmoN, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antiform is a direction of fold axis. convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 19%

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I wmm,PLUNGING, mommmm, mFmm Cartographic Definition:

-- Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of an antiform of line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge unknown generation and the earth's surface. An direction of fold axis. antiform is a convex upward fold where the stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks are not known. I CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UPRIGHT, PLUNGING, UNKNOWN GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of an antiform of line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge unknown generation and the earth's surface. An direction of fold axis. antiform is aconvex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, wRIGm, PLUNGING, momGENERATION, ASSUMED I - - Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of an antiform of line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge unknown generation and the earth's surface. An direction of fold axis. antiform is a convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards IGroup: FOLD ELEMENTS Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the inclined axial surface of a f~stgeneration line, attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antiform is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in ages of the folded rocks are not known. down-dip direction of axial plane.

- - CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, FIRST GENERATION, APPROXIMATE

IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a first generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antiform is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in ages of the folded rocks are not known. down-dip direction of axial plane. I CAD Layer: SNantic I Feature Code: I IGroup: FOLD ELEMENTS Cartographic Definition:

PPoialDefinition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a first generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antiform is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in ages of the folded rocks are not known. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and investment Odober 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, SECOND GENERATION, DEFINED Cartographic Definition: fi Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between the Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antiform is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in ages of the folded rocks are not known. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

-- - Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, SECOND GENERATION, IAPPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition: ----- *--- +

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge antiform and the earth's surface. An antiform is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in ages of the folded rocks are not known. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, SECOND GENERATION, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of antiform and the earth's surface. An antiform is a fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic direction of fold closure, arrows point in down-dip ages of the folded rocks are not known. direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic 7Feature Code: I

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, UNKNOWN GENERATION, DEFINED Cartographic Definition: 43- IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between the Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long inclined axial surface of an antiform of unknown line, attached arrow indicates general plunge generation and the earth's surface. An antiform is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in ages of the folded rocks are not known. down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, UNKNOWN GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition: ----- IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by the inclined axial surface of an antiform of unknown dashed line, attached arrow indicates general generation and the earth's surface. An antiform is a plunge direction of fold axis. Convex part of convex upward fold where the relative stratigraphic symbol points in direction of fold closure, arrows ages of the folded rocks are not known. point in down-dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: ANTIFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, UNKNOWN GENERATION, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition:

I Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of an antiform of line, attached arrow indicates general plunge unknown generation and the earth's surface. An direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol antiform is a convex upward fold where the relative points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks are not down-dip direction of axial plane. known. CAD Layer: SNantic Feature Code: I

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996 F-3 :SYNCLINES

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I UPRIGHT, FIRST GEmRATIoN, DEFINED Cartographic Definition: fi Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. concave upward fold which contains stratigraphicallyyounger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UPRIGHT, FIRST GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. concave upward fold which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLME, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I UPRIGHT, FIRST GENERATION, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition: ------+

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. concave upward fold which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core.

-- CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I umrmr, sworn cmERAnoN, mmm

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. concave upward fold which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, / WRIGHT, SECOND GENERATION, APPROXlMATE Cartographic Definition: ----+ I-+---- Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. concave upward fold which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS

I I Cartographic Definition: ------+

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial swface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. concave upward fold which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

-e Ministry of Employment and October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, wma-rr, wma-rr, momGEmwnoN, DEFINED I - -- Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

~znition:The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surfaceshown by long the vertical axial surface of a syncline of unknown line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge generation and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. concave upward fold which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a syncline of unknown line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge generation and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. concave upward fold which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code: I

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I ummT,mom GEmRATIoN, Ass-D Cartographic Definition: __-----t ------+ Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a syncline of unknown line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge generation and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. concave upward fold which contains stratigraphicallyyounger rocks in its core.

- -- -- CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, FIRST GENERATION, DEFINED Cartographic Definition: fi IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown. Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the inclined axial surface of a fust generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually concave upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphicallyyounger rocks in its core. down dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, PLUNGING, FIRST GENERATION, APPROXIMATE

IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown. Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a fust generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually concave upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. down dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, FIRST GENERATION, PLUNGING, ASSUMED 1 Cartographic Defmition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a fust generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually concave upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. down dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I OvERTumm, SECOND GEmwoN,DEFINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually concave upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphicallyyounger rocks in its core. down dip direction of axial plane. I-- CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, SECOND GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by defined the inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge synche and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually concave upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. down dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I ovERmD,SECOND GEmumoN, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by defined the inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge syncline and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually concave upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphicallyyounger rocks in its core. down dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I OVERTURNED, UNKNOWN GENERATION, DEFINED Cartographic Definition: fi

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the inclined axial surface of a syncline of unknown line, attached arrow indicates general plunge generation and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually concave upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. down dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I OmRTuRNED, UNKNOWN GENERATION, AwRomni Cartographic Definition: ---u---+

Positional Defmition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a syncline of unknown line, attached arrow indicates general plunge generation and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually concave upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. down dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync 1 Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I OVERTURNED, UNKNOWN GENERATION, Assmm Cartographic Definition: ----+j ----->

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a syncline of unknown line, attached arrow indicates general plunge generation and the earths surface. A syncline is a direction of fold axis. Convex part of symbol fold, usually concave upward, which contains points in direction of fold closure, arrows point in stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. down dip direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I REcmEm,FIRST GmERmoN, mmm Cartographic Definition: fi Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

-- - - Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface sho&by long the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of first generation syncline and the earths surface. A fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in syncline is a fold, usually concave upward, which direction of fold closure. contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

-- Group: FOLD ELEMENTS

Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of first generation syncline and the earths surface. A fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in syncline is a fold, usually concave upward, which direction of fold closure. contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core.

-- CAD Layer: SOsync 7 Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I mcummT,FmT GmEwmoN, AssumD Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a he, attached arrow indicates general plunge of first generation syncline and the earths surface. A fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in syncline is a fold, usually concave upward which direction of fold closure. contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards IGroup: FOLD ELEMENTS Cartographic Definition:

IPositional ~efi%on: Location is accurate to wih50 metres of position shown. Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of second generation syncline and the earths surface. fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in A syncline is a fold, usually concave upward, direction of fold closure. which contains stratigraphicallyyounger rocks in its core. I CAD Layer: SOsync 1 Feature Code:

IGroup: FOLD ELEMENTS

IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown. Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by defined the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of second generation syncline and the earths surface. fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in A syncline is a fold, usually concave upward, direction of fold closure. which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code: I

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I RECUMBENT, SECOND GENERATION, ASSUMED

IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by defined the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of second generation syncline and the earths surface. fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in A syncline is a fold, usually concave upward, direction of fold closure. stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core.

- - CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code: f ,d Ministry of Employment and Investment t 1 -5 October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, mcumEw,mom GENmmoN, DEmm - - I Cartographic Definition:

- - Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of syncline of unknown generation and the earths fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in surface. A syncline is a fold, usually concave direction of fold closure. upward, which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core.

- -- CAD Layer: SOsync T Feature Code:

-- - Group: FOLD

Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of syncline of unknown generation and the earths fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in surface. A syncline is a fold, usually concave direction of fold closure. upward, which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

- Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNCLINE, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT, UNKNOWN GENERATION, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of syncline of unknown generation and the earths fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in surface. A syncline is a fold, usually concave direction of fold closure. upward, which contains stratigraphically younger rocks in its core. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards F-4: SYNFORMS IGroup: FOLD ELEMENTS SURFACE, Cartographic Definition: fi IPositional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge synform and the earths surface. A synform is a of fold axis. concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of the strata are unknown. I CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I UPRIGHT, FIRST GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition: +

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge synform and the earths surface. A synform is a of fold axis. concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of the strata are unknown. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I wwm,msT GEmRAmoN, ASSUMED

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a first generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge synform and the earths surface. A synform is a of fold axis. concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of the strata are unknown. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXLAL SURFACE, I wmm,sEmm GEmRmoN, DEmm Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge synform and the earths surface. A synform is a of fold axis. concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of the strata are unknown.

--- CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I mRIGHT, sEcomGEmwmoN, Aemox-m Cartographic Definition: -+

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge synform and the earths surface. A synform is a of fold axis. concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of the strata are unknown. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, / wmxn,sEcom GENEwmoN, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition: ------3

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a second generation line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge synform and the earths surface. A synform is a of fold axis. concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of the strata are unknown. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I UPRIGHT, mowGEmRATIoN, DEmm Cartographic Definition: + - - Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the vertical axial surface of a synform of unknown line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge generation and the earths surface. A synform is a of fold axis. concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of the strata are unknown. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I UPRIGHT, momGEmRATIoN, Amto-m Cartographic Definition: +

-- Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

--- - Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a synform of unknown line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge generation and the earths surface. A synform is a of fold axis. concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of the strata are unknown. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, UPRIGHT, UNKNOWN GENERATION, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the vertical axial surface of a synform of unknown line and the attached arrow indicates general plunge generation and the earths surface. A synform is a of fold axis. concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of the strata are unknown. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I owRmD,Fnw GEmmmm, DEmm Cartographic Definition: fi Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the inclined axial surface of a first generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of synform and the earths surface. A synform is a fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of direction of fold closure, arrows point in down-dip the strata are unknown. direction of axial plane. I CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OVERTURNED, FIRST GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition: --#+--+

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a first generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of synform and the earths surface. A synform is a fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of direction of fold closure, arrows point in down-dip the strata are unknown. direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code: I

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, OwRTuRmD, FIRST GEmmTIoN, AssmED - - I Cartographic Definition: 3

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a first generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of synform and the earths surface. A synform is a fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of direction of fold closure, arrows point in down-dip the strata are unknown. direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I ovERmD,sEcom GEmunoN, DEFmm Cartographic Definition: fi Positional Definition: Location is accurate to withm 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the inclined axial surface of a second generation . line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of synform and the earths surface. A synform is a fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of direction of fold closure, arrows point in down-dip the strata are unknown. direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I ovERmD,SECOND GEmwnoN, APPRox-m Cartographic Definition: - - -+-J+ - - +

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of synfonn and the earths surface. A synform is a fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of direction of fold closure, arrows point in down-dip the strata are unknown. direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, / OvERTuRNm, sEcomGEmumoN, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition: *

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a second generation line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of synform and the earths surface. A synform is a fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of direction of fold closure, arrows point in down-dip the strata are unknown. direction of axial plane. A 3 CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code: 3 3 3 3 3 Ministry of Employment and Investment 3 b .d .J October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I OmRmD,mow GEmwnoN, DEmm Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the inclined axial surface of a synfonn of unknown line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of generation and the earths surface. A synfonn is a fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of direction of fold closure, arrows point in down-dip the strata are unknown. direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, I ovmvwm,mom GEmumoN, *PmoxIMATE Cartographic Definition: - - - -"od - - - +

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a synfonn of unknown line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of generation and the earths surface. A synfonn is a fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of direction of fold closure, arrows point in down-dip the strata are unknown. direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

-- Group: FOLD ELEMENTS

Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

------Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the inclined axial surface of a synfonn of unknown line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of generation and the earths surface. A synfonn is a fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in concave upward fold, in which the relative ages of direction of fold closure, arrows point in down-dip the strata are unknown. direction of axial plane. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards F-5: RECUMBENT FOLDS, way-up unknown

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT FOLD, FIRST GENERATION, DEFINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of first generation fold and the earths surface, where fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks direction of fold closure. are not known.. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT FOLD, FIRST GENERATION, APPROXIMATE Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 250 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of first generation fold and the earths surface, where fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks direction of fold closure. are not known. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

I Group: FOLD ELEMENTS 1 Symbol Description: TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT FOLD, FIRST GENERATION, ASSUMED

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of first generation fold and the earths surface, where fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded rocks direction of fold closure. are not known. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS RECUMBENT

- I Cartographic Definition:

-- Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of second generation fold and the earths surface, fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded direction of fold closure. rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code: I Group: FOLD ELEMENTS I Cartographic Definition:

-- -- Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of second generation fold and the earths surface, fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded direction of fold closure. rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code: I Group: FOLD ELEMENTS RECUMBENT I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown. I Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of second generation fold and the earths surface, fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded direction of fold closure. rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code: I

B.C. Geological Suwey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT FOLD, momGEmRAnoN, DEFmm I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 50 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by long the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of fold of unknown generation and the earths surface, fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded direction of fold closure. rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SOsync Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT I FOLD, mowGENERATION, APPR0XrmA-m Cartographic Definition: a

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of fold of unknown generation and the earths surface, fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded direction of fold closure. rocks are not known. CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SYNFORM, TRACE AXIAL SURFACE, RECUMBENT, UNKNOWN GENERATION, ASSUMED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location is accurate to within 500 metres of position shown.

Definition: The trace of the intersection between Remarks: Trace of axial surface shown by dashed the horizontal or near horizontal axial surface of a line, attached arrow indicates general plunge of fold of unknown generation and the earths surface, fold axis. Convex part of symbol points in where the relative stratigraphic ages of the folded direction of fold closure. rocks are not known.. I CAD Layer: SOsync I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996 G: LINEAR ELEMENTS

G-1: LINEATIONS

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PRIMARY BEDDING, / SEDIMENTARY I LINEATION, HomoNTAL Cartographic Definition: J

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: Any linear structure along a bedding Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of plane (e.g. ripple mark, sole mark, long axis of symbol. clasts or fossils) produced at time of deposition of the sedimentary rock and which is now horizontal.

CAD Layer: SDlinea Feature Code:

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PRIMARY BEDDING, 1 SEDIMENTARY LINEATION, INCLINED

Cartographic Definition: .l -7 46

/'

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: Any linear structure along a bedding Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of plane (e.g. ripple mark, sole mark, long axis of symbol. Inclination direction of lineation shown by clasts or fossils) produced at time of deposition of arrow and given in degrees from horizontal. the sedimentary rock and which is now inclined. Estimated plunge; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep.

CAD Layer: SDlinea Feature Code:

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: PRIMARY BEDDING, / SEDIMENTARY LINEATION, INCLINED, PLUNGE ANGLE UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition:

C

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: Any linear structure along a bedding Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of plane (e.g. ripple mark, sole mark, long axis of symbol. Inclination direction of lineation given by clasts or fossils) produced at time of deposition of arrow. the sedimentary rock and which is now inclined with unknown plunge. CAD Layer: SDlinea Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS BEDDING, 1 SEDIMENTARY

Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional Iline connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: Any linear structure along a bedding Remarks: plane (e.g. ripple mark, sole mark, long axis of clasts or fossils) produced at time of deposition of the sedimentary rock and which is now vertical.

I CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

------Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINERAL LINEATION, HORIZONTAL Cartographic Definition: 4

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The direction in which crystals, grains Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of or have been demonstrably extended by symbol; mineral involved may be indicated by ductile flow or pulled apart and where the adding abbreviation of name beside symbol. extension direction is horizontal.

- - --- CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: MINERAL LINEATION, INCLINED Cartographic Definition: 4 46

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The direction in which crystals, grains Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of or pebbles have been demonstrably extended by symbol. Inclination direction of lineation shown by ductile flow or pulled apart and where the arrow and given in degrees from horizontal. extension direction is inclined. Estimated plunge; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep; mineral involved may be indicated by adding abbreviation of name beside symbol.. CAD Layer: SDlinea Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

-- Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINERAL LINEATION, INCLINED, PLUNGE ANGLE UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition: 4

//

Positional Defmition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The direction in which crystals, grains Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of or pebbles have been demonstrably extended by symbol. Inclination direction of lineation given by ductile flow or pulled apart and where the arrow; mineral involved may be indicated by extension direction is unknown. adding abbreviation of name beside symbol..

CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINERAL LINEATION, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: The direction in which crystals, grains Remarks: Mineral involved may be indicated by or pebbles have been demonstrably extended by adding abbreviation of name beside symbol. ductile flow or pulled apart and where the extension direction is vertical.

CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

-- Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: INTERSECTION LINEATION, HORIZONTAL

-- Cartographic Definition: Indicate nature of planar elements, for example here is bedding (So) and phase one cleavage (S intersection 4 k SOIS,

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A lineation produced by the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of intersection of two planar elements, such as symbol. bedding and foliation, or two foliations, and which is now horizontal. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep. CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code: Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: INTERSECTION LINEATION, INCLINED

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards Cartographic Definition: Indicate nature of planar elements, for example here is bedding (So) and phase one cleavage (S1) intersection

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A lineation produced by the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of symbol. intersection of two planar elements, such as Inclination direction of lineation shown by arrow and bedding and foliation, or two foliations, and given in degrees from horizontal. Estimated plunge; which is now inclined. g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep.

CAD Layer: SDlinea 1 Feature Code:

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: INTERSECTION LINEATION, INCLINED, I PLmGE ANGLE mom Cartographic Definition: Indicate nature of planar elements, for example here is bedding (So) and phase one cleavage (S1) intersection

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A lineation produced by the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of intersection of two planar elements, such as symbol. Inclination direction of lineation given by bedding and foliation, or two foliations, with mow. unknown plunge.

1 CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

- - pp Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: INTERSECTION LINEATION, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition: Indicate nature of planar elements, for example bedding (So) and phase one cleavage (S1)

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A lineation produced by the Remarks: intersection of two planar elements, such as bedding and foliation, or two foliations, and which is now vertical.

I CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

-- Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS RODDMG MULLION STRUCTURE,

Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point.

------Definition: A linear structure, most commonly Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of consisting of quartz, which has been shaped into a symbol. rod or series of parallel rods, embedded in weaker material like mica schist and where the rods are now horizontal. CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: RODDING MULLION STRUCTURE, 1 INCLINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. I Definition: A linear structure, most commonly Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of consisting of quartz, which has been shaped into a symbol. Inclination direction of lineation shown by rod or series of parallel rods, embedded in weaker arrow and given in degrees from horizontal. material like mica schist and where the rods are Estimated plunge; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. now vertical. CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code: I

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: RODDING MULLION STRUCTURE, I mcLmD, PLUNGE ANGLE mom Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A linear structure, most commonly Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of consisting of quartz, which has been shaped into a symbol. Inclination direction of lineation given by rod or series of parallel rods, embedded in weaker arrow. material like mica schist and where the plunge of the rods is unknown. -- CAD Layer: SDlinea Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: RODDING MULLION STRUCTURE, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition: 90 7

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional Iline connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A linear structure, most commonly Remarks: consisting of quartz, which has been shaped into a rod or series of parallel rods, embedded in weaker material like mica schist and where the rods are now vertical. I CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SLICKENSIDE STRIAE, HORIZONTAL Cartographic Definition: 4 b ss

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional Iline connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A polished, striated surface on a fault Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of plane that has been smoothed and scratched by symbol. abrasion due to displacement along the fault and where the striae are horizontal.

- -- I CAD Layer: SDlinea Feature Code:

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SLICKENSIDE STRIAE, INCLINED Cartographic Definition: 4 46

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional Iline connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A polished, striated surface on a fault Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of plane that has been smoothed and scratched by symbol. Inclination direction of lineation shown by abrasion due to displacement along the fault and arrow and given in degrees from horizontal. where the striae are inclined. Estimated plunge; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep.

I CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS Symbol Description: SLICKENSIDE STRIAE, INCLINED, 1 PLUNGE ANGLE mmom Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A polished, striated surface on a fault Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of plane that has been smoothed and scratched by symbol. Inclination direction of lineation given by abrasion due to displacement along the fault and arrow. where the plunge of the striae is unknown.

CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

Group: LINEAR ELEMENTS I Symbol Description: SLICKENSIDE STRIAE, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition: 90 7

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A polished, striated surface on a fault Remarks: plane that has been smoothed and scratched by abrasion due to displacement along the fault and where the striae are vertical.

CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards G2: MINOR FOLD ELEMENTS

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: CRENULATION LINEATION, SECOND I GmERAnoN ON FIRST GENERATION, HoRIzoNTAL Cartographic Definition: <;r7 L'

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A linear, millimetre-scale crinkling or Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of corrugation of a foliation, representing the hinge symbol. lines of microfolds of that fabric which effectively represents the axis of that folding and which is now horizontal. CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code: I

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: CRENULATION LINEATION, SECOND GENERATION ON FIRST GENERATION, INCLINED Cartographic Definition: 27 -7

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A linear, millimetre-scale crinkling or Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of corrugation of a foliation, representing the hinge symbol. Inclination direction of lineation shown by lines of microfolds of that fabric which effectively arrow and given in degrees from horizontal. represents the axis of that folding and which is now Estimated plunge; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. inclined. CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: CRENULATION LINEATION, SECOND GENERATION ON FIRST GENERATION, INCLINED, PLUNGE UNKNOWN

Cartographic Definition: 7

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. I Definition: A linear, millimetre-scale crinkling or Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of I corrugation of a foliation, representing the hinge symbol. Inclination direction of lineation given by I lines of microfolds of that fabric which effectively arrow. represents the axis of that folding and whose plunge is indeterminate. CAD Layer: SDlinea Feature Code: I

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: CRENULATION LINEATION, SECOND GENERATION ON FIRST GENERATION, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition: 90 7

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A linear, millimetre-scale crinkling or Remarks: corrugation of a foliation, representing the hinge lines of microfolds of that fabric which effectively represents the axis of that folding and which is now vertical. CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: CRENULATION LINEATION, THIRD GENERATION ON FIRST GENERATION, HORIZONTAL

Cartographic Definition: 7

L C Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A linear, millimetre-scale crinkling or Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of corrugation of a foliation, representing the hinge symbol. lines of microfolds of that fabric which effectively represents the axis of that folding and which is now horizontal. CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code: Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: CRENULATION LINEATION, THIRD GENERATION ON FIRST GENERATION, INCLINED Cartographic Defmition: 36 7

C Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Defmition: A linear, millimetre-scale crinkling or Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of corrugation of a foliation, representing the hinge symbol. Inclination direction of lineation shown by lines of microfolds of that fabric which effectively arrow and given in degrees from horizontal. represents the axis of that folding and which is now Estimated plunge; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. inclined. CAD Layer: SDlinea Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: CRENULATION LINEATION, THIRD GENERATION ON FIRST GENERATION, INCLINED, PLUNGE UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition: 7 I

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A linear, millimetre-scale crinkling or Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long axis of corrugation of a foliation, representing the hinge symbol. Inclination direction of lineation given by lines of microfolds of that fabric which effectively arrow. represents the axis of that folding, but with indeterminate plunge.

-- CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code: 7 IGroup: FOLD ELEMENTS

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional Iline connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A linear, rnillimetre-scale crinkling or Remarks: corrugation of a foliation, representing the hinge lines of microfolds of that fabric which effectively represents the axis of that folding and which is now vertical. I CAD Layer: SDlinea I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, FOLD AXIS, FIRST I GENERATION, HORIZONTAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of the crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this symbol. line will describe the fom of the fold. This symbol describes a horizontal axis of a first generation fold which shows no symmetry. CAD Layer: SKfaxisl I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, FOLD AXIS, FIRST I GENERATION, mLmm Cartographic Definition: 38 7d

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. Inclination direction shown by arrow and will describe the form of the fold. This symbol given in degrees fiom the horizontal. Estimated describes an inclined axis of a first generation fold dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. which shows no symmetry. CAD Layer: SKfaxis1 I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, FOLD AXIS, FIRST GENERATION, PLUNGE UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition: ./r ,/

~osiionalDefinition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. I Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. will describe the form of the fold. This symbol describes axis of a first generation fold whose plunge is indeterminate and which shows no symmetry. CAD Layer: SKfaxisl I Feature Code: I

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, FOLD AXIS, FIRST GENERATION, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition: 90 1 I /

of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. will describe the form of the fold. This symbol describes a vertical axis of a first generation fold which shows no symmetry. I CAD Layer: SKfaxis1 I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

- ---- Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, FOLD AXIS, SECOND GENERATION, HORIZONTAL Cartographic Definition: l'

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of the crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this symbol. line will describe the form of the fold. This symbol describes a horizontal axis of a second generation fold which shows no symmetry.

-- - CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, FOLD AXIS, SECOND GENERATION, INCLINED Cartographic Definition: 466 i Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. Inclination direction shown by arrow and will describe the form of the fold. This symbol given in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated describes an inclined axis of a second generation dip; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep. fold which shows no symmetry. CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, FOLD AXIS, SECOND GENERATION, PLUNGE UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition: {I

I

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. will describe the form of the fold. This symbol describes axis of a second generation fold whose plunge is indeterminate and which shows no symmetry. CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 I Feature Code: I

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, FOLD AXIS, SECOND GENERATION, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. will describe the form of the fold. This symbol describes a vertical axis of a second generation fold which shows no symmetry.

-- -- CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'M' SYMMETRY, FIRST GENERATION, INCLINED Cartographic Definition: 56 I 15

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. Inclination direction shown by arrow and will describe the form of the fold. This symbol given in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated describes an inclined axis of a first generation fold plunge; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. which shows 'M' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxis 1 Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'M' SYMMETRY, FIRST GENERATION, PLUNGE UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition: 1 L,

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. will describe the form of the fold. This symbol describes an axis of a first generation fold, with indeterminate plunge, which shows 'M' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxisl Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'M' SYMMETRY, FIRST GENERATION, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition: 4 90 47 I / ,

- -- Positional ~efinition:Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional Iline connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. i will describe the form of the fold. This symbol describes a vertical axis of a first generation fold which shows 'M' symmetry looking down the fold axis. I CAD Layer: SKfaxisl I Feature Code: I

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'M' SYMMETRY, SECOND I GENEwinoN, INCLINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. Inclination direction shown by arrow and will describe the form of the fold. This symbol given in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated describes an inclined axis of a second generation plunge; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep. fold which shows 'M' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'M' SYMMETRY, SECOND GmEwinoN, PLUNGE mom ------I Cartographic Definition: rl' 5'

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line symbol. will describe the form of the fold. This symbol describes an axis of a second generation fold with indetenninate plunge which shows 'M' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 I Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment Octob

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'M' SYMMETRY, SECOND GENERATION, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. I Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long heof crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line will symbol. describe the form of the fold. This symbol describes a vertical axis of a second generation fold which shows 'M' symmetry looking down the fold axis. 1 CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 I Feature Code: 1

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'S' SYMMETRY, FIRST I GENERATION, INCLINED I Cartographic Definition:

- - - - - Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. I Definition: A fold axis is a line measured along the Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of crest of a fold; if moved parallel to itself this line will symbol. Inclination direction shown by arrow describe the form of the fold. This symbol describes and given in degrees from the horizontal. an inclined axis of a first generation fold which Estimated plunge; g=gentle, m=moderate, shows 'Sf symmetry looking down the fold axis. s=steep. CAD Layer: SKfaxis 1 I Feature Code: 1

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'S' SYMMETRY, FIRST I GENERATION, PLUNGE mom Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of a symbol. fold. This symbol describes an axis of a first generation fold with indeterminate plunge and which shows 'S' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxisl Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'St SYMMETRY, FIRST I GEmumoN, vERTIcAL - Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point.

- - Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of symbol. a fold. This symbol describes a vertical axis of a first generation fold which shows 'S' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxis 1 I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'S' SYMMETRY, SECOND I GEmumoN,mcLmm Cartographic Definition: 54 /y' --

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of symbol. Inclination direction shown by arrow and a fold. This symbol describes an inclined axis of a given in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated second generation fold which shows 'S' symmetry plunge; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'S' SYMMETRY, SECOND I GEmumoN, PLumE mom Cartographic Definition: 9 ,x-

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of symbol. a fold. This symbol describes an axis of a second generation fold with indeterminate plunge which shows 'S' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'St SYMMETRY, SECOND I GEmunoN, vERncAL Cartographic Definition: -90 .'

------Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of symbol. a fold. This symbol describes a vertical axis of a second generation fold which shows 'S' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'Z' SYMMETRY, FIRST GENERATION, INCLINED Cartographic Definition:

/! 22 L

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of symbol. Inclination direction shown by arrow and a fold. This symbol describes an inclined axis of a given in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated first generation fold which shows 'Z' symmetry plunge; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep. looking down the fold axis. GAD Layer: SKfaxisl I Feature Code:

-- Group: FOLD ELEMENTS SYMMETRY, FIRST

Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point.

-- - Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of 'symbol. a fold. This symbol describes an axis of a first generation fold with indeterminate plunge which shows 'Z' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxisl I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Su wey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'Z' SYMMETRY, FIRST GENERATION, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of symbol. a fold. This symbol describes a vertical axis of a first generation fold which shows 'Z' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxisl Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'Z' SYMMETRY, SECOND I GENERATION, INCLINED Cartographic Definition: , 11 // L - Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of symbol. Inclination direction shown by arrow and a fold. This symbol describes an inclined axis of a given in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated second generation fold which shows 'Z' symmetry plunge; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep. looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'Z' SYMMETRY, SECOND GENERATION, PLUNGE UNKNOWN Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of symbol. a fold. This symbol describes an axis of a second generation fold with indeterminate plunge which shows 'Z' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, 'Z' SYMMETRY, SECOND I GENERATION, vmncAL Cartographic Definition: 90

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the tail of the symbol unless a positional line connects the symbol to the actual location point. Definition: A fold axis is an imaginary line which, Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of when moved parallel to itself, describes the form of symbol. a fold. This symbol describes a vertical axis of a second generation fold which shows 'Z' symmetry looking down the fold axis. CAD Layer: SKfaxis2 I Feature Code:

- - Group: FOLD ELEMENTS AXIAL PLANE, FIRST

Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The axial plane (whose dip is Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of indeterminate) of a small-scale fold associated with, symbol. and the same age as, a larger first generation fold.

CAD Layer: SAstru Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, FIRST GENERATION, HORIZONTAL Cartographic Definition: 4-I

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The horizontal axial plane of a small- Remarks: scale fold associated with, and the same age as, a larger first generation fold.

CAD Layer: SAstru I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, FIRST I GEmRAmoN, INcLmm Cartographic Definition: L

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The inclined axial plane of a small- Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of scale fold associated with, and the same age as, a symbol. Inclination direction indicated by small larger fust generation fold. tick and given in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep.

CAD Layer: SAstru Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, FIRST I GENERATION, VERTICAL Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point.

-- Definition: The vertical axial plane of a small- Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of scale fold associated with, and the same age as, a symbol. larger fast generation fold.

CAD Layer: SAstru I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, SECOND GENERATION, DIP UNKNOWN I - Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The axial plane (with indeterminate Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of dip) of a small-scale fold associated with, and the symbol. same age as, a larger second generation fold.

CAD Layer: SAstru Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, SECOND GENERATION, HORIZONTAL

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The horizontal axial plane of a small- Remarks: scale fold associated with, and the same age as, a larger second generation fold.

CAD Layer: SAstru Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, SECOND I I GENERATION, INCLINED I Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the Iconnecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual Ilocation point. I Definition: The inclined axial plane of a small- Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of scale fold associated with, and the same age as, a symbol. Inclination direction indicated by small larger second generation fold. tick and given in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=moderate, s=steep.

Ir- CAD Layer: SAstru I Feature Code: I IGroup: FOLD ELEMENTS FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, SECOND Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Defmition: The vertical axial plane of a small- Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of scale fold associated with, and the same age as, a symbol. larger second generation fold.

I CAD Layer: SAstru I Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Su ~ey Bedrock Mapping Standards

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, I momGEmRAmoN, DIP mom Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The axial plane (whose dip is Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of indeterminate) of a small-scale fold associated with, symbol. and the same age as, a larger fold of unknown generation.

- - CAD Layer: SAstru I Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, UNKNOWN GENERATION, HORIZONTAL Cartographic Definition: I

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The horizontal axial plane of a small- Remarks: scale fold associated with, and the same age as, a larger fold of unknown generation.

CAD Layer: SAstru Feature Code:

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, UNKNOWN GENERATION, INCLINED Cartographic Definition:

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The inclined axial plane of a small- Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of scale fold associated with, and the same age as, a symbol. Inclination direction indicated by small larger fold of unknown generation. tick and given in degrees from the horizontal. Estimated dip; g=gentle, m=rnoderate, s=steep.

CAD Layer: SAstru Feature Code:

Ministry of Employment and Investment October 1996

Group: FOLD ELEMENTS Symbol Description: MINOR FOLD, AXIAL PLANE, UNKNOWN GENERATION, VERTICAL

Cartographic Definition: 1

Positional Definition: Location of data point corresponds to the centre of the strike line or to the connecting point with another symbol. A positional line may also connect these points to the actual location point. Definition: The vertical axial plane of a small- Remarks: Azimuth indicated by long line of scale fold associated with, and the same age as, a symbol. larger fold of unknown generation.

CAD Layer: SAstm Feature Code:

B.C. Geological Survey