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BCGS IC1997-03.Pdf For information on the contents of this document contact: Ministry of Employment and Investment Energy and Minerals Division British Columbia Geological Survey Branch 5 - 1810 Blanshard Street PO Box 9320, Stn Prov Gov't Victoria, BC, V8W 9N3 Attn: W.J. McMillan, Manager, Map ing Section Fax: 250-952-0381 [mail: [email protected] or; B. Grant, Editor, GSB Fax: 250-952-0451 E-mail : [email protected]. bc.ca Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data I Main entry under title: Specifications and guidelines for bedrock mapping in British Columbia Includes bibliographical references: p. ISBN 0-7726-2950-1 1. Geological mapping - British Columbia. 2. Geology, Structural - British Columbia. 3. Geology - Maps - Symbols. I. British Columbia. Geological Survey Branch. Victoria British Columbia May 1997 October, 1996 TaMb Off GmQmQs Introduction . 3 Fission Track Dating Technique . 36 Part 1: Fundamental Bedrock Mapping Concepts 5 Usual Application of Geochronology . 36 Part 2: Mapping and Field Survey Procedures. 7 Materials Suitable for Dating. 36 2-1 Overview. 7 Rubidium-strontium Dating . 38 2-2 Bedrock Field Survey Databases . 10 Uranium-Lead Dating . 3 8 2-3 Quality Control, Correlation, and Map Lead Isotope Analysis . 38 Reliability . 11 Fission Track Dating . 38 Part 3: Data Representation On Bedrock Maps 13 Analytical Procedure . 39 3-1 Title Block . 13 Quaternary Dating Methods . 39 3-2 Base Map Specifications . 15 Radiocarbon Dating . 39 3-3 Reliability Diagrams . 15 Potassium-Argon Dating of Quaternary 3-4 Legend . 16 Volcanic Rocks. 40 3-5 Map Attributes . 17 Fission Track Dating . 40 3-6 Symbols. 17 Sampling . 41 3-7 Map-unit Designations . 17 Appendix 111: 3-8 Rock Terminology . 17 Symbol Usage In Map-unit Designation . 45 3-9 Cross-sections. 22 Geologic Age . 45 3- 10 Reference-authorization . 22 Stratigraphic Unit Name . 46 Part 4: Symbol Library . 25 Other Informal Unit Identifier, or Dominant Lithology. 47 Part 5: Bibliography. 27 . Appendix IV: Appendix I: Rock Classification Schemes. 49 Stratigraphic Nomenclature. 29 Siliciclastic Rocks Introduction. 29 (Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks) . 49 Main Stratigraphic Categories . 29 Carbonate Rocks . 49 Lithostratigraphic Units . 30 Plutonic Rocks . 49 Lithodemic Units . 3 1 Volcanic Rocks. 49 Naming of Formal Units . 32 Pyroclastic Rocks Precedence . 32 (fragmental or clastic rocks derived from Informal Nomenclature for Lithostratigraphic volcanic processes). 49 and Lithodemic Units . 33 Metamorphic Rocks . 49 Other Informal Stratigraphic Terms: Appendix V: Assemblage, and Terrane . 33 Traverse and Station Numbering Protocol . 5 1 Uncertainty . 34 Appendix VI-a: Ap endix 11:. Rock and Mineral Codes for Geology Maps . 53 agiom metric Dating Methods Appendix VI-b: and Geologic Time Scales . 35 Computer-Oriented Rock and Mineral Codes . 55 Geochronology . 35 A pendix VII: The Potassium-argon Technique . 35 ~rossar~of Selected Geologic Terms . 61 Rubidium-strontium Technique . 35 Appendix VIII: Autocad Layer Dictionary . 67 Strontium Isotope Ratios . 35 Appendix IX Uranium-lead Technique . 36 Geological Symbol Library . 71 Lead-lead Technique . 36 Ministry of Employment & Investment 1 Bedrock Mapping Standards FIGURES Figure 7. Data reliability index maps for a bedrock map arq provided by two inset ma s. (a). The 'source map displays the sources of in&mation used to producq Figure I. In bedrock ma ping, map-unit designations are the main eologic map, and b) The 'traverse map based on a ierarchical system. The figure shows alftraverse lines (inci uding roads mapped) illustrates the systemsfor volcanic and sedimentary and individual spot checks made during the field rocks, and for plutonic and metamorphic rocks. survey. Figure 2. Stages in a bedrock mapping program from Figure 8. Reproduced portions of a bedrock map legend inception tofinal map and report production shows layout and formatting of a typical geological Figure 3. An example of computer-oriented data collection legend. See Fi re 11 or explanation o symbols form. The illustration is afield orm used for data used. ~odifkE~er&iarizza and Ga da (I 996). capture by the BC Geological s'urvey Branch. Figure 9. The 1992 eolo ic time scale; updated from Harland et af (19f0as b). and Lumbers and Card (1991). Figure 10. Symbols commonly found on geology maps Figure 5. An example o the structure o the title block (modified after Grant and Newell. 1990). recommended/r use on bedrocl ma s (that used by the B. C. Geolo ical survey ~ranclfrom Grant and Newel1 199$ Figure 6. Example of a project area "Location Index Map" to accompany a bedrock geological map. - 2 B.C. Geological Survey October, 1996 This document, part of the provincial Re- M. Mihalynuk and J. Newel1 are gratefully ao source Inventory Committee initiative, provides knowledged. guidelines and is a step toward development of common standards and methodologies for bedrock This document is broken into five parts: mapping in British Columbia. It recommends Part 1 provides a general overview of bedrock methodology for the presentation of geological irr mapping methodology. formation and describes the types of data that must Part 2 describes methodology involved in be collected for the production of geological maps. project planning and information about be& Implementing these guidelines will make sign if^ rock field surveys. It also describes both es cant progress toward the goal of making compari- sential and desirable data that should be son and exchange of geological data in the collected to produce geological maps using province easier. These standards will be of interest symbols outlined in Part 3. We strongly recr to both specialists and non-specialists, and will ommend that field data be collected on for- help users understand the underlying bedrock data matted field forms to facilitate digital data that is used to produce geologic maps and reports. capture. It is important to note that geologic maps are NOT Part 3 covers data representation and provides raw data, they are interpretations of the raw data. guidelines for the graphical presentation of geological information. Although the standards contain specific reci Part 4 describes typical map symbols and re ommendations, they should be treated as guide fers to Appendix IX,which is a "libra~y"con- lines. The guidelines are intended to be detailed taining comprehensive cartographic enough to provide consistency, but not so restric- descriptions of specific geological symbols. tive that they cannot be easily implemented. They Appendix IX contains geologic and digital will not be usable in every circumstance, but will definitions for geologic symbols. Note: the cover most applications. It is hoped that this flexi- British Columbia Geological Survey Branch ble approach will ensure faster and wider accep plans to make the descriptions and AutoCad tance for the recommended standards. definitions of the symbols available in digital The conceptual design and content of this form. manual is based on recommendations made by the Part 5 contains the main references used to RIC Bedrock Geology Task Group of the Earth help compile this manual and to establish Sciences Task Force, which involved a multi- standards in conformance with accepted prao agency workshop and a client survey. The manual tice within the geosciences. was compiled by W.J. McMillan, F. Ferri and C. Nine appendices provide background infor- Rees with major input and desktop publishing by mation on aspects of bedrock mapping dis B. Grant. Comments on earlier drafts were re- cussed in parts 1 to 3, and provide definitions ceived from many sources, in particular those by for selected geological terms. Ministry of Employment & Investment 3 Bedrock Mapping Standards I LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS IN BEDROCK MAPPING I VOLCANIC AND SEDIMENTARY Typical Map Scale Supergroup 1: 1 million or less detailed I lGroup] -1 G~OBI1 Group C I Formation B-1H~orm-~~orrnation 8-31 [l-i [l-i M~B-B~~JI Member B-2-iii] - I Bed -1-1 Bed I Bed 8-2-ii-c I 1:5000 or more detailed 1 LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS IN BEDROCK MAPPING PLUTONIC AND METAMORHIC ROCKS I I Typical Map Scale Complex A 1: 1 million or less detailed I -L~thodemeA Lithodeme B H~ithodeme c I 1.20 000 or more detailed Figure I. In bedrock ma ping, map-unit designations are based on a hierarchical system. This flgure illustrates the systems for voLanic and sedimentaty rocks, and for plutonic and metamorphic rocks. 4 B.C. Geological Survey October, 19% Bedrock geological maps are generally plot- gocene Epoch. This kind of grouping is usually ted on topographic bases and use rock types (lithol- based on fossils found in the rocks, but may be ogy), age (based on fossil or isotopic information) based on isotopic dating. Its application is limited and structural data to define map-units and portray because age boundaries cannot be mapped di- their distribution. rectly. The map-unit designations are based on a hi- erarchical system (Figure 1). The terminology is In practice, subdivisions on bedrock maps described in more detail Appendix 111. The system are based on lithology within a time kamework progresses from the very general to the more spe- (stratigraphy). For example, a map legend for cific. For example, based on lithology, a super- northeastern British Columbia shows rocks of Late group consists of a number of related volcanic Triassic age that consist of three rock packages, the andlor sedimentary rock packages (groups) that Pardonet, Baldonnel and Charlie Lake Forma- occur over a wide area. Successively finer subdivi- tions. Lithologic units and packages of lithologic sions split out distinctive map-units (formations) units in themselves provide no indication of when within groups, mappable rock subunits within for- they formed; a sandstone could be Cambrian or mations (members) and even specific rock layers (beds). For intrusive or metamorphic rocks, like Cretaceous. Without age control, the relative stm granites or gneisses, equivalent divisions are the tigraphic positions of map-units can only be sur- complex, supersuite, suite and lithodeme.
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