SABRINA TIMES December 2018

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

SABRINA TIMES December 2018 SABRINA TIMES December 2018 Open University Geological Society Severnside Branch Branch Organiser’s Report Hello everyone, Our last event of 2018, the annual Day of Lectures at the National Museum in Cardiff was very successful with four excellent talks, including one from OUGS President Dr Susanne Schwenzer describing the Curiosity Rover on Mars and her scientific work as a mission team member. Prof. Philip Donoghue introduced us to the emerging field of molecular palaeontology now being used to establish evolutionary timescales. Cyclic caldera eruptions was the theme of Dr Wim Degruyter’s talk which included a fascinating description of the volcanic eruptions on Santorini. Also, Dr Ian Skilling’s talk showed us that all sorts of interesting things happen when eruptions of basaltic lava come into contact with bodies of water. Fortuitously the Soyuz space capsule that brought UK astronaut Tim Peake back to Earth from the International Space Station was on display at the National Museum while we were there, and was a bonus attraction. The capsule can be seen at the museum in Cardiff until 10th February 2019. There are some spaces still available at our annual geology workshop being held at Aberystwyth in February. This is always a golden opportunity to learn new aspects of geology in a friendly environment, so please contact organiser Janet Hellen if you wish to attend – details are on the website at: https://ougs.org/severnside/events/ You may remember that our first field trip of 2018, the Introductory Day at Portishead, coincided with a heavy snowfall the night before that prevented many members from reaching Portishead on the day. Well, I’m delighted to say that leader Mark Howson has kindly agreed to run the trip again on 24th March 2019. There is much interesting geology to see at Portishead, so fingers crossed for better weather next March! Finally, please don’t forget that our branch Annual General Meeting will be held at the National Museum in Cardiff on 24th February 2019. This is your chance to have a say in how your branch is run, and to let us know what sort of future events you would like to have. Details of the AGM are provided below. Best wishes, Norman Nimmo-Smith Severnside Branch AGM National Museum of Wales, Cardiff , CF10 3NP— Oriel Suite Sunday 24th February 2019 Doors open at 10 am, and the AGM itself will start at 11 am. Tea and coffee will be available from 10 am In this issue: There will be a lunch break when you will have the choice of eating your packed lunch in the meeting room; obtaining food at Llandrindod Wells area 2 the museum restaurant; or visiting one of the many local eateries British Camp, Malvern hills 5 Following the AGM, museum curator Cindy Howells will give a talk entitled “The Geological History of Wales”. Branch Library additions 7 The branch library will be available Events 8 A visitor car park is situated behind the Museum, off Museum Avenue. The charge is £6.50. (Exit token from the Museum Shop.) Contacts and Editorial 9 D40 Llandrindod Wells area 28 - 30 September 2018 Leader: Dave Green This report describes some of the sites visited during one day of a weekend trip to mid-Wales organised by the East Anglia branch and led by Dave Green. Builth Inlier We started off the day at Gilwern Hill (grid ref: SO 090 583), a few miles east of Llandrindod Wells, more or less in the middle of an area known as the Builth Inlier. Please note that this hill should not to be confused with the Gilwern Hill near Abergavenny! The Builth Inlier is the site of an ancient volcanic centre on the edge of the Welsh Basin and consists of volcanic rocks, igneous intrusions and marine sediments of Ordovician age (dated at about 465 Ma), surrounded by younger Silurian rocks. Subsea volcanism led to the growth of islands which rose up and were then eroded. The excellent views we had from Gilwern Hill clearly showed the lumpy, more rugged scenery formed by hard igneous rocks, and the undulating countryside underlain by softer sediments less resistant to erosion (Figs 1 and 2). Fig. 1 Looking south from Gilwern Hill towards the Brecon Beacons on the skyline, with lumpy igneous rocks in the middle distance. Fig. 2 Prominent crags of volcanic rhyolitic tuffs and agglomerate on Gilwern Hill 2 Llandrindod Wells area 28 - 30 September 2018 (contd.) The Builth Inlier is famous for its trilobites, and a few sharp eyes spotted a couple of examples in the track where we parked our cars. The trilobite fossil shown in Fig. 3 was found on a piece of rock extracted from a nearby quarry. Fig. 3 External fossil of a Trilobite on Gilwern Hill (pen Fig. 4 Searching for fossils in a small quarry on for scale) Gilwern Hill Dave led us along a path to a small quarry on the western flank of Gilwern Hill (grid ref SO 087 587). The sedimentary rock at this spot consisted of re-worked volcaniclastics from the subsea eruption that eventually rose above the sea surface to form islands. Subaerial erosion produced marine sediments that now contain fossils such as brachiopods, trilobites, crinoids and sponge spines. We spent some time picking over the rock fragments in the quarry and hammering those that looked promising (Fig. 4). Although some of the lucky ones found a few fossils, we didn’t find as many as Dave had expected, probably because all the easy pickings had already been taken by previous visitors. Fig. 5 A group huddle to discuss yet another graptolite find in the embankment at Llandrindod Wells Fig. 6 One of the many Graptolite fossils found at Llandrindod Wells Llandrindod Wells We then drove away from the Builth Inlier to the outskirts of Llandrindod Wells (grid ref SO 058 601) where we had more success in finding fossils at an embankment on the edge of a housing estate (Fig. 5). Here we found many graptolite fossils of Silurian (Wenlock) age in the laminated silty mudstones of the Builth Mudstone Formation, deposited in a deep sea environment. One of the excellent graptolite fossils found during our rummaging around in the loose stones is shown in Fig. 6. 3 Llandrindod Wells area 28 - 30 September 2018 (contd.) Elan Valley In the afternoon we drove from Llandrindod Wells to Rhayader and then on to the Elan Valley, stopping at the Caban Coch reservoir (grid ref SN 924 646). Five reservoirs were built in this area to provide water for the City of Birmingham. We parked in a large quarry, now a public car park (Fig. 7), adjacent to the Caban Coch dam (Fig. 8). Fig. 7 Quarry adjacent to Caban Coch Dam exposing Fig. 8 Caban Coch Dam (courtesy of Wikipedia) rocks of the Silurian Caban Conglomerate Formation An information board in the quarry car park helpfully informed us that the exposed rock belonged to the Caban Conglomerate Formation. A large amount of this hard rock was removed from the quarry and used as core material for most of the dams. Dave explained that the rocks in the Elan valley formed from sediments of Ordovician and Silurian age washed into the deep marine Welsh Basin situated on the edge of the micro-continent of Avalonia as it drifted north, prior to its eventual collision with Laurentia. Some of the sediments on the continental shelf of Avalonia were re-deposited by submarine avalanches (turbidites) to deeper levels. The Silurian Caban Conglomerate Formation formed this way about 440 Ma from a mixture of pebbles, sand and mud that carved out a submarine canyon through finer turbidites as the high-energy mass flow cascaded down the continental slope, forming distinctly graded beds. Looking at the quarry face, we could see various beds of conglomerate, pebbly-mudstone and sandstone that had been subjected to faulting and folding. Fig; 9 shows a block of conglomerate lying on the quarry floor, and Fig. 10 shows typical bedding structures on the quarry face. Fig. 9 A block of Caban Conglomerate lying on Fig. 10 Bedding structures within the Caban the quarry floor (Dave’s boot for scale) Conglomerate Formation (pen for scale) I would like to thank Wendy Hamilton for organising this visit to mid-Wales, and Dave Green for taking us to some interesting places in the vicinity of Llandrindod Wells and explaining their geology. This is not an area of Wales that the Severnside branch have visited very often, and I hope that we’ll be able to organise some trips of our own here in the near future. Norman Nimmo-Smith 4 British Camp - Malvern Hills August 2018 Leader: Moira Jenkins Moira Jenkins led a trip to British Camp on the Malvern Hills during the Worcester Symposium in August, and has kindly provided this report describing some of the geological points of interest. British Camp, also known as Herefordshire Beacon, is an Iron Age Hill Fort on top of the ridge of the Malvern Hills. These are underlain by resistant Precambrian rocks, the Malvern Complex, dated at about 670 million years ago. These cooled deep in the Earth’s crust and have been pushed up by earth movements over hundreds of millions of years along a line of weakness in the Earth’s crust, the Malvern Line, and were eventually uncovered by erosion. There is a major fault, the East Malvern Fault, running down the east side of the hills, on which the total downthrow is about 2,500 metres. The hills are also crossed by east west faults and the British Camp area has also been moved during the Variscan orogeny along a thrust fault pushing it to the west out of line with the hills to the north, as seen in Figure 1.
Recommended publications
  • Technical Report 08-05 Skb-Tr-98-05
    SE9900011 TECHNICAL REPORT 08-05 SKB-TR-98-05 The Very Deep Hole Concept - Geoscientific appraisal of conditions at great depth C Juhlin1, T Wallroth2, J Smellie3, T Eliasson4, C Ljunggren5, B Leijon3, J Beswick6 1 Christopher Juhlin Consulting 2 Bergab Consulting Geologists 3 ConterraAB 4 Geological Survey of Sweden 5 Vattenfall Hydropower AB 6 EDECO Petroleum Services Ltd June 1998 30- 07 SVENSK KARNBRANSLEHANTERING AB SWEDISH NUCLEAR FUEL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CO P.O.BOX 5864 S-102 40 STOCKHOLM SWEDEN PHONE +46 8 459 84 00 FAX+46 8 661 57 19 THE VERY DEEP HOLE CONCEPT • GEOSCIENTIFIC APPRAISAL OF CONDITIONS AT GREAT DEPTH CJuhlin1, T Wai froth2, J Smeflie3, TEIiasson4, C Ljunggren5, B Leijon3, J Beswick6 1 Christopher Juhlin Consulting 2 Bergab Consulting Geologists 3 Conterra AB 4 Geological Survey of Sweden 5 Vattenfall Hydropower AB 6 EDECO Petroleum Services Ltd. June 1998 This report concerns a study which was conducted for SKB. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily coincide with those of the client. Information on SKB technical reports froml 977-1978 (TR 121), 1979 (TR 79-28), 1980 (TR 80-26), 1981 (TR 81-17), 1982 (TR 82-28), 1983 (TR 83-77), 1984 (TR 85-01), 1985 (TR 85-20), 1986 (TR 86-31), 1987 (TR 87-33), 1988 (TR 88-32), 1989 (TR 89-40), 1990 (TR 90-46), 1991 (TR 91-64), 1992 (TR 92-46), 1993 (TR 93-34), 1994 (TR 94-33), 1995 (TR 95-37) and 1996 (TR 96-25) is available through SKB.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multilingual Metadata Catalog for the ILTER: Issues and Approaches
    Ecological Informatics 5 (2010) 187–193 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecological Informatics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolinf A multilingual metadata catalog for the ILTER: Issues and approaches Kristin L. Vanderbilt a,⁎, David Blankman b, Xuebing Guo c, Honglin He c, Chau-Chin Lin d, Sheng-Shan Lu d, Akiko Ogawa e, Éamonn Ó Tuama f, Herbert Schentz g, Wen Su c a Sevilleta LTER, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA b LTER-Israel, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel c Chinese Ecological Research Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China d Taiwan Ecological Research Network, Taiwan Forest Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan e JaLTER, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tokyo, Japan f GBIF Secretariat, Copenhagen, Denmark g Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Vienna, Austria article info abstract Keywords: The International Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER) Network's strategic plan calls for widespread data Challenges exchange among member networks to support broad scale synthetic studies of ecological systems. However, Language natural language differences are common among ILTER country networks and seriously inhibit the exchange, Translation interpretation and proper use of ecological data. As a first step toward building a multilingual metadata Ecology catalog, the ILTER has adopted Ecological Metadata Language (EML) as its standard, and ILTER members are Ontology asked to share discovery level metadata in English. Presently, the burden of translation is on the data providers, who frequently have few resources for information management. Tools to assist with metadata capture and translation, such as localized metadata editors and a multilingual environmental thesaurus, are needed and will be developed in the near future.
    [Show full text]
  • Cat Herding on a Global Scale
    OneGeology-Europe – an INSPIRE testbed for semantic harmonisation of „geology“ data across Europe (WP 3) Kristine Asch and John Laxton Project deliverables • Interoperable on- shore geology spatial dataset • with ”progress • Mutilingual metadata for towards discovery harmonisation” • View services • Forerunner and “guinea • Geological pig” for the vocabulary and data implementation of specifications for INSPIRE Directive Europe • Use case studies Fact Vast amount of data hidden in the archives and hard disks in governmental organisations across Europe … Kristine Asch ©BGR.de And they are all different.. Edge matching at national boundaries? Î National boundary Î geological terms and classifications (age, lithology, tectonics ..) Î age of data (mapping campaign) Î choice of units to be mapped Î level of detail / scale Î topographical base (projection, spheroid, drainage system, ...) Î Portrayal (colours and symbols) Î Mapped border of the units Interoperability and harmonisation • Interoperability – when the data model/structure and properties to describe its parts (what GeoSciML does) is agreed – E.g. agreeing a data model will have the feature of “GeologicUnit” with properties of “age” and “lithology” • Semantic harmonisation – when the use of the same definitions and classifications to describe a concept/term is agreed – E.g. ‘clay’. The same concept can be labelled with several terms (“argilla” in Italian, “Ton” in German), but needs to have the same definition, in this case of “clay/Ton/argilla, …”): > 50% particles < 0,004 mm (Wentworth
    [Show full text]
  • 資源開発環境調査 ロシア連邦 Russian Federation
    資源開発環境調査 ロシア連邦 Russian Federation 目 次 第 1 部 資源開発環境調査 1. 一般事情 ········································································· 1 2. 政治・経済概要 ··································································· 2 3. 鉱業概要 ········································································· 3 4. 鉱業行政 ········································································ 12 5. 鉱業関係機関 ···································································· 13 6. 投資環境 ········································································ 14 7. 地質・鉱床概要 ·································································· 20 8. 鉱山概要 ········································································ 21 9. 新規鉱山開発状況 ································································ 30 10. 探査状況 ······································································· 32 11. 製錬所概要 ····································································· 32 12. わが国のこれまでの鉱業関係プロジェクト実施状況 ·································· 46 第 2 部 地質解析 1. 地質・地質構造 ·································································· 47 2. 鉱床············································································ 70 3. 鉱床有望地域 ···································································· 73 資料(統計、法律、文献名、URL 等) ·················································· 75 第 1 部 資源開発環境調査 1. 一般事情 1-1. 面積 1,707 万㎢(日本の 45 倍) 1-2. 人口 1 億 4,550 万人(2002 年 10 月国勢調査) 1-3. 首都 モスクワ 1-4. 人種 ロシア人(総人口の 81.5%)、タタール人(3.8%)、ウクライナ人(2.9%)、 チュバシ人(1.2%)等 1-5. 公用語 ロシア語(その他にも 100 以上の言語がある)
    [Show full text]
  • The Apennines, the Dinarides, and the Adriatic Sea: Is the Adriatic Microplate a Reality?
    Geogr. Fis. Dinam. Quat. 32 (2009), 167-175, 13 figg. CLIFF D. OLLIER (*) & COLIN F. PAIN (**) THE APENNINES, THE DINARIDES, AND THE ADRIATIC SEA: IS THE ADRIATIC MICROPLATE A REALITY? ABSTRACT: OLLIER C.D. & PAIN C.F., The Apennines, the Dinarides, here called the Dinaride Mountains (which is sometimes and the Adriatic Sea: is the Adriatic Microplate a reality?. (IT ISSN 0391- split into different ranges in different countries, such as the 9838, 2009). Albanides in Albania) as shown in fig. 1. Structurally both The Apennines and the Dinarides consist of nappes thrust towards the Apennines and the Dinarides are thrust towards the the Adriatic Sea, which is underlain by largely undisturbed rocks. Plate tectonic reconstructions are very varied, with supposed subduction in Adriatic. The tectonic position of this area is problematic. many different directions. Besides this there is an over-ruling concept In plate tectonic terms the Dinaride Mountains are that a plate called the Adriatic (or Adria) Plate moved north from Africa usually explained as a result of subduction of a plate under to Europe where its collision helped to create the Alps. Some think the plate is still moving. The total tectonic setting, together with palaeonto- the Dinarides. Similarly the Apennines are commonly ex- logical and seismic data, suggests that the older model of two converging nappe belts meeting a common foreland best fits the observed facts. KEY WORDS: Adriatic, Apennines, Dinarides, Plates, Arcs. RIASSUNTO: OLLIER C.D. & PAIN C.F., Gli Appennini, le Dinaridi e il mare Adriatico: la Microplacca Adriatica è una realtà?. (IT ISSN 0391- 9838, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Caledonian and Late Caledonian Europe: a Working Hypothesis Involving Two Contrasted Compressional/Extensional Scenarios
    Estudios geol., 46: 217-222 (1990) CALEDONIAN AND LATE CALEDONIAN EUROPE: A WORKING HYPOTHESIS INVOLVING TWO CONTRASTED COMPRESSIONAL/EXTENSIONAL SCENARIOS M. Doblas * y R. Oyarzun ** RESUMEN La estructuración tectonomagmática y metamórfica del dominio caledónico europeo su­ giere que dos escenarios, compresional y extensional, mutuamente perpendiculares, se de­ sarrollaron durante el Ordovícico-Devónico. Como resultado del esquema compresional del Ordovícico medio (Grampian, caledónico s.s.), en el O de Europa continental se desarro­ lló una provincia extensional localizada al E de la faja de plegamiento caledónica. Esta si­ tuación finalizó hacia el Devónico inferior/medio, cuando la convergencia de América del Norte, Báltica y Gondwana dió origen al supercontinente Pangea. Esta colisión generó un ambiente tectónico caracterizado por: 1. plegamiento y plutonismo en Europa continental occidental, y 2. extensión y volcanismo en la parte N de la faja de plegamiento caledónica (Escocia, SO de Noruega y E de Groenlandia). Este evento puede ser tentativamente de­ nominado «Tardicaledónico». En términos globales, la evolución del dominio caledónico puede ser explicada en términos de «tectónica de inversión» (s.l.), esto es, períodos de adel­ gazamiento cortical (extensionales) seguidos por períodos de engrosamiento cortical (com­ presionales) y viceversa. Palabras clave: Caledónico, Tardicaledónico, provincia extensional, tectónica de inversión. ABSTRACT The tectonomagmatic and metamorphic structuration of the European Caledonian realm suggests
    [Show full text]
  • GSGF Europe - Implementation Guide for the Global Statistical Geospatial Framework in Europe
    GSGF Europe - Implementation guide for the Global Statistical Geospatial Framework in Europe Proposal from the GEOSTAT 3 project Version 1.0 28 February 2019 GSGF Europe - Implementation guide for the Global Statistical Geospatial Framework in Europe Title: GSGF Europe - Implementation guide for the Global Statistical Geospatial Framework in Europe - Proposal from the GEOSTAT 3 project Project: Eurostat ESSnet grant project GEOSTAT 3 Grant agreement number: 08143.2016.002-2016.752 Author: Jerker Moström (editor), Karin Hedeklint, Marianne Dysterud, Erik Engelien, Vilni Verner Holst Bloch, Rina Tammisto, Pieter Bresters, Niek van Leeuwen, Ülle Valgma, Ingrid Kaminger, Anna Sławińska, Ana Santos, Pier- Giorgio Zaccheddu and Arvid Lillethun It is permitted to copy and reproduce the content in this report. When quoting, please state the source. © EFGS and Eurostat 2019 2 GSGF Europe - Implementation guide for the Global Statistical Geospatial Framework in Europe 3 GSGF Europe - Implementation guide for the Global Statistical Geospatial Framework in Europe Foreword This report presents the main results from the GEOSTAT 3 project, a Eurostat funded ESSnet grant project conducted from February 2017 until January 2019. The main objective of the project has been to make a proposal for a guide for the harmonised implementation of the Global Statistical Geospatial Framework (GSGF) in Europe. The implementation guide should cover the key aspects of statistical-geospatial integration as set out in the GSGF and its five principles, and adapt them for the European Statistical System and the wider European context. The focus should be on comparability of statistical outputs, harmonisation of geospatial data sources and methodologies, and on interoperability of various data sources and metadata.
    [Show full text]
  • Bresse Graben System, European Crust and Topo Europe
    The Rhinegraben – Bresse Graben System, European Crust and Topo Europe Verena Gennes (294781) M.Sc. Georesources Management Supervisors: Prof. Janos Urai and Prof. Ralf Littke RWTH Aachen University SS 2013 Verena Gennes The Rhinegraben – Bresse Graben System, European Crust and Topo Europe Contents Contents ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 2. The European Cenozoic Rift System ........................................................................................ 3 3. The Upper Rhine Graben .......................................................................................................... 4 4. The Bresse Graben .................................................................................................................... 5 5. The Burgundy Transfer Zone .................................................................................................... 6 6. European Crust and Topography Europe .................................................................................. 7 7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 8 8. References ................................................................................................................................. 9 2 Verena
    [Show full text]
  • DEVONIAN TECTONOTHERMAL ACTIVITY in the SOWIE GÓRY GNEISSIC BLOCK, SUDETES, SOUTHWESTERN POLAND: EVIDENCE from Rb-Sr and U-Pb ISOTOPIC STUDIES
    Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae (1988), vol. 58: 3 — 19 PL ISSN 0208-9068 DEVONIAN TECTONOTHERMAL ACTIVITY IN THE SOWIE GÓRY GNEISSIC BLOCK, SUDETES, SOUTHWESTERN POLAND: EVIDENCE FROM Rb-Sr AND U-Pb ISOTOPIC STUDIES O. van Breemen1, D. R. Bowes2, M. Aftalion3 & A. Żelaźniewicz4 1 Geological Survey o f Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, K IA 0E8, Canada 2 Department o f Geology, University o f Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland 3 Isotope Geology Unit, Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 OQU, Scotland 4 Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute o f Geological Sciences, ul. Podwale 75, 50-449 Wroclaw, Poland van Breemen O., Bowes, D. R., Aftalion, M. & Żelaźniewicz, A., 1988. Devonian tectono- thermal activity in the Sowie Góry* gneissic bloci^'Sudetes, southwestern Poland: evidence from Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic studies. Ann. Soc. Geol. Polon., 58: 3-19. A bstract: In widely developed biotite-oligoclase-quartz paragneiss a U-Pb upper intercept age of 1750 ±270 is interpreted as a (possibly mixed) sedimentary provenance age. U-Pb monazite and Rb-Sr biotite ages of 381 ± 2 Ma and ca. 370-360 Ma, respectively, indicate rapid Devonian cooling from upper amphibolite to greenschist facies temperatures. The isotopic data are consistent with stratigraphic evidence for rapid Devonian uplift. U-Pb zircon isotopic data support, but do not prove conclusively, that the metamorphism associated with D2 in the Sowie Góry block was Devonian in age. The Z)4 event has been dated at 370 ± 4 Ma using Rb-Sr in large muscovite books from a pegmatite in an F4 hinge zone.
    [Show full text]
  • PEPI1993.Pdf
    Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 79(1993)219—240 219 Elsevier Science Publishers By., Amsterdam Growth of the European lithospheric mantle—dependence of upper-mantle peridotite facies and chemical heterogeneity on tectonics and age Martin Adrian Menzies *,a,b Jean Louis Bodinier b a Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University ofLondon, Egham TW2O OEX, UK b Université de Montpellier II, CNRS, Montpellier, France (Received 8 February 1993; revision accepted 7 April 1993) ABSTRACT In Europe, during the Phanerozoic, collision of microplates caused the juxtaposition of disparate lithospheres of variable age and provenance. The complex prehistory of these plates, together with the present-day tectonic regime, generated considerable topography at the lithosphere—asthenosphere boundary. From north to south across Europe there exists a considerable variation in lithosphere thickness, seismic velocity and heat flow, with concomitant changes in the mantle helium flux, the extent, type and source of Cenozoic volcanism, and the age and origin of the lithospheric mantle protolith. Consideration of Moho depth and lithosphere thickness reveals that the lithospheric mantle should be dominated by garnet—diamond facies mantle beneath stable shield areas (e.g. the Baltic Shield) and young mountain belts (e.g. the Alps and Betics), spinel—garnet facies mantle beneath Variscan Europe and spinel—plagioclase facies mantle in the western Mediterranean, Pannonian Basin and Rhinegraben. However, consideration of mantle xenolith data reveals that garnet peridotites are rare beneath Variscan Europe and that plagioclase peridotites are unreported from the Pannonian Basin and the Rhinegraben. A tectonic dimension to lithosphere thickness, as well as a function that relates to the initial stabilisation age, is illustrated by the presence of thick lithosphere (diamond facies) beneath old tectonically stable areas such as the Baltic Shield, and young tectonically active regions such as the Alps.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Europe - Franz Neubauer
    GEOLOGY – Vol. IV – Geology of Europe - Franz Neubauer GEOLOGY OF EUROPE Franz Neubauer Institute of Geology and Paleontology, University of Salzburg, Austria Keywords: continental crust, crustal growth, tectonics, resources, earth history, seismic risk, plate tectonics, active tectonics, volcanism, hydrocarbon Contents 1. Introduction 2. Geological and Geophysical Overview 3. Laurentian Basement 4. Fennosarmatia and the East European Platform 4.1. Overview 4.2. Baltic Shield 4.3. Podolic Shield 4.4. East European Platform 5. Late Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic Orogens 5.1. Cadomides 5.2. Caledonides 5.3. Variscides 5.4. Skythides 5.5. Uralides 6. Mesozoic-Tertiary Orogens 6.1. Cimmerian Orogen 6.2. Alpine-Mediterranean Mountain Belts 6.3. Mediterranean Sea 7. Post-Variscan Sedimentary Basins 7.1. Permo-Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sedimentary Basins 7.2. Moesian Platform 7.3. North Caspian Trough 7.4. Passive Continental Margins Facing towards the Atlantic Ocean 8. Cenozoic Intraplate Magmatism 9. Quaternary Glaciation and Periglacial Deposits 10. ResourcesUNESCO – EOLSS 10.1. Coal 10.2. Hydrocarbon 10.3. Mineral SAMPLEResources CHAPTERS 10.4. Culturally Interesting Mineral Raw Materials Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The European continent is part of the Eurasian continent and is separated from Asia by ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) GEOLOGY – Vol. IV – Geology of Europe - Franz Neubauer the late Paleozoic Uralian orogen. The European continent comprises two major sectors, Fennosarmatia in Eastern Europe with an Archean/Early Proterozoic basement and a Middle Proterozoic to Tertiary cover, and Central/Western/Southern Europe with Paleozoic orogens, which accreted since Silurian towards Fennosarmatia. Both sectors are separated by the Caledonian thrust front and the Tornquist-Teisseyre fault (Trans- European suture zone), the later representing a wide zone of superposed fault-suture- type structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Cen Workshop Agreement Cwa 15526
    CEN CWA 15526 WORKSHOP March 2006 AGREEMENT ICS 01.020 English version European Network for Administrative Nomenclature This CEN Workshop Agreement has been drafted and approved by a Workshop of representatives of interested parties, the constitution of which is indicated in the foreword of this Workshop Agreement. The formal process followed by the Workshop in the development of this Workshop Agreement has been endorsed by the National Members of CEN but neither the National Members of CEN nor the CEN Management Centre can be held accountable for the technical content of this CEN Workshop Agreement or possible conflicts with standards or legislation. This CEN Workshop Agreement can in no way be held as being an official standard developed by CEN and its Members. This CEN Workshop Agreement is publicly available as a reference document from the CEN Members National Standard Bodies. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels © 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No.:CWA 15526:2006 E CWA 15526:2006 (E) Contents Contents 2
    [Show full text]