Identification and Delineation of Groundwater Bodies in the Dnipro River Basin, Ukraine

European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+): Results 2 and 3

ENI/2016/372-403

Final Report

Kyiv, Ukraine February, 2019

Responsible EU member state consortium project leader Michael Sutter (Umweltbundesamt) EUWI+ country representative in Ukraine

Oksana Konovalenko

Responsible international thematic lead expert Andreas Scheidleder (Umweltbundesamt)

Responsible Ukrainian thematic lead expert

Nataliia Zaritovska (Public Service of Geology and Subsoil of Ukraine)

Authors

Iryna Sanina Natalia Lyuta Sergii Goshovsky

all from Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute. Avtozavodska str. 78a, 04114 Kyiv, UKRAINE

Disclaimer: The EU-funded program European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+ 4 EaP) is implemented by the UNECE, OECD, responsible for the implementation of Result 1 and an EU member state consortium of Austria, managed by the lead coordinator Umweltbundesamt, and of France, ma n- aged by the International Office for Water, responsible for the implementation of Result 2 and 3.

This document, the “Final Report on the identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in the Dnipro River Basin, Ukraine”, was produced by the Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union or the Governments of the Eastern Partnership Countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of, or sovereignty over, any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries, and to the name of any territory, city or area.

Imprint

Ow ner and Editor: EU Member State Consortium Umw eltbundesamt GmbH Office International de’l Eau (IOW)

Spittelauer Lände 5 21/23 rue de Madrid

1090 Vienna, Austria 75008 Paris, FRANC

Responsible IOW Communication officer: Yunona Videnina [email protected]

February 2019

Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

CONTENTS

1 Executive summary ...... 9 2 Introduction...... 10 3 Metodology ...... 11 4 Summary discription of the Dnipro basin district ...... 13 5 Characterization of groundwater bodies ...... 18 5.1 Groups of unconfined Quaternary GWBs ...... 21 5.2 Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs ...... 22 5.3 Importance of GWBs and groups of GWBs for uses and ecosystems ...... 23 5.4 Significant human pressures and associated chemical pollutions...... 25 5.4.1 Pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs ...... 26 5.4.2 Pressure on confined GWB and groups of GWB ...... 28 5.5 Characterisation of Groups of GWBs ...... 33 5.5.1 Group of GWBs in bog quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0001 ...... 33 5.5.2 Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0002 ...... 36 5.5.3 Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0003 ...... 39 5.5.4 Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0004 ...... 42 5.5.5 Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0005...... 45 5.5.6 Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0006 ...... 48 5.5.7 Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0007 ...... 51 5.5.8 GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0008 ...... 54 5.5.9 Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0009 ...... 56 5.5.10 GWB in terrigenous– calcareous Sarmatian sediments – UAM5.1GW0010 ...... 59 5.5.11 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0011 ...... 61 5.5.12 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0012...... 64 5.5.13 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments – UAM5.1GW0013 ...... 68 5.5.14 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) – UAM5.1GW0014 ...... 71 5.5.15 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna) – UAM5.1GW0015...... 74 5.5.16 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) – UAM5.1GW0016...... 77 5.5.17 GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments – UAM5.1GW0017 ...... 80 5.5.18 GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments – UAM5.1GW0018...... 82 5.5.19 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments – UAM5.1GW0019 ...... 84 5.5.20 GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0020 ...... 87

ENI/2016/372-403 3 Final Report Identification and delineation of groundw ater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.21 Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0021 ...... 89 5.5.22 GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022 ...... 92 5.5.23 GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022 ...... 94 5.5.24 GWB in terrigenous- calcareous Carboniferous sediments – UAM5.1GW0024 ...... 96 5.5.25 GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks – UAM5.1GW0025 ...... 99 5.5.26 Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks – UAM5.1GW0026 ...... 101 6 Brief description of the current groundwater monitoring net and proposals for its restoration ...... 104 7 Summary of open issues ...... 105 8 References ...... 106 9 Annexes ...... 107

4 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

List of Tables Table 1: Summary information on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs ...... 18 Table 2: Summary information on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs ...... 19 Table 3: Summary data on pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs...... 27 Table 4: Summary data on pressure on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs ...... 29 Table 5: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments...... 34 Table 6: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments ...... 37 Table 7: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments ...... 40 Table 8: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments ...... 43 Table 9: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments ...... 46 Table 10: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments ...... 49 Table 11: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments ...... 52 Table 12: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments ...... 55 Table 13: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous -calcareous Miocene sediments ...... 57 Table 14: WB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments ...... 60 Table 15: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments ...... 62 Table 16: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments ...... 66 Table 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments ...... 69 Table 18: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) ...... 72 Table 19: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna) ...... 75 Table 20: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) ...... 78 Table 21: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments ...... 81 Table 22: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments ...... 83 Table 23: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments ...... 85 Table 24: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments ...... 88 Table 25: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments ...... 90 Table 26: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments ...... 93 Table 27: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments ...... 95 Table 28: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments ...... 97 Table 29: Characteristic of GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks...... 100 Table 30: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks ...... 103

ENI/2016/372-403 5 Final Report Identification and delineation of groundw ater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

List of Figures

Figure 1: Geological map of the Dnipro basin...... 14 Figure 2: Hydrogeological regions ...... 15 Figure 3: Map of Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs ...... 21 Figure 4: Map of Confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs ...... 22 Figure 5: Map of Human pressure ...... 25 Figure 6: Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments...... 33 Figure 7: Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments ...... 36 Figure 8: Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments ...... 39 Figure 9: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments...... 42 Figure 10: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments ...... 45 Figure 11: Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments ...... 48 Figure 12 Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments ...... 51 Figure 13: GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments ...... 54 Figure 14: Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments ...... 56 Figure 15: GWB in terrigenous -calcareous Sarmatian sediments ...... 59 Figure 16: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments ...... 61 Figure 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments ...... 64 Figure 18: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments ...... 68 Figure 19: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) ...... 71 Figure 20: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna) ...... 74 Figure 21: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro)...... 77 Figure 22: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments ...... 80 Figure 23: GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments ...... 82 Figure 24: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments ...... 84 Figure 25: GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments...... 87 Figure 26: Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments ...... 89 Figure 27: GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments ...... 92 Figure 28: GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments ...... 94 Figure 29: GWB in terrigenous -calcareous Carboniferous sediments...... 96 Figure 30: GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks...... 99 Figure 31: Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks ...... 101

6 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Abbreviations

AB ...... Artesian Basin Ca ...... Calcium Cf ...... filtration coefficient, m/day Cl ...... Chloride CTE...... Central Thematic Expedition DDD ...... Dniprovsko-Donetska Depression EaP...... Eastern Partnership EC ...... European Commission EEP ...... Eastern European Platform EU ...... European Union EU-MS ...... EU-Member States EUWI+ ...... European Union Water Initiative Plus GIS ...... Geographic Information Systems GWB ...... Groundwater Body

HCO3...... Hydrocarbonate IGS NASU ...... Institute of Geological Sciences National Academy of Sciences Ukraine IOWater/OIEau ....International Office for Water, France km ...... Coefficient of water conductivity, m2/day Mg ...... Magnesium Na ...... Sodium OECD...... Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development RBD ...... River Basin District RBMP ...... River Basin Management Plan

SO4 ...... Sulphate SRPE ...... State Research and Production Enterprise ToR ...... Terms of References UBA ...... Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Environment Agency Austria UkrSGRI ...... Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute UNECE...... United Nations Economic Commission for Europe USSR ...... Union of the Soviet Socialistic Republics WFD ...... Water Framework Directive

ENI/2016/372-403 7

Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study contributes to the implementation of the first steps of the principles of the EU Water Framework Directive WFD) by identifying and delineating groundwater bodies (GWB) in the Dnipro River Basin District. These groundwater bodies are the management units under the WFD and all further implementation steps which regard to groundwater are linked to these groundwater bodies. The GWBs have been delineated according to the definitions of the WFD and the principles laid down in the relevant CIS guidance documents and technical reports on the identification and characteriz a- tion of water bodies. Extensive information on the geological structure, the hydrogeological conditions and the human pressures on the aquifers in the Dnipro river basin has been collected, generalized and analyzed. Within the area of the Dnipro River Basin District in total 26 GWBs and groups of GWBs were identified and delineated:

- five groups of unconfined Quaternary GWBs, - 9 groups of confined GWBs and - 12 confined individual GWBs.

These identified 26 GWBs and groups of GWBs cover all aquifers which are relevant for all legitimate uses and functions and relevant for associated or dependent ecosystems. The grouping of GWBs was made according to the similarity of the aquifer characteristics. A division into individual GWBs might be done in future, taking into account the results of the analysis of the pressures and impacts (risk assessment) and the results of groundwater monitoring.

Within this study, the GWBs received a uniform GWB code and they were characterized in verbal form and by using a uniform template, describing the general hydrogeological characteristics of the predominant aquifers, the hydrological aspects of groundwater renewal, the most important human pressures and the associated pollutants and furthermore, their connection with associated aquatic and groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems.

A summary chapter was prepared which would build the basis for a respective chapter in the Dnipro River Basin Management Plan summarizing the groundwater bodies. The GWBs were delineated in GIS and illustrated on maps. The associated GIS shape files of t he GWBs are described by a metadata template and will be the basis for further work and illustrations when implementing the further groundwater aspects of the WFD. The study is completed by a summary of current groundwater monitoring and proposals for improvement. Finally, a series of open issues which need to be addressed in future are given. The identified, delineated and characterized 26 GWBs and groups of GWBs will be the future management units for regular groundwater monitoring, for the assessment of the impacts of human pressures, for the assessment of groundwater status and trends and for the management of groundwater by implementing appropriate measures. Some of these aspects (monitoring design and risk assessment) will be further tackled within the EUWI+ project in the coming months.

The results of this work will also be used by the Public Service of Geology and Subsoil of Ukraine in the process of optimizing the monitoring network and within the planning and conducting of groundwater monitoring campaigns in the Dnipro River Basin. All results and documents which were elaborated under this contract are public and accessible at the EUWI+ project website (www.euwipluseast.eu).

ENI/2016/372-403 9 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

2 INTRODUCTION

According to the Terms of Reference, the main tasks of the work under this contract are:

 Definition and delineating of GWB;

 GWB coding;

 Determination of GWB boundaries in electronic form in GIS format;

 Preparation of a list of all GWB in the Dnipro basin with code, name, size (km²), prevailing aquifer, sub-basin district, anthropogenic pressure on groundwater (by chemistry and quantity) and related chemicals, based on available information and expert conclusions;

 Preparation of a brief description of the Dnipro Basin, including topography, climatic conditions, geological structure, hydrogeological conditions, the importance of groundwater for exploitation and for ecosystems;

 Preparation of the final text on the GWB in the Dnipro basin, which is submitted to the Dnipro river basin management plan;

 Preparation of a summary of open issues to be solved in the future;

 Preparation of the final summary report with a detailed description of the applied methodologies and the information under consideration (including of literature and references).

The results of this development will be useful for planning the groundwater monitoring within the framework of the Dnipro RBMP, study of transboundary aquifers, and can also be used to replenish the Pan-European databases of information on GWB spatial distribution and characteristics.

10 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

3 METODOLOGY

During the work on the project were used: Methodology for determination of surface and ground water bodies, developed by the Ministry of Nat u- ral Resources of Ukraine;

Procedure for implementation of state water monitoring, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated 19.09.18, No. 758.

WFD Guidance documents:

 N° 2 – Identification of Water Bodies;  N° 9 - Implementing the Geographical Information System Elements (GIS) of the Water Frame- work Directive;

 N° 26 - Risk Assessment and the Use of Conceptual Models for Groundwater. In the process of preparation of the report, state geological maps of Ukraine 1: 200 000, materials of the State balance of mineral deposits resources of Ukraine (Drinking and technical water), as well as fund geological literature were used [1-16].

The work was carried out by collecting, generalizing and analysing information on the hydrogeological conditions of the Dnipro basin, cartographic materials vectorising, creating and replenishing a cartographic database in GIS.

Identification of Groundwater Bodies The boundaries of the Dnipro basin and sub-basins were compared with the boundaries of hydrogeological structures and aquifers distribution. The starting point for identifying the geographical boundaries of the GWB was the geological and stratigraphic boundaries of the aquifers, the flow line, or the lines of the watersheds of groundwater (for the Quaternary aquifers). In addition, available data on human pressure, as well as quantitative and qualitative status of groundwater were taken into account.

The main criteria for the identification of GWB were possible adversely affect surface ecosystems and the availability of aquifer to supply more than 10 m3/day. For unconfined and confined aquifers GWB were identified separately. We began to define GWB first from uppermost aquifers. As a result, GWB were allocated in unconfined quaternary aquifers, confined quaternary aquifers, and also in the principle aquifers used for centralized water supply.

The hydraulic connection between the aquifers was estimated. The existence of hydraulic connection was the basis for us to merge them into a single GWB.

We did not consider the GWB in deep aquifers, which cannot have an adverse effect on surface ecosystems; not used for water intake; are unsuitable for water supply because of their natural quality or because the water intake is technically impossible or economically unreasonable.

In the process of GWB defining, their vulnerability to pollution was taken into account.

Unconfined aquifers are virtually unprotected from surface pollution according to natural indicators. The vulnerability of groundwater depends on the characteristics of the aeration zone rocks, namely its thickness and lithological composition [5,8,9]. As a rule, in the north of the Dnipro basin territory, groundwater is more vulnerable due to the prevalence of sands in the aeration zone and its small thickness.

ENI/2016/372-403 11 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Most confined aquifers are reliably protected from pollution, since in their roofs water-resistant sediments more than 10 m thick are deposited. As a rule, confined aquifers are also protected by hydrodynamic indicators.

Risks arise in the zone of depression surface (funnels) formation, when a prerequisite arises for the flow of water of other aquifers with increased mineralization and pollutants content. Groundwater is especially vulnerable in areas of intense technological impact, especially as a result of the mining and mineral processing enterprises activity. In addition, as a result of the operation of water intakes there may be a risk of depletion of the aquifer. GIS technologies were used in the process of determining the GWB and creating the appropriate maps. According to Guidance N° 9 - Implementing the Geographical Information System Elements (GIS) of the Water Framework Directive, the Dnipro river basin, sub-basins and GWB were mapped as polygons, and observation wells - as points. Description of the main characteristics of the GWB is given in the attributive part of the GIS-maps. GWB coding

During the formation of the GWB code, we used the coding system for the aquifers adopted in Ukraine by the AIS SWC (automated information system of the State Water Cadaster), which is being con- ducted at SRPE «Geoinform of Ukraine».

The code is formed as follows: UAM514K100 or UAM514K200, where UA-Ukraine, M514 – sub-basin code of the Pripyat River, K100 is the GWB code (in this case, corresponds to the upper division of the Cretaceous System, K2, K200 - corresponds to the lower division of the Cretaceous System, K1, etc.). The code is formed from the name of the geological system (Stratigraphic scale of the Cenozoic, Mes- ozoic, Palaeozoic and Precambrian Stratigraphic Code of Ukraine, + number.

In addition, simplified (united) codes have been developed for ease of use, for example, UAM5.1GW0002, where UA-Ukraine, M51 – code of the Dnipro River and GW0002 – groundwater body and its number in order.

12 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

4 SUMMARY DISCRIPTION OF THE DNIPRO BASIN DISTRICT

Within Ukraine the length of the Dnipro is 1121 km, its basin is situated on the territory of 19 administrative regions and covers an area of 291 400 km² which is 48% of the total area of the country. This territory is characterized by complex and heterogeneous natural and man-made conditions [8,9]. The Dnipro river basin is located within the three sub-latitudinal bioclimatic zones - Polissya (zone of mixed forests) in the north, to the south - the Forest-Steppe and the Steppe.

The territory is located in the south-western part of the East European Plain, which consists of raised and lowland areas. In the north of the basin are mostly 135-500 m above sea level, in the south - 10- 150 m.

The climate in the territory is generally moderately continental, from moderately cold in the north to moderately warm in the south, with clearly defined seasons. Polissya and Forest-steppe are under the influence of wet cyclones. Average January temperatures range from -6.5 ° to -8 ° С, July - from + 15.5 ° to + 20.5 ° С. Average annual rainfall in Polyssya is 580-1070 mm, in Forest-Steppe – 490-630 mm.

Steppe is characterized by aridity and is predominantly influenced by anticyclones. The average temperatures are: January-from -2 ° to -7 ° С, July-from + 21,5 ° to + 30 ° С. Average annual rainfall is 420-490 mm.

Humidification is crucial factor for the formation of groundwater resources. The upper part of the Dnipro basin is located in the area of excessive and sufficient humidification (Polissya), the average part - in the area of unstable humidification (Forest-steppe and northern steppe), and the lower part - in the area of insufficient humidification (Steppe). Geological structure The geological structure of the Dnipro basin territory is determined by its location within the Pre- Riphean Eastern European Platform (EEP) [2]. The main regions in this territory are the Ukrainian Shield, the Volyno-Podilska Plate, the Dniprovsko-Donetska Depression, the South-Ukrainian Mono- clinale, which are part of the Eastern European Platform, and the Folded Donbas (Figure 1). The Ukrainian shield is a large positive structure of the EEP. It is a raised block of the Archaean- Proterozoic basement, limited by system of faults and overlaid by Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary cover of insignificant thickness. The Volyno-Podilska Plate geological structure was formed in conditions of predominance of stable lowering over the rising tectonic movements, which contributed to the long-term, multi-stage development of sedimentation basins within it. It is situated on the south-western edge of the EEP. Within the Dnipro basin it represents the western slope of the Ukrainian shield, filled with terrigenous volcanogenic, terrigenous, calcareous rocks of the Riphean, Vendian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carbonifer- ous, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene. The thickness of the sedimentary rocks increases from dozens of meters in the east to 1,5-2 km in the west.

ENI/2016/372-403 13 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Figure 1: Geological map of the Dnipro basin

The Dniprovsko-Donetska Depression (DDD) is a sedimentary basin that fills a deeply lowered area of the consolidated Archean-Lower-Proterozoic crystalline basement. DDD is a graben consisting of symmetrically located along its northern and southern boards. These tectonic elements are limit ed by boundary faults. The thickness of the sedimentary layer increases from west to east from 0,5 km on the border with the Pripyat trough to 18-19 km on the border with the Donetsk Folded structure. A similar rapid increase in the thickness of sedimentary formations occurs from the slopes of the Ukrain- ian Shield and the Voronezka Anteclise towards the axial part of the region. The graben is filled with rocks of Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary systems.

The South-Ukrainian Monoclinale covers the area of sedimentary strata distribution that overlap the Eastern European platform basement in the south. Its structural plan is characterized by gradual lowering of sedimentary strata in the south-western and southern directions. Cross-Section of the sedimentary cover includes terrigenous-calcareous sediments from Cretaceous to Quaternary. Its southern part extends beyond the boundaries of the Dnipro basin.

Folded Donbass is a dislocated Paleozoic (Hercynian) structure. Its south-western part (Kalmius- Toretska Depression and Novomoskovsk-Petropavlovska Monoclinale) is located on the territory of the Dnipro basin.

14 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Hydrogeological conditions

According to geological structure, the territory of the Dnipro river basin is located within 5 hydrogeological regions (Figure 2) [3,12]:

 Volyno-Podіlskyi Artesian Basin;

 Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian Shield;

 Dniprovsko-Donetskyi Artesian Basin;

 Donetska hydrogeological folded region;

 Prychornomorskyi (Black Sea) Artesian Basin. For these regions, various features of the geological and hydrogeological cross-sections and specific regularities of the hydrogeological conditions are characteristic.

Figure 2: Hydrogeological regions

Volyno-Podilsky Artesian Basin is located in the west of the Dnipro Basin and is a multilevel aquifers system, the number of which increases in the west and southwest. The peculiarity of this territory is the lack of spatially sustained water-resistant layers that divide the aquifers from the Cretaceous to the more ancient. Volyno-Podilskyi AB has widespread aquifers in the Quaternary, Miocene, Upper Cretaceous formations and in the zone of intense fissuring of Pre-Mesozoic rocks (Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Cambrian, Vendian, Riphean). The peculiarity of the basin is the presence of considerable thickness (up to 1,000 m or more) freshwater zone in the eastern and northern parts. It decreases to 150-70 m in the western part of the basin. The most abundant aquifer in marl-chalk fracture zone of Upper Cretaceous (from Maastrichtian to Turonian stages) is widely used for large settlements water supply (Lutsk, Kovel etc). In the eastern

ENI/2016/372-403 15 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

part of the artesian basin, an aquifer in the Cenomanian sediments is spread. Due to it Khmelnitsky city water supply is taking place. In the south-west, the terrigenous-calcareous sediments of the middle-upper Devonian, and in the west the terrigenous- calcareous sediments of the Silurian are perspective for water supply.

In northern and eastern parts of the basin, fresh groundwater from volcanogenic-terrigenous Precam- brian rocks is used for water supply. The aquifers associated with these sediments and confined to the zone of intensive fissuring. They lie on the slopes of the Shield, mainly at a depth of 10-70 m. On the basis of these aquifers the problem of drinking water supply of Rivne, Kuznetsovsk and others cities is solved.

Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield. In the cross-section of the Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian Shield, two structural levels are distinguished. The lower is composed of Archaean- Proterozoic magmatic and metamorphic rocks, the upper - of Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary sediments.

Water-bearing rocks of the lower level are represented by crystalline rocks - gneisses, granites and migmatites. Their geofiltrational properties are determined by very uneven endogenous and exogenous fissuring both in area and in depth. It defines their irregular water saturation. The most water-abundant zones are confined to the lower parts of modern relief - hydrographic net. The thickness of intense fissuring zones often does not exceed 20 m from the surface of cry stalline rocks in the watersheds and 50 m in the rivers valleys. Groundwater here is widely used for water supply of inhabited localities - the cities of Berdychiv, Uman, Talne and others. Aquifers of the upper structural level in sedimentary sediments are heterogeneous in distribution and thickness. They often occur within the watersheds or the palaeovalleys basement; in the river valleys they are blurred.

The spread of weakly permeable layers is intermittent in the cross-section, which causes the intercon- nection between the aquifers.

The aquifers of the upper structural layer contain in Quaternary and Meso-Ceinozoic sediments. Quaternary aquifers are connected with sediments of various origins (marsh, lake-marsh, alluvial, water-glacial etc.; water-bearing rocks - sand, sandy loam, loams, peat layers). For drinking water supply only aquifers in alluvial and water-glacial sediments are used. Dniprovsko-Donetskyi Artesian Basin is a classic artesian basin located in the Dniprovsko- Donetska Depression. It is characterized by regionally stable spread distribution of water-containing and water-resistant layers of different geological age, which determines the multilevel aquifers occurrence. In most cases groundwater contains in porous collectors with homogeneous filtration properties.

The depth of the active water exchange zone is 800-1 000 m. The salt tectonics has a significant influence on the formation of the groundwater quality, in some places the depth of fresh groundwater does not exceed the first dozens of meters. The sources of drinking groundwater of the Dniprovsko-Donetsky AB are formed mainly in the complex of Oligocene-Quaternary, Eocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic sediments.

All aquifers of the Dnipro-Donetskyi artesian basin are, to a greater or lesser extent, involved in providing centralized water supply of settlements and industrial enterprises.

Donetska hydrogeological folded region is situated on the south-east of the Dnipro basin. Natural resources of drinking groundwater in the Donbas are mainly related to Quaternary, Neogene, Paleo- gene, Cretaceous, Triassic, Carboniferous sediments. At the same time, the distribution of different ages sediments is often controlled by separate faults or systems of synclinal and anticline structures.

16 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Natural conditions of groundwater resources formation of this part of the territory are very complicated. In addition, this area is marked by significant man-made pressures due to the extraction of coal. All this results in complicated conditions of aquifers recharge and discharge, which are often determined by the influence of the drainage system of a mining companies. Prychornomorskyi (Black Sea) Artesian Basin. The hydrogeological conditions of the Black Sea AB, located in the southern part of the Dnipro basin, are complicated. This is due to the diversity and non-compliance of the distribution of both water-bearing and water-resistant rocks, facial and lithological variability rocks composition and the variability of groundwater quality. The thickness of the active water exchange zone is 50-400 m and less, often does not exceed 100-200 m.

Groundwater are found in Quaternary, Neogene, Paleogene, Cretaceous sediments. The principle aquifers contain in the Neogene sediments, in local areas - in the Paleogene and Cretaceous sediments. The groundwater of the Black Sea Artesian Basin is characterized by the widespread development of salty and brackish waters. Unconfined Quaternary aquifers are associated with alluvial, eolian and eolian-deluvial sediments. Fresh and brackish groundwater of Quaternary sediments play an important role in rural settlements water supplying. Water-bearing Miocene sediments (Pont, Meo- tis, Sarmatian) are represented by limestone, sand, sandstone with layers of clay. The thickness of the aquifers varies from 10-20 to 25-40 meters, the depth - from 10-20 to 100-125 meters. The aquifer is confined, the water head is 20-120 m. Cretaceous and Paleogene aquifers are insufficiently studied and not widely used.

ENI/2016/372-403 17 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5 CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER BODIES

According to regional estimation, the forecast resources of groundwater of the Dnipro basin are 35595.7 thousand m3/day, which is about 60% of the total amount (61689.2 thousand m3/day) of Ukraine's forecast resources [3,12,14-16]. They are distributed extremely unevenly due to the diversity of structural-geological and physical- geographical conditions of different parts of the basin. Most resources are concentrated in the northern and north-western regions and located in the zone of excessive humidification within the Dniprovsko- Donetskyi and Volyno-Podilskyi artesian basins. These territories are characterized by favourable conditions for the groundwater formation, a significant water abundance of the main aquifers and a good groundwater quality. Areas close to the south of the basin have limited groundwater resources due to unfavourable conditions in the groundwater formation caused by the geological structure and climatic factors. The minimal amount of forecast resources is in Dniprovska, Zaporizka, Kropyvnytska and Mykolaivska regions.

Within the territory of the Dnipro Basin, five groups of unconfined GWB with a total area of 277,978 km2 (average area of 55,195.6 km2) were identified. Also, 12 confined GWB with a total area of 49 154.16 km2 (average area of 4 096.18 km2) and 9 groups of confined GWBs with a total area of 293 740 km2 (average area of 32 637.78 km 2) were allocated. Identified GWB and their groups will become units of groundwater management in accordance with their uses and functions. This will allow to determine the quantitative and qualitative status of groundwater and to compare them with environmental objectives, as well as to take measures necessary for achieving environmental objectives.

A summary information on defined GWBs and their groups given in the Table 1 and Table 2.

Table 1: Summary information on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs

Group of GWBs Groups of GWBs united code Groups of GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2 codes

UAM5.1GW0001 Group of GWBs in bog Upper, Middle, Lower 6878,0 UAM5.1.1Q100, Quaternary sediments Dnipro, Prypyat, UAM5.1.2Q100, Desna UAM5.1.3Q100, UAM5.1.4Q100, UAM5.1.5Q100

UAM5.1GW0002 Group of GWBs in Upper, Middle, Lower 94300,0 UAM5.1.1Q200, alluvial Quaternary Dnipro, Prypyat, UAM5.1.2Q200, sediments Desna UAM5.1.3Q200, UAM5.1.4Q200, UAM5.1.5Q200

UAM5.1GW0003 Group of GWBs in Upper, Middle 49730,0 UAM5.1.1Q300, water-glacial Dnipro, Prypyat, UAM5.1.2Q300, Quaternary sediments Desna UAM5.1.4Q300, UAM5.1.5Q300

18 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Group of GWBs Groups of GWBs united code Groups of GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2 codes

UAM5.1GW0004 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower 56700,0 UAM5.1.2Q400, glacial- water and Dnipro, Prypyat, UAM5.1.3Q400, eolian-deluvial Desna UAM5.1.4Q400, Quaternary sediments UAM5.1.5Q400

UAM5.1GW0005 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower Dnipro 68370,0 UAM5.1.2Q500, eolian-deluvial UAM5.1.3Q500 Quaternary sediments

Table 2: Summary information on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs

United code of Groups of GWBs GWB group and GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2 GWBs codes

UAM5.1GW0006 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower Dnipro, 4 719,0 UAM5.1.2Q600 Middle-Upper Prypyat UAM5.1.3Q600 Quaternary UAM5.1.4Q600 sediments

UAM5.1GW0007 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower Dnipro, 36 450,0 UAM5.1.2Q600 Lower-Middle Desna UAM5.1.3Q600 Quaternary UAM5.1.5Q600 sediments

UAM5.1GW0008 GWB in terrigenous Lower Dnipro 661,2 UAM5.1.3N100 Pliocene sediments

UAM5.1GW0009 Group of GWBs in Lower Dnipro 22 700,0 UAM5.1.3N200 terrigenous- calcareous Miocene sediments

UAM5.1GW0010 GWB in terrigenous- Prypyat 1 040,0 UAM5.1.4N300 calcareous Sarmatian sediments

UAM5.1GW0011 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower Dnipro, 37 300,0 UAМ5.1.2Р100, terrigenous Desna UAМ5.1.3Р100 Oligocene sediments UAМ5.1.5Р100

UAM5.1GW0012 Group of GWBs in Upper, Middle, Lower 110 300,0 UAМ5.1.1Р200, terrigenous Eocene Dnipro, Prypyatі, UAМ5.1.2Р200, sediments Desna UAМ5.1.3Р200, UAМ5.1.4Р200, UAМ5.1.5Р200

UAM5.1GW0013 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower Dnipro, 8 451,0 UAМ5.1.2Р300 terrigenous Prypyat UAМ5.1.3Р300 Paleogene sediments UAМ5.1.4Р300

UAM5.1GW0014 GWB in calcareous Prypyat 32 130,0 UAМ5.1.4К100 Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat)

ENI/2016/372-403 19 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

United code of Groups of GWBs GWB group and GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2 GWBs codes

UAM5.1GW0015 GWB in calcareous Middle Dnipro, Desna 19 280,0 UAМ5.1.2К100 Upper Cretaceous UAМ5.1.5К100 sediments (sub- basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna)

UAM5.1GW0016 GWB in calcareous Lower 1 161,0 UAМ5.1.3К100 Upper Cretaceous Dnipro sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro)

UAM5.1GW0017 GWB in terrigenous Lower 577,4 UAМ5.1.3К100 Upper Cretaceous Dnipro sediments

UAM5.1GW0018 GWB in terrigenous Prypyat 120,7 UAМ5.1.4К200 Cenomanian sediments

UAM5.1GW0019 Group of GWBs in Upper, Middle, Lower 106 800,0 UAМ5.1.1К300, terrigenous Alb- UAМ5.1.2К300, Dnipro, Prypyat, Cenomanian UAМ5.1.3К300, Desna sediments UAМ5.1.4К300, UAМ5.1.5К300

UAM5.1GW0020 GWB in terrigenous Lower 1 110,0 UAМ5.1.3J100 Middle-Upper Dnipro Jurassic sediments

UAM5.1GW0021 Group of GWBs in in Middle Dnipro, 15 620,0 UAМ5.1.2J100, , terrigenous Middle Prypyat, Desna UAМ5.1.4J100, Jurassic sediments UAМ5.1.5J100

UAM5.1GW0022 GWB in terrigenous Lower 310,1 UAМ5.1.3Т100 Upper Triassic Dnipro sediments

UAM5.1GW0023 GWB in terrigenous Middle Dnipro 13,76 UAМ5.1.2Т100 Lower Triassic sediments

UAM5.1GW0024 GWB in terrigenous- Lower 4 668,0 UAМ5.1.3С100 calcareous Dnipro Carboniferous sediments

UAM5.1GW0025 GWB in effusive- Prypyat 13 070,0 UAМ5.1.4РЄ100 terrigenous Precambrian rocks

UAM5.1GW0026 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower 76 640,0 UAМ5.1.2AR100, fissure zone of UAМ5.1.3AR100 Dnipro, Prypyat Archean-Proterozoic UAМ5.1.4AR100 crystalline rocks

20 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.1 Groups of unconfined Quaternary GWBs

Unconfined GWBs (codes UAM5.1GW0001- UAM5.1GW0005) are connected with unconfined aquifers, occurred in terrigenous, predominantly Quaternary, different geological-genetic types of sediments (Table 1, Figure 4). Since large unconfined aquifers are often geographically separated and can be located at a considerable distance from each other, it is advisable to combine them into groups of GWBs. Their delineation to individual GWB can be made in the future, taking into account estimation of human pressure and results of groundwater monitoring.

Figure 3: Map of Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs

Shown in Figure 3 the aquifer in the marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous in some areas of its distribution (area 11,570 km2) in the territory of Volyno-Podilskyi AB is the uppermost. But it is overlaid from the surface by water-resistant rocks of the colmatation zone, which determines the water head (pressure) properties of the aquifer. Therefore, the aquifer in the marl- chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous belongs to the major aquifers used for centralized water supply.

The map (Figure 4) also shows Kanivski and Moshnogirsky dislocations, - the territories on which the identification of MPS is impossible and impractical. Unconfined groups GWBs are the uppermost. They are very important for surface ecosystems.

Increase in mineralization from north to south in these groups of GWBs is characteristic at the regional level. The concentration of sulphates and chlorides increases in the same direction. Although quaternary aquifers are widespread, their water is widely used for the economic needs of rural settlements, but the lack of water-resistant rocks in the roof makes them unprotected. Accordingly, groups of GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are highly vulnerable to diffuse pollution due to agricultural activity. Agricultural activities (use of mineral fertilizers, plant protection prod-

ENI/2016/372-403 21 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

ucts) cause local pollution of the uppermost aquifers. Because of this, practically everywhere, within the territories of rural development, groundwater is characterized with increased mineralization, high content of sulphates, chlorides, nitrogen compounds. Detection of large areas of nitrates pollution indicates a steady tendency to accumulate them in groundwater. In addition, GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are characterized by natural high content of iron. The northern part of the Dnipro basin territory was contaminated with radionuclides as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Although contamination of groundwater with radionuclides has not yet been detected, but the soil of this zone is contaminated with Cs 137 and Sr90. Due to the presence of man-made pollution of groundwater and low water abundance, groups of GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are mostly unsuitable for centralized water supply. The groups of GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are used for centralized water supply only in local areas, where layers of low-permeable rocks occur in the roof of the aquifer. Here, the GWBs can ensure the production of water over 10 m3/day.

5.2 Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs

Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs are associated with Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic , Precambri- an rocks of different age and type of reservoir rocks. They are confined to the main aquifers, which provide the centralized water supply.

On the territory of the Dnipro basin 21 groups of GWBs and GWBs in confined aquifers confined are allocated (9 groups of GWBs and 12 GWBs).

Figure 4: Map of Confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs

In the basin of the Dnipro, due the diversity of geological and hydrogeological conditions, various types of hydrogeological section are distinguished, causing different recharge conditions, interconnec- tions and formation of hydrochemical and hydrodynamic features of the main aquifers and water- bearing systems.

The most common are areas with one aquifer; two aquifers, which are separated by a layer of low- permeable rocks; and three aquifers, which are separated by two layers of slightly permeable rocks.

22 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

The first two types prevail within the Volyno-Podilskyi, Black Sea artesian basins, in the Hydrogeologi- cal areas of the Ukrainian shield and the Donetska hydrogeological folded area. In the Dniprovsko- Donetskyi AB of complex multi-level structure, the most common areas are with two to four aquifers in the cross-section. In accordance with the mentioned types of hydrogeological cross-sections, the separation of confined aquifers on GWBs and groups GWBs was made.

In the first stage, there were identified 9 groups of GWBs (codes UAM5.1GW0006, UAM5.1GW0007, UAM5.1GW0009, UAM5.1GW0011-UAM5.1GW0013, UAM5.1GW0019, UAM5.1GW0021 UAM5.1GW0026) and 12 GWBs (codes UAM5.1GW0008, UAM5.1GW0010, UAM5.1GW0014- UAM5.1GW0018, UAM5.1GW0020, UAM5.1GW0022-UAM5.1GW0025). GWBs groups represent a number of GWBs that are combined in one group, which are distributed over a large area of the territory. Their division into separate GWBs may be feasible in future if groundwater monitoring results and new expert data are available. The chemical composition of water in confined GWBs and their groups is mainly hycarbonate, hycarbonate-chloride, hycarbonate-sulphate composition (anions) and calcium, calcium-sodium, calcium- magnesium (cations). Mineralization is 0.2–0.8 mg/dm3, total hardness is 2.8–8.0 mEq/dm3. Such a pattern is observed in the distribution of groundwater by chemical composition and mineraliz a- tion: in the north of the Dnipro basin fresh hydrocarbonate calcium or hydrocarbonate magnesium waters with mineralization up to 0.5 g/dm3 dominate. In the south, water with a mineralization of 0.5-1 to 1-3 and more g/dm3 are common. In their chemical composition sulphates, and sodium appear, their content increases in southerly direction. Mineralization decreases in river valleys, where the flow rate of groundwater is higher.

Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs are not related to surface ecosystems. The quantitative and qualitative status is good. Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs are protected from contamination by a thick layer of overlying rocks, so they are not exposed to human pressure due to its low vulnerability.

5.3 Importance of GWBs and groups of GWBs for uses and ecosystems

Unconfined aquifers, classified as UAM5.1GW0002- UAM5.1GW0005, are widely used for water supply of rural population. The group of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001 is not used for water supply due to its natural low quality.

All unconfined Groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001- UAM5.1GW0005 are directly connected to surface ecosystems. Confined GWBs and their groups UAM5.1GW0006- UAM5.1GW00026 are intensively exploited for drinking and technical water supply of towns and cities.

The development of forecast resources in administrative regions averages 3-6%, only in Kropyvnytsky and Mykolaiv administrative regions the development level reaches 16-21%. According to the analysis of the groundwater resources development, it is the most intensive in densely populated areas with high economic potential, especially with a small amount of predicted resources [15].

This indicates a large potential for expanding their use throughout the entire Dnipro basin.

It should be noted that in recent years there has been a tendency towards a permanent reduction in groundwater production. This is due to economic reasons, a decrease of water users and the share of

ENI/2016/372-403 23 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

groundwater in the overall balance of water use. This situation has led to a regional restoration of the groundwater level in Alb-Cenomanian and Jurassic aquifers. Confined GWB and their groups occur under layers of water-resistant sediments, which provide a relatively high level of protection against surface contamination. Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs are not connected to surface ecosystems.

24 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.4 Significant human pressures and associated chemical pollutions

Groundwater in the Dnipro basin is experiencing significant human pressure due to the historical development of settlements located near rivers. In the Dnipro valley and its tributaries the largest housing and industrial agglomeration of Ukraine - the capital Kyiv and the regional centres of the Dnipro, Za- porizhia, Cherkasy, Chernihiv and others formed. The economic complex in the Dnipro basin developed without taking into account environmental consequences. It caused the hypertrophied development of large industrial centres in this area. Much of the industrial production in Ukraine is concentrated in the Dnipro basin - these are enterprises of the fuel and energy industry, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and mining industries, utilities and agricultural production. A number of large settlements in the Dnipro basin use groundwater for economic and drinking water supply. As a result of long-term water-intake operation in the cities of Kyiv and Poltava, surfaces of depression of tens square kilometres were formed with a level lowering from several tens to hundreds meters in the centre.

Figure 5: Map of Human pressure

The figure shows information on human pressures in the Dnipro basin.

It should be noted that this information is outdated and requires clarification and updating. But it gives an idea of the high man-made pressure of the Dnipro basin. The most significant changes in the chemical status of groundwater are observed in the most economically developed regions. In the first place, the impact of man-caused activities is vulnerable to the pollution of the unconfined groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001-UAM5.1GW0005.

ENI/2016/372-403 25 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.4.1 Pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs

Since the basin of the Dnipro is located in different humidification conditions, an increase of mineralisation from north to south is characteristic for unconfined GWBs. The amount of sulphates and chlorides increases in the same direction. Although Quaternary unconfined aquifers are widespread and they are widely used for household and drinking needs of rural settlements, but the lack of water- resistant rocks in the roof makes the groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001-UAM5.1GW0005 unprotected and therefore vulnerable to pollution from the surface.

The most tangible impact on unconfined groups of GWBs (UAM5.1GW0001-UAM5.1GW0005) throughout the territory of the Dnipro basin carries out agriculture - diffuse pollution with nitrogen compounds has been determined in almost all uppermost aquifers within rural settlements. The deteriora- tion of the quality of groundwater is significantly affected by the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation on farmlands and discharges of polluted wastewater into surface water.

The chemical composition of water is characterized by a high content of sulphates and chlorides. The identification of large areas of pollution with nitrates indicates a steady trend towards their accumulation in groundwater. In addition, groundwater of uppermost aquifers is characterized by natural high iron content. Certain concern is caused by the fact that petroleum products and pesticides have become common contaminants in unconfined aquifers. Oil pollution is point-like, and pesticides are mainly recorded in the southern regions, where irrigation contributes to their appearance.

In addition, the northern part of the territory of the Dnipro basin has been subjected to radioactive contamination due to the Chernobyl accident. Although contamination of groundwater with radionuclides has not yet been detected, but the soil cover of this zone is contaminated with Cs137 i Sr90. In the zone of mining facilities influence in the sub-basins of the Middle and Lower Dnipro (mining areas of Dniprovska, Zaporizka, Donetska and Poltava regions) disruption of natural hydrochemical conditions is associated with the receipt of highly mineralized drainage and mine waters, which affect the groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0002, UAM5.1GW0004, UAM5.1GW0005. In areas with a high level of industrial development and dense buildings, the changes in the qualitative composition of the groundwater of the GWB groups UAM5.1GW0002, UAM5.1GW0003, UAM5.1GW0004, UAM5.1GW0005 are observed. Here, unconfined GWB are vulnerable to the effects of wastewater from the enterprises of the chemical, metallurgical industry, industrial sites and tailings of mining and processing plants. In these places (cities of Dnipro, Zaporozhia), unconfined GWBs have increased mineralization (up to 3.4-8.6 g/dm3), high content of sulphates, chlorides and hardness.

The most significant changes in the qualitative indicators of groundwater are observed within the Krivyi Rig iron ore deposit in the Lower Dnipro sub-basin, which influences not only unconfined groups of GWBs (UAM5.1GW0002, UAM5.1GW0005 groups), but also confined groups of GWBs (UAM5.1GW0009, UAM5.1GW0026). The total area of groundwater pollution in the area of Kryvbas is 300 square kilometers, the mineralization reaches 12.3 g/dm3.

In addition to the high content of sulphates and chlorides in water, there is an increased iron content up to 2,872.3 mg/dm3, strontium - up to 16.6 mg/dm3, bromine to 47.4, manganese - up to 26.1 mg/dm3. Taking into account the insignificant and varying thickness of water-bearing rocks and, consequently, their unstable water abundance, as well as the vulnerability to man-made pressures, the unconfined Quaternary groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0002-UAM5.1GW0005 for most of their distribution are unsuitable for centralized water supply. The groups of GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are used for centralized water supply only in local areas, where layers of low-permeable rocks occur in the roof of the aquifer. Here, the GWBs can ensure the production of water over 10 m3/day.

26 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Table 3: Summary data on pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs

Connection Natural Groups of GWBs with surface high United code Groups of GWBs Sub-basins Use ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants content

UAM5.1GW0001 Group of GWBs in Upper, Middle, Lower Not used Yes Drainage amelioration, Nitrogen Fe, Mg bog Quaternary Dnipro, Prypyat, mineral fertilizers, plant compounds sediments Desna protection products

UAM5.1GW0002 Group of GWBs in Upper, Middle, Lower For the potable- Yes mineral fertilizers, plant Nitrogen Fe, Mg alluvial Quaternary Dnipro, Prypyat, economic needs of protection products compounds,

sediments Desna rural settlements SO4, Cl,

UAM5.1GW0003 Group of GWBs in Upper, Middle Dnipro, For the potable- Yes mineral fertilizers, plant Nitrogen Fe, Mg water-glacial Prypyat, Desna economic needs of protection products compounds,

Quaternary rural settlements SO4, Cl sediments

UAM5.1GW0004 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower Dnipro, For the potable- Yes mineral fertilizers, plant Nitrogen Fe, Mg glacial- water and Prypyat, Desna economic needs of protection products compounds,

eolian-deluvial rural settlements SO4, Cl Quaternary sediments

UAM5.1GW0005 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower Dnipro For the potable- Yes mineral fertilizers, plant Nitrogen Fe, Mg ,

eolian-deluvial economic needs of protection products compounds, SO4, Cl, Quaternary rural settlements SO4, Cl mineralizati sediments on

ENI/2016/372-403 27

Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.4.2 Pressure on confined GWB and groups of GWB

Confined GWB and their groups have reliable protection against pollution due to their natural properties, since they are overlapped in the roof by poorly permeable sediments. Therefore, the GWB groups (UAM5.1GW0006, UAM5.1GW0007, UAM5.1GW0009, UAM5.1GW0011 - UAM5.1GW0013, UAM5.1GW0019, UAM5.1GW0021 UAM5.1GW0026) and GWB (UAM5.1GW0008, UAM5.1GW, WA5.1,). UAM5.1GW0018, UAM5.1GW0020, UAM5.1GW0022-UAM5.1GW0025) are not associated with surface ecological systems and are not vulnerable to man-made pollution. In them, only local (point) excess of normalized elements can be observed, mainly in areas of shallow water bearing deposits. Under natural conditions, the water of confined GWB and their groups in the north is fresh hydrocarbonate calcium or magnesium with a mineralisation of up to 0.5 g/dm 3. In the south (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro), water mineralisation increases from 0.5–1 to 1–3 or more g / dm3. In their chemical composition appear chlorides, sulphates, sodium. In river valleys, where the groundwater flow rate is higher, mineralization decreases. Increased natural mineralization is observed in some areas in the GWB groups UAM5.1GW0009 and UAM5.1GW0012. Under natural conditions, the GWB UAM5.1GW0012 group belongs to the fluorinated province. Therefore, groundwater is enriched with fluorine. For groundwater of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks (UAM5.1GW0026) in the northern part of their distribution, where crystalline rocks occur at a slight depth from the surface, an increased natural content of iron and manganese characterized. The human pressure on confined groups of GWBs only affects the level mode. Due to the prolonged intensive exploitation of the group, GWBs are under pressure from the development of groundwater deposits (water intake). Thus, large groups of depression funnels (Kyiv - in the sediments of the Alb- Cenomanian and the Middle Jurassic, and Poltava in the sediments of the Alb-Cenomanian) (GWB UAM5.1GW0012 UAM5.1GW0021 UAM5.1GW0019) have formed.

28 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Table 4: Summary data on pressure on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs

Connection to GWB surface Natural high United code (group of GWBs) Sub-basins Use ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants content

UAM5.1GW0006 Group of GWBs in Middle- Middle, Lower For centralized No Development of Local pollution Fe, Mn Upper Quaternary Dnipro, Prypyat water supply ground water with nitrates sediments deposits, somewhere, drainage melioration

UAM5.1GW0007 Group of GWBs in Lower- Middle, Lower For centralized No Development of Local pollution Fe, Mn Middle Quaternary Dnipro, Desna water supply ground water with nitrates, Fe,

sediments deposits, SO4, Cl, somewhere, mineralization drainage melioration,

influence of iron ore deposits of Kryvbas development

UAM5.1GW0008 GWB in terrigenous Lower Dnipro For centralized No Development of Not detected Not detected Pliocene sediments water supply ground water deposits

UAM5.1GW0009 Group of GWBs in Lower Dnipro For centralized No Development of Not detected Locally SO4, Cl, terrigenous-calcareous water supply ground water mineralisation Miocene sediments deposits, irrigation effect

UAM5.1GW0010 GWB in terrigenous- Prypyat For centralized No Development of No - calcareous Sarmatian water supply ground water sediments deposits

ENI/2016/372-403 29 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Connection to GWB surface Natural high United code (group of GWBs) Sub-basins Use ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants content

UAM5.1GW0011 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower For centralized No Development of Not detected Locally Fe, Mn terrigenous Oligocene Dnipro, Desna water supply ground water sediments deposits

UAM5.1GW0012 Group of GWBs in Upper, Middle, For centralized No Development of No F , in Dnipro terrigenous Eocene Lower Dnipro, water supply ground water valley - Fe, Mn. sediments Prypyat, Desna deposits, Locally - depression funnels increase of mineralisation in the zone of salt tectonics influence

UAM5.1GW0013 Group of GWBs in Middle, Lower For centralized No Development of Not detected Fe, Mn terrigenous Paleogene Dnipro, Prypyat water supply ground water sediments deposits

UAM5.1GW0014 GWB in calcareous Upper Prypyat For centralized No Development of No - Cretaceous sediments water supply ground water (sub-basin of the Prypyat) deposits

UAM5.1GW0015 GWB in calcareous Upper Middle Dnipro, For centralized No Development of No - Cretaceous sediments Desna water supply ground water (sub-basins of the Middle deposits Dnipro and Desna)

UAM5.1GW0016 GWB in calcareous Upper Lower For centralized No Development of No - Cretaceous sediments water supply ground water Dnipro (sub-basin of the Lower deposits Dnipro)

30 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Connection to GWB surface Natural high United code (group of GWBs) Sub-basins Use ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants content

UAM5.1GW0017 GWB in terrigenous Upper Lower For centralized No Development of No - Cretaceous sediments water supply ground water Dnipro deposits

UAM5.1GW0018 GWB in terrigenous Prypyat For centralized No Development of No - Cenomanian sediments water supply ground water deposits

UAM5.1GW0019 Group of GWBs in Upper, Middle, For centralized No Development of No Locally - terrigenous Alb- Lower water supply ground water increase of Cenomanian sediments deposits, mineralisation in Dnipro, Prypyat, depression funnels the zone of salt Desna tectonics influence

UAM5.1GW0020 GWB in terrigenous Lower For centralized No Development of Not detected - Middle-Upper Jurassic water supply ground water Dnipro sediments deposits

UAM5.1GW0021 Group of GWBs in in Middle Dnipro, For centralized No Development of No - terrigenous Middle Jurassic Prypyat, Desna water supply ground water sediments deposits, depression funnels

UAM5.1GW0022 GWB in terrigenous Upper Lower For centralized No Development of Not detected - Triassic sediments water supply ground water Dnipro deposits

UAM5.1GW0023 GWB in terrigenous Lower Middle Dnipro For centralized No Development of No - Triassic sediments water supply ground water deposits

ENI/2016/372-403 31 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Connection to GWB surface Natural high United code (group of GWBs) Sub-basins Use ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants content

UAM5.1GW0024 GWB in terrigenous- Lower For centralized No Development of Not detected SO4, Cl, calcareous Carboniferous water supply ground water mineralisation Dnipro sediments deposits, the effect of drainage

UAM5.1GW0025 GWB in effusive- Prypyat For centralized No Development of No - terrigenous Precambrian water supply ground water rocks deposits

UAM5.1GW0026 Group of GWBs in fissure Middle, Lower For centralized No Development of Not detected Fe, Mn zone of Archean- water supply ground water Dnipro, Prypyat Proterozoic crystalline deposits, influence rocks of iron ore deposits of Kryvbas development

32 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5 Characterisation of Groups of GWBs

5.5.1 Group of GWBs in bog quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0001

Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0001). We have combined GWB with several objects of similar characteristics into group of GWBs. The division into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater monitoring. Water-bearing sediments are represented by peat, fine-grained sand, sandy loam and loam, which occur in the form of lenses and layers in the strata of peat, mud and sapropel. The thickness of aquifer is 0.5-6.0, rarely – to 8-10 meters, the depth of occurrence is 0.4-0.7, in the area of drainage systems influence - 0.7-1.2 meters. Mainly the group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments is developed in the northern regions of the Dnipro basin and to a lesser extent in the central regions of Ukraine and is geomorphologically connected with floodplains and relief depressions. It is most widespread in Polissya, where flat floodplain areas reach 4 - 6 km.

Figure 6: Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments

Due to the low filtration properties of water-bearing rocks, the group of GWBs is weak-watered: the water abundance of sediments is insignificant and reaches 0.002 - 0.071 dm3/s with decreases in water level by 0.7-0.6 m, the specific production rates varies from 0.003 to 0.12 dm3/s. Daily water intake from wells does not exceed 0.2 m3/d.

Depending on the lithological composition of the water-bearing rocks, the value of the filtration coefficient varies from 0.01 to 2.0 to 0.0001 to 0.0004 m/d (peat), 0.1 to 0.5 m/day (sandy loam), 0, 05 - 1.0

ENI/2016/372-403 33 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

to 4.7-5.0 m/day (fine-grained sand). The level of groundwater is set at a depth of from 0,0 - 0,5 to 1,09-1,5 m, rarely up to 3,5.

Recharge is mainly due to infiltration of precipitation and the flow of other aquifers, during the periods of spring flooding of rivers and rain floods - due to flood waters. Discharge is carried out by evapora- tion, a flow into the underlying aquifers and water-bearing systems and directly into the watercourses during the low water period. The aquifer is drained by rivers and streams, as well as melioration sy s- tems. The level regime of the aquifer is formed under the influence of natural factors - atmospheric precipitation, and man-made factors - (drainage systems construction). According to observation data, the amplitude of the levels variations is up to 1.2-3.35 m, in most wells up to 1 m.

The waters of the group of GWBs are hydraulically connected with the aquifer in alluvial sediments and surface water. Chemical composition of water is predominantly of mixed type: sulphate- hydrocarbonate-chloride, nitrate-chloride-sulphate, nitrate-hydrocarbonate. Waters are unpleasant in taste and smell, have a yellow and yellow-brown colour, contain a large amount of iron, ammonia and in many cases - nitrates, the content of which varies from 93.63 to 125.26 mg/dm3. Mineralization 0.1 - 3 3 0.7 g/dm . The hydrogen index does not exceed 7 (5.2-6.8). The oxidizability is 9.8 mg/dm O2. Total hardness is 1.9 - 5.4 mmol/dm3.

Slight spread, poor water abundance of the GWBs and low quality of groundwater due to vulnerability to diffuse pollution as a result of agricultural activity make it unsuitable for both - centralized water supply and for water supply to individual farms. But because the ecological state of wetlands is significantly dependent on variations in groundwater levels, the aquifer in the Holocene bog and lake sediments is defined as a separate group of GWBs.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality are drainage amelioration, agriculture (mineral fertilizers, plant protection products application). Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments is directly connected to surface ecosystems (it is a part of wetland). Water is often polluted with nitrates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is poor.

Table 5: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0001

Cf 0,0001-

Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.1Q100, UAM5.1.2Q100, , 0,0004 m/d 4 UAM5.1.3Q100, UAM5.1.4Q100,

(peat), SO

UAM5.1.5Q100 3

0,1-0,5 m/d Cl -

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary (sandy 3 g/dm

sediments loams), 7

Cl, NO -

0,05-5,0 - 1

bP 3

Group of GWBs area, square 6878 , 0

m/d (sands

km М

f/g) HCO - Geologic index bP 4 8-10 m SO

Lithology Peat, fine-grained sands, sandy loam and loam, which occur in the form of lenses and layers in the strata of peat, silt and sapropel

Aquifer type Unconfined

Overlapping rocks -

34 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column Group of GWBs thickness, min., 0,5-10,0 max., average 5,0

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0,0001-5,0 average, m/day 2

Water conductivity km, min, 0,01-0,1 max, average, m 2/day 0,1

Level, min, max, average, m 0,01-5,0 0,3-0,6

Average annual level variation, 1,0-3,35 m 2,0

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no No Number of spring cappings - Number of production wells -

Chemical composition M 0,1-0,7 g/dm 3, (mineralization M, main anions, variegated chemical composition cations) Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface water, flow from the underlying aquifers

Connection with surface waters Directly connected Level trend Downtrend

Prevailing human activity Drainage melioration, peat extraction

Group of GWBs chemical status Poor, local nitrate contamination

Group of GWBs quantitative Poor status reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 430-1070

ENI/2016/372-403 35 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.2 Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0002

Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0002) is located within the chan- nels on the Dnipro floodplain terraces and its tributaries. Taking into account the territorial disunity and heterogeneity of individual GWB, which are combined into the group of GWB, it is further advisable to divide them into separate GWBs. Water-bearing rocks are sands, mostly fine-grained and medium-grained, in the upper part of the cross-section sands contain layers of sandy loams, loams, and below - gravel and pebbles of indige- nous rocks. Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments occur on the Precambrian rocks, the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. In the absence of water-resistant rocks between the alluvial deposits and the rocks that submerge them, the hydraulic connection appears. Thickness varies significantly from 10-20 meters in the valleys of small rivers to 50-60 meters in the floodplain of the Dnipro.

Figure 7: Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments

The Group of GWBs is mostly unconfined, locally, in the presence of loam and sandy loam in the roof, it gets weak water head - from 1-3 m to 10-15 m. The depth of occurrence, depending on the relief, varies from 2-4 to 5-15 meters. The well production rates reach 173-432 m3/day. The filtration coefficients of fine-grained sands amount 3-6 m/day, medium-grained - 8-22 m/day, the filtration coefficients of loams- 0.2-0.4 m/day. In the flood plain of the Dnipro, the filtration coefficients reach 40 m/day. The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium with a mineralization of 0.1- 1.3 g/dm3, with high iron content (up to 2-3 mg/dm3). Ground waters of the group of GWB are not protected from diffuse contamination due to agricultural activity by natural conditions. Due to its high vulnerability within the settlements, they are contaminated with nitrogen compounds. In addition, taking into account the high vulnerability of the Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments it should be taken into account that the soils in the north-eastern part of the Pripyat sub-basin are contaminated with radionuclides of Chernobyl origin.

36 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

The regime is determined by climatic factors, the annual level variation amplitude is 1.2-1.5 m with characteristic spring lifting and summer and autumn lowering. Recharge of the aquifer is infiltration. The Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments widely used by the rural population for drinking and economic needs. Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is agriculture (mineral fertilizers, plant protection products application). Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments is directly connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sulphates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally the quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 6: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0002

Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.1Q200, aP Cf 3-6 m/d UAM5.1.2Q200, (sands f/g),

UAM5.1.3Q200,

8-22 m/d

UAM5.1.4Q200, (sands m/g ), 3

UAM5.1.5Q200

0,2-0,4 m/d g/dm Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in

(sandy

1,3

1,3 g/dm31,3, -

alluvial Quaternary -

loams), less 3 mg/dm33

sediments -

0,1

than 40 m/d

Group of GWBs area, square km 94390,0 (the Dnipro 0,1 М , Mg

valley) Mg, -

Geologic index аP - Ca

Lithology various-grained sands 3 Fe lessthan Fe

HCO

Aquifer type Unconfined (locally CaHCO3, confined)

Overlapping rocks - 50-60 m

Group of GWBs thickness, min., 10-60 max., average 10-20 Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 3-40 average, m/ day 6-15 Water conductivity km, min, max, 30-150 average, m 2 / day 90

Level, min, max, average, m 2-15 5-10

Average annual level variation, m 1,2-1,5

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no No Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells N.d Chemical composition (mineralization М 0,1-1,7 g/dm 3,

M, main anions, cations) HCO3-Ca Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface waters, flow from underlying aquifers

ENI/2016/372-403 37 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

Connection with surface waters Yes

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Water production for domestic needs of the rural population

Group of GWBs chemical status Good, local nitrate contamination

Group of GWBs quantitative status Good

Reliability of information High Annual precipitation, mm 430-1070

38 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.3 Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0003

Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0003) is widely distributed within the moraine-zander plain (Polyssia). Water-bearing rocks are variously grained sands, mainly fine and medium to coarse-grained, with gravel and pebble of bedrock, with layers of sandy loam, loam and clay. Although combined into one group groundwater bodies are spread over a large area, and they are very heterogeneous in the lithological structure of water-bearing rocks, but at the same time, they can be divided into separate GWBs only after the availability of groundwater monitoring data.

Figure 8: Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments

The thickness is from 3-7 to 20-25 meters (the right bank of the Dnipro) and reaches 30-70 m on the left bank, increasing to 125 m in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky depression. The depth of the groundwater level for the most part ranges from 1.0–3.0 to 5–10, in some places up to 15–18 meters (2–7 m prevails). In some areas, if clay moraine is located there, a weak water head can be fixed (up to 5-10 m).

The water-bearing rocks occur on pre-quaternary sediments of different age. The group of GWBs is first from the surface. There are no water resistant rocks in the roof or in the floor, so the waters of this aquifer are hydraulically connected with the underlying aquifers. Water abundance depends on the lithology of water-bearing rocks, well production rates vary from 0.4-216 to 259-1000 m3/day. The chemical composition varies widely: hydrocarbonate, hydrocarbonate-chloride, hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium water, sometimes sodium and magnesium. Mineral- ization varies from 0.3 to 1.8 g/dm3, but usually it does not exceed 0.5 g/dm3, the iron content reaches 0.1-0.8 g/dm3.

ENI/2016/372-403 39 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Due to the shallow bedding and lack of water resistant rocks in the roof, water is often polluted as a result of agricultural activity, as evidenced by the high content of nitrates and ammonia within rural settlements. The recharge is infiltration, and also due to the flow from the underlying aquifers. Flow is directed to the river network. The level mode depends on climatic factors, the annual amplitude of the level ranges from 0.2–0.8 to 1.5–2.7 m. Water of the group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments is used for the household needs of the rural population. Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is agriculture (mineral fertilizers, plant protection products application). Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments is directly connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sulphates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally the quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 7: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United of Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0003 Cf 0,2-0,4 m/d Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.1Q300, (loam), 6,6 UAM5.1.2Q3 00,

m/d (sands

UAM5.1.4Q300, ,

v/g), 31-43 )

3 Ca

UAM5.1.5Q300 -

m/d (sands

Mg g/dm Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in l/g), 4-29 m/d ,

water-glacial Quaternary (sands m/g), Ca -

sediments km 0,6-180 Na m2/d Group of GWBs area, square km 49730

fP , Са, 4

Geologic index fP

SO -

3 Lithology Various-grained sands

(predominates0,5 to

HCO with layers of sandy 3

loams, loam Cl

3 g/dm

Aquifer type Unconfined 20-70 m (less

1,8 -

than 100 m in HCO , , Overlapping rocks - Pereyaslav- 3

Group of GWBs thickness, min., 3-100 Khmelnitsky 0,3 М HCO max., average 10-20 depression)

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0,2-43 average, m/ day 10-27

Water conductivity km, min, max, 0,6-180 average, m 2 / day 30

Level, min, max, average, m 3-10 5

Average annual level variation, m 0,2-2,7 1,5

Water intake 10 м 3/day: yes /no No Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells N.d. Chemical composition M 0,3-1,8 g/dm 3,

(mineralization M, main anions, HCO3, HCO3-Cl, HCO3- cations) SO4 Ca

40 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface waters, flow from the underlying aquifers

Connection with surface waters Yes

Level trend Stable Prevailing human activity Water production for domestic needs of the rural population

Group of GWBs chemical status Good, local nitrate pollution

Group of GWBs quantitative status Good

Reliability of information High Annual precipitation, mm 580-1070

ENI/2016/372-403 41 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.4 Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0004

GWBs are united in group with code UAM5.1GW0004. Group of GWBs in glacial- water and eolian- deluvial Quaternary sediments is located within the watersheds of the Middle Dnipro region, as well as in certain areas of the Volynska Upland.

Figure 9: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments

The authors realize that the GWBs united in this group are spread over a territory of significant size and therefore can be divided into separate GWBs. But this process can occur at subsequent stages, taking into account groundwater monitoring data.

Water-bearing are water-glacier, glacial, lake-glacial and eolian-deluvial, eluvial-deluvial Middle-Upper Neo-Pleistocene sediments. The lower part of water-bearing rocks is represented by water-glacial, glacial, and lake-glacial various- grained sands with layers of sandy loam and loam. The upper part is an eolian-deluvial, eluvial- deluvial loam, sandy loam, loess-like loam. The thickness of water-bearing sediments is variable and varies from 2-5 to 32 meters. The GWBs occur on pre-quaternary sediments. The depth of the groundwater level varies from 3-5 to 20-28 meters (depth of 5-12 m prevails). The water abundance of the upper part of the stratum is insignificant. The lower part is more abundant, the filtration coefficients vary from 1.1 to 8.3 m/day. The specific well production rate varies from 0.9 to 345.6 m3/day. Chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium, hydrocarbonate-chloride calcium and calcium-magnesium waters with mineralization of 0.3-0.7 g/dm3. Water is characterized by increased iron content.

42 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments are not protected by natural indicators of diffuse pollution by agricultural products and therefore highly vulnerable. According to the results of chemical analysis, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia were detected in water. The recharge is infiltration, the discharge occurs in the river valleys and also in underlying aquifers. The annual amplitude of groundwater level fluctuations is 0.5-3.0 m. The Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is used for water supply of local rural population. Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is agriculture (mineral fertilizers, plant protection products application). Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is directly connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sulphates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally, the quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 8: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0004

Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.3Q400, UAM5.1.2Q400,

UAM5.1.4Q400, 3

UAMQ5.1.5Q400 Cf 1,3-8,3

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in glacial-water m/d 0,7 g/dm0,7 and eolian-deluvial Quaternary (sands), - sediments 1,1-1,5

m/d, P

Group of GWBs area, square km 56700 Mg, M 0,3 M Mg,

km 1-300 - vd

- 2 Geologic index f+vdP f m /d

Cl, CaCl, - Lithology Various-grained sand with 3 interlayers of sandy loam, loam,

loess-like loam , , HCO

less than HCO 32 m

Aquifer type Unconfined

Overlapping rocks -

Group of GWBs thickness, min., max., 2-32 average 17

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 1,1-8,3 average, m/ day 5,0

Water conductivity km, min, max, 1-130 average, m 2 / day 65

Level, min, max, average, m 3-28 15

Average annual level variation, m 0,5-3,0

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no No Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells N.d.

ENI/2016/372-403 43 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column Chemical composition (mineralization М 0,3-0,7 g/dm 3,

M, main anions, cations) HCO3 Ca, Mg Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface waters, flow from the underlying aquifers

Connection with surface waters Yes

Level trend Stable Prevailing human activity Water production for domestic needs of the rural population Group of GWBs chemical status Good, local nitrate contamination

Group of GWBs quantitative status Good reliability of information High Annual precipitation, mm 490-630

44 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.5 Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0005

Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0005) is located in the watersheds of the southern part of the Dnipro basin (sub-basin of the Middle and Lower Dnipro) United into this group GWB can be divided into separate GWBs in future on the basis of groundwater monitoring data.

Figure 10: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments

Group of GWBs is the uppermost. In the floor of the water-bearing strata, the same-age clay and heavy loam are deposited. The water-bearing are eolian-deluvial and eluvial-deluvial Lower-upper Neopleistocene sediments. The water-bearing rocks are represented by loams, sandy loams, loess-like loams with a thickness from 1-6 to 12-30 m. The GWBs are low-water bearing. The coefficients of water conductivity are 0.2- 7.0 m2/day. The coefficient of water permeability varies from 0.2 to 1.1 m/day. Production rates vary from 0.77 to 20.3 m3/day.

The depth of the level amounts from 1-5 to 10-21 m. The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium, hydrocarbonate-chloride magnesium-calcium-sodium, sulphate- hydrocarbonate with mineralization from 0.9-3 to 8-10 g/dm3. Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is situated in a zone of insufficient humidification and, accordingly, inadequate supply of groundwater. In this part of the territory the soil and aeration zone rocks are saline as a result of the natural process of continental salt accumulation. This leads to an increase in mineralization and degrades the water quality. In the chemical composition of water, the eolian-deluvial quaternary deposits of the sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro among the anions predominate sulphates and chlorides, and mineralization often exceeds the normative values, reach-

ENI/2016/372-403 45 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

ing 3-10 g / dm3, and sometimes more. The ground waters of the group are unprotected from diffuse contamination and highly vulnerable. Nitrate pollution in water is observed within rural settlements as a result of agricultural activity. Infiltration recharge mode is characterized by pronounced seasonal variations.

The water of group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is used for drinking needs of rural population. Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is agriculture (mineral fertilizers, plant protection products application). Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is directly connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sulphates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron, manganese, sulphates, chlorides and mineralization. Generally, the quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 9: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0005 3

Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2Q500, HCO

Cf 0,2- -

UAM5.1.3Q500, 1,1 m/d, 3 dm km 0,2- / Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in eolian- g 2 Na,SO 7,0 m /d -

deluvial Quaternary 10

8 - sediments

P than

Group of GWBs area, square km 68370 ClMg

vd - 3 Geologic index vdP less

3,0 Lithology Various-grained sand 30 m -

with interlayers of sandy HCO Mg, -

loam, loam; loam, loess- 0,9 М

like loam 3 HCO

Aquifer type Unconfined

Overlapping rocks -

Group of GWBs thickness, min., max., 1-30 average 16

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0,2-1,1 average, m/ day 0,7

Water conductivity km, min, max, 0,2-7,0 average, m 2 / day 4

Level, min, max, average, m 3-28 15

Average annual level variation, m 0,5-3,0

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no No Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells N.d. Chemical composition (mineralization М 0,9-3.0 g/dm 3,

M, main anions, cations) HCO3, Ca, HCO3-Cl, Ca- Mg-Na, SO4- HCO3 Ca

46 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface waters, flow from the underlying aquifers

Connection with surface waters Yes Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Water production for domestic needs of the rural population

Group of GWBs chemical status Good, local nitrate contamination

Group of GWBs quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 460-560

ENI/2016/372-403 47 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.6 Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0006

Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0006) stand out as small, dispersed on the area GWBs in the Quaternary sediments within the hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian Shield (Figure 5). Therefore, these GWBs are united into one group of GWB, common in several sub-basins (sub-basins of Prypyat, Middle and Lower Dnipro). Their division into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater monitoring.

Figure 11: Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments

Water-bearing sediments are various-grained, mostly fine- and medium-grained sands with layers of sandy loam, loam, (water-glacial genetic varieties). Thickness amounts from 1-5 to 15-25 meters. Sed- iments occur on the rocks of the crystalline basement, sometimes on the Paleogene and Neogene sediments. The sediments either occur directly under the vegetative-soil layer or are overlapped with eolian-deluvial loams. Depth 1-15 m.

These aquifers are confined or unconfined, the water head reaches 1.5–5.0 m, sometimes 12.0 m and is fixed where loams or clays occur in the roof. Well production rates reach 104-173 m3/day. Sands coefficients of filtration vary from 1-2 to 50-70 m/day or more. Waters in the north-western and central parts of the shield are fresh, mainly hydrocarbonate calcium and calcium-magnesium; in the south sulphate, hydrocarbonate-sulphate with mineralization up to 1.8-2.0 g/dm3 are predominant. The amplitude of groundwater level variations is 0.5-1.5 m.

48 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Recharge of aquifers is infiltrative and due to a flow from the underlying aquifers. Usually water intakes developing this aquifer are located in river valleys, where there are favourable conditions for replen- ishment of groundwater (during surface water exploitation). Water of the Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments plays an essential role in water supply of the population. The water supply of the settlements Korostyshiv, Bila Tserkva, Smila, Oleksandria, Gorodysche, Novomyrgorod, Vatutine, Uzyn, Rokytne, Volodarka, Ivankiv, Korsun, Novostarodub, Kamyanka Dniprovska and others is based on the exploitation of this GWBs.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits and locally – drainage melioration. Water of the Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, and is characterized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally, the quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 10: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0006 - 3 Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2Q600

Cf HCO

UAM5.1.3Q600 , 4

1-50 outh) s

UAM5.1.4Q600 (

SO 3

m/d, km

, )

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in 10-80 dm /

2 g

Middle-Upper Quaternary m /d orth

(

2,0

sediments 3

III

- II

/ 1,8 P Group of GWBs area, square km 4719 g

than Geologic index PII-III

1,0до

Lithology Various-grained sands with less

interlayers of sandy loam and , , , М

5-30 m 4 Ca

loam, sands with pebbles and 3 gravel SO

HCO Aquifer type Confined-unconfined

Overlapping rocks Loam, clay

Group of GWBs thickness, min., 5-30 max., average 15

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 1-31 average, m/ day 5-10

Water conductivity km, min, max, 10-80 average, m 2 / day 40

Level, min, max, average, m 5-10 6-7

Average annual level variation, m 0,5-1,5

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells More than 150

ENI/2016/372-403 49 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column

3 Chemical composition (mineralization North – M to 1,0 g/dm , HCO3 M, main anions, cations) Ca, Ca-Mg; 3 South - M to 1,8-2,0 g/dm , SO4, HCO3-SO4

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface water, flow from the underlying aquifers

Connection with surface waters Connected

Level trend Stable Prevailing human activity Economic and drinking water supply Group of GWBs chemical status Good, high natural iron concentration Group of GWBs quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 540-850

50 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.7 Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0007

Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0007) is distributed on the left bank of the Dnipro and its tributary - Desna, Seim, and others. It belongs to different sub-basins: Desna, Middle and Lower Dnipro. The division of Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater monitoring.

It is associated with alluvial sediments of floodplain terraces and water-glacial formations which form a thick water-saturated layer of sandy sediments with a total thickness of 5 to 98, and somewhere to 120 meters. The aquifer occurs on sandy rocks of Oligocene, on the Eocene marls, and in places of their erosion - on water-bearing Eocene sediments. Thus, in the Dnipro valley at the area from Kyiv to Kre- menchuk, due to the lack of water-resistant Kyiv marls, water-containing Pleistocene Eocene sediments form the single powerful aquifer with water saturated Eocene deposits.

Figure 12: Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments

The water-containing sediments are represented by various-grained sands from fine-grained in the upper part of the cross-section to coarse-grained and gravelly in the lower part. In the upper part of the cross- section loam and sandy loam occur, due to which the aquifer gets water head. Its height does not exceed 5-10 meters. The depth of the groundwater level is from 3 to 33 meters, mostly 5-10. The production rates of wells that develop the lower part of the aquifer vary from 51.8 to 241.9 m3/day, in some places increase to 578.9-596.2 m3/day. The coefficient of filtration in the valley of the Dnipro reaches 100-160 m/day, in some places up to 610 m/day. The waters are fresh, hydrocarbonate- calcium, calcium-magnesium, calcium-sodium, with mineralization up to 1 g/dm3. The quality indicators

ENI/2016/372-403 51 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

are worsened by the presence of iron, the natural content of which in water exceeds the normative parameters.

The mode of the aquifer is influenced by meteorological factors, the average annual level variation amplitude is 1.0-2.8 m.

Recharge occurs throughout the distribution area by infiltration of precipitation, and partly due to the flow from confined Eocene and Oligocene aquifers. The aquifer discharges in the river valleys; the general direction of the flow is towards the Dnipro valley - the main area of the aquifer discharge. The water of this aquifer is of great importance for the water supply of the population throughout the all area of its distribution. The waters of the upper parts are operated by wells for economic and drinking purposes in the countryside. The waters of the lower part of the aquifer are exploited by a significant number of wells for the supply of drinking water for the needs of small, medium and large settlements (Cherkasy, Nizhyn, Nosivka, Grebinka, Bakhmach, Zolotonosha, Kremenchuk, etc.).

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits and locally – drainage melioration. Water of the Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. The Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Water is locally polluted with nitrat es, and is characterized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally the quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 11: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0007 (the Dnipro Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2Q600 valley

UAM5.1.3Q600

Cf 34- than UAM5.1.5Q600

43 than

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in Lower- m/d), less

less

Middle Quaternary km 50- , М 4

sediments 100 М , outh)

2 SO

- (

m /d -

3 3 3

Group of GWBs area, square 36450 II

, Са , dm

km /

P HCO

Geologic index PI-II 98 less -

SO 2,0 -

than Ca

Lithology Various-grained sands with 120 m 1,8

orth); orth); Са,

interlayers of sandy loam

, ( 3

and loam, sands with 3 dm

pebbles and gravel /

HCO g Aquifer type Confined-unconfined 1

Overlapping rocks Loam, clay П@k П@ v bЭ Group of GWBs thickness, min., To 120 max., average 20-30

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 1-38 average, m/ day 15

Water conductivity km, min, 50-100 max, average, m 2 / day 60

Level, min, max, average, m 5-10 10

52 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Average annual level variation, 0,5-2,8 m 1-1,5

Water intake 1 0 м3 /day: yes/n o Yes Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells More than 300

Chemical composition North – M to 1,0 g/dm 3,

(mineralization M, main anions, HCO3 Ca, Ca-Mg; South - M 3 cations) to 1,8-2,0 g/dm , SO4, HCO3- SO4 Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface water, flow from the underlying aquifers Connection with surface waters No

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Economic and drinking water supply

Group of GWBs chemical status Good, high natural iron concentration

Group of GWBs quantitative Good status reliability of information High Annual precipitation, mm 540-850

ENI/2016/372-403 53 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.8 GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0008

GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0008) is used for centralized water supply only in the north of the Dnipropetrovsk region, although sandy alluvial sediments are widespread within the watersheds of the left bank of the Dnipro. The water-containing rocks are mostly fine and medium-grained sands with interlayers of coarse-grained sand and loam.

Figure 13: GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments

The thickness of water-bearing rocks varies from 2-5 to 50 meters (average 10-20 m). Coefficients of filtration amount 0.2-6 m/day. Water-bearing rocks occur on the Paleogene rocks. Overlapped with low permeable Neogene or Quaternary sediments. Depth of occurrence is 10-83 m. Waters are artesian, height of water head is from 2 to 19-47 m. Well production rates are 0.3-5.8 dm3/s.

The water is fresh, with mineralization of 0.3-0.7 g/dm3, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-sodium, hydrocarbonate-sulphate magnesium-sodium. Recharge occurs due to infiltration of precipitation and, in part, due to inflow from the aquifers lying below. The aquifer is drained by river network. The level mode depends on climatic factors, the annual amplitude of the level variations is 0.3-0.4 meters The aquifer is used for water supply of rural population, as well as businesses with little need for water. For centralized water supply the aquifer is used in the settlements of Magdalynivka and Olenivka.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in the terrigenous Pliocene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

54 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Table 12: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0008 N@Эb- o

GWB code UAM5.1.3N100 Pъ

до 83 m

GWB name GWB in the Na, terrigenous Pliocene o Cf 0,2- -

12,0 m/d, Mg

sediments 3

N@ km 0,5- 4

SO dm

GWB area, square km 661,2 2 -

180 m /d 3

Geologic index N2 0,7 g/0,7 less than -

Lithology Various-grained 158 m

Mg, HCO Mg, -

sand 0,3 M

Aquifer type Confined П#br 3

Overlapping rocks Loam, clay HCO

GWB thickness, min., max., average 2-50 10-20

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average, m/ 0,2-12,0 day 6,0

Water conductivity km, min, max, average, m 2 0,5-180 / day 50

Level, min, max, average, m 2-47 20

Average annual level variation, m 0,3-0,4

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes

Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells About 30

Chemical composition (mineralization M, main М 0,3-0,7 g/dm 3, anions, cations) HCO3 Ca, Ca-Na, Mg-Na; HCO3 ,-Cl Mg- Na

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation

Connection with surface waters No

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Water intake GWB chemical status Good

GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High Annual precipitation, mm 490-630

ENI/2016/372-403 55 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.9 Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0009

Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0009) is situated in the south of the Dnipro Basin (the sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) in the Black Sea Artesian Basin and at the boundary of the Hydrogeological area of the Ukrainian Shield with the Black Sea Artesian Basin. The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater monitoring.

Figure 14: Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments

The water-bearing system is connected with the sediments of the Pontic, Meiotic and Sarmatian regio- stage, which are not separated by water-resistant rocks.

Water-bearing deposits are not constant by depth and area. They are represented by limestone, sand, sandstone in layers of clay. Thickness is 30-50, reaching 100-140 meters in some sites. They occur on the same-age clay, in the roof they are overlapped by the same-age clays (or - on the right bank of the Dnipro - variegated and red-brown clay of Miocene-Pliocene). These clays play the role of the upper and underlying water-resistant layers.

On the left bank of the Dnipro in the places of quaternary eolian sands and alluvial sandy sediments location between the Miocene and Quaternary aquifers hydraulic connection is formed. The depth of occurrence varies from 3-10 to 25-90 meters; in the southern part it increases to 100-140 meters. The aquifer is artesian, water head varies from 3-18 to 50-100 meters. The depth of the groundwater level is 3-51 meters or more. Water abundance varies significantly depending on the lithology of the water-bearing layers and their thickness, the production rates vary from 8.6 to 2488- 3888 m3/day.

56 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium, hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium-magnesium, sulphate-chloride, sodium-magnesium, magnesium-sodium with mineralization from 0.3-1.0 to 3.0 g/dm3. Levels are characterized by seasonal variations. Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments is exploited for water supply of the cities of Kherson, Gola Prystan, Kakhovka, Nova Kakhovka, Beryslav, etc.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits and locally- irrigation. Water of the Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally there is an increased natural content of iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 13: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0009 -

Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2N200

5-90 less Mg Mg Mg

UAM5.1.3N200 - N2-P1 than 100-

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in 140 m

ClNa -

terrigenous- 4

calcareous Miocene Cf 7-250 3

sediments m/d, km 50-

dm /

2 SO Mg, -

N1 400 m /d g

Group of GWBs area, square km 22700 Ca

1,0 4

Geologic index N1 -

SO -

100-300 m 3 Lithology Interlayers of 0,3 М limestone, N1 Na,

sandstone, sand

Ca, HCOCa, - Aquifer type Confined

Overlapping rocks Loam, clay, sand

Ca , Ca, Mg

3 Group of GWBs thickness, min., max., 30-50 and more

average 20-30 HCO

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average, m/ from 7 to 250 day 20-30

Water conductivity km, min, max, average, m 2 50-400 / day 190

Level, min, max, 3-51 average, m 30

Average annual level variation, m 0,2-08

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells More than 500 Chemical composition (mineralization M, main М 0,3-1,0 g/dm 3, anions, cations) HCO3 Ca, Mg-Ca, HCO3-SO4 Ca-Mg,

SO4-Cl Na- Mg

ENI/2016/372-403 57 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation

Connection with surface waters No Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Water intake Group of GWBs chemical status Good

Group of GWBs quantitative status Good reliability of information High Annual precipitation, mm 430-480

58 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.10 GWB in terrigenous– calcareous Sarmatian sediments – UAM5.1GW0010

GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments (code UAM5.1GW0010) is situated in the western part of the Dnipro basin (sub-basin of the Pripyat River) within the junction of the Volyno-Podilsky AB and the Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield, where a small water body in the sediments of the Sarmatian regio-stage of Miocene is distinguished. The water-bearing rocks are represented by layers and lenses of limestone, sandstone, sand in the strata of the clay. The thickness of the interlayers varies from 1-2 to 55 m (average 5-15 m), the depth varies from 10 to 100 m (average values 10- 25 m). The aquifer is artesian, the water head ranges from several to 35 meters. Levels are established at depths from a few to 67-60 meters below the earth surface.

Figure 15: GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments

The water abundance is uneven, the production rates vary within 0.3-17.3 m3/day. The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium with mineralization up to 0.8 g/dm 3. Recharge of the aquifer is infiltration, discharge occurs in the modern erosion network. Groundwater is used for centralized water supply of inhabited localities Starokostiantyniv, Shepetivka and others. Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

ENI/2016/372-403 59 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Table 14: WB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0010 P

GWB code UAM5.1.4N300 N1s 10-100 m

GWB name GWB in terrigenous-

calcareous Sarmatian 3

sediments dm / Cf 0,2-4,6 g GWB area, square km 1040

N1s 0,8

m/d,

Geologic index N1s km 1,0-190 than m/d

Lithology Interlayers of limestone, 40-290 m less sandstone, sand

П @ M , , Aquifer type Confined

K2s Ca

Overlapping rocks Loam, clay, sand 3 AR-PR GWB thickness, min., max., 5 - 55 HCO average 5-15 Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0.2-4.6 average, m/ day

Water conductivity km, min, max, 1.0-190.0 average, m 2 / day

Level, min, max, To 35 average, m

Average annual level variation, m 0.12-0.34

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells About 10 Chemical composition М to 0,8 г/дм3,

(mineralization M, main anions, HCO3 Ca cations)

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation Connection with surface waters No

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Water intake GWB chemical status Good

GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 580-1070

60 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.11 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0011

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0011) in terrigenous deposits of Oligocene is connected with the sediments of the Mezhygirska suite. Oligocene is widely distributed within the watersheds of the Middle and Low Dnipro sub-basins (central part of the Dniprovsko- Donetsky artesian basin). It is situated within the watersheds of the Dnipro left tributaries. Water- bearing deposits are various-grained, mostly fine-grained sands, with layers of siltstone, clays, and lenses of brown coal. The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater monitoring.

Figure 16: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments

In the river valleys, the aquifer is covered with Quaternary sediments, on the watersheds - with variegated and red-brown Miocene-Pliocene clays or sands of the Novopetrivska suite of the Miocene, with which it forms a single aquifer. The Eocene Kyiv marls and clays serve as a floor, and in the places of their absence – the Eocene and Upper Cretaceous sediments are the floor of the aquifer.

The depth of occurrence depends on the topography and the structural features of the territory and varies from 5-25 (the artesian basin edges) to 80-90 meters (central part), in the inter-dome depressions it reaches 125-250 meters. The average thickness is 25-30 meters, increasing in the central part of the basin to 70-90 meters, and in the inter-dome depressions- 150-180 m.

The water head varies from 1.5 to 30 meters, in the central part of the artesian basin - up to 60 meters. Water abundance depends on the lithology of water-bearing rocks. Well production rates vary from 17.3-293.8 to 864 m3/day.

ENI/2016/372-403 61 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Groundwater is mainly fresh, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, calcium-sodium, sodium- calcium, with mineralization of 0.4-0.7 g/dm3, in the central part of the artesian basin mineralization increases to 4 g/dm3, caused by deep saline aquifers discharge. The recharge is infiltration and, partially, due to the flow from the Eocene aquifer, where it contains saline water. Discharge is carried out in the river network (the valley of the Dnipro and its tributaries). Groundwater level is characterized by seasonal variations, the amplitude is 0.4-0.5 m on the watersheds and 0.1-0.2 m on the slopes.

Considering shallow occurrence of the Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments, significant water abundance and good quality of water, it is used for centralized water supply in inhabited localities of Romny, Gadyach, Lubny, Myrgorod.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally there is an increased natural content of iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 15: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0011 o o from 5-90 to Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2Р100, N!-2sg-Эb 250 m UAМ5.1.3Р100 N1

UAМ5.1.5Р100 3

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in / g terrigenous Oligocene Cf 0,4-7,0

Р 0,7 sediments 3 m/d, - km 50-150 Group of GWBs area, square km 37300 and more 2

Geologic index Р3 m /d 0,4 М Ca, -

Lithology Various-grained, mostly

fine- grained sand NaNa, - Aquifer type Confined

50-400 m CaCa,

Overlapping rocks Fine-grained sand, clay 3

Group of GWBs thickness, min., max., 25-30 to 70-95, locally HCO average 150-180 П@kv

25-30 K2 П@

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average, 0,4-7,0 m/ day 3-4 Water conductivity km, min, max, 10-200 average, m 2 / day 130

Level, min, max, 1,5-60,0 average, m 20-30

Average annual level variation, m 0,1-0,5

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells More than 300

62 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column Chemical composition (mineralization M, М 0,4-0,7 g/dm 3, main anions, cations) HCO3 Ca, Ca-Na, Na-Ca Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, flow from Eocene aquifer

Connection with surface waters Discharge in river valleys

Level trend Stationary filtration mode Prevailing human activity Water intake for centralized water supply Group of GWBs chemical status Good

Group of GWBs quantitative status Good reliability of information High Annual precipitation, mm 490-630

ENI/2016/372-403 63 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.12 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0012

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0012) is connected mainly with the sediments of the Buchak suite of Eocene. In addition to it, deposits of the Kanivska and Kyivska suites are part of the aquifer in some areas.

The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater monitoring. Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments is distributed almost everywhere on the left bank of the Dnipro river (subbasin of the Desna, Middle and Upper Dnipro) within the central part of the Dniprovsko-Donetskyi artesian basin. It is blurred in the Dnipro valley (from Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky to Cherkasy), within the salt dome structures.

Figure 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments

In the roof of the water bearing sediments regional water-resistant strata - Eocene Kyiv marls and clays occur, and in places of their erosion - Oligocene and Quaternary sediments. In the Dnipro valley, in the places of the Kyiv marls erosion, the Eocene and Quaternary aquifers form a single hydraulic system. Under it the marl-chalk rocks of the Upper Cretaceous, within the Oster-Zolotonisky uplift - the Jurassic clay occur. To the south-west of Chernigiv, water-containing Alb-Cenomanian sediments of Cretaceous are deposited under the Eocene water-bearing rocks. To the south of Kremenchuk, water- bearing deposits of the aquifer occur on the watered sediments of the Cenomanian, Jurassic, Triassic, Carboniferous or crystalline basement. The water-bearing rocks are: various-grained sand, mostly medium grained, with interlayers of sandstones, siltstones, clays. Thickness varies from 5-10 to 80-100 meters. The depth of water-bearing rocks varies from 12.5-62.0 (edges of the basin, river valleys) to 156-331 meters (central part of the basin). The aquifer is artesian, the water head magnitude varies from 5-15 to 135-333 meters.

64 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Groundwater levels are set at a depth of 1-12 to 56 meters or more. In some wells, the level is set above the earth surface.

The formation of the chemical composition depends on the geostructural features of water-bearing rocks occurrence, the influence of salt-dome structures and the lithology of water-bearing rocks. For the Eocene aquifer, increased content of fluorine up to 3-5 mg/dm3, is peculiar. Within the most aquifer territory water is fresh, with mineralization up to 1g/dm3, hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium, sodium, calcium-sodium. In the area of salt-dome structures the mineralization increases to 2.1-5 g/dm3, there water is hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium. In the Dnipro valley (from Kremenchuk to Pavlograd) water is chloride sodium with mineralization from 2.6 to 3-4 g/dm3, in some places 5-15 g/dm3.

The wells production rates vary from 86.4-864 to 1296-2160 m3/day (most characteristic 172.8-259.2 m3/day). Infiltration recharge takes place on the north-eastern and south-western edges of the artesian basin, where water-bearing rocks occur shallow and are covered with water-permeable sand sediments. The aquifer discharges in the Dnipro valley in the absence of water-resistant deposits in its roof. In places of recharge and discharge, significant seasonal variations of groundwater level are observed - up to 0.5-0.9 m, oscillations are less pronounced in the deep part of the artesian basin.

The aquifer is one of the main sources of drinking water providing of settlements located in the Dniprovsko-Donetsky artesian basin. Here it is operated by numerous large and medium water users, used for centralized water supply of cities Chernigiv, Pryluky, Trostyanets, Lebedyn, Lubny, Pyriatyn and others. In the Kyiv region, as a result of the flows through the water separation layer, in the process of intensive exploitation of the Alb-Cenomanian aquifer, lowing of level to 2.7-15 m in the Eocene aquifer is observed.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. The formation of depression funnels is marked. Water of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally there is an increased natural content of fluorine, in Dnipro valley – iron, manganese. An increase in the mineralization in the zone of salt tectonics influence was also noted. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

ENI/2016/372-403 65 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Table 16: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0012 12,5-62 less Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.1Р200, П#_P than UAМ5.1.2Р200,

331 m , ClNa, UAМ5.1.3Р200, 3

UAМ5.1.4Р200,

П@k , HCO ,

UAМ5.1.5Р200 3

v dm

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in Cf 0,2- / g

terrigenous Eocene 9,0 m/d, domestructures) - sediments Р2 km100- 140 Group of GWBs area, square km 110300 2

thaness1 m /d l

Geologic index Р2 (areasalt of

3 Na, М М Na,

Lithology Various-grained sand with - dm / interlayers of sandstone, g

5 siltstone, clay - 60-500

m Mg, Na, CaNa, Mg,

- K2

K1-K2s ess thaness2,1

J CaCa,

М М 3 T

C AR-PR HCO

Aquifer type Confined

Overlapping rocks Clay, marl, sand

Group of GWBs thickness, min., 5-100 max., 35-55 average

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0,2-9.0 average, m/ day 6.0 Water conductivity km, min, max, 100-140 average, m 2 / day Level, min, max, from 5-15 to 134,8-332,7 average, m 30-60 Average annual level variation, m 0,5-0,9

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings - Number of production wells More than 400

Chemical composition М to 1 g/dm 3,

(mineralization M, main anions, HCO3 Ca, Ca-Mg, Na, Ca- cations) Na,

locally HCO3-Cl, Cl Na Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation and surface water

66 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column Connection with surface waters In areas of erosion of water- resistant deposits is connected with Quaternary aquifers

Level trend Stable. In places of intense water intake- - depression surfaces (funnels)

Prevailing human activity Water intake for centralized water supply

Group of GWBs chemical status Good

Group of GWBs quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 540-850

ENI/2016/372-403 67 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.13 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments – UAM5.1GW0013

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0013) are associated with the Oligocene and Eocene sediments, which fill the paleo-valleys in the crystalline basement of the Ukrainian shield. These GWBs are separate areas, united in the group.

The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater monitoring.

Figure 18: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments

They are covered with red-brown and variegated clays of the Miocene-Pliocene, sometimes sandy formations of the Poltava suite of the Miocene, which are often drained, or quaternary rocks. The aquifer occurs on the crystalline rocks of the basement. In the southern part of their distribution (Konksko- Yalynska depression) they occur on the Upper Cretaceous sediments. The water-bearing rocks are represented by fine-grained sands, sandstones with interlayers of clays, secondary kaolins and brown coal. Thickness reaches 10-100 meters. Depth from 2-30 to 50-70 meters. The aquifer is artesian, water head is weak, it reaches 15-20 meters, an average of 7-10 meters. Well production rates vary from 86.4 to 190.1 m3/day.According to the chemical composition of water, they are hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium, sodium-calcium, sulphate-hydrocarbonate, chloride-sulphate with mineralization not exceeding 1 g/dm3. In the Konksko-Yalynska depression mineralization increases from 0.8 to 2.3-2.5 g/dm3.Infiltration recharge occurs due to precipitation, as well as flows from overlying and underlying aquifers. The Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments are used for water supply of settlements Vatutyne, Kropyvnytskyi, Guliaj Pole, etc.

68 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally there is an increased natural content iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0013 10-70 m

N!_@sg-

Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2Р300 Эb UAМ5.1.3Р300 N! P

UAМ5.1.4Р300 , 3

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in Cf 0,5-8,0

HCO

terrigenous Paleogene m/d, km 50- -

sediments 150 m2/d , , Cl

3 Yalinskydepression,

Group of GWBs area, square 8451 -

HCO -

km g/dm32,5 4 - Geologic index Р

Р Ca, SO Ca, Lithology Various-grained sand with -

interlayers of sandstone, inKonkovothe

clay, brown coal 3 Na, NaNa,

from 2,3 M to 0,8 g/dm

80 less than Ca

3 1 250-300 m

HCO

than

Aquifer type Confined (weak water K2

head) J,D,C less М М AR-PR

Overlapping rocks Clay, sand

Group of GWBs thickness, min., 10-35 max., 10-12 average

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0.5-8.0 average, m/ day 4.0

Water conductivity km, min, 50-150 max, average, m 2 / day 70

Level, min, max, 15-18 average, m 7-10

Average annual level variation, 0.33-1.1 m

Water intake 1 0 м3 /day: yes/n o Yes Number of spring cappings --

Number of production well s More than 100

3 Chemical composition М to 1 g/dm , HCO3 Ca,

(mineralization M, main anions, Na-Ca; SO4-HCO3, Cl - cations) HCO3 Main recharge source Infiltration of precipita-tion, flow from overlying and underlying aquifers

ENI/2016/372-403 69 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column Connection with surface waters -

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Water intake for water supply of settlements

Group of GWBs chemical status Good Group of GWBs quantitative Good status reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 540-850

70 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.14 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) – UAM5.1GW0014

GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments in sub-basin of the Prypyat (code UAM5.1GW0014) is connected with the marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous (from Maastrichtian to Turonian stages) and is situated in the west of the Dnipro basin (sub-basin of the Prypyat).

Figure 19: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat)

Water content is associated with the active fissured zone of marls, chalk and chalk -like limestone. The thickness of the fissured zone from the roof of the layer varies from 10-40 to 60-70 m, sometimes more. Below this zone, the marl- chalk sediments are almost monolithic and are the water-resistant layer separating the Upper Cretaceous aquifer from the underlying sediments. The aquifer occurs under Quaternary, in some places Neogene or Paleogene sediments. The depth of groundwater varies from 11.5-25 in the river valleys to 60 meters in the watersheds. In the western part, the Cenomanian layer of the Upper Cretaceous occurs under it, in the east - the Mesozoic, Paleozoic, or Precambrian rocks. The aquifer is artezian. Water head varies from 11 to 59 meters. The water head is due to the presence of the marl-chalk strata of the “colmatage zone” (an amorphous clay mass with the inclusion of fragments of the bedrock) in the roof. The prevailing thickness are: on slopes and watersheds up to 3 m, in river valleys from 3 to 10 m. At the same time, the zone of colmatage is the upper water-resistant layer, protecting groundwater from surface pollution.

Groundwater is mostly fresh, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, with a predominant mineralization of 0.2-0.3 g / dm3, sometimes 0.03-1.7 g / dm3.

ENI/2016/372-403 71 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

The GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) is widely used for centralized drinking water supply of settlements Lutsk, Kovel, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Gorokhiv, Torchyn, Dubne, etc. Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 18: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat)

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column United GWB code UAM5.1GW0014

GWB code М514К100 П N GWB name GWB in calcareous Upper

Cretaceous sediments (sub- basin of the Prypyat) Q 11-25, less than 60 m

GWB area, square km 32130

Geologic index К2 (the Litology Fissured marl, chalk thickness of Aquifer type Confined the fissured zone 10-70 Overlapping rocks Loam, sandy loam, sands, K2 m) eluvial rocks ("colmatage Cf 0,01-35,0

zone") , variegatedchemical composition m/d, km 10- 3 2

810 m /d dm GWB thickness, min., max., 3,0-70,0 / average 10,0-40,0 g

150-200 and 0,7 - Filtration coefficient k, min, 0,01-35,0 more m

max, average, m/ day 15-18 М 0,07 М

Water conductivity km, min, From 10-50 to 775-810 K2 max, average, m 2 / day s PЄ Level, min, max, 11-75

average, m 25-35

Є,S,D,C,J Average annual level variation, m

Water intake 10 м3/day: Yes yes/no

Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells More than 200 Chemical composition М 0,07-0,7 g/dm 3, (mineralization M, main anions, variegated chemical cations) composition

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface water, flow from underlying aquifers Connection with surface waters Yes

72 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Household and drinking water supply

GWB chemical status Good

GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 540-850

ENI/2016/372-403 73 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.15 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna) – UAM5.1GW0015

GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments in sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna (code UAM5.1GW0015) is located in the fissured zone of the marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastricht-Kampan). It is distributed in the north-east of the territory of the Dnipro basin (subbasin of the Desna and the Middle Dnipro). The thickness of the fissure zone from the roof of sediments varies from 60-70 m, rarely more. Below this zone, the marl-chalk sediments are almost monolithic and serve as the water-resistant layer that separates the Upper Cretaceous aquifer from the underlying sediments.

Figure 20: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna)

It occurs under Quaternary, in some places Neogene or Paleogene sediments at a depth of 15-25 in river valleys up to 60-80 meters along the watersheds. In the western part, deposits of the Cenomani- an stage of the Upper Cretaceous occur under it. The aquifer is artesian. Water head varies from 25- 35, in some places up to 75 meters. The water head is due to the presence of the “colmatage zone” in the roof of the marl-chalk strata - an amorphous clay mass with the inclusion of bedrock fragments. The prevailing values of its thickness are on the slopes and watersheds up to 3 m, in the river valleys up to 8 m. At the same time, the colmatage zone is the upper water-resistant layer, protecting groundwater from pollution from the surface. In the north-eastern part, where the marl-chalk sediments occupy a high hypsometric position, the magnitude of the water head decreases due to the intensive discharge of the aquifer.

Groundwater is mostly fresh, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, with mineralization of 0.2- 0.3 g/dm3, sometimes 0.03-1.7 g/dm3.

74 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Groundwater is widely used for centralized drinking water supply of settlements Sumy, Shostka, V o- rozhba, Glukhiv, Putyvl, Trostyanets and others.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments in sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 19: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna)

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0015 K2

GWB code UAМ5.1.2К200, 15-25 less than UAМ5.1.5К200 П 60-80 m GWB name GWB in calcareous Upper N Cretaceous sediments (sub- P basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna) Cf 0,01-35,0 m/d, (the thickness of GWB area, square km 19280 the fissured zone

Geologic index К2 60-70 m) km less than 700- Litology Fissured marl, chalk 800 m2/d

Aquifer type Confined , variegatedchemical composition 3

240-300 m

dm /

0,7 -

Overlapping rocks Loam, sandy loam, sands, М 0,07 М eluvial rocks ("colmatage K zone") 1-2

GWB thickness, min., max., 10,0-70,0 average 10,0-40,0

Filtration coefficient k, min, 0,01-35,0 max, average, m/ day 15-18

Water conductivity km, min, To 700-800 max, average, m 2 / day

Level, min, max, 11-75 average, m 25-35

Average annual level To 0,45 variation, m

Water intake 10 м3/day: Yes yes/no

Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells About 100 Chemical composition М 0,07-0,7 g/dm 3, (mineralization M, main variegated chemical anions, cations) composition

ENI/2016/372-403 75 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface water, flow from underlying aquifers

Connection with surface Yes waters

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Household and drinking water supply

GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 540-850

76 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.16 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) – UAM5.1GW0016

GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments within sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro (code UAM5.1GW0016) is spread over an area of the Lower Dnipro sub-basin territory (zone of the Do- netska hydrogeological folded region band the Hydrogeological region of Ukrainian Shield adjacency, the Konksko-Yalynska depression). Water-bearing rocks are fissured chalk, marl with thin layers of sandstones and sands that occur on Pre0Cambrian, Carboniferous and Triassic formations. Above it the Eocene-Oligocene and Miocene water-containing rocks occur, hydraulically connected with the Upper Cretaceous waters-bearing system.

Figure 21: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro)

Thickness is 20-25 meters, depth from 20-40 in the valleys to 60-90 meters on the watersheds. The water-bearing system is confined-unconfined: it is unconfined on the watersheds, and in the river valleys the water head reaches 20-30 meters. The production rates of wells reach 2246.4-3628.8 m3/day, towards the watersheds, the water abundance decreases to 4.32-8.64 m3/day. The filtration coefficients vary from 1-100 m/day in the valleys to 0.001-0.2 m/day on the watersheds.

In the Konksko-Yalynska depression, the Cretaceous sediments are deposited on the rocks of the crystalline basement, and they are covered with the Paleogene and Neogene rocks. The depth varies from 15 to 300-400 meters. Thickness varies from 10-20 to 50-60 meters. The aquifer is confined (artesian), the magnitude of the water head is 15-200 meters. Well production rates vary from 172.8- 190.1 to 2298.2 m3/day, filtration coefficients - 1.5-10.0 m/day. The waters-bearing system regime is due to seasonal climatic changes.

The chemical composition of groundwater is variegated - chloride-sulphate calcium-sodium with a mineralization of 1-3 g/dm3, in the river valleys - fresh chloride-hydrocarbonate-sulphate sodium-

ENI/2016/372-403 77 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

calcium, hydrocarbonate calcium and sulphate-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium. The total hardness varies from 3.4-29.7 mmol/dm3, but in most cases does not exceed 14 mmol/dm3.

The water of the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) is used for water supply of a number of cities and villages (Velyka Noselivka, Elyzavetivka, Katerynivka, Dobrovillya, Pology, Guliaj-Pole, etc.).

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 20: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro)

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column United GWB code UAM5.1GW0016

GWB code UAМ5.1.3К100

GWB name GWB in calcareous 20-90 m Upper Cretaceous

N1 П2 Cf 1,5-10,0 4

sediments (sub-basin of

m/d, SO the Lower Dnipro) 3

Ca, somewhere -

GWB area, square km 1161

more, km 2 3

Geologic index К2 K2 10-150 m /d ; ClHCO 3

HCO

dm 4

Lithology Fissured marl, chalk, /

1 g/dm31

limestone 3 -

SO Ca, Aquifer type Mostly confined 3

Overlapping rocks Sand 1 М Na, -

N2 lessthan М Ca

GWB thickness, min., max., 10-60 100-170 m 4 Ca, HCOCa,

average 30 -

- Na

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 1,5-10 , sometimes more Cl average, m/ day 7.0

Water conductivity km, min, max, 10-500

average, m 2 / day 180-250 AR-PR

Level, min, max, from 15-20 sometimes to average, m 100

Average annual level variation, m 0.3

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells About 30

3 Chemical composition М 1-3 g/dm , Cl-SO4 Ca- (mineralization M, main anions, Na 3 cations) М to 1 g/dm , Cl-HCO3-

SO4 Na- Ca; HCO3 Ca; SO4-HCO3 Na- Ca

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation Connection with surface waters No

78 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

Level trend No data

Prevailing human activity Household and drinking water supply

GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 460-560

ENI/2016/372-403 79 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.17 GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments – UAM5.1GW0017

GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments (code UAM5.1GW0017) is distributed in a small area in the Lower Dnipro sub-basin territory (the Black Sea artesian basin slopes).

Figure 22: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments

The water-bearing rocks are represented by sands and sandstones in the thickness of the marl-chalks and clays occurring on the Precambrian rocks, and are overlapped by water-bearing sediments of the Paleogene and Miocene. The water-bearing sediments thickness is 20–200 meters, depth is from 90 to 100 m. The levels are set at a depth of from 10–15 to 50–60 meters. The aquifer system is confined, the water head reaches 20-50, and in the deep part more. The production rates of wells are 268 m3/day, in the direction of rocks lowering they increase to 2000 m3/day. Filtration coefficients vary from 1 to 50 m/day.

The chemical composition of groundwater is hydrocarbonate calcium with mineralization 0.5-1.0 g / dm3. The aquifer system is exploited together with aquifer in Paleogene sediments for water supply of the settlements in the Vasylyivskyi district of the Zaporizka region. Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

80 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Table 21: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0017

GWB code UAМ5.1.3К100 П2 90-100 m GWB name GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments Cf 1-10,0

m/d and GWB area, square km 577,4 3

more,

dm /

Geologic index К2 km n.d. g 1 1

Lithology Sand, sandstone 350-400 m than

Aquifer type Confined less Overlapping rocks Sand, clay

GWB thickness, min., max., 20-200 М Ca, average 3

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 1-10 and more HCO K average, m/ day 2 AR-PR Water conductivity km, min, max, No data average, m 2 / day Level, min, max, To 20-50

average, m

Average annual level variation, m 0,2-0,3

Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells About 10

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Chemical composition M to 1 g/dm 3

(mineralization M, main anions, HCO3 Ca, cations) Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation Connection with surface waters No

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Household and drinking water supply

GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 430-490

ENI/2016/372-403 81 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.18 GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments – UAM5.1GW0018

GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments (code UAM5.1GW0018) is distributed almost everywhere within the Volyno-Podilskyi artesian basin, but for household and drinking purposes it is used in places of its shallow occurrence, in the territory where the Volyno-Podilsky artesian basin borders with the Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield. In this part, the water-bearing rocks occur on the Pre- cambrian rocks, and is overlapped with marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous, in some places - the Paleogene, Neogene, and the Quaternary system. The thickness of water-bearing rocks is 5- 25 meters or more.

Figure 23: GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments

The water-bearing rocks are sand, sandstone with layers of flint, limestone and gaize. The depth of occurrence is 10-50 meters. The aquifer is artesian, the water head is 10–15 meters and increases to 100 more meters to the east along with the deepening of rocks to the west. Static level set at depths of up to 25 meters. Chemical composition of groundwater is hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, with predominant mineralization not exceeding 0.3-1.6 g/dm3. There are no traditional water-resistant layers neither in the roof nor in the floor of the aquifer. The water of Cenomanian aquifer is used for water supply of the cities of Khmelnitsky, Shepetivka, Izyaslav. In the settlements of Krasyliv and Slavuta, it is exploited together with the aquifer in Precam- brian rocks.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

82 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Table 22: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0018

GWB code UAМ5.1.4К200 П,N,P K2 GWB name GWB in terrigenous 10-50 m Cenomanian sediments

GWB area, square km 120,7

Geologic index K2s Cf 0,2-12 m/d dm

2 /

km 10-150 m /d g Lithology sand, sandstone with

1,6 layers of flint, limestone -

and gaize K2s 0,3

M Aquifer type Confined

Mg,, Mg,, Overlapping rocks Chalk, marl, sand, loam 90-100 m -

GWB thickness, min., max., 5-25 Ca, CaCa,

average 14 3

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0,2-12,0 HCO average, m/ day 7.0 PЄ Water conductivity km, min, 10-150 max, average, m 2 / day 80 Level, min, max, to 25

average, m

Average annual level variation, 0.4-0.45 m

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells About 10

Chemical composition М 0,3-1,6 g/dm 3

(mineralization M, main anions, HCO3Ca, Ca-Mg cations) Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation Connection with surface -

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply

GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 580-1070

ENI/2016/372-403 83 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.19 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments – UAM5.1GW0019

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments (code UAM5.1GW0019) of the Lower and Upper Cretaceous is widely distributed within the Dniprovsko-Donetsky AB with the exception of certain areas (between Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky - Cherkasy, Ostersko-Zolotonisky uplift, arches of salt- dome structures). Within the Hydrogeological Region of the Ukrainian Shield, it fills separate paleo- valleys in the crystalline basement. Considering the absence of water-resistant layers between the Albian and Cenomanian sediments, a single water-bearing system is formed in their stratum.

The division of Group of GWBs terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater monitoring.

Water-containing are fine-grained, clayey sands and sandstones with interlayers of clays (upper part of the strata) and sands of various-grained, medium and coarse-grained sand with lenses, concretions of flint (lower part of the strata).

Figure 24: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments

Water-resistant marl-chalk sediments are deposited in the roof of the Upper Cretaceous, and in places of their erosion - Paleogene and Quaternary sediments. Below the Lower Cretaceous, Jurassic and Archean-Proterozoic rocks occur.

Thickness is from 7-50 to 75-100 m. The depth of occurrence varies from 25-50 to 100-150 meters, in the deepest part of the artesian basin increases to 728 meters. Well production rates are from 95.0- 950.4 to 2592-4078.1 m3/day.

The chemical composition of groundwater is hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium, hydrocarbonate- sulphate sodium, hydrocarbonate- chloride sodium with mineralization from 0.5-0.7 to 1.0-1.3 g/dm3.

84 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

The water is artesian, water head varies from 10-30 to 70-100 meters, reaching 500-600 meters or more in the central part of Dniprovsko-Donetsky AB. Groundwater levels are established mainly at depths of 15-20 meters. In most of its distribution, the aquifer complex is protected from pollution. The groundwater of the water-bearing system almost everywhere within its distribution is the main source of centralized water supply, including the cities of Poltava, Chernigiv, etc. In the area of Poltava city, as a result of long-term operation, a surfaces of depression were formed with a level decrease to 30 m in the centre. In Kyiv city the aquifer is used together with the aquifer in the Callovian Upper Jurassic sediments, with which it forms a single water-bearing system. Here, as a result of intensive exploitation of the Cenomanian- Callovian aquifer system, several surfaces of depression were formed with a diameter of from 3-5 to 10-15 km and with a level decrease in the centre to 10-20 meters.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. The formation of depression funnels is marked. Water of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally an increased mineralization in the zone of salt tectonics influence was noted. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 23: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0019

Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.1К300,

К UAМ5.1.2К300, 2 3

UAМ5.1.3К300, П, P 25-150 m /dm UAМ5.1.4К300, g and more

UAМ5.1.5К3100 0,7

- 0,3 Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in Cf 0,5-15 terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian m/d, M

sediments km 10- Na,

700 m2/d 4

Group of GWBs area, square km 106800 SO -

К1-2 Geologic index К1-2

HCONa, - Lithology Fine-grained sand, from 80 to sandstone with layers of clay 200-500

(upper part); Mg, Ca Mg,

m and - Middle- and coarse-grained

more Ca

sand with sandstone lenses 3 K

and flint (lower part) 1 HCO Aquifer type Confined J Overlapping rocks Chalk, marl, sand, loam AR-PR

Group of GWBs thickness, min., From 7-50 to 75-100 max., average 40-60

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0,5-15 average, m/ day 7.0

Water conductivity km, min, max, 10-700 average, m 2 / day 100-200

ENI/2016/372-403 85 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Level, min, max, From 1-10 to 50-100 average, m 15-20 Average annual level variation, m 0,2-0,5

Water intake 10 м 3/day: yes /no Yes Number of spring cappings - Number of production wells More than 200

Chemical composition Number of production wells (mineralization M, main anions, cations)

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation Connection with surface In the Dnipro valley discharges in quaternary aquifers

Level trend Level recovery

Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply

Group of GWBs chemical status Good

Group of GWBs quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 540-850

86 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.20 GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0020

GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0020) is located in the sub- basin of the Lower Dnipro. The Jurassic sediments are represented by sandy-argillaceous rocks, the water-bearing rocks are fractured sandstones and coarse-grained sands with interlayers of limestone of Kimmeridgian, Callovian and Bajocian stages (Middle-Upper Jurassic).

Figure 25: GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments

Floor of the aquifer are Triassic sediments, the roof sand and clay, somewhere chalk Paleogene sediments. The depth of occurrence is from 41-93 to 161-177 m. The thickness of water-bearing layers ranges from 20-40 to 50-110 meters. The aquifer system is confined; the magnitude of the water head varies from 5.4–13.7 to 29–50 meters. The chemical composition is mainly sulphate, sulphate-chloride, chloride-sulphate calcium-sodium, sodium. Mineralization amounts from 0.4-0.7 to 2 g / dm3.

Water abundance is uneven, due to the differences in lithological structure, thickness of aquifers and their filtration properties. Well production rates vary from 155-860 m3/day. The recharge is infiltration of precipitation or overlying aquifers flow.

The aquifer is used for centralized water supply in the south-eastern part of the Dnipro basin. Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

ENI/2016/372-403 87 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Table 24: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0020 41-177

m 3

GWB code UAM5.1.3J100 dm

П g

GWB name GWB in terrigenous Cf 1,2- 2,0

Middle-Upper Jurassic K,N,P 20 m/d, - sediments km 80- 800 GWB area, square km 1110 m2/d

Geologic index J2-3 Na, Na, М 0,4 М Na,Na,

- Lithology Coarse -grained sand, J2-3 sandstone, layers of 200-300

limestone SO4, Ca SO4,

and -

more m

ClCl, Aquifer type Confined -

Overlapping rocks Sand, clay

GWB thickness, min., max., 20-110 T SO4 SO4

average 60

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average, 1,2-20 m/ day 9 Water conductivity km, min, max, average, 80-800 m2 / day 400 Level, min, max, 5,4-50 average, m 28 Average annual level variation, m 0.5-0.6

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings - Number of production wells About 10

Chemical composition (mineralization M, M0,4-2,0 g/dm 3 main anions, cations) SO4 SO4-Cl, Cl-SO4, Ca-Na, Na

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, flow from upperlying aquifers

Connection with surface No Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply

GWB chemical status Good

GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 490-630

88 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.21 Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0021

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0021) is of practical importance in the north-western part of the Dniprovsko-Donetskyi AB (sub-basins of the Pripyat, Desna, Middle Dnipro), where the water-containing rocks (sand, sandstone, limestone of the Bayocian stage of the Middle Jurassic with clay interlayers) contain fresh groundwater with a mineralization of up to 1 g/dm3. The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater monitoring.

The floor of the water-bearing strata is Triassic sediments or formations of the crystalline basement, the roof is Lower Cretaceous sand and clay. The depth of occurrence ranges from 19.0-288.7 meters, the thickness of water-bearing layers’ ranges from 5-10 to 30-50 meters.

The aquifer is artesian; magnitude of the water head varies from 15-20 to 160-250 meters. Well production rates vary from 86.4 to 3456 m3/day.

Figure 26: Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments

The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium, sodium-calcium with mineralization of 0.2-0.6, less often - to 0.9 g/dm3.

The recharge is infiltration, as well as due to the flow of artesian water from the fissured zone of cry s- talline rocks in the south-western part.

The aquifer is used for water supply of cities Kyiv, Obukhiv, Vasylkiv, Cherkasy, Pereyaslav- Khmelnytsky, etc. In the area of Kyiv, as a result of prolonged intensive exploitation, a large surface of

ENI/2016/372-403 89 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

depression was formed with a diameter of up to 60 km and the level decrease in the centre up to 100- 110 meters.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. The formation of depression funnels is marked. Water of Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 25: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0021

Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2J100, J2 20-290 m UAМ5.1.4J100, 3

UAМ5.1.5J100 dm

/ g

Group of GWBs name GWB in terrigenous Кф 1-10 0,6 Middle Jurassic m/d - sediments km 120- J2 1200 m2/d

Ca, М 0,2 М Ca, Group of GWBs area, square km 15320 -

Geologic index J2 Ca, NaCa,

100-400 Lithology Various-grained sand, 3 m sandstone, siltstone T HCO Aquifer type Confined

Overlapping rocks Sand, clay AR-PR

Group of GWBs thickness, min., From 5-10 to 50-60 max., 10-30 average

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 1-10 average, m/ day 5-6

Water conductivity km, min, max, 120-1200 average, m 2 / day 200-400

Level, min, max, From 0,5-28 to 40-50 average, m

Average annual level variation, m 0.3

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells More than 200

Chemical composition М 0,2-0,6 g/dm 3

(mineralization M, main anions, HCO3Ca, Na-Ca cations) Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation Connection with surface No

Level trend Level recovery

90 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply

Group of GWBs chemical status Good

Group of GWBs quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 540-850

ENI/2016/372-403 91 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.22 GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022

GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0022) is associated with the strata of sands, sandstones, clays, siltstones and are stratified with each other. It is located within the sub- basin of the Southern Dnipro in the junction zone of the Donetska Hydrogeological Folded Region and the Hydrogeological Region of the Ukrainian Shield. The water-bearing rocks occur on the sediments of the Lower Triassic and Carboniferous, and are overlapped with the same-age clays or Cainozoic rocks. Infiltration recharge takes place on areas where water-bearing rocks penetrate under Cainozoic formations or expose on the earth's surface and, in part, due to flows from overlying or underlying aquifers.

Figure 27: GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments

Depth from 5 to 251.3 m. Thickness reaches 250 meters or more. Basically the water-bearing system if artesian. The water content is variable, the production rates of the wells operating the sands reach 1572.5-2194.6 m3/day, and the filtration coefficients are 6.2-24.3 m/day. For clay sandstones, well production rates vary from 0.9 to 86.4 m3/day, and filtration coefficients range from 0.006 to 0.26 m/day. Chemical composition of the water is hydrocarbonate, chloride-hydrocarbonate-sulphate, chloride sodium-calcium, calcium-sodium, sodium with mineralization from 0.1 to 1.8 g/dm3. The chemical composition is stable over time, the annual amplitude of groundwater level fluctuation is 0.4-0.5 m.

The groundwater of the water-bearing system is intensively exploited for drinking water supply in the cities of Barvinkove and Oleksandrivka.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

92 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Table 26: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0022

GWB code UAМ5.1.3Т100 П@ 5-251m GWB name GWB in terrigenous

Upper Triassic Cf 0,26-24,3 Na,Na, - sediments m/d km 100-200

GWB area, square km 310,1 2 CaCa,

m /d -

Geologic index Т3 3

dm Lithology Sand, sandstone, / g

siltstone Cl, NaCa,

T3 - 1,8

4 -

Aquifer type Confined

0,5

, , SO 4

Overlapping rocks Sand, clay M SO

200 and - 3 GWB thickness, min., max., Tо 250 more m

average HCO

- , , Cl

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0,26-24,3 3

average, m/ day 12 C HCO Water conductivity km, min, max, 10-200

average, m 2 / day 160

Level, min, max, To 200 average, m Average annual level variation, m 0,4-0,5

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes

Number of spring cappings - Number of production wells N.d.

Chemical composition (mineralization М 0,5-1,8 g/dm 3

M, main anions, cations) HCO3, Cl-HCO3-SO4, SO4-Cl Ca, Na-Ca, Ca-Na, Na

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation

Connection with surface No

Level trend Stable Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply GWB chemical status Good

GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High Annual precipitation, mm 490-630

ENI/2016/372-403 93 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.23 GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022

GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0022) within the sub-basin of the Middle Dnipro is located only in the city of Kaniv, where it is used for centralized water supply. The depth of water-bearing rocks occurrence is 150-200 meters. They occur on the rocks of the Archaean- Proterozoic, and covered by Quaternary and Jurassic sediments.

Figure 28: GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments

Water-bearing rocks are layers and lenses of various-grained, fractured sandstones and limestones in the stratum of variegated clay. Total thickness of Triassic sediments is 20-75 meters, thickness of water-bearing layers amounts from 5-10 to 40-50 meters. The waters are artesian; the water head is 127,4-217 meters. The water abundance is generally low; wells production rates are 172.8-414.7 m3/day. Mineralization of water is 0.3-0.6 g/dm3, the chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium and hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

94 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Table 27: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0022

GWB code UAМ5.1.2Т100

GWB name GWB in terrigenous J2

Lower Triassic Pъ_ъъ 150-200 m 3 sediments ъ Cf 0,3-150 g/dm GWB area, square km 13,76

m/d 0,6 -

Geologic index Т1 km 50-400 m2/d Lithology Sand, sandstone, limestone

T2 Cl М Na, 0,3 - Aquifer type Confined 3

Overlapping rocks Sand, clay 240-300 m

HCOCa,

GWB thickness, min., max., 5-50 3 average 25

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average, 0,3-15,0 HCO m/ day 6 Water conductivity km, min, max, average, 50-400 AR-PR

m2 / day 100

Level, min, max, 100-200 average, m 150 Average annual level variation, m 0,23-0,7

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes

Number of spring cappings - Number of production wells Less than 10

Chemical composition (mineralization M, М 0,3-0,6 g/dm 3 main anions, cations) HCO3 Ca, HCO3-Cl Na

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation

Connection with surface No Level trend Level recovery

Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply

GWB chemical status Good

GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 490-630

ENI/2016/372-403 95 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

5.5.24 GWB in terrigenous- calcareous Carboniferous sediments – UAM5.1GW0024

GWB in terrigenous- calcareous Carboniferous sediments (code UAM5.1GW0024) is located within the sub-basin of the Southern Dnipro in the Donetska hydrogeological folded region and the Hydroge- ological region of the Ukrainian Shield junction zone. It occurs on the rocks of the Meso-Cenozoic, in the river valleys exposes on the earth's surface. Carboniferous rocks are represented by the interbedding of argillites, siltstones, sandstones with layers of limestone, dolomites and coal. All these lithological varieties are fissured and form a single water-bearing system, although these strata are not uniform in water permeability. Collectors are fractured, various-grained quartz sandstones and limestones. The fissured zone is distributed to a depth of 40-70, sometimes 100 meters. Below this depth the layers of argillites and siltstones become water-resistant and divide separate water permeable layers into local artesian aquifers. A characteristic feature is a significant amount of tectonic faults, which break down water-bearing rocks, as well as karsted water-bearing rocks.

Figure 29: GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments

The depth of occurrence increases with the lowering of carboniferous rocks under the overlying rocks from 0–20 meters to hundreds and more meters. The depth of the water level varies from 1–20 m in the river valleys to 70 m in the watersheds. The magnitude of the water head reaches 174 meters, and grows with the increase in the depth of the carboniferous rocks.

The water-bearing system is experiencing man-made pressure due to mine drainage during coal mining. Hypsometry of groundwater mirrors is complicated by surfaces of depression due to work of water intakes and quarries. They reach several kilometers in diameter with a decrease of level in the centre to 35–40 meters. The water abundance of water-bearing sediments is not constant, the well production rates reach 4752-8640 m3/day, the filtration coefficients vary from 0.0001 to 100 m/day. The rocks in the zones of

96 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

tectonic faults are most water abundant, here the total production of water intakes can reach 2000 m3/hour. The river valleys are characterized by increased water abundance compared to watersheds, the amplitude of fluctuations of the level reaches 5-6 meters or more. The chemical composition of water is sulphate sodium-calcium, chloride-sulphate and sulphate- hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium with mineralization of 1.0-1.5 g/dm3, somewhere - fresh hydrocarbonate calcium. Groundwater mineralization often increases to 1.3-2.6 g/dm3. The average values of total hardness are 10-20 mmol/dm3.

Groundwater is intensively used for household and industrial water supply of settlements and industrial facilities of Volodymyrivka, Hannivka, Pavlograd, mine Lidiivka etc. Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits, locally - effect of drainage. Water of the GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally there is an increased natural content of sulphate, chlorides and mineralization. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 28: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0024 00-20

and more 3 GWB code UAМ5.1.3С100

MZ-KZ dm m /

GWB name GWB in terrigenous-calcareous g 1,5

Carboniferous sediments -

GWB area, square km 4668 Cf

Geologic index С 0,0001- Ca, М 1,0 М Ca, C 100 m/d, -

Lithology Fissured sandstone and Na

km 70- 3

limestone 300 m2/d HCO

Aquifer type Confined 4

Overlapping rocks Sand, clay , SO

1000- 4

GWB thickness, min., max., 40-100 1500 and SO - average 40-70 D more m

Ca, ClCa, Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0,0001-100 - average, m/ day 20

Water conductivity km, min, max, 70-300 SO4 Na SO4

average, m 2 / day 90

Level, min, max, From 1-20 to 70 average, m

Average annual level variation, m To 1-1,5

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells More than 50

Chemical composition М 1,0-1,5 g/dm 3

(mineralization M, main anions, SO4 Na-Ca, Cl-SO4, SO4- HCO3, cations) Na-Ca Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation

ENI/2016/372-403 97 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Lithologic and hydrogeological Parameter Characteristic column Connection with surface In places of exposure on the earth surface in the river valleys

Level trend Down trend Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply, mine and quarry drainage GWB chemical status Good

GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High Annual precipitation, mm 490-630

98 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.25 GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks – UAM5.1GW0025

GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks (code UAM5.1GW0025) is situated within the Pripyat subbasin. It is associated with fissured effusive and terrigenous Vendian rocks (Valdaiska, Volynska series), Riphean terrigenous rocks (Poliska series), which occur on the slopes of the Ukrainian shield at shallow depth under terrigenous-calcareous Meso-Ceinozoic sediments. In this area, Precambrian rocks contain potable quality groundwater. To the east, they are overlapped by a thick layer of Paleo- zoic and Mesozoic rocks and are unsuitable for household drinking supply. Precambrian sediments are strata of interbedding basalts, tuffs, sandstones, gravelites, argillites and siltstones with a total thickness 200–550 meters or more. The thickness of water-bearing sediments varies from 10 to 67-261.5 m. The water-bearing system is artesian, the water head reaches 40- 193 m.

Figure 30: GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks

Depending on the lithology and fissuring of water-bearing rocks, the production rates vary from 86.4- 259.2 to 1296-1658.9 m3/day. The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, hydrocarbonate sodium, with a mineralization of 0.2-0.3, somewhere up to 2.8 g/dm3. The water-bearing system is used for water supply of settlements Rivne, Zdolbuniv, Dubne, Goshcha, Volodiymyrets, Kostopil, Rokytne, Slavuta, Sarny, Berezne, Klesiv, Mezhyrychi. In the cities of Khmelnitsky and Gorodok it is exploited together with the Cenomanian aquifer. Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of the GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

ENI/2016/372-403 99 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

Table 29: Characteristic of GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0025

GWB code UAМ5.1.4РЄ100 N1 s GWB name GWB in effusive-terrigenous П

Precambrian rocks PЄ K2 90-100 m

3 GWB area, square km 13070

K2s dm /

Geologic index РЄ Cf g 2,8

1-10 m/d, Lithology Sandstone, argillite, km siltstone, tuff, tuffite, basalts 40-250 m2/d Aquifer type Confined and more

, , sometimes

Overlapping rocks Sand, clay, chalk, marl 3

dm /

GWB thickness, min., max., From 10-67 to 100,1-261,5 g

average 20-60 0,5 - Filtration coefficient k, min, 1-10 max, average, m/ day Water conductivity km, min, From 40-150 tо 400-500, max, somewhere 2000

average, m 2 / day 80-200 200-240 and Ca, Mg, Mg, Ca,0,3 М Na,

more m Level, min, max, 2-16 3

average, m HCO Average annual level variation, 0.09-0.42 m

Water intake 10 м3/day: Yes AR-PR

yes/no

Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells More than 100

Chemical composition М 0,3-0.5 g/dm 3 (seldom

(mineralization M, main anions, 2,8), Ca-Mg; HCO3 Na cations)

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, flow from overlying aquifers

Connection with surface No Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply

GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 580-1070

100 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

5.5.26 Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks – UAM5.1GW0026

Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks (code UAM5.1GW0026) is widely distributed in the Dnipro basin. It extends from the northwest to the southeast in a wide strip, and is confined to the Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield. Precambrian rocks composed of various metamorphic and igneous formations (gneisses, granites and migmatites) are water-bearing. In the river valleys, they reach the earth's surface or are overlapped with a thin layer of Meso- Cenozoic sediments.

The division of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater monitoring.

Figure 31: Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks

Geofiltration properties of crystalline rocks are determined by very uneven water abundance, which is associated with heterogeneous endo - and exogenous fissuring both in area and depth. The most water abundant areas are confined to low sites of modern relief, coinciding with the hydrographic network and large ravines. The thickness of zones of intense fissuring often does not exceed 20 m from the surface of crystalline rocks on the watersheds and 50 m in river valleys, and extends, as a rule, to a depth of 80-100 m from the earth surface. Almost everywhere, crystalline rocks are covered by the weathering crust, which directly determines their interrelation with aquifers and overlying sediment complexes and, accordingly, recharge conditions. The weathering crust plays a double hydrogeological role. Under certain conditions, depending on the lithological structure, it is either an aquifer or ware-resist layer. A full section and a large thickness of the weathering crust is observed in the watershed areas, and in the near-river bed parts its thickness decreases, to the point of complete erosion.

ENI/2016/372-403 101 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

In the north-west, where the sedimentary cover is thin, the depth accounts 20-30 meters. In the river valleys, water-bearing rocks often expose on the surface. The thickness of sedimentary rocks in the roof and, respectively, the depth of aquifer occurrence grows to the south. Groundwater levels typically do not exceed 20 meters. The water may be confined (artesian) or unconfined, the water head does not exceed 15-20 meters, somewhere it increases to 57.5 m, in some cases, self-discharge of wells (well-spring) is observed. In the river valleys, the water head decreases. Water abundance depends on the fracture properties, fissure zone thickness and recharge conditions. Well production rates vary from 0.9 to 864-1209.6 m3/day. Water conductivity varies widely: background values are 1-10 m2/day, varying from the first m2/day to 500 m2/day. High values of water conductivity associated with zones of tectonic faults, river valleys, streams, where they usually amount to 50-100 m2/day. The chemical composition of groundwater is variegated, but hydrocarbonate calcium water with a mineralization of 0.5-1.0 g/dm3 prevails. Sulphate and chloride waters with mineralization of up to 6.4 g/dm3 are rare. Hydrocarbonate calcium waters with low mineralization are common in t he north- western part, where there are favourable conditions for groundwater recharge. Water of mixed chemical composition appears in the south-east and south, the mineralization increases to 3 g/dm3 and more. The recharge of aquifer over the entire area of its distribution is due to the infiltration of precipitation and flow from aquifers confined to sedimentary cover rocks in places where there are no water resist layers. Discharge occurs in the river valleys. The amplitude of groundwater level fluctuations, depending on the type of regime, varies widely: from 0.3-0.6 m (watersheds) to 0.5-1.0 m (near river valleys) and 1-2, in some places 3-4 meters (river valleys). Within the Hydrogeological Region of the Ukrainian Shield, the aquifer is the main source of drinking water supply for a number of large settlements (numerous regional centers of Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kropyvnytskyi, Kyiv, and Dnipro regions). Taking into account the specifics of the water content of crystalline rocks, operation is carried out by wat er intakes of small productivity (up to 1-2 thousand m3/day). Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits and influence of ore mining. Water of the Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally there is an increased natural content of iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

102 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Table 30: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks

Lithologic and hydrogeological

Parameter Characteristic column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0026 4

Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2AR100, UAМ5.1.3AR100 MZ-KZ 20-30 m UAМ5.1.4AR100

to 100 m SO orth),

( 3 3

Group of GWBs name GWB in fissure zone of Archean- outh)

( dm

Proterozoic crystalline rocks Cf 0,06- 3 /

6,5 m/d g dm

Group of GWBs area, square km 76640 / g

1,0

- 5 5

km from 3

0,3

1-2 м 500 M

Geologic index AR-PR M 2

m /d Cl,

Lithology Fissured granites, gneisses, Ca,

migmatites 3

AR-PR HCO Aquifer type Confined-unconfined

Overlapping rocks Kaolines, sand, clay

Group of GWBs thickness, min., 1-100 max., 20-50 average Filtration coefficient k, min, max, 0.06-6.5 average, m/ day 3.0 Water conductivity km, min, max, From 1-2 to 500 average, m 2 / day 5-50

Level, min, max, ≤ 20 average, m

Average annual level variation, m From 0,3-0,6 to 3-4

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells N.d. Chemical composition М 0,3-1,0 g/dm 3

(mineralization M, main anions, HCO3 Ca (north); 3 cations) М 3,0-5,0 g/dm SO4-Cl (south) Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, flow from underlying aquifers

Connection with surface In rivers valleys Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply

Group of GWBs chemical status Good Group of GWBs quantitative Good status reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 430-1070

ENI/2016/372-403 103 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

6 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT GROUNDWATER MONITORING NET AND PROPOSALS FOR ITS RESTORATION

In Ukraine the basic legal documents regulating the groundwater monitoring are:

 Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (under the Association Agreement with the EU).

 The procedure for the implementation of state monitoring of water, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated September 19, 2018 No. 758.

 Regulation on the state system of environmental monitoring, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated March 30, 1998, No. 391.

Ukraine has a rich experience in conducting regime observations of groundwater quantitative and qualitative status. During the former USSR, a representative observation network was established in Ukraine, which began to form in the 50-60's of the last century, and in the early 90's there were more than 7,000 observation wells.

In the early 2000s, as a result of a steady funding reduction, the number of observation wells de- creased by six times - it was 1,148 wells. On the basis of this network, State groundwater monitoring system was established and approved by the Head of the State Geological Survey of Ukraine in 2002. The observation was carried out by regional geological enterprises, the collection and summarization of the results was carried out by SRPE "Geoinform of Ukraine", and methodological support was pro- vided by UkrDGRI. Subsequently, funding for groundwater monitoring continued to decrease. In 2017, monitoring of the level regime was carried out only on 171 wells of the state network, of which only 38 wells were sam- pled to determine the chemical composition. Thus, the monitoring network is almost destroyed and needs urgent recovery, taking into account the requirements of the WFD.

This requires:

 development and implementation of methodical documents adapted to the requirements of the EU standards;

 maintenance of databases of hydrogeological and ecological-geological information in GIS, creation of hydrogeological models for characterization of groundwater status and preparation of analytical reports for making managerial decisions;

 involvement in the monitoring network of wells of water users, which extracted more than 100 m. cube a day;

 Inventory of wells in good technical condition to assess their representativeness, taking into account GWB allocated in this report;

 resolving the issue of wells protection;

 technical re-equipment of wells;

 strengthening of international cooperation in the area of monitoring groundwater, primarily transboundary aquifers.

Implementation of most of these measures is impossible without the proper funding of groundwater monitoring from the State Budget.

104 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

7 SUMMARY OF OPEN ISSUES

The groundwater monitoring system in Ukraine requires restoration, taking into account new european methodological approaches. First of all, it is necessary to complete the inventory of the regime network of wells, to evaluate their representativeness taking into account the basin principle and the groundwater bodies identified in this report. Special attention should be paid to groundwaters that are experiencing human pressure (pollution, surfaces of depression formation) [9-11,14,16]. The groundwater monitoring planning and conducting requires the creation of hydrogeological and ecological geological databases. This information needs to be updated, especially with regard to sources of human pressure. Available information is often outdated. To characterize the quantitative and qualitative state of groundwater, as well as their forecasting, it is necessary to collect all the information on the natural and man-made conditions and factors determining the state of groundwater.

The following steps in planning groundwater monitoring should be:

 Completion of the inventory of the regime network wells, preparation of proposals for its improvement, taking into account the basin principle;

 Development, improvement and implementation of methodical documents adapted to the requirements of the EU standards;

 Updating information on technological impact (including data on modern water extraction) and the creation of appropriate maps in GIS;

 Creation of map of the aeration zone in GIS and assessment of its protective properties;

 Updating the database of information on the status of environmental components that may affect the status of groundwater (soils, bottom sediments of watercourses etc.);

 Processing of information on operational water intakes producing at least 100 m3/day. The continuation of this work should be detailing the allocated GWB with the updated and clarified data on anthropogenic effects on groundwater. Since many of the selected GWB occupy significant areas and are located within several river sub- basins, it should be taken into account when creating a network of observation wells in order for each sub-basin to be sufficiently studied.

The full functioning of groundwater monitoring is possible only if it is adequately funded.

ENI/2016/372-403 105 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

8 REFERENCES

1. Balance of mineral resources. Drinking and technical groundwater. SRPE "Geoinform of Ukraine", Kyiv. 2016. (in Ukrainian) 2. Geology and Minerals of Ukraine. A set of maps of scale 1: 1 000 000. UkrDGRI, Kyiv. 2003. . (in Ukrainian). 3. Hydrogeological map of the Ukrainian SSR at a scale of 1: 500,000. CTE. Kiev, 1980. (in Russian). 4. Lyuta N.G. Development of the geochemical state of landscapes monitoring system for its assessment and preparation of priority measures in the event of environmentally haz ardous situations. Report on research work. UkrSGRI. Kyiv, 2003. (in Ukrainian). 5. Lyuta N.G. Creation of methodological and informational support of the geochemical state of landscapes monitoring system of Ukraine. Report on research work. UkrSGRI. Kiyv, 2007. (in Ukrainian). 6. National program of ecological improvement of the Dnipro basin and improvement of the drinking water quality. Ministry of Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine, Kyiv, 1997. 92 p. (in Ukrainian). 7. Sanina IV, Luta N.G., Lushchik A.V. Criteria for assessing the ecological state of the geological environment during regional ecological and geological research. Methodical guidance. UkrSGRI, Kyiv. 2006. (in Ukrainian). 8. Sanina I.V. Regional assessment of the geological environment of the Dnipro river basin (the territory of Ukraine). Report on research work. State Enterprise "Geoinform", K., 1999. 117 p. (in Ukrainian). 9. Sanina I.V. Preparation of initial data for the creation of a GIS-system of ecological-geological information along the Dnipro river basin. Report on research work. UkrSGRI. Kyiv, 2002. (in Ukrainian). 10. Shestopalov V.M. To a preliminary forecast of the migration of the Chernobyl radionuclides into the groundwater of the zone of intensive water exchange. IGS NASU, Kiev, 1991. 110 p. (in Russian). 11. Shestopalov V.M., Lyuta N.G. Status and ways of reforming of the State groundwater monitoring system taking into account international experience and requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive. Mineral Resources of Ukraine. Scientific Magazine. № 2- 2016. P.3-8. (in Ukrainian). 12. Sobolevsky E.E. Generalization of materials on the prospective assessment of the operational groundwater reserves of the Ukrainian SSR. Report. CTE, Kiev. 1981. (in Russian). 13. State sanitary norms and rules "Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption (DСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10." Кyiv. 2010. (in Ukrainian). 14. The current state of underground sources of drinking water supply of the Dniepr basin. Red. L.S. Yazvin, V.M. Shestopalov, M.M. Cherepansky. Minsk. 2004. (in Russian). 15. The status of groundwaters of Ukraine. Yearbook. SRPE "Geoinform of Ukraine", Kyiv, 2017. (in Ukrainian). 16. Water exchange in the hydrogeological structures of Ukraine (chief editor V.M. Shestopalov). Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1991. (in Russian).

106 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

9 ANNEXES

List of groundwater bodies and groups of GWBs with codes 1. Unconfined Quaternary Group of GWBs

Groups of GWBs Group of GWBs Sub-basins codes Groups of GWBs Area, km2 united code

Upper Dnipro, UAM5.1.1Q100, Group of GWBs in 6878,0 UAM5.1GW0001 Middle Dnipro, UAM5.1.2Q100, bog Quaternary Lower Dnipro, UAM5.1.3Q100, sediments Prypyat, UAM5.1.4Q100, UAM5.1.5Q100 Desna

Upper Dnipro, UAM5.1.1Q200, Group of GWBs in 94300,0 UAM5.1GW0002 Middle Dnipro, UAM5.1.2Q200, alluvial Quaternary Lower Dnipro, UAM5.1.3Q200, sediments Prypyat, UAM5.1.4Q200, UAM5.1.5Q200 Desna

Upper Dnipro, UAM5.1.1Q300, Group of GWBs in 49730,0 UAM5.1GW0003 Middle Dnipro, water-glacial UAM5.1.2Q300, Prypyat, Quaternary UAM5.1.4Q300, sediments Desna UAM5.1.5Q300

Middle Dnipro, UAM5.1.2Q400, Group of GWBs in 56700,0 UAM5.1GW0004 Lower Dnipro, UAM5.1.3Q400, glacial- water and Prypyat, UAM5.1.4Q400, eolian-deluvial UAM5.1.5Q400 Quaternary Desna sediments

Middle Dnipro, UAM5.1.2Q500, Group of GWBs in 68370,0 UAM5.1GW0005 Lower Dnipro UAM5.1.3Q500 eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments

ENI/2016/372-403 107 Final Report Groundw ater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

2. Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs

Groups of GWBs United code of Subbasins GWBs codes and GWBs Area, km2 GWB group

Middle Dnipro, Lower UAM5.1.2Q600 Group of GWBs in 4 719,0 UAM5.1GW0006 Dnipro, Prypyat UAM5.1.3Q600 Middle-Upper UAM5.1.4Q600 Quaternary sediments

Middle Dnipro, Lower UAM5.1.2Q600 Group of GWBs in 36 450,0 UAM5.1GW0007 Dnipro, Desna UAM5.1.3Q600 Lower-Middle UAM5.1.5Q600 Quaternary sediments

Lower Dnipro UAM5.1.3N100 GWB in terrigenous 661,2 UAM5.1GW0008 Pliocene sediments

Lower Dnipro UAM5.1.3N200 Group of GWBs in 22 700,0 UAM5.1GW0009 terrigenous- calcareous Miocene sediments

Prypyat UAM5.1.4N300 GWB in terrigenous- 1 040,0 UAM5.1GW0010 calcareous Sarmatian sediments

Middle Dnipro, Lower UAМ5.1.2Р100, Group of GWBs in 37 300,0 UAM5.1GW0011 Dnipro, Desna UAМ5.1.3Р100 terrigenous UAМ5.1.5Р100 Oligocene sediments

Upper Dnipro, Middle UAМ5.1.1Р200, Group of GWBs in 110 300,0 UAM5.1GW0012 Dnipro, Lower UAМ5.1.2Р200, terrigenous Eocene Dnipro, Prypyat, UAМ5.1.3Р200, sediments UAМ5.1.4Р200, Desna UAМ5.1.5Р200

Middle Dnipro, Lower UAМ5.1.2Р300 Group of GWBs in 8 451,0 UAM5.1GW0013 Dnipro, Prypyat UAМ5.1.3Р300 terrigenous UAМ5.1.4Р300 Paleogene sediments

Prypyat UAМ5.1.4К100 GWB in calcareous 32 130,0 UAM5.1GW0014 Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub- basin of the Prypyat)

Middle Dnipro, UAМ5.1.2К100 GWB in calcareous 19 280,0 UAM5.1GW0015 Desna UAМ5.1.5К100 Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub- basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna)

108 ENI/2016/372-403 Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

Groups of GWBs United code of Subbasins GWBs codes and GWBs Area, km2 GWB group

Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3К100 GWB in calcareous 1 161,0 UAM5.1GW0016 Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub- basin of the Lower Dnipro)

Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3К100 GWB in terrigenous 577,4 UAM5.1GW0017 Upper Cretaceous sediments

Prypyat UAМ5.1.4К200 GWB in terrigenous 120,7 UAM5.1GW0018 Cenomanian sediments

Upper Dnipro, Middle UAМ5.1.1К300, Group of GWBs in 106 800,0 UAM5.1GW0019 Dnipro, Lower UAМ5.1.2К300, terrigenous Alb- Dnipro, Prypyat, UAМ5.1.3К300, Cenomanian UAМ5.1.4К300, sediments Desna UAМ5.1.5К300

Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3J100 GWB in terrigenous 1 110,0 UAM5.1GW0020 Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments

Middle Dnipro, UAМ5.1.2J100, Group of GWBs in in 15 620,0 UAM5.1GW0021 Prypyat, UAМ5.1.4J100, terrigenous Middle UAМ5.1.5J100 Jurassic sediments Desna

Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3Т100 GWB in terrigenous 310,1 UAM5.1GW0022 Upper Triassic sediments

Middle Dnipro UAМ5.1.2Т100 GWB in terrigenous 13,76 UAM5.1GW0023 Lower Triassic sediments

Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3С100 GWB in terrigenous- 4 668,0 UAM5.1GW0024 calcareous Carboniferous sediments

Prypyat UAМ5.1.4РЄ100 GWB in effusive- 13 070,0 UAM5.1GW0025 terrigenous Precambrian rocks

Middle Dnipro, Lower UAМ5.1.2AR100, Group of GWBs in 76 640,0 UAM5.1GW0026 Dnipro, Prypyat UAМ5.1.3AR100 fissure zone of UAМ5.1.4AR100 Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks

ENI/2016/372-403 109