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The Rank-And-File Perpetrators of 1932-1933 Famine in Ukraine and Their Representation in Cultural Memory

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The Rank-And-File Perpetrators of 1932-1933 Famine in Ukraine and Their Representation in Cultural Memory ʻIdle, Drunk and Good-for-Nothingʼ: The Rank-and-File Perpetrators of 1932-1933 Famine in Ukraine and Their Representation in Cultural Memory Daria Mattingly Robinson College July 2018 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Preface This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing that is the outcome of work done in collaboration. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. The word count of this dissertation is 77, 082. This falls within the word limit set by the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages Degree Committee. Abstract This dissertation examines identifiable traces of the perpetrators of the 1932-1933 famine in Ukraine, known as the Holodomor, and their representation in cultural memory. It shows that the men and women who facilitated the famine on the ground were predominantly ordinary people largely incongruous with the dominant image of the perpetrator in Ukrainian cultural memory. I organise this interdisciplinary study, which draws on a wide range of primary sources, including archival research at all levels – republican, oblast’, district, village and private, published and unpublished memoirs and, on one occasion, an interview with a perpetrator; major corpora of oral memory, post-memory and cultural texts – into two parts. The first part employs a microhistorical analysis of the perpetrators and their actions through. Chapter One, ʻThe Mechanism of the Famine on the Groundʼ, outlines the Soviet policies that led to mass starvation and identifies various groups of people involved in the famine’s facilitation. It offers an analysis of events on village and district level, which reveals previously understudied groups, and employs a criminological approach to advance a new typology of the perpetrator. Chapter Two, ʻThe Case Studiesʼ, focuses on perpetrators in two villages: Toporyshche in the Zhytomyr oblast’ and Popivka in the Poltava oblast’. The second part explores the representation of the perpetrator in cultural memory, with a particular focus on Ukrainian novel, poetry, drama, film and museum practice, and examines how different cultural narratives frame the question of the agency of the perpetrator. While Soviet-era Ukrainian texts characterise the perpetrators as purely ideological participants, post-Soviet and diaspora artists cast them as the Other, while dissident authors disperse agency altogether. In order to support these claims I bring together archival evidence and works of cultural memory. In this dissertation I show that people who facilitated the famine on the ground were predominantly ordinary people as the participants in other cases of mass violence, thus rendering the image of the Other, aberrant or exclusively ideological participant in cultural memory inefficient to explain how this devastating famine was possible. By bringing together archival evidence and works of cultural memory, I foreground a central discrepancy between the identity and representation of the perpetrators of one of the most catastrophic events of the twentieth century. Acknowledgements I wish to thank Holodomor Research and Education Consortium and Marta Baziuk, the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages, Ukrainian Studies Department at University of Cambridge and CEELBAS for making this research project possible. Their financial support was significant: it proved my research had a meaning. So too did the willingness of my supervisor Dr Rory Finnin to take on a student with abundant enthusiasm but no funding. I am forever in debt for his encouragement, guidance and support. I also benefitted significantly from the opportunity to lecture and supervise in the Department of Slavonic Studies and the History Faculty in Cambridge and grateful to Dr Claire Knight and Dr Mark Smith in particular. Finally, my researching with Anne Applebaum for her book on the famine made me confident I could complete this work. Crucially, I could not have persevered without support of my family: my husband Paul for tolerating my being away and obsessions with people long gone; and my father Yuriy Storozhuk who accompanied me to the interviews in the far away villages. Archivists, historians, friends and my children – they all trusted me along this long journey. Researching this devastating famine made me realise how fortunate I am. That is why I dedicate this work, in words of Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko, to: ʻMy fellow countrypeople... living, dead and as yet unbornʼ. TRANSLITERATION, TRANSLATION, FILM AND INTERVIEW REFERENCING In this thesis I have used the Library of Congress system of transliteration (without ligatures) to render the quotations from Russian and Ukrainian into Latin script. Where Russian or Ukrainian words appear in English language quotations or sources, I have kept the transliteration system used by the authors. At the time of writing, the state language in Ukraine is Ukrainian and so place names in Ukraine have been transliterated in Ukrainian (e.g. Kyiv not Kiev). Similarly, the names of individuals from Ukraine have been transliterated from the Ukrainian language. The intention is to provide some degree of consistency rather than to ascribe linguistic preference to any individual or place. Where provided, all translations are my own unless otherwise stated. The titles of films made at the Ukrainian studios have been transliterated in Ukrainian. At the first mention of the film, the title is followed by its translation into English, the last name of the director and the year of release in parentheses, unless the name of the director has already been mentioned. Interviews are are referenced using transliterated names of the interviewees, except when their identity or the last name of the interviewee is kept anomymous. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANC African National Congress CheKa Chrezvychainaia Komissia (The Extraordinary Commission [for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption]) ChOP Chastyny Osoblyvoho Pryznachennia (Special Assignment Detachments) DAZhO Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Zhytomyrskoii oblasti (State Archive of Zhytomyr Province) DPU Derzhavne Politychne Upravlinnia (The State Political Directorate) HDA SBU Haluzevyi Derzhavnyi Archiv Sluzhby Bezpeky Ukrainy (The Archive Department of the Security Service of Ukraine) ICTY The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia KNS Komitety Nezamozhnykh Selian (Committees of Non-Wealthy Peasants) KP(b)U Komunistychna Partia (bilʼshovykiv) Ukraiiny (Communist Party (Bilshovyk) of Ukraine) MTS Mashynno-Traktorna Stantsiia (Machine-Tractor Station) NKVD Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del (The Peopleʼs Commissariat for Internal Affairs) OGPU Obʼiedinennoe Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe Upravlenie (The Joint State Political Directorate) RGASPI Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsialʼno-Politicheskoi Istorii (The Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History) RPK Raionnyi Partiinyi Komitet (District Party Committee) RSChA Robitnycho-seliansʼka Chervona Armiia (The Workersʼ and Peasantsʼ Red Army) RVK Raionnyi Vykonavchyi Komitet (District Executive Committee) SNK Sovet Narodnykh Komissarov (Council of Peopleʼs Commissars) SVU Spilka Vyzvolennia Ukraiiny (The Union for the Liberation of Ukraine) TORHZIN Torhivlia Z Inozemtsiamy (Trade With Foreigners) TsDAHOU Tsentralʼnyi Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Hromadsʼkykh Organizatsii Ukraiiny (Central State Archive of Public Organizations of Ukraine) TsK KP(b)U Tsentralʼnyi Komitet Komunistychnoii Partii (bilʼshovykiv) Ukraiiny (Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bilʼshovyk) of Ukraine) TsK VKP(b) Tsentralʼnyi Komitet Vsesoiuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (bolʼshevikov) (Central Committee of All-Soviet Communist Party (Bolshevik) TSOAviaKhim Tovarystvo Spryiannia Oboroni, Aviatsii i Khimii (Society of Assistance to Defence and Aviation-Chemical Construction) TsVK Tsentralʼnyi Vykonavchyi Komitet (Central Executive Commitee) of Soviet Ukraine VTsIK Vserossiiskii Tsentralʼnyi Ispolnitelʼnyi Komitet (The All-Russian Central Executive Committee) Table of Contents Introduction: Heroes and Villains in the Study and Memory of the Holodomor........................1 Purpose of the Study...............................................................................................................2 Historiography on the Rank-and-file Perpetrators of the Holodomor.....................................5 Interdisciplinary Approaches in the Study of the Perpetrators of the Holodomor.....................10 Sources..................................................................................................................................12 Plan of Dissertation...............................................................................................................15 PART ONE Chapter I – The Mechanism of the Holodomor and Its Lower Rank Participants Introduction...........................................................................................................................18 Part 1 – The
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