CEU eTD Collection F ORMATION In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Master forof Arts degree fulfillmentrequirements the the of partial In C OPING Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology andSocial Sociology of Department B S ILA I N TRATEGIES P T Central European University Central OST SERKVA Volodymyr Artiukh Budapest, Hungary Budapest, -S Submitted to OVIET 2013 A By T ND IRE Supervisors: U W F KRAINE ORKING ACTORY prof Don Kalb prof Rigi Jacob : A C C LASS ASE O F CEU eTD Collection production, Ukraine labor with identification number ofways. in impact a onclass struggle and 4)haveprocess negative and xenophobia theories, conspiracy religiosity, as such ideology, of forms certain with associated are they not 3) class; therefore capitalist the of and interests the capital, to antagonistic by workers of over-exploitation 2) to conducive and determined structurally rather are they agency, workers' and resistance of tactics represent not do strategies coping 1) that shows analysis My formation. class of levels the of theorization Katznelson's Ira the about insight and production of mode Meillasoux's capitalist dominant the with production of mode domestic of articulation Claude by complemented production, of mode of and accumulation capital, over-exploitation, class, of t notions My Marxist organization. classical social comprises and framework dispositions cultural life, of ways productions, of relations of levels the on formation class enter practices these which by mechanisms uncover and Tserkva) (Bila factory tire Rosava at field-work ethnographic my on basing Ukraine post-Soviet in strategies coping analyze study,I this In formation. class working in strategies coping of role political-economic to attention little too pay or ignore they that is inquiries these of deficiency Common Ukraine. extent, lesser a to and Russia, especially countries, post-Soviet to relation in explored substantially been has strategies) coping survival, of strategies strategies, (household h wyhueod scr ter ussec aat rm ae n sca security social and wages from apart subsistence their secure households way The Keywords : oig srtge, cas frain vrepotto, dmsi oe of mode domestic over-exploitation, formation, class strategies, coping Abstract i heoretical CEU eTD Collection subjects could have written a much better text: much text: better havea subjects written could Valeriy and Tetiana. research call should I habit academic of cruelty the by whom People encouragement. greatest the and critique harshest the give to able was Natalia readable. barely be would text this Rooney Thomas Without language. of brilliance and wit conceptual her of bit a least at expropriating Jana Tsoneva with discussions from in that succeeded hope I I myself. could I than more research my in see to me helped and analysis of scales various with work can anthropologist an how me nets point, and, grasp which isthe to designed to drag conceptual through me led Rigi Jacob be supervisors. should my First, some expressly. think mentioned I contributors, incarnated and textual other among But research. this Contrary to copyright metaphysics, only mistakes express exclusively my personality in personality my exclusively express mistakes only metaphysics, copyright to Contrary Acknowledgements aufheben ii mechanics of capitalism. Don Kalb showed Don ofcapitalism. Kalb mechanics CEU eTD Collection References Conclusions Coping ConflictandClass Ideological 4 Chapter Analysis Class AnCoping and Ethnographic Strategies Formation: 3 Chapter Workers' Overviewand Classification Literature Coping Strategies: 2 Chapter Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Toolkit 1 Chapter Introduction Acknowledgements Abstract TableContents of 4.2 Ideological coping: cognitive mapping and displaced protest displaced and cognitive mapping coping: 4.2 Ideological ofclassconflict 4.1 Episodes ofworker's coping strategies significance and political-economic 3.2 Social ofcoping strategies and analysis 3.1 Classification 4.3 Coping strategies, class conflict, and ideology classconflict, and strategies, 4.3 Coping 4.2.4 Xenophobia 4.2.3 Religiosity 4.2.2 'Soviet mentality' labor. ofproductive theand ethos factory 4.2.1 Personalto attachment 3.1.5 Illegal activities 3.1.4 Market activities and network relations 3.1.3 Reciprocity 3.1.2 Secondary employment subsistence production3.1.1 Agricultural household ...... iii ...... 59 56 54 53 51 50 49 47 42 42 39 37 35 34 31 27 27 25 17 ii 8 1 i CEU eTD Collection ideological conventions and trace what the picture directs to, if we go beyond symbolic and symbolic beyond go we if to, directs picture the what trace and conventions ideological Tserkva, 'a church'). which means white Bila city the for stands church (a population city's the doubled soon and station breeding plant former a of lands the on arose that enterprise industrial the represent should it explained, she As a wheat. represents ripe of field a it through church a towards and rolling are tires factory, three where landscape surrealist the at engineer planning a interviewees, my of one Valentyna, by designed was sign The 1). (Figure works the owns that Rosava company joint-stock private Above the gatehouse of the second tire factory in Bila Tserkva, there is a sign of the of sign a is there Tserkva, Bila in factory tire second the of gatehouse the Above But this symbolic reading is not what makes the sign interesting. If we leave aside leave we If interesting. sign the makes what not is reading symbolic this But Figure 1. The sign of Rosava tireThe factory signofRosava Introduction 1 CEU eTD Collection budgetary discipline: next year budget deficit was 6.5%, lower than demanded by IMF, and IMF, by demanded than lower 6.5%, was deficit budget year next discipline: budgetary attained Ukraine 1996. by GDP of growth 6-7% gain would economy Ukrainian deficit budget low and privatization liberalization, price inflation, low stabilization, financial with that believed financial International 157). was 2008, It measures. Washingtonconsensus for exchange in (Kasianov loan bln $5.5 a promised organizations November in parliament the by approved was Reforms' WayEconomic the Radical 'On program of The 1994. of beginning the in IMF and downturn.to economic lead capitalism where market ofthecountries post-Soviet vitalformost became of these practices energy. human significance their Social of reproduction full the for allow not do benefits security and social wages when existence their secure of households which members by of practices range power. labor with their them means ofreproducing and provided workplace the in exploitation after time labor workers' consumed that land of story the reveals where that kind in Awages.absent low or for compensate works to from the illegally field or wheat legally obtained payments other and goods rubber tires, conspiracy of weird story a and also hatred is religious There theories. and ethnic with together crisis, of times in workers resurgedamong that religiosity of index an also is It down. shut was enterprise his while gates its under beg to forced was who worker a of story the to refers church The Valentyna's colleagues. to of stories the attention to directs it as sign, the pay on depicted element each of and role contextual and materialist of implications social the all unfold can entirely we an Then see dimension. will different we Peirce), S. C. to (according meaning of layer indexical the consider In Ukraine, an economic reform plan was developed under the guidance of Worldof Bank guidance the under developed was plan reform economic an Ukraine, In wide a into us leads meanings, unconscious politically and visually its by sign, This 2 CEU eTD Collection T 2010). 2008; Rodgers and Williams Round, 2009; Kharchenko and Grushetsky formation 1998; (Walker class of problem the touch not did or issues identity with dealt workers Ukrainian of strategies coping the into inquiries anthropological existing The states. post-Soviet other with are 2001) similarities bears Ukraine Nazpary in situation the 2009; that extent the (Ries to aspect methodological states in important post-Sovet other of material the on made accounts other and 2002). These 1999, Clarke 2001; (Mizguireva 2000s and nineties throughout proceeded and Lytkina2000) and (Burawoy,Krotov reforms the of start very the from Russia in performed where therapy shock of face the in strategies coping into Inquiries 2002). Wallace see concept, resurged the and then sciences 1970s in analysis ofthis and 1990sconceptual in the (forhistorical social in prominence gained notion This strategies. coping or survival of strategies strategies, and networking. mutualaid informal employment, and subsidiary stealing, activities, market dachas, lands, of plots wages: from apart resources other on relying started people energy, human their of reproduction secure to order In incomes. getting and ofhousehold the significantly structure fell sharein ofwages state.a result, subsidies from the As evasion tax of means were arrears wage firms For 13). (Gryshyna 1999) of (end hrn mln 6462 to 1995) quarter (fourth hrn mln 575 from times grew four arrears wage then, Since stabilization. financial to connected was and 1994 in began arrears wage in increase Gryshyna, to According hrn). mln (224.4 region Kyiv for 2000 in and hrn) mln (6518.6 general in Ukraine for 1999 in climax their reached arrears Wage arrears. wage of snowball growing a and wages of stagnation GDP, falling steadily a was reality The 54). 2000, (Zon restrained was Inflation he literature on class structure and dynamics in Ukraine provides certain data and analysis but is but analysis and data certain provides Ukraine in dynamics and structure class on literature he In sociological and anthropological discourse, these practices are described as household as described are practices these discourse, anthropological and sociological In 3 CEU eTD Collection strategies)? 2) On what material and cultural assets are these coping strategies based? 3) To3) what based? strategies coping these are assets cultural and material what On 2) strategies)? (coping wages beyond resources economic workers' of categories the are What 1) questions: Ira and production of mode capitalist dominant ofthe ofclass formation. (1986)theorization levels Katznelson's the with production of of articulation mode the domestic about insight (1986) Meillasoux's Claude of by mode complemented and capital, production, of accumulation over-exploitation, class, of notions Marxist classical comprises goal this achieving in use will I which framework organization. Theoretical social and dispositions cultural life, of ways productions, of relations of levels the on formation class enter practices these which by mechanisms the uncover and Ukraine Post-Soviet in strategies coping in Ukraine?'. capitalism neoliberal of conditions the under formation class working in play strategies coping do research: my in raise I which question, following the begs situation problematic This consciousness. class working of purification and formation or subsistence, of means from laborer formation, class working of dispossession systematic of either produce not did Ukraine narrative in capitalism market of teleological introduction and linear conventional overwhelming. a is to capital upon Contrary dependence whose but power labor her reproduce to means the from divorced totally not is who laborer a of situation paradoxical a exists there However, issue. class to relation in strategies coping of role social and political-economic problematize 2007; 2010; (Simonchuk 2011; and eclectic theoretically impoverished 2011b). cmo lw o h xsig ltrtr n cpn taeis i ht i os not does it that is strategies coping on literature existing the of flaw common A nakn h an rsac usin st frh ad xlr st o subsidiary of set a explore and forth set I question, research main the Unpacking of material ethnographic the analyze will I question, research this answer to order In 4 'What role 'What CEU eTD Collection the informants, I collected more life stories recounted by my immediate informants about their about informants immediate my by recounted stories life more collected I informants, the of experience personal the about talks informal and interviews from factory.Apart the from way their on street, the on met were informants the of Some colleagues. their to me referred turn their in who informants, my of group second the to introduced was I acquaintances and colleagues of networks and relations familial Through contacts. of source primary the and informants key my were They launching. very the from there employed been had who workers factory former the of family a with lived I works. tire Rosava of workers the for built was that area residential the in Ukraine), region, (Kyiv Tserkva Bila of city the in 2013 27, April to 2013 5, April from work field the performed I archives. private workers' with work and interviews, semi-structured sources. and non-market illegal ofsubsistence, includingfrom procure means ofways on a relied number to they not wages receive families did and their months workers when the In strikes. and protests to led occasionally that shutdowns factory and arrears wage prolonged 1998. in privatized and 1991 after restructured then 1972, in launched first was Works Tire Tserkva Bila markets. PJSC now Kyiv, city capital the near Tserkva, Bila in enterprise production tire a is strategies class struggle? workers' to relate strategies coping do How 4) dispositions? cultural workers influence strategies coping do How 4) labor? wage on based exploitation their to relate strategies coping workers do How 4) determined? structurally contrary,are the on or, agency workers' embody they do extent hs i h igs kana ie pouig fcoy peet o nentoa export international on present factory producing tire Ukrainian biggest the is This . The This methodology site hr band te ehorpi aeil rltn o wres coping workers' to relating material ethnographic the obtained I where During late 1990s and early 2000s employees of this company suffered from suffered company this of employees 2000s early and 1990s late During f te rsac s priiat osrain noml and informal observation, participant is research the of 5

Rosava CEU eTD Collection on Marx's theory of wage labor exploitation as a source of surplus value and Meillassoux's ideas Meillassoux's and value surplus of source a as exploitation labor wage of theory Marx's on based is framework theoretical My formation. class in role their and strategies coping of analysis capital of strategies of of labor. and exploitation accumulation terms in explanation lack countries Post-Soviet other in arrears and decrease wage to connection in economy informal or strategies strategies. coping of analysis similar Third, coping household to relation in structure/agency around debates the to contribute also I Ukraine. Post-Soviet in struggle class working and formation class working in workers of strategies coping of role the of questioning no was there Second, it. of outline general give I and 1991 after workers Ukrainian of strategies coping of analysis political-economic comprehensive them.to keep happen who informants my of two from slips pay for asked I arrears, wage and wages of amount the about data objective obtain to order In pictures. take could I where workers its for designed area residential the and factory the of area industrial the around informant, key my by provided tour, guided a had also I talk. to refused or dachas) their off to were people many and started than by had season agricultural 19 the other (because unavailable about either were study contacts 20 my rest The to contacts. relevant information hand second get could also I interviews. semi-structured 15 conduct could I these, of Out informants. actual my from learned I stories and relatives. acquaintances On the whole, I made a list of 51 contacts of potential interviewees or people whose people or interviewees potential of contacts 51 of list a made I whole, the On In Chapter 1 I will present a conceptual and theoretical toolkit which I will use in the in use will I which toolkit theoretical and conceptual a present will I 1 Chapter In the see I contribution of the present research in three domains. First, there was no was there First, domains. three in research present the of 6 CEU eTD Collection issues. theoretical broader to it link and research my of results the summarize will I Conclusion the In conflict. class of episodes the and consciousness worker's of forms ideological on focuses chapter fourth The accumulation. capital of process in role their show and formation class of process the to them relate field-work, my of basis the on works tire the and of employees the of strategies coping conditions social of analysis and account systematic a give will I material Ethnographic of analysis the to dedicated 3, Chapter In strategies. coping different classify and concept this on different my take and give countries in strategies post-Soviet the ofcoping approachesproblem to of discussion deeper a provide will I 2 Chapter In formation. social capitalist a within production of modes different of subordination and co-existence on based labor of over-exploitation about 7 CEU eTD Collection those positions and their identification with circumscribed groups of people, as classes are not are classes as people, of groups circumscribed with identification their and positions of those essentialization avoid I Thus 29). 2012, (Sobutsky the production' of in relations 'valencies' the as of 'formula positions class of definition the is [1894]) 1959 (Marx intention initial Marx's to faithful more fact, In historically [1919]). 1999 a (Lenin production...' in social of occupy system determined they place the by other each from differing people of groups 'large their for importance secondary of is which role.political-economic practices of legitimation political and legal to refer concepts These 2003). Clement 2001; (Mizguireva (e.g. practices informal or economy informal of concepts the use to irrelevant be would it formation, class to relation in strategies coping of analysis economical political is that purposes, my For 1986:50). (Meillassoux value exchange has which energy human of part that as power labor includes it and food consuming by gained energy of totality the is energy human The wages). (indirect assistance social state and wages direct official to alternative are which power) labor (including energy human reproduce notionstrategies. specified ofcoping isrelatedto them a and through these concepts with accordance in defined is formation class of notion The over-exploitation. and accumulation economy.capitalist to relation capital production, of of mode concepts using implies relation This The main theoretical challenge in approaching my topic is to define coping strategies in strategies coping define to is topic my approaching in challenge theoretical main The I do not embrace fully the notion of classes as, according to Lenin's famous formulation, famous Lenin's to according as, classes of notion the fully embrace not do I I define coping strategies of the working class as the ways of obtaining goods to goods obtaining of ways the as class working the of strategies coping define I TheoreticalFrameworkConceptual and Toolkit Chapter1 8 CEU eTD Collection ucin i e-iea aiait sae otn ht te r o eitne tcis o the of tactics resistance not use 'make and powerful the by imposed order the are evade to way the not populations, marginalized they that contend I state. capitalist neo-liberal in function chapter). the next detail in in discussed 1199, 2010, Rodgers and Williams, (Round, resistance of places and 'tactics' fact in are strategies copings the that show to Lefebvre and (1984) Certeau de of texts use who Ukraine economic and grouployalties. dependencies power-relations, forming in to involved tool factors analytical multiple an of as interrelations but understand determinations economic of basis and the cultural on calculate priorities to formula ideological dogmatic a as not locations class contradictory of notion (Kalb theory Wright's of makes Kalb critique the Awareof (1985). Wright objective in grounded Olin byEric approach my taskelaborated isthe agents. relevantto Most ofthe economic interests be nevertheless, would, which formation class Post-Soviet of complex reality the describe to theory multi-faceted and nuanced more need I Therefore, activities. market implying strategies coping on partially relying workers of case my to applies positioning receiving (thus bank a in savings wages receiving (thus farm the of head former the to share land his out leases he if belong, farm collective a of ex-member an does an give To (2006). 'To Ukraine: post-Soviet people in of determinations group which class of complexity of example Anderson Benedict of sense the in communities' 'imagined necessarily ), grows something on his little plot of land to sell (thus receiving receiving (thus sell to land of plot little his on something grows ), I argue that this theoretical approach is wrong and it distorts the way coping strategies coping way the distorts it and wrong is approach theoretical this that argue I post-Soviet in strategies coping of study major the of authors with agree cannot I rent ), is employed at a neighboring process plant (thus receiving (thus plant process neighboring a at employed is ), interest ? Sbtk 02 7. Smlry 'mue class 'impure' Similarly 27). 2012, (Sobutsky )?' 9 income 2005, 113), 113), 2005, ), and puts his puts and ), I use the use I CEU eTD Collection can be given in the framework of a traditional Marxist analysis of the capital accumulation, capital the of analysis Marxist traditional a of framework the in given be can class working the of strategies coping of role the of account better the think I Therefore, 2005). Chiapello and (Boltanski entrepreneurial and flexible be to everyone prompts that Capitalism' of spirit 'new the with consonance perfect in is life everyday of practices inventive of celebration Certeau's Moreover, de accumulation. of strategy capital's and state's of part are themselves latter of understanding Foucauldian criticizes resistance: he when correct is Zizek terminology). Certeau's de to faithful remain I here (and them of advantage takes who class dominant the to rather refers 'strategy' a of connotations agencial the usage Now, (Wallacemy 278). them in 2002, to recourse to forced were who those of part the on calculation implied and agency some connoted strategies 2009]) Ries in [Wegren,cited grew' potato ' applies: formula beautiful (a subsistence of means alternative this them providing by themselves families their and workers the to capitalists from families workers' the of sustaining and power the labor the of of reproduction interests of burden the the transfer to in state neo-liberal precisely is it contrary, the On XV). 1984, Certeau (de strong' the of (Zizek 2012:106-107).(Zizek imagine to is change. to subject this themselves are resist as we dispositifs very the difficult time, to today,time that, from forget to of tend we resistance' of 'sites task about talk the The all In thinking itself. dispositif dominant in the in rupture but itself. radical possible a of positions, modalities the about subjective dispositif marginal from dispositif the dominant of the strategies of 'resisting' proliferation of a elaborating in and not displacement elsewhere: (partial lies politics its emancipatory and for 'resistance', subject’s undermining the for marginal) space a up opens simultaneously it activity, Self’s the of network the determines dispositif a while athat, idea to the 'resistance dispositif’: of paradigm entire the abandon to is dilemma this of out way only The There is no point in distinguishing state's strategies and worker's coping tactics as the as tactics coping worker's and strategies state's distinguishing in point no is There . Initially, the notion of household, coping or survival or coping household, of notion Initially,the . 10 Where the state withdrew ... withdrew state the Where CEU eTD Collection survivals of the former mode of production, co-existent modes of production or emerging modes emerging or production of modes co-existent production, of mode former the of survivals be can which production of mode capitalist of sway the under production of modes other exist There values. use producing activities all including activities, human all integrates it that mean not does it but world contemporary in hegemonic undoubtedly is production of mode Capitalist accumulation. capital and production of mode the of concepts involves relation this Constructing also 2006 countries). Stenning post-Soviet in strategies and coping to relation (Smith in issue this of economy importance acknowledge capitalist the to character, non-capitalist have an evidently 5). in Idiscuss Chapter the this market: to be reintroducedagain they(although can is Stealing production. commodities of as market the on relations circulation the from products capitalist exempting activity, extra-capitalist in part take not do strategy this within exchanged products and rendered Services 2001:64). (Nazpary exchange of form personal and non-market a definition by is reciprocity based Network 1986:XIII). (Meillassoux of community domestic a on based production of mode type specific a itself in constitute strategy coping particular This exchange. market the in participate not do and commodities produce not do household, inside producers the by consumed is and sale for intended not is it that extent the to production, Household activities. non-capitalist and extra-market the to belong clearly activities illegal and relations reciprocity production, agriculture household of strategies The social capitalist the under production through dispossession. importance ofaccumulation formation and continuing of modes different of co-existence the to relate that corrections some with over-exploitation, and development uneven power, labor of reproduction Coping strategies partially belong to the non-capitalist economy (not based on value). on based (not economy non-capitalist the to belong partially strategies Coping One of the crucial questions for me is to relate coping strategies, to the extent that they that extent the to strategies, coping relate to is me for questions crucial the of One 11 CEU eTD Collection critique of primitive accumulation is represented in David Harvey's notion of accumulation of 2003,137-182). through dispossession (Harvey notion Harvey's David in represented is accumulation primitive of critique the coherently Most formation. class working the of explanation Marxist with formation social capitalist the under production to of modes order various of in co-existence the theory on statement Marxist my reconcile of line this use I capitalism. of development the of vision linear this Harvey,corrected David and Meillassoux Claude Lenin, Luxemburg, Rosa as such thinkers, Marxist Later production. of mode dominated the of relations the preserving extracted through continually is value the how explaining theory a need we production, of modes heterogeneous (Marxinto taking organic account blood and1887,Ch.26).But fire' of (articulation) co-existence of letters in mankind of annals the in 'written is which production', of means the from producer accumulation production). of means of deprived and free (personally power labor b) of and production means a) command its at have must capital process accumulation begin to order in Marx, to According production. of mode new the to transferred is value the and destroyed is production of mode old the whereby occurrence a one-time as accumulation primitive the of Marx's narrative 2013). (Rigi ofproduction) the ofcommunistmode seeds be to claims he (which production of mode peer-to-peer emergingargues, Rigi Jacob as and, 96), 1986, Meillassoux see. capitalism, in included residually not and organically is and production of modes previous all inside existed has (that production of mode domestic called so the also but production, of mode feudal a of survivals include can formation social Capitalist production. of Luxemburg distinguished two forms of accumulation: 1) economic process based on based process economic 1) accumulation: of forms two distinguished Luxemburg traditional contradicts production of modes non-capitalist and capitalist of Co-existence is the process of formation of the above conditions, process of 'divorcing the 'divorcing of process conditions, above the of formation of process the is 12 Primitive CEU eTD Collection process of changing relations between labor and capital. and labor between relations changing of process sense a in dispossession, through accumulation to similar formation, class of working notion the use I Here consciousness. and organization class of refinement and appearance necessary or labor over capital of control full more necessary implies and accumulation primitive the with begins that a process as class formation of working notion teleological I avoid (1997, 17) personally. ofsubsistence and freed and means production of means their of deprived were workers that sense a is formation class no was there and production of modes between value of transfer no was there that reasons obvious For 2008). Kasianov (e.g. capitalism market of establishment after Ukraine in processes the to accumulation or (pre-existing economy. ofcapitalist from assets outside created) (d) of circulation capital in involvement (violent) (c) through accumulation Harvey, for So, 143). 2003, (Harvey 97) 1986, Maillassoux Claude by repeated argument (the imperialism primitive through the to corresponds which a process fact in that is accumulation noted Arendt Hanna had, other the On of itself' ' something needs always capitalism stabilization, for that idea Luxemburg's is Harvey for interest particular Of over-accumulation. of and is overproduction of crises the overcome to form needed latter The 137). 2003, (Harvey oppression and fraud violence, of means by societies non-capitalist with relations 2) and legality bourgeois by concealed value surplus of extraction (non-capitalist classes, reserve labor etc.), whether pre-existing, or created by the capital. by the created or pre-existing, whether etc.), labor reserve classes, (non-capitalist hs motn pcfctosspecifications important These notice to like would I Here accumulation through dispossession is an (a) ongoing process of (b) capital (b) of process ongoing (a) an is dispossession through accumulation otnigfreforce continuing passim ml rcsulapoc ocas class. to approach processual a imply in the historical geography of capital accumulation capital of geography historical the in that some authors apply the notion of primitive of notion the apply authors some that 13 I do not follow Wright in his strict his in Wright follow not do I Following Kalb Following of continuous of outside CEU eTD Collection enclosures of commons; b) devaluation of assets; c) privatization of state property; d) formation d) property; state of privatization c) assets; of devaluation b) commons; of enclosures a) to leads privatization, and capitalism. market of the of stage liberalization presumes imperialist which politics, the Neo-liberal of only characteristic not is production of modes other with cohabitation parasitic this But resources. free and power labor underpaid or free of benefit could metropoly the when capitalism of period colonial the during evident was It exploited. and preserved simultaneously is that 'other' its and production of mode capitalist between relation the establishes It capitalism. under production of modes co-existing and accumulation primitive the ofclassformation. the all combine fourlayers that nexus a as appear strategies coping (in So, 4.1). Section (in action collective of that level, fourth ideology of level the the is for strategies coping of influence the explore also This will I 4.2). Section see sense, Althusserian 19). (1986, in' themselves find workers circumstances the to responses meaningful and 'plausible as dispositions these defines Katznelson workers. of Coping groups the formation. of dispositions class shared formation: of class of level level third the first influence also the strategies to relation their show to is goal my and domain this in precisely situated is strategies coping of notion My life. family and market labor settings, work in living of ways of sense a in organizations social with deals level second The production. of relations in positions is that structure, class very the of development the to formation class of notion the applies she level, fist the On 1-19). 1986, (Katznelson analysis of levels four spans that formation class of concept the of elaboration Katznelson's to closer is position My 9-10). 1998, (Wright positions class of basis the on organizations describing as formation class and production of relations in positions to exclusively relating as structure class between opposition The notion of accumulation through dispossession resolves the contradiction between contradiction the resolves dispossession through accumulation of notion The 14 CEU eTD Collection role of coping strategies for the accumulation ofcapital. accumulation forthe strategies role ofcoping the understanding iscrucialin and modesit ofproduction capitalist with extra capital connect power. which islabor fortheindispensable capital, power which nexus oflabor isthe Production valueall notdoes at produce strategies, partiallycoping the includes household, at which the value.produces surplus labor But laborwhich productive (Marx1887,Ch. 16). Onlythat isdeemed ofvalorization process differently labor productive As istotally noted, Marx the labor serves process the when defined household (Burawoy, Krotov, Lytkina and changes. also essenceofproduction 2000,46).But the strategies. in involved coping assets help ofextra-capitalist the with partially raised was exploitation of argue rate the I that present. are assets extra-capitalist and beneficial is situation political the if lower, even and surviving for necessary minimum the of context the to wages In reduce to means value. all has he labor, surplus of army reserve considerable more and deindustrialization extract to order in power labor the of reproduction of cost the reduce to strives Capitalist capital. variable the to labor by produced value surplus 94), which,Iargue, as strategies. coping byexisting ishelped 1986, (Meillassoux class over-exploitationworking of in rooted is exploitation this of mechanism tradition Marxist In capitalism. theAnd development. uneven called is intensive capital by regions intensive labor of exploitation of type Western the into integration its after world second called so the for characteristic was situation This over-accumulated. been has which capital idle the of investment for opportunities created this labor. All unprotected and cheap of market the of The rate of surplus value on which the profitability depends is defined as the relation of relation the as defined is depends profitability the which on value surplus of rate The Burawoy et al. mention that the focus of production is shifted from factory to the ofproductionto focus from factory the isshifted mentionthat etBurawoy al. . However, commodity, special producing it a in isinvolved 15 CEU eTD Collection noted, the assets on which worker's coping strategies are based are in fact inherited from the 2000,47). et (Burawoy Soviet al. system from inherited fact in are based are strategies coping worker's which on assets the noted, scholars other many and Burawoy As times. Soviet the from inherited facilities and infrastructure the of exploitation parasitic above described the in analogy its has capital process This to accumulation. contributing indirectly is production non-capitalist Thus, 108). 1986, in cited Meillassoux 1872, (Engels field” or garden little own its from earns family the which that power labor the of price the from deduct to capitalist the permits labor-power competition of for cost the lowered This food. own their of some producing on spent was time free their which in economy semi-self-sustaining a to workers returning supplied, also were gardens' 'workers' developed, Engels production. of mode domestic predominantly sphere, non-capitalist the to power labor of value the of components three the all of part major transferring by reached is costs labor of reduction state. Soviet the from inherited assets residual the of possession in still was which itself class working the to capitalist the from transferred partially was power labor of reproduction of burden the transformations, neo-liberal of course the In 103). 1986, (Meillassoux system) security social state, the by (paid wages indirect and capitalist) the componentsby (paid these direct To correspond 100-101). 1986, (Meillassoux children of up bringing by power labor the of replacement 3) unemployment; of period the during worker the of maintenance 2) power); labor immediate the of (reconstitution employment of period the during worker the of sustenance oe iia rcs n oe o i rils Smtms ni pclto n land on speculation until “Sometimes, articles: his of one in process similar noted As Meillassoux notes, there are three components of the value of labor power: 1) power: labor of value the of components three are there notes, Meillassoux As 16 The CEU eTD Collection framework. Marxist in firmly it entrench I way this in rather and society of is determinants structural of strategies grasp a to coping wedded of concept binary the usage, of my In set chapter. this this in of show will element I second as oppositions, favor often concept this of usages later But structuralism. Marxist against reaction a as used was it Partially, economy). formal not (and sphere domestic and informal and society), or individual not (and household the structure), not (and agency stressed concept Initially, the (Wallace283). paradigm 2002, post-Fordism in interest some attracted also It economists. liberal of Surviving accounts based choice rational on and ideologically motivated dogma articles transitionalist neoliberal of collection a in to answer anthropological an as served (1998), Pine example Francis and Bridger Sue by edited Post-Socialism for survival, of strategies examining case, latter the In countries. post-Soviet of investigations in block, Soviet of fall the after and society British of studies in used was it 1980s the In Africa. and America Latin of cities the in poor the of behavior economic describe to others and Portes A. Castells, M. Hart, K. by 1970s the in applied first was it that of analysis the in use will I which material. ethnographic strategies coping of classification my offer and economy) informal and practices, informal strategies, household survival, of strategies tactics, coping authors Tracing the history of the concept of 'household strategies', Claire Wallace (2002, 275) notes 275) (2002, Wallace Claire strategies', 'household of concept the of history the Tracing various by called (also strategies coping on literature relevant review will I chapter this In Workers'Coping Strategies: Literature Classificationand Overview Chapter2 17 CEU eTD Collection of the coping strategies. coping strategies. of the ofmy the study. isprecisely aims This role political-economic for search not did he that was Clarke of mistake the think I and energy human and quantitative own their reproducing for insignificant were strategies coping of that idea the challenge also I evidences. qualitative basis the on estimation his Round, disprove 2000, 2010) Lytkina Rodgers and and Williams, Krotov Burawoy, 2001, (Mizguireva authors Other off 6). well comparably 2000, the for (Clarke activity leisure of way traditional a rather is it that even and strategy coping a important not is agriculture subsistence that claims Clarke members. household of energy human the of reproduction in strategies coping of role the of assessment his and conclusion second his with agree not do I But below). (see Ukraine from Rodgers' material and ethnographic their William of Round, interpretation against conceptually agency on stress this criticize also I material. ethnographic with it support to is research present the of targets the of one and conclusion his with agree but cannot I 2000). (Clarke activities informal encouraging policy social the pursuing and wages lowering welfare, cutting justify to used is agency on stress the that notes Clarke survival. of strategies scale. ofcoping ona macro strategies role estimate the to way the showing in methodologically me for significant is very research Clarke's budget. household the coping a) that conclusions the to contribution insignificant brought they that to b) and poverty alleviating in efficient not were strategies comes He surveys. other of number a and Survey Monitoring Longitudinal Russian on basing Russia in 1990s during households for strategies coping of role the of assessment comprehensive a done has He networks. social and agriculture subsidiary employment, Burawoy, Krotov and Lytkina (2000) present an important qualitative complementation and complementation qualitative important an present (2000) Lytkina and Krotov Burawoy, the in agency people's to role dominant the ascribing against directed is conclusion first His subsidiary ofsurvival'): coping ('strategies (2002,1999)envisages three strategies Clarke Simon 18 CEU eTD Collection uig gos wt oeg urny anns o eod jb nietl erig Wlae and that of (Wallace classification strict a of attempt earnings the by interesting mostly incidental is analysis Their 85). 2005, job, Latcheva second a of earnings currency, foreign with goods buying illegal): law, the outside (monetised economy black 3) relatives; and friends of help favours, a-legal): law, the ouside (non-monetised economy social 2) house; repairing food, own growing a-legal: law), meals. holidays, as the such outside (non-monetised, economy household 1) into divided is work, law) the (outside economy Informal of place at benefits benefit, unemployment pension, job, regular a of earnings legal: and monetized informal is and economy Formal formal 81). 2005, distinguish Latcheva they and (Wallace criterion, economy this of basis the On law. and regulations state to Lytkinaand 2000,47). (Burawoy, state Krotov,Soviet the from situation current the of dependency path of question important an forward public put they support, Thereby period. Soviet child from inherited pensions, were that (state etc), subsidies rent assets assistance, citizenship and friends), and relatives assets of social skills), (network physical credentials, professional (education, assets skill plots), land cars, dachas, (apartments, assets material assets: broad of series a a to strategies coping propose relate they Thirdly, authors 2001). the Secondly, Burawoy approach). (also 'involution' of notion the my using practices these of contextualization to political-economic close very diachronic in is factory (which furniture Russian perspective a on workers of strategies coping of study ethnographic an on based is it First, reasons. several for research my for important is study Their workers. of stories life throughout importance their trace and entrepreneurial and defensive into strategies coping workers' were they factory,furniture of Syktyvkar workers following 1998. indown divideclosed broadly wasThey which 1994 Since survival'). of ('strategies strategies coping of research Clarke's to correction For For Wallace relation to isthe basicclassifyofincome sources (2005),the criterion and Latcheva 19 CEU eTD Collection 2001, 87). An attempt to categorize coping strategies according to their political-economic role is role exclusionpractices. agree ofillegal purposesIcannot with formy but suitable political-economic their to according strategies coping categorize to attempt An 87). (Mizguireva 2001, reason) explicit no (with behavior of types illegal excludes expressly She money). of and contributions loans interest-free resources; of family rent or sale, ('Dissavings': strategy Consuming 2) informal); and formal self-employment, and (secondary strategy Value-adding 1) Monetary: and networks), friends and family from transferred goods of (consuming strategy Consuming 2) services); survival and goods individual of production Value-adding(domestic 1) strategy Non-monetary: of into divided are strategies types Her sources. informal and formal between differentiate not does She value-adding/consuming. and monetary/non-monetary criteria: two of basis the on them categorizes Mizguireva arrears, wage facing workers Russian of strategies coping Analyzing classification. her is me to importance of issue second The 6). (Chapter dispositions cultural their to as well as people, of my with behavior whichthe determines mechanisms to and structural unconscious pay attention Ialso approach: incompatible is it because behavior of model choice rational on based analysis an accept cannot I But preoccupations. my to close is very ('voice') resistance class genuine in role their assessing and ('exit') agency lacking as strategies coping envisioning of approach very The 'voice'. and 'exit' of terms in frames she which conflict, class and strategies') ('survival strategies coping between relations Latcheva 2005,88). and (Wallace Ukraine including counties European Eastern and Central of range a in latter strategies), (coping the of components different of proportion including economy, informal and formal between relations of estimates interesting very gives also research The concerns. policy public to connected are purposes not relevantformy which isnot thistotally classification coping Icall But strategies. what Mizguireva's article (2001) is relevant for two reasons. First, she makes an attempt to analyze to attempt an makes she First, reasons. two for relevant is (2001) article Mizguireva's 20 CEU eTD Collection enterprise, finding a subsidiary employment, agriculture and animal husbandry for sale or exchange, or sale for husbandry animal and agriculture employment, subsidiary a finding enterprise, active-passive and passive private active, to owned state from job a changing into are strategies 'active' her Among 193). 2005, survival (Gerasimove of strategies the divides Gerasimova analysis. of framework her refutes convincingly and expressly he where above, mentioned research Clarke's to reference makes she Paradoxically, poverty. overcome to means as strategies coping to approach coping role strategies. ofthe political-economic explore to as far as go not does she although framework, theoretical my to strategies closest the coping is practices) of (informal theorization Clement's asset. organizational an is which time free of lack and solidarity of lack problems, the of solutions individual to contribute practices informal that notes she cause struggle, class can concerns What 70). 2003, (Clement wages production indirect and direct of cutting and withdrawal domestic the that observes also She exploitation. their facilitate they the other, on but workers, the to autonomy certain a give they hand, one the on ambivalent: are practices these Hence, (2005). Chiapello and Boltanski to refers she capitalism, neoliberal of ideology the about Talking flexibility. of notion the around build system capitalist new the into inscribed are 2003:62) the presentdispossessed. in formsofconsciousness ideological explains and for and accounts he reciprocity Thirdly, understanding. of it's for strategy framework theoretical the a into giving and depth networking in going survival of strategies of account qualitative a presents Secondly,he dominance. of mode chaotic of notion a society,proposing Kazakh of context political and economic of explanation Marxist a gives he First, reasons. methodological and theoretical In an article commissioned by the World Bank, Svetlana Gerasimova (2005) takes a neo-liberal a takes (2005) Gerasimova WorldSvetlana the Bank, by commissioned article an In for important is Kazakhstan post-Soviet in dispossession on (2001) monograph Nazpary's Carine Clement argues that what she calls informal practices of the working class (Clement class working the of practices informal calls she what that argues Clement Carine 21 CEU eTD Collection of operating are concealed by the dominant rationality (de Certeau 1984, XII). The procedures and procedures The XII). 1984, Certeau (de rationality dominant the by concealed are operating of ways their other,but the by structured environment the in life their produce they passive, not are users The goals. their for instead it use they accept, to as choice other no have they which domination, of system the to directly oppose not do dominated The subversion. and bricolage, ruses, on relying others of property the into poach docile) not but dominated are (who contrary,users the power.On dominant the by defined totally not are dominated of activities the by Certeau, de dominated to According power. space of subjects the of use make that life everyday of practices inventive of idea Certeau's de on draw they income, low with cope families Ukrainian which in ways Conceptualizing 1199). 2010, in resistance to as response economicmarginalization 'tactics') call they (which strategies these use households marginalized the that show to claim and Lefebvre and (1984) Ukraine post-Soviet in strategies coping of study major the of Authors 2010). 2008; Williams and Round also 2010; 2008; Rodgers and Williams, (Round, 2005-2006 in Ukraine in thrust main ofhisargumentThe oftransition. the directedagainst discourse was businesses. small and trade, petty agriculture, subsistence as such inflation, and pensions low arrears, wage with cope to ways several presented he field-work his of outcome an as and Ukraine) (Eastern Lugansk in pensioners and workers of stories life gathering was he 1996 In (1998). Walker Michael strategies. coping to agency much too ascribing of implication theoretical shows underpinning, ideological neoliberal its products, with approach, saving. This is 'passive' and institutions, security social and friends from help for asking agricultural more growing include 'Active-passive' remuneration. for services rendering One of the first anthropological studies of coping strategies in Ukraine was a short article of article short a was Ukraine in strategies coping of studies anthropological first the of One Round, Williams, and Rodgers have published a number of articles based on their field-work their on based articles of number a published have Rodgers and Williams, Round, 22 (Round, Williams, and Rodgers use texts of de Certeau de of texts use CEU eTD Collection theoretical chapter, so I will not return to it in detail. In this research I contend that workers' coping workers' that contend I research this In detail. in it to return not will I so chapter, theoretical the in Certeau de of usage their of criticism my given already have I Rodgers. and Williams Round, oppositionthe with dialogue studyof and in to respects in Iposit in basis. many my research theoretical subsistence. into them hold house as such methods differentwith coping it resist to is tactics people's while possible, as low as turn to order in events “manipulate wages keep to is strategy state's users the al., et Round to According XIX). 1984, Certeau (de 'opportunities'” the tactics, Using other. the of property the is that place the in operational are Tactics power. dominant the to belongs which place, proper a on rely not does it power. of dominated, the Tacticssubject to the belong of institution or place 'proper' the on based are that relations power real conceals calculation this But dominated. the with relation of calculation scientific are they dominant, the to belong Strategies action. of logics dependent, mutually but rival, as actors opposing to them assigns and activity military the of dimensions two these separate Certeau De tactics'. 'coping term the on insist they reason, this For 1201). 2010, Rodgers Williamsand and of production of sphere situation the to commodity, exceptional ofan exchange the power. labor commodities of exchange from and consumption abstracting of sphere the am from I ideas, Certeau's a leap make al. Round et because his book in is dealing Certeau de with which production-consumption de representing In resistance. its in tactical essentially is which life, everyday of production the of dimension political a Certeau, de to according is, Here XV). 1984, Certeau (de strong' the of use make 'weak the auto-discipline, this By power. dominating the of discipline to opposed as auto-discipline an form dominated the of ruses hs i h ny suy o oig srtge n Uriin mtra ht peet solid a presents that material Ukrainian on strategies coping of study only the is This (Round, tactics and strategies between distinction Certeau's de on rely at. et Round Further, 23 CEU eTD Collection mode of production and its usage of the assets left from the Soviet from ofthe left the state. assets and its ofproduction usage mode of line my in role important an play domestic the to production of mode capitalist established newly the of basis relation the argumentationabout social or materials These state. Soviet the from left Wright 1985,47). to (according employees semi-autonomous as bourgeoisie petty and class working between location class contradictory a occupy that traders self-exploiting include I But force. labor hired of exploitation imply which 47) (2000, strategies entrepreneurial from call al. exclude et Burawoy I what strategies, consideration systematic coping class working is focus my As bribes). workplaces, from things (taking activities illegal 5) trade; suitcase or street activities: market 4) networks); acquaintances and (family assets social on based exchange) mutual rendering, service (gift-giving, relations supplementary reciprocity 2) gardens); land, of 3) skills); plots physical credentials, professional (education, assets skills on based employment dachas, (secondary) cars, (apartments, assets material on based husbandry) animal and production agricultural (domestic production subsistence household 1) class: working the of strategies coping of types following distinguish I 2001), Nazpary 2002; Clarke 2000; and over-exploited from classconflict are distracted they bycapital. which by disposition structural rather but resistance and agency their of manifestation not are strategies It is important to note that for the most part coping strategies are based on some material basis material some on based are strategies coping part most the for that note to important is It Lytkina and Krotov Burawoy, (mainly researchers aforementioned the of texts the on Basing 24 CEU eTD Collection plots and dachas, 25% from shadow (Wallace and dachas, 25%from economy plots Latcheva 2006,88). and subsidiary from 27% activities, taxed other and wages from 48% follows: as distributed are family 2004). (Khmelkoall et agriculture arein season involved subsistence summer 19% and constantly spring and in economy dwellers of urban 62% that showedsurveys the In 1996 2008, 90). (Kasianov periodically agricultural subsidiary used population urban of 56% that showed surveys sociological 1994 In income. as reported not are which economy', shadow 'the other from resources and food produced home like strategies coping by caused as interpreted be can consumption and income between 130). gap 2010, The al. et (Bruck 1.3) is (that 612) (SD 652 was income mean and 562) (SD 864 was consumption mean 2004, Survey Monitoring Longitudinal Ukrainian to according and times), is 1.7 (that 363 was household income mean 470) and 649 (SD was consumption household mean 1996, in survey a to According 90). 2008, (Kasianov income official their than higher 2.5 was According to international experts, as of 1998 the sources of income of an average Ukrainian average an of income of sources the 1998 of as experts, international to According Ukrainians of consumption of level average the mid-90s the of as estimates, some to According CopingStrategies Formation:Class and Ethnographic Analysis An Chapter3 25 CEU eTD Collection exchange value. value. studies. byqualitative exchange to be supplemented need theseTherefore, data that rather value use provide and economy market to belong not do strategies coping earlier, many said I as because, time, through households the for strategies crude coping of significance rather changing of indication are estimates These 2012). to 1997 (from times 23 increase to which wages 2012), to average 1997 pushed from times (73 state the by imposed wage minimum real in increase the by household from also but economy of growth Incomes overall the by caused possibly be can This 4%. to sources. 23% from fell economy 'other' and subsidies state and economy household of expense the at rose it and wages) of share raising the to (due 2011 in 89.9% to 1999 in 63% from substantially http://ukrstat.org/uk/operativ/oper_new.html As one can see in Figure 2, the share of monetary resources in the structure of income rose income of structure the in resources monetary of share the 2, Figure in see can one As 2. Figure My field-work among actual and former employees of Bila Tserkva tire works provided me provided works tire Tserkva Bila of employees former and actual among field-work My oshl noe srcue (aa f (Data structure income Household ) 26 ro m tt ttsis Srie o Ukraine of Service Statistics State CEU eTD Collection opportunity, some of the workers refused as they did not consider it vitally important or relied on the on relied or important vitally it consider not did they as refused workers the of some opportunity, this had they if even But railroad. the of line the along villages the in farms collective with factory m 1000-1500 to up plots on them for constructed already were dachas These housing. to additionally dachas and lands of plots get to opportunity an given were dwellers urban new the 1990s, of the in sometimes sources and 1991 to Prior village agriculture. subsistence the from detached were works the from housing new getting of perspective the by land. Young attracted of people plots had and countryside in lived parents their villages: from came employees works tire of generation first the to belong who workers interviewed the of 10 of 8 dwellers. 1991. after Ukraine in formation class working of specificity define strategies coping how show will I conclusion, In capitalists. to beneficial are they extent what to and agency worker's embody they extent what to show will I strategies coping of type each presenting While of 3. Chapter in classification elaborated strategies coping the to according data ethnographic the categorize will I formation. class working and capital of accumulation the for strategies coping workers' of significance the show to view of point political-economic from it analyze and capitalism, Ukrainian of issues economic and social broader to it link material, ethnographic this categorize will chapter,I this In down. shut was works tire second the when 2002-2004 and 1998-2000 years around concentrate described strategies coping of the incidents of Most arrears. wage and wages low for compensated they ways various of material rich with Most of the workers employed at the tire works belonged to the first generation of urban of generation first the to belonged works tire the at employed workers the of Most householdproduction3.1.1 Agricultural subsistence analysiscoping 3.1 and ofstrategies Classification 2 . They were alloted according to the agreement of the of agreement the to according alloted were . They 27 CEU eTD Collection 1998 she was able to obtain a second plot of land, 600 m 600 land, of plot second a obtain to able was she 1998 in record, service long her to Due years). 9 and 6 of (girls children two support to needed she as her, for importance vital of was agriculture subsistence the events these after especially and nineties early the During months. few after died and ill seriously fell husband her reason: another Valentynafor also 15 the on down shut then, by employed was she where works, land'. to asand 'connection the matterfun' of'pure dacha ontheir a experience their up Valentyna interest'. sums pure of 'out also and later, only there potatoes growing started They dacha. his on experiments conduct to opportunity an had he now and technician agricultural an become to wanted he man young a as self-realization: and creativity of matter a also was it him For natural products. fresh have to wanted always and city a in up brought was he because land the with dealing mainly was who husband rather her was It were oranges. currant, trees, fruit and grew they First, income vital. than additional her of 15% than less to amounted dacha the on grown products the 1991 m 600 a got givenshe was she 1988 in years, 16 around for worked Having works. the engineer, from flat a received and married planning a as 1973 since Employed graduating. after Factory Tire Tserkva Bila built newly the to referral a got She works). Tserkva Bila tire for collars white the of sources main the of (one Technological and Institute Chemical Dnipropetrovsk the in studies with proceeded and region Kirovohrad in village native her left She typical. quite is retired, officially being despite works who engineer planning Valentyna, of a story The deprivation. economic and arrears wage of circumstances countryside. stayed relativeswho in oftheir land 2 But everything changed with the economic downturn and especially after the second tire second the after especially and downturn economic the with changed everything But the in economy agricultural of importance growing illustrates case following The dacha in a village 15 rm from the city (her husband had a car). Valentyna relates that prior to prior Valentyna car). that a relates had husband (her city the from rm 15 village a in dacha 28 th 2 . There she grew potatoes and other and potatoes grew she There . of May, 1998. This year was fatal for fatal was year This May,1998. of CEU eTD Collection rubbles in the village, as attested by Anatoliy), good housing and infrastructural conditions attracted conditions infrastructural and housing good Anatoliy), by attested as village, the in rubbles 60 to opposed as rubbles (160 wages high 1970s, early the and 1960s late the in Then, Tserkva. Bila in works tire the of establishment the with started project urbanization and industrialisation the with ofthe the stimulus relocation. was main admit,possibilityofhousehold agriculture they As kind. in remuneration received he where farm local a in job a found Mykola and works tire the in work to go to continued she village, the In Olga. could Neither food. for even money secure not could he Tserkva, Bila in employment his during activities shady and illegal of number a in involved was Mykola Although town. a than rather village a resembles now Tserkva, which Bila from km 20 Uzyn, m 2500 and house equivalent an for city the in flat room three their exchange to agreed Olga wife his and he wages, receiving stopped he after years two works, the of shutdown after year A 1999. 30, April until electrician an as there worked He city. the near Medvyn, of village the from Olga and Mykola of story life a with strategy this illustrate city), capital the to moved temporarily they was farming ofvitalimportance. subsistence (when 2004 to 1997 from family their For 1990s. m 1000 farm, collective this from land of plot a obtain to able was he works, tire As Valeriy themselves. land the on worked the and before countryside farm collective a in work to used in take could she (which shop factory the from oil. workingforavendor private ofvegetable earned from money ofthe and the wages) compensation products with along subsistence of sources vital be to relatives from help the and farming admits She consumption. domestic for only vegetables These cases illustrate an economic and demographical trend opposite to the one which began which one the to opposite trend demographical and economic an illustrate cases These will I countryside. the to city the from moving is strategy coping this of case extreme An the from relatives of help the from benefited also Tetiana, and Valeriy informants, key My 29 . Mykola came to Bila Tserkva tire works tire Tserkva Bila to came Mykola . 2 , in the middle of the of middle the in , 2 of land in land of CEU eTD Collection taken from Khmelko 2002). Moreover, private agricultural economy became increasingly important in important increasingly became economy agricultural private Moreover, 2002). Khmelko from taken are (data times 3.4 is that 2001, in 12.4 to 1991 on 3.6% from grown has economy agricultural private the in employment The agricultural survival. of private strategies the to the belonging activity sector: of kind agricultural the is that the economy, in employment of growth overall the for mostly less). (1.3times in employed industry and 18,7%was agriculture economical the of in working was force labor of bottom 23% 2001 in and meet tendencies these 1997, year the around downturn, the near Right dramatically. less although grew, sector agricultural in working people of share the while declining was sector industrial the kept in employment 1991, after falling economy Ukrainian As less). times 1.6 is (that 19.6% was agriculture in working those while reverse the to agriculture over 31.2%, was economy national of industry sector industrial the in employed labor of share a 1991, In proportion. of prevalence the from changed has economy national what to parallel is which of structure 47). The Buravoy,(2000, Russia in Lytkinainvolution and agricultural Krotov as described economy Ukrainian of deindustrialisation of trend general the reflects wagearrears. lowering pushedand ofwages, happening, was bydeindustrialisation, process reverse the 1991 After benefits. social and wages direct on rely fully could and agriculture subsistence on more any dependent not were people These infrastructure. modern developed fully a with into area residential came dwellers urban New inhabitants. (populstat.info) 000 151 reaching doubled, 2013,9). (Lisnychyi facilities care then in was1979populationmore The works 1972and tire launched health normal no and facilities treatment waste no inhabitants, 000 70 about had Tserkva Bila (1963), factory the build to decision of date the On city. expanding the to villages from people of thousands More interesting for our purposes is the kind of agricultural economic activity which accounts which activity economic agricultural of kind the is purposes our for interesting More villages the to relocating and survival of strategy a as agriculture subsistence to Retreating 30 CEU eTD Collection ie fcoy (hn cle as) ay wres wo wr fiily epoe hr on other found there employed officially were who workers many Valsa), called (then factory tire energy. their tofood grow reproduce they when had in lives later their orforfun,then curiosity of out plants grow could they when times, Soviet in agency more much demonstrated workers story, Valentyna's to back coming fact, In exploitation. intensive more their just is resources pre-given these to connected agency people's of extent The 61). 2000, Lytkina (Buravoy,Krotov,and survival' of unit dominant the as appears now order old the under counter-system subordinate the was 'What economy: household of role changing the about Lytkina and Krotov Buravoy, of conclusion the with agree to economical resources. these of function people's the is changed What resistance. or of inventiveness consequences not and pre-given structurally were agriculture subsistence for resources The state. the by provided or employment, of place the by provided or relatives, their some were there years later progressive changes. the during only and works tire Tserkva Bila the of establishment the before point the reached 1960s involution economical the 2000-2001 years until of up is, level That 4). 2002, the (Khmelko to degraded society Ukrainian economy, its of structure the of term in that concludes data, these forth bringing Valeriy sociologist Khmelko, Ukrainian 2007). (Paniotto dwellers urban of half than more including survival, of strategy this used population active economically the of of Sociology,Institute Kyiv International to 52%. According half, than for more accounted it75% 2001 in and agriculture in labor of 18.4% constituted it 1991 In itself. sector agricultural the of structure the During 2.5 years of the first (1998-2000) and the second shutdown (2002-2004) of the second the of (2002-2004) shutdown second the and (1998-2000) first the of years 2.5 During 3.1.2 Secondaryemployment tofrom them bequeathed onresources either relied agriculture, workers to domestic Retreating 31 The above cases lead me lead cases above The CEU eTD Collection labor scholars (Wallace 2002, 283-285). This case presents an interesting mechanism of how private how of mechanism interesting an presents case This 283-285). 2002, (Wallace scholars labor vegetables. with family her provide to dacha of her at days free two strategies spend would she that Vira example, told subsidiary For survival. to resort to needed they job side the to additionally even Therefore, ends meet. make to enough not was it that and day per hrn 12 around being wages about talked Workers there. work to used also wife whose Andreich with interview the by supported are data These place. working the at fainting people of cases about me Valentyna informed ineffective. was building old an in ventilation the because inappropriate, were conditions Working material. raw the for waiting spent they time idle the for compensated not were workers the and wages piece were There pm. 12 or 11 to am 8 from be could day working the So, products. into them of all transform and ready where materials raw the until wait to had workers the because limited not was day working the fact in But rest. of days two after two days worked nominally workers the and labor manual employed Dryhalo factory 1976. in works tire second the then and first the at working started who Dnipropetrovsk from engineer planning a Valentyna, of friend a Vira, was them of One there. employment unofficial and temporary found employees works tire some time this At time. second the for idle was works tire the when 2003, and 2002 in was business her for period lucrative second The labor. manual on based predominantly then production, her expanded she when year the is 1998 times. several closed was it then since but 1992 in enterprise her registered Dryhalo firm. own her established and survival of way original an choose she 1991 After there. decorator a as worked also she time one and employee works' tire the of daughter a was Dryhalo year). this bankrupt went (she Dryhalo Liudmyla by 1995 in established food frozen producing for firm private a was employment for possibilities the of One jobs. term long or temporary Not incidentally,Not of post-Fordist attentions attracted strategies coping of household concept the 32 CEU eTD Collection depicts a church towards which three tires are rolling in the field of ripen wheat. The banner was banner The wheat. by designed Valentyna.ripen of field the in rolling are tires three which towards church a depicts works tire second the of entrance the same above placed PJSC Rosava the the of banner Ironically,the in position. reinstated factory, the to returned he when 2004 till 2003 from years, two for it doing the or permission the For center. Volodia'earnings'. his of tenth been one had give to city was he cathedral, the at place the used the to 'blessing' in church the of gates the under alms beg to priest the from permission asked he closed, was works the when 2003 In Christian. a is he workshop, CMD&A the at fitter a been Volodiahas chapter). next (see consciousness false with therefore and religiosity coping a as strategy). stealing about section a in detailed more it on elaborate will (I it from production and this using By materials raw buying by works. existed that works tire the around tire businesses small of belt a the joined strategy, it enterprise, backbone the from labor living off feeding parasite a as grew firm The food. cook-chill of production of technology advanced more into value surplus absolute of development the for capital extracting by accumulated capital the invested and business her expanded she Later initiate business. Dryhalo's accumulate to used was exploitation of rate High wages. outside sources to due power labor their reproduce could workers second, and operations, skill low for of labor army reserve big a was there first, because, workers from extracted was value surplus Absolute the Here enterprise. other at survival. of employed strategies other of availability and wages of non-payment by facilitated over-exploitationis officially was that labor precarious from profited firms More cases of subsidiary employment will be discussed in the next section. next in employment be discussed the will ofsubsidiary cases More with connected is coping of ways possible the of one shows example curious next The 33 CEU eTD Collection works they set up a production line at bread baking at complex. line bread production they setworks upa ofthe factory tire the while For mechanical workingat side jobsthroughexample, hiscolleagues. find described byAlexander. are specialists maintenance ofmechanical networks Similar used to also He now,retired and purchasing equipment. job consisting up,repairing findofsetting a temporary can equipment. their setup orrepair need to they when network Through hisprofessional Valeriy, is who professionals and only from engage outside, they specialists, and instrumentation ofcontrol personnel Tserkva afford firms cannot little Because evenlimits ofKyivregion. in the constant and to have ofBila within 'bigvillage' the other knows community tight each whereeveryone a as specialists from mutualaid. orto benefit employment Two neighborhood networks. are ofnetworks familyand other types subsidiary to used find They are ofincome. sources subsidiary meansjob societyofaccessing orother into turned centered production inherited from assets Soviet they wereformedare networks onworkplaces, Professional strategies. efficiently that ofnetworks three to allowtypes discern data me coping as Ethnographic works though, subsidiary but position after held notes (2001,65) 2000, 61).Nazpary (Burawoy, means offormal sustenance forlack andhouseholds compensate Krotov, and Lytkina household, resurges toa network the society workplace shiftsfrom the activity social to link Networking is used on the workplace to complement redistribution of payment in kind or in ofpayment kind redistribution to isused complement workplace Networking onthe key informant My Valeriy and networkinstrumentation ofcontrol describes a professional Buravoy,As Krotovand Lytkina noted 3.1.3 Reciprocity network and relation that the Soviet system of redistribution relied onreciprocity, relied thesystem that ofredistribution Soviet that perestroika apropos s 34 it gained prominence as a strategy ofsurvival. a as strategy it prominence gained Russia, after the center of economic and the ofeconomic center Russia, after CEU eTD Collection the best performing workers (Remeniuk 1993, 50). Approximately from 1995 tires were given instead given were tires 1995 from Approximately 50). 1993, (Remeniuk workers performing best the to encouragement as served and wages to addition in only were they period, Soviet the during workers the to issued were tires Although shop. factory the from goods consumer and tires were these Mostly precarious labor. offlexible market and spreadofthe facilitated but rather economicrights, their in defending adding agency people them empowering and were not remuneration. agreement about without servicesprior foracquaintances was He these performing workplace. the and refrigerators repairing TV-sets ofcharge free from taken details using small sometimeshe was and In90shelped hiswork the works. professionsandtire he during at got several before Andreich through ofgoodsand money. not exchange mediated orservices not basedondirect assistance forms ofreciprocity. isthe aid mutualaid. Mutual and offoodsupplies, clothes be exchange These can an agency. and not through and acquaintances colleagues theworks. fired tire sincefrom had she been babysitting through of networks usedto findThey clients factory, tire ofthe employees services. in involved aged care wereinformally Tetiana been has needs. basing ontheir byworkersthemselves among redistributed partially to shop the wheresupplied works that were works.goods fromthat Mykola the recalls benefits other It was possible to sell products given to the workers in compensation for their delayed wages. delayed their for compensation in workers the to given products sell to possible was It activities 3.1.4 Market above, described as networks social canInfact, society be ambivalent. role ofnetworksin The to used organized combinations) neighborhoodare (ortheir networks and Family various affectiveInformal and basedonnetworking. subsidiary laborIrina isalso Valentina, former 35 CEU eTD Collection workers remained petty traders after leaving the permanent jobworks. in the leaving permanent after traders remainedpetty workers car goods. products and other one can buyrubber where market private decent a is it Now mafia. by controlled operations market black of place a mainly was it and 1995 in appeared Valeriy, to market According the it. though went that cash of amount the of because second) the and first the to analogy (by works tire Third the nicknamed be to used It area. residential prices ones. ofnormal road forthe also tiresbe soldonthe could Defect section). see next stealing, on (more metals color and equipment, goods, rubber rubber, crude tires, defect tires, normal in 1996-1998was UAH factory 150). the salaryin around in average that andperson given per quota on (depending salary month's a for tires six to one take could one is that 24-50, UAH been have to reported are prices The wages). of consideration in accounted was (which price their production than lower was tires of price market later, especially Sometimes, market. a of search in cities other to went Kyiv-Odessa workers Some mafia. by controlled was the resource this but drivers, the at to directly highway tires the sell to usual was It market. tire half-legal the in middlemen though it Mechanical of did or own their on it did case either tires the sell to were who Those factory,the Alexander). by communicated was (it own their on them sell not would workers that so centrally tires of own their convert and organizedepartment would realization managers workshop though, Sometimes, themselves. money into production sales of work the perform to obliged were Workers wages. of People also mentioned selling agricultural products produced on their own lots. Some of the of Some lots. own their on produced products agricultural selling mentioned also People the in situated (bazaar), market tire local the at middlemen through sold be could Tires stolen sell could one Usually, materials. stolen of selling was income of source Another 36 CEU eTD Collection guards. Guards would even warn them in case police was close. Electricians and fitters stole color stole fitters and Electricians close. was police case in them warn even would Guards with guards. cooperated and groups in worked They body. their abound wrapped they which rubber crude hide to order in usual than larger size one clothes buy to used shop mixing the from people that me institutions. state with articulated crystallized and violence,became practices illegal included people's and hand one activities whose influence, of networks Later,the the 6). 2001, (Nazpary other the on on survival of networks influence of networks elites' into society Soviet the of dissolution of crisis the to class by characterized hegemony, is of domination mode Chaotic 1960s. late the in USSR in the began which ruling the response a is regime political This 5). 2001, (Nazpary dominance of mode chaotic as described Nazpary what to well fits situation This former. the to subjugated and strategy.on coping dependent workers' as rather was and management latter for The capital accumulate to way a as stealing distinguish to important less no is it But involved. were workers and management to Iwill bossnip off'. try the picks and that see 'I it, put Anatoliy As strategy. entrepreneurial an was it whom for activities illegal management's by facilitated extent some to and to linked inextricably strategy. was theft coping worker's workers' But important very a was theft that learned I alcohol, of help the with sometimes little, by Little friends. and colleagues their of activities illegal about reserved as not were informants But to. reasons had they that reveal would talks Further past. distant reasonably in buried events about talk even to scared be to seemed emphatically,and anything sometimes denied, stealing People strategies. coping as activities Workers were stealing depending on the position and place of work. Several informants told informants Several work. of place and position the on depending stealing were Workers both down, top from spreading was stealing 1996-2005 in that note to important is It illegal other and stealing about information any out pull to easy not was unexpectedly,it Not activities 3.1.5 Illegal 37 CEU eTD Collection sales department. The latter one, named Pushka, used to be a distinguished worker and a chairman of chairman a and worker distinguished a be to used Pushka, named one, latter The department. sales the of head the then service, security of head the first injuried. killings: of seriously case notorious got a about he Valeriytold where pit, a into thrown and up tied was He activity. shadow of site the to close himself find to unhappy was guards factory the of one Mykola, to According walls. the over flying were products other and tire because factory, the of walls the behind walk to dangerous even was it Sometimes tires. the of transportation illegal example, for activities, illegal to witness a become was production 'shadow' the for Documentation be proved. socould nothing later destroyed, that immediately market. black the for or market official the for working were they whether knew never they but job their doing were Employee authorities. state and police with connection in service security parallel own their had They foremen. shop and workshops of whole managers a the to administration created higher the from production: management shadow a in The involved people illegally. of hierarchy time the of part worked factory the 2004 until 1996 Opera Threepenny only fired. could a worker be most blatant cases Inthe tolerated. relatively was stealing nineties the during But complex. Rosava with dealing department special a had works. territoryofthe in situated the andones are legals into transformed have enterprises these of Some production. their in it used and material stoled metals. It was dangerous to walk around the workshop during the night shift because you could you because shift night the during workshop the around walk to dangerous was It 'w But even Police activity. punishable criminally was it but stole workers times Soviet the During the accepted that works the around enterprises private small of industry whole a was There a sterbigo akcmae otefudn fabn? B rct Brecht, (B. bank?' a of founding the to compared bank a of robbing the is hat ). Moreover, if this 'bank' is itself founded by robbing. According to Valeriy, to since According robbing. by founded itself is 'bank' this if Moreover, ). 38 The CEU eTD Collection strategies confirm the path-dependency theory: being deeply rooted in the Soviet time they have more have they time Soviet the in rooted deeply being theory: path-dependency the confirm strategies energy human their Besides, power). (includinglabor reproduce to order in them use to predisposed structurally rather were workers The strategies. these use who workers to agency of much ascribe to incorrect be would it Therefore, them. supplied city the and state, the enterprise, employing The strategies. coping as the required were before they when circumstances present already where resources these consideration, under case the In system. welfare workingclassformation? enter strategies field-work,doexactlycoping how my of evidence the on Basing 2). chapter in discussed classification Katznelson's to (according formation ofcoping ofthis strategy. type the limits defines hierarchy the in place one's with consistent behavior how of illustrations good are Sergey and Pushka bosses. of your activities illegal in intrude not and do limit certain a surpass do not you that condition the under steal can you hierarchy: class-based of poles extreme between contract silent a exist to seems There of made airplanes paper banknotes. burning by wealth his off show to used he and tires with loaded cars out letting for shift per $100 around received reportedly Sergey rewarded. generously Sergey,were friend of schemes criminal Valeriy's like in guards, fortunate More killed. involved eventually was and was revenue the share not he did production, rumors, the to according then, but council, Works the Coping strategies mobilize resources (including networks and skills) inherited from Soviet from inherited skills) and networks (including resources mobilize strategies Coping class of level social and structural to pertain that evidences analyzed I chapter this In strategiesworker's coping significance of political-economic 3.2 and Social accumulation. of strategy capitalist a as and strategy coping workers' a as present is Stealing 39 I agree with Mizguirva that 'the nature ofsurvival 'the nature that with Mizguirva I agree CEU eTD Collection ie i usrce s a psil eore fr rfeto n raiain oetc production Domestic organization. and reflection for resource possible a as substracted is time This wages. of form a in workers the to returned then and factory the on spent time labor the than food of amount given a produce to time labor more requires productivity,it low has production subsistence agricultural As labor. of precarization and fragmentation, networkisation, by followed is household day.labor the extending by also but power labor of value the below wages lowering in only not manifested be can over-exploitation the Here, employments. precarious of facilitators then other nothing subsidiary are employment and networks professional as strategies coping such hand, other the On trade. petty and networks, social on based reciprocity agriculture, subsistence by household as wages strategies such than employing means other by power labor their reproduce to able are they because chapter) next the in described reason (for work official the to go to continue workers circumstances these in Even inflation. to subject and capitalist the to 7) 2001, (Gryshyna loan non-interest a being thus months, and account for delayed be private could they low, very be to only not could Wages owners. profits private and losses) directing socializing ('half-owners' enterprises owned the state by of workers of management over-exploitation for allowed strategies coping the conditions, structural these property ofothers'. the into 'poach that resistance of tactics as strategies coping of qualification Rodgers' Williamsand Round, support not do field-work my from evidence the Therefore, wages. higher and time leisure more to due period Soviet the during higher was creativity of exercise 95). their in manifested agency of 2001, level workers' (Mizquireva movements.' social risky than institutionalised be to prospects Shift of the focus of economic activities (production, distribution) from the factory to the to factory the from distribution) (production, activities economic of focus the of Shift of outcome an As capital. to relation in antagonistically act not do strategies Workers' coping 40 Moreover, CEU eTD Collection struggle). struggle). chapter. next in be discussed the These will implications (class action and (ideology) dispositions of level the for implication important have they But formation. and recently forcolonial societie byMeillassoux other was described situational similarto this the before only neoliberalism conceived classically a to Ukrainian approaching wages. of of signs expense shows capitalism the at reproduced is power labor when capitalism Western-type to happe What economy). (household methods non-capitalist of means by power labor powe labor of reproduction of level the below were wages noughties) the of half first and nineties (the period certain free labor. to businessesprecarious recruit forsmall in order resource a as serve fact ties. in organizations, based union to workplace birth give could then possibly that ties networks, Professional neighborhood and family of importance increased presupposes hs ae h rls ht oig taeispae i tutrl n sca lvl f class of levels social and structural in played strategies coping that roles the are These conclude can I 2), (Figure chapter this opening chart the to returning Now, r, i.e. there was an over-exploitation and workers reproduced substantial part of their of part substantial reproduced workers and over-exploitation an was there i.e. r, 41 ned is approaching is ned that during a during that s. CEU eTD Collection employed in industry was low: 2.5% in 1996 and 1.5% in 1997. After 2004 there are only incidental only are there 2004 After 1997. in 1.5% and 1996 in 2.5% low: was industry allin employed among striking the of share the But workers. industrial were strikes in involved workers the all their contribute to passivity. formsofworkers'that consciousness at look a take also will I effective. very not were they why reasons out tease and works tire the in conflict class of episodes analyze will I above. enumerated that complex more far are theory) choice rational framework inof thinking does, the Mizguireva as a choice, situation(Iwouldnot this call ofthis causes the But resistance. class genuine than rather resignation and passivity of reactions many so are (2000), al. et Round of sense a in resistance' of 'tactics being of instead strategies, Coping case. my to apply conclusions her far, So 95). 2001, (Mizguireva Union) Soviet from (inherited protest to habit of lack 4) actions; protest the of effectiveness the in disbelief 3) complexity; to due blame attribute to inability 2) unions); (trade discontents of channels of institutionalization weak 1) struggle: class of lack the of directly She causes concerning conclusions following the to comes terms). and arrears wage to reactions two these opposes Hirschman's (in 'exit' as strategies coping and 'voice' as conflict class frames consciousness. workers of forms Peaks of strike activities in Ukraine are years 1989, 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1997. Near half of half Near 1997. and 1996, 1994, 1992, 1989, years are Ukraine in activities strike of Peaks classconflict 4.1 of Episodes and struggle class of episodes the to relate strategies coping how discuss will I chapter this In Class ConflictClass and Ideological Coping

Analyzing response of Russian workers to wage arrears, Mizguireva arrears, wage to workers Russian of response Analyzing Chapter4 42 CEU eTD Collection shut down in the spring of 1998 and in the spring of 2002 with delays of wage payments preceding the preceding payments wage of delays with 2002 of spring the in and 1998 of spring the in down shut was works tire second the circumstances: of similarity Probably, 2002. the in to or due 1998 was in this place took they whether events, this of dating the over discrepancy significant a was there First, strike. of form the in happened which work), of place their factory, tire second (formerly,Valsa in conflict down. written be will ID employee his wages, the about ask would whoever that threatened union trade the of head the arrears wage of Valentyna, times to in According them. intimidate to management the helped also but rights, their protect to efforts workers' support not did only not union trade official The ended. strike the how is That paper'. on demands out laying with be, should it organized'as not was it because action the support not did Anatoliy benefits. withdraw to workers the threatened and came works the of director andshop the of the manager the began, strike actual the before Even machines. stop the not did they but strike a announced shift the of Half shop. vulcanization his in rule, strike failed a recalls Anatoliy a As disorganized. were process. actions protest production at attempts or whole strikes Mostly them. the to attention stop paid management could they because shops mixing were from management with people bargaining in successful Most them. support not did union trade local the 2008crisis. mid-2000safter and reappear in decrease factor these below.Both discuss will I which 2004, and 2002 in factories Tserkvatire Bila in strikes the were to lead cause last This arrears. wage workers is activity strike of factor Another of part-time. employed 40% around 1997-1999 in activity underemployment: strike forced of of level level the the with correlates 64), (2011, Symonchuk to According 61). 2011, (Simonchuk strikes My informants Valeriy, Valentyna, Andreich and Mykola recall only one episode of class of episode one only recall Mykola and Andreich Valentyna,Valeriy, informants My that and numerous not were strikes that are me told informants what from conclusions General 43 CEU eTD Collection put forward economic demands: payment of the outstanding and current wages. The strike of this of strike The wages. current and outstanding the of payment demands: economic forward put CMD&A be). the Workerswhere to building used workshop old an (near works. the of outside territory separate a on CMD&A of gathered workshop workers the work, to going of Instead union. trade the by organized supported and not workers protest, agitated He a Zhuravin. workshop, Oleksandr this of head 2001 the was initiator The workshop. CMD&A the for in itself manifested first discontent of form hrn open The 311 and mln. 9.5 UAH reached payable wages of sum the 2001, of end the By growing. started workers 2000 among for hrn 270 was which ( level, subsistence official the below even were they workers the of part most the for payed, regularly were wages the Although ( hrn 344 2001, for and 256 was 2000 for salary average the where plastic, and rubber of production of industry the for average national the below was This hrn. 300 was good be to considered was that salary the and VM), 6 the of man set-up a for hrn 110-120 workers, technological for hrn 200 Valeriy, around to was salary,according then payedaverage The 2001. November were until regularly Wages 2001. throughout and 2000 of rest the for worked enterprise The 2004). sudba 'Valsa': zabytaya (OAO group) Kredyt' i ('Finansy oligarchs Ukrainian wealthiest the of one Zhevago, Konstantin of control under firm a by bought was Valsa of stock controlling The returned. workers the of all not and started be could equipment the of all not because difficulties, great with operation 2002. in happened it that showed data their checking cross But memories. of interference Hence, shutdown. http://index.minfin.com.ua/index/wage/ Since November 2001 workers stopped receiving wages and by February 2002 discontent 2002 February by and wages receiving stopped workers 2001 November Since started works tire second the 2000 October in idleness, of months 5 and years 2 After http://ukrstat.org/uk/operativ/operativ2006/gdn/prc_rik/prc_rik_u/dszpPD_u2005.html ). 44 th grade from CMD&A (as in the case of case the in (as CMD&A from grade ). CEU eTD Collection ionov-griven-investicij-148597/ 1 2004 only in werereturned mln) 15 UAH was 1996 since total sum (the arrears of period whole the for payable wages The attrackted. were investments some when 2004 until shut been had works the But home. returned and promises these by calmed were People agreement. the of guarantors the were authorities Municipal budgets. the to and creditors the to debts other to relation in basis first-priority a on paid be shall arrears wage that passed resolution A May. of 4-5 Valeriy,around to according happened, the meeting represented This strikers. Zhuravin workers. protesting the and administration works authorities, municipal the of representatives comprising chosen was presidium a culture, of Palace the In avenue. the off shut culture of Palace the to building management the from slowly marching column The area). residential the of road (main avenue Levanevskyi through building the towards march a started Protesters culture. of Palace the in meet to proposed and protesters the to out payment. came management debt the of of Representatives priority a was issue the workers the for So bankrupt). declared be will company the year Valsa a against (in proceedings bankruptcy intiated Ukreksymbank creditor main factory's the then, By workers). the of half to third from roughly is, a (that going and coming people was of flow constant there because people 2000 to 800 from were there estimates, Valeriy's to According works. dachas. their for left workers many and season agricultural an of beginning the was it But news. share to and socialize to order in gathered also they meetings, spontaneous in discontents their expressed and works the to came People April. and March during months, two lasted strike general The down. shut the works and protest the joined workshops main some March, In February. month, one lasted workshop

http://www.investgazeta.net/kompanii-i-rynki/belocerkovskij-shinnyj-zavod-valsa-poluchaet-100-mill In May organizers of the protest called a meeting near the administration building of the tire the of building administration the near meeting a called protest the of organizers May In 1 . 45 CEU eTD Collection technical director to begin the labor arbitration. The workers, who had recently been ready to block the block to ready been recently had who workers, The arbitration. labor the begin to director technical the with arranged was meeting the picket, the wages. after keeping days without Three months three for leaves take to forced were them of 2000 Around workers. thousand six than more of families affected and months three exceeded that arrears wage of because mostly began picket the in culminated had that strike The response. their of helplessness the and workers the of problems social of seriousness both showed incident the but road, the clear to persuaded were workers Eventually, the 2003). (Hotsuyenko happened activist an of arrest an and accidents several which during hours, two nearly for line picket the holding were People Odessa. city port major the to Kyiv city capital the from leading importance national of highway the blocked PJSC Rosava of workers hundred several 2003, March of 17th the On newspapers. in coverage some gained it but clearly, it remember don't informant My works). tire first ofthe 40 celebration invitedforthe not even was them. about talk not would ofresidence. his place Valeriy and Valentyna and bythese traumatized events me he isvery that warned position current exact his or factory) another on security of head a or me guard security a as works (supposedly, but now retired is he tell could Nobody (2012). tire first the of celebration the to invited not even and reconstituted never activities, protest the of Valentyna, to because According fired was he Party'). Socialist 'Progressive a called officially party conservative 'communist' tiny comic a quite from candidate MP an was (he politically active was and workers the of respect high enjoyed He manager. CDM&Aworkshop the of position the to relegated 1987 in and dismissed was he misdemeanors some of hierarchy the in high placed be to used Valeriy, he to According Zhuravin. A. The next episode of class conflict happened on a neighboring factory, Rosava (formerly, the (formerly, Rosava factory, neighboring a on happened conflict class of episode next The was informants, numerous by acknowledged as strike, the in role key a played who man The Zhuravin. According to Valentyna, memories would be painful for him. He him. for painful Valentyna,be to would According memories Zhuravin. th anniversary of the tire works. tire ofthe anniversary 46 komsomol but after but CEU eTD Collection apr 20, 4, irpin o akt fre no a nnmre oit f Kzk S was SSR Kazakh of society non-market a into forces market of irruption 4), (2001, Nazpary to According consequences. social its and dispossession economic against mechanisms defense as and incomingofspring. ofland with plots their to returned and response passive those part exploited. other being The of 'privilege' their protect to order in active resistance loosened. strategies chose copingpart toThis attachment their exploitation, of regime normal a for again yet accustomed become had people of part Obviously,one payments. wage management. local not owners the the to against top and directed organizedand been have would protest the if earlier and more get could they obviously But (Anatoliy). Russia in relatives (Valeriy) PC visit a or for monitor new a buy to enough was payment time one The wages. their received workers inflation, for adjustment without and years two in Although creditors). minor the of many (like money their see never could workers procedure, bankruptcy the in priority first 2012). UAH 8.5mln was wages (Khara of payment the for indebtedness the and 4445 was PJSC Rosava at workers of number the 2012, of As 2003). (Hotsuyenko passive mostly was union trade official the of head The families). their sustain to order in themselves by sell to supposed were producers actual their (which tires with paid be to were wages outstanding the solutions, proposed the of one to According payment. wage of issue the settle to promises and each to $20 around of price cheep a for bought were now police, the confront and road My field-work material abounded in forms of consciousness that were formed in reaction to reaction in formed were that consciousness of forms in abounded material field-work My displaced protest mapping and coping: cognitive 4.2 Ideological regular of year a after spring late in started protests The reasons. two for important was Time the were creditors the to payments If failure. a than success little a rather was episode first The 47 CEU eTD Collection extreme case of depression lead to suicide. The case of MO was related by Valeriy, who new him new Valeriy,who by related was MO of case The suicide. to lead depression of case extreme reaction The alcoholism. with the problems have is to used Valeriy also common informant key My Quite drinking. with connected works. the from fired been having her by caused was attack brain the that thinks She abilities. communication her impaired partially that stroke brain a had 2004, in fired was and laboratory works central the in work to used who Vira problems. health physical and mental (Kalb suspicions 2009,209). populist moodsand evokesthese projects political uncontrollable and distant and reality chaotic more and more between disjunction observes, protest displace classexploitation. against and channel consciousness, class working of emergence prevent they hand, renew other sense this in (and the on world but energy), physical renew changed strategies coping economic how the to similarly energy psychological in orientation of patterns provide they hand, one the On above. described strategies coping economic to similar roles perform they because strategies coping ideological called calls be can consciousness of forms These action. political to 416) harming is mapping cognitive (1990, social of lack Jameson him, to world. according And globalized mapping. cognitive relations the these of in establishment oneself position class and to society experience local of immediate structure relate properly to inability for account they and 415) 1990, Jameson in (cited existence' of conditions Real her or his to relationship subject's the of representation Imaginary 'the of sense Althusserian an in ideological are chaos cognitive Workers'this 4). to reactions 2001, (Nazpary capitalism' predatory a of conditions stormy emerged newly these navigate ability...to of lack 'the displayed also they word, this use not did interviewees my Although chaos. as experienced cnmcadsca adhp asdb aearasadand arrears wage by caused hardships social and Economic Kalb As dispositions. populists facilitates mapping cognitive of lack way, precise more a In 48 de facto de unemployment caused unemployment CEU eTD Collection 2000th with the famine of 1933. His father (born 1911) told him how he was illegally fishing in the in fishing illegally was he how him told 1911) (born father His 1933. of famine the 1990 with 2000th the of circumstances economic dire compares He basis.' the is 'factory Anatoliy, For live'. me let not did This down. upside me turned This home. at sitting was I And work. to going were friends my as floor, eighth the at window, the of out looking was I closed. was works [second] its obligations. fulfill Tomust the work.' make administration also administration the so conscientiously, duties their perform PM... 4 at leave morning, the in 8 by come obligations, their fulfilled workers the is, be. That should it as work them make to wanted Valeriy:'We with strike this about conversation a from excerpt an is Valsa.Here at strike the during demand a as reappears attitude This done'. be should it as it do must you something, do you 'If words: Anatoliy's by summarized best is process labor the with Identification factory. the with other, the on and process labor with themselves identify workers hand, one the labor. On productive of ethos an call female.over suicide male of prevalence clear a with 1988), in than higher 1.6 around rate (suicide region central the for rate suicide of peaks the are 2000 (Pyliahina, Vynnyk and statistics official1999 1998, years 2007), to According Ukraine. in suicide of picture broader a the exemplifies case This near 1999. or 1998 area in railroad wooded the in himself hanged eventually and depression his into realize plunged not he 'could potential', MO Valeriy, to According Turkey. to traveled and seller shuttle of strategy the chose wife his 1998, After works. tire first the at builder tire a was 1952, in born personally.MO, V alentyna describes her identification with the factory in the following words: 'And then the then 'And words: following the in factory the with identification her Valentynadescribes would I which reappearing motive constant a was there informants, my with conversations In ofproductive attachmenttothefactoryethos and 4.2.1 Personal labor 49 . th and early and CEU eTD Collection their memories, but on the other hand one can argue that it exposes new realms of experience that experience of realms new exposes it that argue can one hand other the on but memories, their constructs discourse media Current 1990s. the to prior experience their to word this apply or not could conscious some workers means Therefore, 'soul'. societal mentality or ethnic an in language inherent attitude or everyday disposition mental unconscious in and usage media the In media discourse. anti-Soviet reached academic word post-Soviet the sentiments, a nationalist Through with Annals). flavored 'Kulturologia', of discipline School French the of reception Soviet to (related ( Russian in new comparatively is itself 'mentality' word The apparatus. indoctrination Soviet witness hardly could she although mentality, Soviet mentioned also daughter Mykola's context, similar In times...'. Soviet during up brought were we mentality, another had '...We said: Valeriy workers, among mobilization don't want who to exampleofmerchants work. negative them calls (Anatoliy Vietnamese are production opposing and trade with dealing other.'nation other each to The cling They China... in even ( Jews not are we sell, and buy only life. us factory...Wegives '...The continues: it Anatoliy Because it. xenophobia. cherish should we can't works. the dreams work,about having recalls to she return to wanted Iryna 1998, in stopped works the After factory'. the to cling river, I the to clung father his family.feed to 'As ordermy in his own: river to of survival strategies his father's compares Anatoliy nte eurn iue i Sve etlt' nwrn y qeto bu o strike low about question my Answering mentality'. 'Soviet is figure recurring Another mentality'4.2.2 'Soviet with associated is process production with identification and factory the to attachment This mentalnost ) and Ukrainian ( Ukrainian and zhydy niavniavtsi, niavniavtsi, mentalnist) mentalnist) ). Those know how to buy and sell. They can sell everywhere, sell sell. can They and buy to how ). know Those 50 mocking Vietnamese names) Vietnamese mocking languages and it used to belong to academic idiom academic to belong to used it and languages . They often recur as a as recur often They . CEU eTD Collection announcing her he exists. She imagined herself as a little girl andher Jesusin speaking girl a awas to as little exists. Sheimagined herself her he announcing shesaw dream aftergodhimself where a me!'. Iryna Lord, converted what Iscream: help understand even screams man...Idid not usually through isbad, a hardships: 'Whenit to coming religion admits Iryna 'heartlessworld'). Marx's ofthe as people', blows 'opium alleviating ofthe (religion trauma Serbs. Russians comprising and nations of Christian alliance some in believed he even But authorities. obey people making as religion criticized explicitly programming. ideological through determination simple than ambivalent and complex more much is Union Soviet from path-dependency worker.rank-and-file of that than Soviet more be should 'mentality' functionary,whose Komsomol a be to used strike, 2002 of leader the Zhuravin, factory, tire Tserkva Bila of level local the on And Union. Soviet of collapse the precipitated that factors the of one were miners, Ukrainian of strikes the including 1980s, the of end the in strikes hand, other the on But strike. to right their denied and 1970s) the of strikes massacre, to bySoviet mentality'. weredirected we donothing but could because wrong, we mentality Soviet of notion was it knew we protest, not the did 'we said they if as applying consciousness: cynical exhibit workers themselves, that, from Apart them. for unarticulated remained The case of two women petty traders, Iryna petty and casetraders, oftwowomen The Victoria, ofreligionto connection elucidate Andreich, interviewee, one Only religious'. 'culturally or religious is workers every Virtually 4.2.3 Religiosity earlier, showed I As mentality. Soviet of concept emic towards critical me make these All Novocherkassk (1962 activity protest workers' suppressed undoubtedly, state, Soviet 51 CEU eTD Collection Chechens and wartime. Chechens from buthiding he countryside, was hoped in to the to find Iryna, refuge he Caucasus. Similar Itold to land earlier,closer possibilityofwar, scared bythe was Russiawagedin that like which (Jamesonstoryofrelocation 1997,38).Mykola, whose worldsystem” contemporary ofthe totality “... [C]onspiracy theory...mapping: the …to think impossible attempt a seenas degraded must be lack forthe ofcognitive which compensates reducer role byJameson,playsofcomplexity the shown then sat ondifferent and werescattered ofbirdsthat flock boroughs'. theory, form ofconspiracy The as Comaroff 'We metaphorically: this ofdisorientation feeling 2001,7).Andreich describes a like are ofeconomy, virtualisation and useagain we 'casino Comaroffs capitalism' if (Comaroff text and Comaroff 2001,25).Moreprecisely, against protest financialisation a displaced thisrepresents account dispossession (Comaroff produce flowsand insecurity from capital and and benefit control and Comaroffs forcesthat arcane as isperceived and domination whereinequality economy occult as to moresurvive. ourcountry chances by have in described phenomena isclose paranoid to fantasy This survive. the will villages go to The West soperish, but will people it technologicallydeveloped, ismore and cities implants,abandon Onlythose who from refusethese inside. will theybe poisoned will chips: Germany. ain computer into gathered through the eventually destroyed be controlled and will People are implants.Personal withoutdata notto money this beuse will able Devil. numbersPeople ofthe the orwrists. hands bodies: onthe implantedhuman into digitsbe andare these moneybe digital, will The bebymicrochips. substituted bank cardswill cards,and these bybank substituted gradually They will its worldismoving end.are that Money to indicate and the ofpeople, money power meanness rules the itwho toworld.Corruption, voice. doinisSatan showsBut her God herlife. what powerful 52 CEU eTD Collection them for'. This indignation shows a junction of different ideological forms: identification with labor with identification forms: ideological different of junction a shows indignation This for'. them brought State the what doing Vietnamesethe not 'were because indignant were they jobs, side the from profiting were workers local Although instead. trade in engaged and tasks their local perform paid to they workers there: work to want not did Vietnamese the But production. tire of technology the dormitory,a with provided master were toThey order works in the in jobs opportunities and integration factory. tire Tserkva Bila to invited was workers Vietnamese 200 of group a when 1989, to back goes jobs. their these trade: are mostly they it that But then appeared locals. jobsthan better get they and TserkvaBila reach are to came who Muslims Tatianathat friend Her complained coming'. are people these 'Look, disdain: with her at looked She kerchief. a in woman and notices Iryna religion, in wouldparticipate 2012. whereshe election Parliamentary the towards hatred populist a in racial membership woman's business this and by explained possibly is religious Muslims inciting and church Christian a of building for money giving Her 2011). (Stroyev mosque the of construction for permission the withdraw to authorities city the made eventually council, city the of Tserkva. deputy a Dryhalo, rhetoric, racist and islamophobic Using Bila Muslims of thousand around a in 2011 of community campaigning for a mosque a building against Jewsoffensively (usuallyMuslims) and called ' (Vietnamese, immigrants are targets Main them. by acknowledged not often Tserkva although workers, The story of Vietnamese presence in Bila Tserkva, as told by Valeriy, Anatoliy and Mykola, and Valeriy, by Anatoliy told as Tserkva, Bila in presence Vietnamese of story The about conversation our During life. everyday in observable is Muslims towards Suspicions was workers, the of over-exploitation through business her expanded who Dryhalo, Liudmyla Bila among widespread quite is other religiously and ethnically towards despise or Hatred 4.2.4 Xenophobia zhyds 53 '). Narodna party and party CEU eTD Collection of 'double polarization' (Friedman 2003), which couples growing social division and polarization of polarization and division social growing couples which 2003), (Friedman polarization' 'double of tendency global the of manifestation situated and local is Possibly, this fixed. is protest class displaced which onto sense), Freudian (in fetishes became other the protest, one's address to whom define to easy not is based it where hierarchies workplace power of wold of opaque an In Instead solidarism. nationalist to discourse. recourse solidarity, dominant the by stimulated ethnic xenophobia, of resurgence and aspect: mythology another also has fragmentation But household. to factory from shift factory. with the and identification process labor with identification are culture workers' of features Distinctive properly'. job its do 'to management intervened. municipal forceslike authorities party third not massive, spontaneous, were strikes ifpositive were of strikes Outcomes personalities. distinctive by directed unions and trade by supported The factories. the of performance stable comparatively after 2003, and 2002 in place Tserkva. took Bila They in also severe most the were arrears wage when 1996-1999 in sector, industrial the in strikes wide nation of peak the on not happened strikes major work. productive except of activities Vietnamese the period Soviet of wane types forcedinother willtoall who engage future be workers, oflocal nearest predictedthe immigrants the on Ironically, trade. towards suspicion and they cheated) (whom State the with identification perform), to want not did Vietnamese the (which process As I mentioned in the previous Imentionedchapter, in the As of outcome werethe and networkisation fragmentation the for demand justified a as but conflict antagonistic as not actions strike framed Workers two But arrears. wage against directed mostly are factories Tserkva tire Bila on actions Strike strategies, classconflict, ideology4.3 andCoping 54 CEU eTD Collection role in Soviet society than they play in moderncapitalism. play thanUkrainian in society they in Soviet role as strategies coping to different played often have based, are strategies these on which assets, the because protest to alternative workers accustoming for past Soviet blame also not can One inculcation. ideological of result a being of suspicious too is mentality' 'Soviet having as Workers'self-description in manifestation local their ofclass. configurations onpath-dependent local contingent but structurally tendency this by determined are paranoia' nationalist of form ideology. in ultra-right domination capital international against react latter the forums), business international organizes and art contemporary promotes who Pinchuk, oligarch 'enlightened' Ukrainian of case in (as multiculturalism and democracy represent to claim former the While (indigenization). groups identity elites cosmopolitan supranational It is hard to decide about the role of path-dependency from Soviet State in worker's behavior. worker's in State Soviet from path-dependency of role the about decide to hard is It But, as Don Kalb (2009, 208) notes, referring to Friedman's concept, 'spirals of 'spirals concept, Friedman's to referring notes, 208) (2009, Kalb Don as But, (hybridization) and infra-national economically subjugated popular subjugated economically infra-national and (hybridization) 55 CEU eTD Collection accumulation and their relation to class exploitation consists in facilitating workers' over-exploitation. workers' facilitating in consists exploitation class to relation their and accumulation managers or capitalists of class forming the ofaccumulation. a strategy was forwhomstealing classlocation), a contradictory (occupying by limit certain a to condoned and controlled was stealing, like tactics, inventive most Even Ukraine. in crystallization its of phase the in capitalism by exploited were resources and possibilities these rather capital, of interests the to antagonist not are class working of defined strategies Coping state. Soviet structurally the from inherited to assets of basis according the on and act possibilities rather Workers Mizguireva). these Clarke, use who (Clement, households of strategies members the to agency much ascribe not do who researchers those support findings My poverty. battle to way a and resistance active as strategies coping the see who networks. housing and infrastructure,social and dachas, landeducation, factory: plots from mostly them to provided and state Soviet from largely inherited assets cultural and material on based still are strategies coping the Nevertheless, capitalism. vital market the of imposition gained after only significance and role secondary played they period, Soviet the during workers some by used were social through reciprocity practices these of all activities, or some extent some to Although relatives. and neighbors colleagues, of networks illegal and market moonlighting, and jobs side agriculture, subsidiary strategies: coping of types different to recourse workers made wages and of level circumstances low overall These shutdowns. several suffered and wages in debts accumulated works tire the 2000s early and mid-nineties During formation. class and exploitation to relation their in strategies My findings speak in favor of the hypothesis that economic role of coping strategies in capital in strategies coping of role economic that hypothesis the of favor in speak findings My scholars those of approach the with agree me TserkvaBila let from not stories do The workers coping of example typical a provides factory tire Tserkva Bila from workers of case The Conclusions 56 CEU eTD Collection lead to the broader issue of capital accumulation strategies in Ukraine. Clearly, Ukrainian capitalism Ukrainian Clearly, Ukraine. in strategies accumulation capital of issue broader the to lead wages upon dependency increased structure, income admit household of dynamics they The credits). bank (but taking strategies these using report not do factor the at employed workers younger least, At 2000s. the of half second the since significant less became sources economic an as strategies coping media. through promoted ideology, anti-Soviet of influence strong show they as interviews the from be non-ambigously not decided can Union Soviet from dependency path of factor The employers. and labor wage between and interests of antagonism religiosity the obfuscates that process labor is with identification with together strategies, xenophobia, coping economic to connected directly to not production factor, from Third household). shift the to (connected networkization and Second, fragmentation consuming. promoting time faclitate are trade, petty and strategies, agriculture coping subsistence the productivity low First, especially resistance. genuine for resources of availability adversely influence hierarchy.the in places higher having leaders on organizationdurable dependence preparations, of and absence union, trade official the from support of lack by characterized are them of All actions. protest local sporadic process. production the with identification and xenophobia theories, conspiracy and religiosity include These mapping. cognitive of lack and shock with coping of strategies psychological call would I which consciousness fully. cost ofits cover whoreproduction the capitalist, not does bebythe used will that power labor reproduce to used are strategies coping production, of mode domestic the of part As According to the interviews and to official statistics (share of wages in household incomes), household in wages of (share statistics official to and interviews the to According they because struggle, and organization workers on impact negative a had strategies Coping and wages outstanding pay back demandsthe actions to twobig strike with recall Interviewees of forms of set a presented material field my coping, of strategies economic Alongside 57 CEU eTD Collection by Simon Clarke (1999)forRussia. 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