GWYNFUR EVANS SPEAKING AT THE COMMEMüRATION OF LLYWELYN II. SEE STORY INSIDE. Photo: Micheal 0 Laoire

THE QUARTERiy PERIOMCAL O F THE CELTIC LEAGUE IN ENGLISH & CELTIC LANGUAGES Page 2 CARN «0 editorial contents EUROPE Page 3 ... Or. the Gaelic front Ir. 4Where have we bee: 11 these 4 . • • SNP - getting itself toget-her? cer.turiies?" Padraig 0 Sr.odaigh questior.s 5 ... Har.ds off Kr.oydart! the veny r.otior. that Irelar.d (though we • • • Harz ar folled all of us are «*mbroiled) joir.ed 'Europe' 6 ... Dastum wher. shle became a member of the EEC; ar.d 7 ... A look at the Breton political further, he questior.s the assumpt.ior. that scer.e 'europe' ar.d the EEC are syr.or.ymous. 8 ... Radio Breizh Izel 9 ... No to Service in the Frer.ch army Alar. Heusaff, or. the other har.d, looks at ... Breton larguage comics the differer.ces which have occurred sir.ce 1Ü ... Datblygiadau yn y Sabhal Mor Irelard became or.e of the Nir.e, the gairs ... Anwybyddu'r egwyddorion ar.d losses ar.d, most importar.tly, the 11 ... Commemoratior of Llywelyr. II opportur.i t ies missed. He, too, raises 12 ... Welsh schools ir. English-speakirg the questior. of ’what have we joir.ed?' cour.ties ar.d cor.cludes that a 'Europe of the 14 ... By-electior. disaster for Plaid Peoples' wouid be preferable to the huge • • • Turas ar Tir na mBasearh cartel that is the EEC. 16 ... Ten years ir. the EEC 1b ... Coalition agair. Ur.e thir.g is ir. no doubt - all the Celtic 19 ... Where have we beer, all these centuries peoples (at- least, those of us ir geo- 20 ... Mar per.-ny oll Sawson graphical Europe) are affected by the EEC ... Victory for Star.nary ar.d will remair. thus for the foreseeable 21 ... Microwave mystery future. Our goverr.mer.t.s, of whatever ... Minority party, certair.ly see all our futures as ... Letter beir.g integral parts of that conglomerate 22 ... Celtic nicknames ar.d do r.ot seriously er.tert.ain leavir.g 24 ... Edward Lhuyd - a forerunner it . Hut that 'vision of t.he future is ... UNESCO - help or hindrance? rot. the or.ly possibility. And this is 25 ... The oblong ball where our national movemer.ts come in. 2b • • • Echoes & reports ... Housing The Europe which Padraig thought was there ... Soccer all the while is the satne Europe which Alan wouid rather be a pari of, a Europe where its very diversit.y was viewed as a Bobby Sands source of strength, rather than an irr- itant. to be brushed aside by the Brussels Bobby Sands, Sands of Time. bureaucracy. And if we, in our respective You farted for Thatcher's response. movemer.ts, are to follow a (necessarily, By Irish law, the Brehon law, in my view) radical path, we must, look at She was bound to respond. the type of Europe which wouid benefit our nations and peoples. Tatrick sat before the Castle of Seanachie-druid-king CARN Tuan MacCairili Changer for four millenia Or. a totally different matter, I must witnesser cf all Irish history apologise for the lat.eness of CARN 39. as Eagle, Stag, Boar, This was caused by a mix-up of addresses the Christian waiting for the Pagan, ard the r.eed to track dowr material. This and he responded. issue is slightly late but Nr 41 will be out by the end of April and we shall, thus Many an Irish peasant be back on t.arget . The deadline for CARN sought his king's response 4 1 is March 2'jt.h but dor.'t hesitate to by fasting & send your articles early. Actually, the got a response morth's delay with this issue could prove to be a blessing, r.ot a curse - a three- In India, thous&nds of years ago, mor.t h oycle, Start ir.g in Jaruary/February the S3me law he.ld, an Indo-European one, wouid lead to Publishing CARN in April, the samc or.e Gandhi practised, July, October, and Jar.uary, and we could the ssne one you practise, unconsciously, probably avoid such thir.g as the Christ­ getting a response, mas peak . Ar.yway, thir.k about. it. ar.d Easting, fasting, fasting, let me kr.ow. til the slow sands of Tims

Sowyr., ’ resporn!, Bobby.

James Cody P.C. b o x 193? Austii, Texas 7P767-1951 CARN UOPage 3 alba On the Gaelic front

le Frang MacThomais But what is encouraging are that a unique Diploma Course the figures for areas not will start at Sabhal Mor regarded as bastions of Ostaig in Skye. The. College The results of the 1981 Gaelic. Invernessj 56%; is bravely offering the Course Census indieated that the which will conpern itself with humber of Gaelic Speakers Badenoch and Strathspey: 52%; Perth and Kinross: 51%« finance, law, business Organ­ in Scotland had declined isation and management. since the 1971 Census Even suburban areas just outside the cities of Glasgow Nothing startling about that - returne. The first reaction except that the teaching will was deep disappointment, but and Edinburgh return above 50%. be done largely through the the 1982 figures in faet tend medium of Gaelic. Diploma to give glimpses of hope. awardees will hopefully go Although the total figure for Another interesting fact to come from a close study of - back into their own Gaelic- 1981 is down on the 1971 speaking areas and 3lowly figure (from 81,000 to 79»000) the 1981 Census was that the intere t in Gaelic increased build up a reserve of the 1982 questions regarding expertise to replace so various language abllities raore in the lowlands of niany of the existing monoglot are important. Scotland than in the Highlands, particularly where reading and English-Speakers who have found jobs in l'ocal government For instance on the 19dl writing the language is ccncerned. and government departments. census form it was possible Students for the course are to tick separately the boxes required to have suitable for ability to speak, read educational qualifications and write Gaelic. This was öaelic-based bodies including a competence in not asked for in 1971 when should press for a Gaelic. This has been long the ques tions coneerning the lacking in the Highlands and ability to write and read better deal for the Islands and« one can only wish Gaelic were asked for the language Sabhal Mor Ostaig well f'or its first time. In 1971 the courage and determinatlon to questions on reading and see through to its final writing Gaelic were asked When the detailed census for objectives. only of those claiming to Gaelic is published it will speak Gaelic. Also in 1981 be seen just how widespread The National Mod of An Comann the separate questions Gaelic is throughout Scotland. in the Isle of .Skye is now conoerriing ability to speak It is obvious that it is now over. Amid all the singing Gaelic together with Engl iah that Gaelie-based bodies one event was important: the or Gaelic only were cörabined should press their case to ceremony which took place to in the one question concern- the powers that be to get a commemorate the Sattle of the ing the simple ability to better deal for the language, Braes in Skye in 1882 when speak Gaelic. both in financial terms arjd crofting folk took a stand in the context of a legal and against the landlords and the What arises from the 1981 Statutory Status for Gaelic. forces of the law which question is the counting of Of course it can be claimed threatened their livelihood those who can read and write that statistics prove nothing, and way of life. Strange, but not speak the language. but when ammunition for the however, that this could not These people are likely to recognition oX Gaelic is have been the theme of the be effective learners of provided by official figures whole Mod. Where, for instance, Gaelic who lack the confidence then that powder should not was the stage play which could to speak the language. Thus be allowed to get wex. It is have been presented to rein- learners who have nailed their ready for using now. force the fact,that we still linguistic colours to the mast 1 ive with the history of a ean now be taken into aecount. I have advocated for years Century ago? Where, for the setting up of a Gaelic another instance, was the Ability to read Gaelic was Executive, atriculate and concert of Gaelic songs claimed by 56% of Scotland's politically pressurised to devoted to the Clearances? usually resident population, Combine the interests of all compared with 50% in 1971. Gaelic-based bodies in Scot­ Next year's Mod is to be in land, so that a United front Motherwell, just outside Similar ability to write can be presented. At the Glasgow, a place not Gaelic was claimed by 41% moment, the official spokes- particularly noted for its in 1981 a.-’ compared with men. for the language is An enthusiasm for Gaelic. But 51% in 1971* Thus literacy Comann Gaidhealach. But even there we might see a seer.s to have increased among An Comann is only one of a celebration of the fact that Gaels in the deoade. Interest- dozen or so organisations much of Glasgow's prosperity ingly enoug! , literacy in with a committed Interest in came from the Gaelic-speaklng Gaelic seems to have increased the furtherance of Gaelic. Highlanders who were forced in the Western Isles, where a Surely now is the time for south to seek work and who bilingual education programme all fronts to combine. What made a distinctive contribution has been in Operation for a is holding them back? to the character of Glasgow number of years; the figure and its 3uburbia. Shall we for that area is 71%. In September 1983 it is hoped see it? Page 4 CARN 40 alba SNP-getting itself together?

fidence he won by 306 votes ingly divergent from English to 188 in an emergency voting. Hence the SNP call electoral success resolution. Amid increasing . to Labour voters - who will acrimony the catalyst to Mr speak for Scotland when Wilson's move was a carefully England votes Tory again? Set against a background of planned confrontation (as in every election since Talling membership and engineered by traditionalists 1966 but especially in 1979 dropping income, the Scottish fronted by Dr Robert Ma Intyre Inevitably personality clashes National Party gained some and Winnie Ewing WEP. Their between le^ding protagonists welcome electoral success in "Campaign for Nationalism in within the SNP, the tradition­ November. Local council by- Scotland" quickly disbanded as alists versus the left has elections in Paisley (Renfrew) a formal group after Gordon ' bedevilled any attempt at and Glenlivet (Grampian) Wilson had called for a ban on compromise. Much unease about brought victories over Labour free association among the 11 SNP MP's role in and ''’ory opponents respect- socialists in particular. Westminster from 1974 to 79 ively. On December 2nd a Siol nan Gaidheal, seed of h: 3 yet to be laid to rest. 20? vote to take second place the Gaidheal, the militant But the result has been the to Labour in a low key parl- traditional cultural group loss of many activists taking iamentary by-election in resigned from the party while a 'holiday' and some defections decaying, inner city Glasgow the sociaiist and repubiican of a few ambitious youngsters Queenspark has brought soree 79ers reluctantly bowed to the to Labour. hope of a reconciliation pressure and disbanded on 28th between warring sections of August, leaving only an the ps-'rty. interim Committee to explore the setting up of a cross longterm Outlook party socialist group to tackle internal strife the National Question. Perhaps final resolution will Incensed by what they saw as be delayed tili after the May The internal strife came to a thinly disguised resurr- 1983 Conference in Glasgow or a head at the Ayr Annual ection of the 79 Group, the even tili the General Election Conference in June when National Executive of the but the 4th of December Chairman Cordon Wilson MP party expelled the 7 interim National Council indicated (Dundee East) made a final Committee members and in the that nearly half of the party jemand for the end of all same row Margo MacPonald deplored furtner victimisation internal groups in the 3NP. (former MP for Covan) was of the expelled seven. In a Making it an issue of con- forced to resign from the party vote of 140 to 116 the by her employers, Radio Forth. Secretary's report to take the At an inaugural meeting on 30 appeals in Committee was S to p p re s s October, the embryo Scottish narrowly approved but the Sociaiist Society attracted Chairman has realised that THE LAST REMAINING EISTEDDFOD 200 mainly SNP' and Labour compromise is necessary for IN NORTH AMERICA (in Wyoming activists and elected a Comm­ the party's very survival. Valley).______ittee to formulate plans and a Constitution (4 SMP, 4 The longterm outlook for SNP The 94th Cynonfardd Labour and 1 Communist). rests with addressing the Eisteddfod will be held on opportunities presented by Saturday, April 30th 1983 at the Tory hegemony in England the Dr Edwards Memorial diverging and by reasserting the radical Congregational Church, style of the 70's in a clearer Edwardsville, Pennsylvania, voting patterns form. A return to bland all with afternoon and evening purpose nationalism seems sessions. unlikely since the delegates The background to this at every opportunity pass There were many eisteddfodau - serious rift in the SNP neo-socialist policies. music and poetry competitions - 'coalition' centres around The problem is to elect a held in Welsh communities the attempt by socialists to fully committed leadership to throughout the United States focus the party's attention carry out their spirit and but it is believed that the on diverging voting patterns letter as an alternative Edwardsville eisteddfod is the in England and Wales compared based on radical decentral- only one that has survived. to Scotland. Briefly, working ised policy rather than dass Labour voter3 are leaving applying Westminster ideas The competition for children with every election and making and rcalpractice in the auest will be held in the afternoon Michael Foot's efforts to for a free Scotland. and the adult's in the evening. return a Labour government on For details, write to Mrs Jan English votes a near imposs- Whittaker, 23 Church Street, ibility. Unlike England the It would be interesting to Edwardsville, PA 18704. Scots loyalty to Labour stems heav an analysis of the SNP from pover-ty =ind fear of from the position of those Donna Morgan (717) 287-7245 Thatcherism which is increas- socialists within it - M. CARN 40 Page 5 ______alba Hands off Knoydart! Yet another area of the In 1948 the last land raid debate. It must be stressed Gaidhealtachd is threatened in Scotland failed to that the distorted development with military expansi'onism. establish local ex-soldiers of Scotland's west coast, The -Knoydart estate, known in Knoydart when the Labour turning it into an armed camp as the Rough Bounds, cleared Secretary of State, Arthur is a direct result of the lack by the KacDonnel chiefs in Woodburn, dismissed their of a democratio Soottish voice. the 1850s, is 25,000 h.a. of Claims. Subsequent depop- rugged West coast scenery ulation has reached a cnitical The last word for the moment faeing the Isle of Skye. level but the present inhabit­ rests with a verse from Hamish It has been on aale for the ants of Knoydart are seeking Henderson's 1948 sor.g to the last 18 months at an asking land Settlement with environ­ tune of Johnston's Motorcar, price of approx. £2 million. mental safeguards as the best concerning the land raid against It was recently revealed that alternative to a military. the then owner of Knoydart, the Minister cf Befence, no-go rea. The 1948 land Lord Brockett (a friend of John Knott UP had paid a r raiders were following the Adolf Hitler, no lass) flying visit to see for traditior.s of the Land League himself how suitable it was of the 1880s and today's fight for cominando training. must accoreodate itself to strong Conservation pressures " Then up spake the men of Local MP Russell Johnaton to outbid the military. What Knoydart, you have no (Lib) hopes the military carrnot be obscured is the man earthly right, could uae the threatened made nature of the wilderness For th is -Cs the land of Mallaig rail link and local in the Rough Bounds but the Scotland and no' the business interests in the nation has the right to see Isle of üight, hard hit fishing port see peaceful development in When Scotland's proud possible cash boosts from forestry, fish farming and Fianna, wi' ten off-duty soldiers. Such crofting if any real future thöusccnd lads -Cs manned, wild speculation is rejected is to be made of this typical We'll show the world that by the 80 inhabitants of remote Hig’land area. Highlanders have a Knoydart, accessible only by right to ScottCsh land. " aea or over rough foot paths. Help from the SNP and Stornaway They met and formed an Action based Keep NATO Out campaigners Committee to strenuously io Supplementing local council- oppose the military. lors' efforts to widen the RG.

breizh Harz ar folled! Milior.ou a dud a sav breman graet gant an den abaoe nouspet remziad an diazezou o mouezh a-enep mennad stadou kantvedou hag e vo bet amvevoniel’ hag armerzhel ' zo peurgen an daou c'hour- dispennet-rac'h ar rouedadou- anezhan ma c'hallfed sevel c'halloud, bernian a-heligentan -darempred hag an ensavaduriou warno ur gevredigezh par ijinou - brezel drastusoc’h- a vez amparet ganto ar paneveken d ’an hini warlec'h- •-drastusan. N'eur ket evit sevenadur. Diskiant-krenn eo ietan a-vreman. Hini ebet eus gouzout pe du en deus ar muian deut ar genstrivadeg-armou da ar stadrenerien n'eo dibalamour anezho en e sanailhou. Ret eo vezan. Ma sonj d'ari Amerik- a-walc'h evit sturian a-ratozh- bout diskredik pa lavar an eil aned da skouer ne vo ket ar kaer war-du ur brezel nukleeLl ez eo bet gounezet lans warnan Rusianed evit gouestlan kement met dre ma teu an diogelroez gant egile hag e rank mont hag int-i eus o nerzh armerzhel da fizian muioc'h-nrui war rampo en-dro gant hennezh. d'o darfcaroü-brezel hep lakaat ardivinkoü-uhelgalvezoniezh Pezh a c'haller kredin eo en o c'henreizhad a-bezh da e kresk ar riskl d'ober fazidu deus pep hini a-benn breman zisac'han dindan ar bec'h e hag e teu le^-tr ar peoc'h da peadra, ha zoken an dekkement reont. ur jedadenn douetus- vout silwinkoc'h eget biskoazh. eus ar pezh a spir, da meurbet rak ar re-se zo gouest, Gwelit respont Andropov pa zihastan un darn vat eus ma varner diouzh o istor, da lavar B.Reagan aozan ar poblans ar bed ha da beursao- reuzin ouzh an dienez en un banadellou MX: armou-argadir. tran douar, dour hag aer ar doare dianav da gevredigezh ar ha neket - difenn a zo anezho re o defe an eurvad (pe ar builhentez amerikan. Hag evit ha kerkent ma vefe gouzavet e gwalleur?) da chom bev goude renerien an Unaniezh Soviedek, oa an Amerikaned wsr-nes o ar bulluc1hadeg. C'hwi3tim mar deo atav gant uhelvennadou implij e rafe razailh gant e o devo c 'hoant ar re-man da Dispac'h 1917 ez int lusket, SS-20. Ha mar deo gwir e laka dabutal c'hoazh diwar-benn ne dlefent ket bout diboell ar gernez strafuilh da sevel vertuziou ar gevalaouriezh a-walc'h da foeltran ar pezh e-touez tud ur vro, mat eo hag ar gomunouriezh? Hanval o deus sevenet er. o rannved kounaat ivez e vez aesoc'h > eo e vo bet käset da get evit klask gounit ur bed peuz d'ar re a zo penn startaat an fTouezh an araokadennou bet digevannezet ha rivinet evit unaniezh pa c'haller trein o Page 6 CAfiN 40 breizh [Harz ar folled!] A National evezh hag war-du un enebour- krerTv dinodilf du-hont. diavaez. Kabestret e vezont met diwall a reer a vont ken garv outo ha Recording Library: Pep den en deus e venoz ma c'hoarvezas e 1956 en a-zivout perzhiou mat ha Hungaria. Diaesoc'h e vefe perzhiou fall an div genreizh- ivez da renerien ar C'hremlin ad vras. Gouzout a reomp ez herzel ouzh kresk ul luskad eo natur ar galloud, evel hin! a-du gant an diarman e diabarzh Dastum an aer, aloubin kement tachenn o harzou ma vefe gwelet gouarn- a gav goullo, pe gwan harzou. amant ar Stadou-Unanet o lakaat Koulskoude ez eus poblou ha fed ouzh youl an diskelerien. In November Dastum reached its stadou en Trede Bed hag a diniver eus an tu—inan. tenth anniversary. Set up by zalc'h d'o neptuegezh, ha volunteers ten years ago, betek gouzout, gwirion pe Diskredik on pa damaller d'an Dastum has been collecting glufan, e toujer dezho. Ma tolpadoü chalet gwanaat ar material in all parts of vefe tu da lakaat anezho da'n gosrezenn gornogat er c'hen- Brittany in Gallo and in em unanin evit pouezan war ar brezegou-diarman. Kredin a Breton and hao publi3hed 6 gourc'halloudou da dalan rafen kentoc'h ez eus er records, eaoh of them featur- a-zevri ouzh kudenn an diarman c'helc'hiou - lu ha - greant- ing a collection of songs a-gevret gant an diskeladegou erezh guped hag a glask dreist from a particular region (a - tolpadoü a c'hoarvez er . peptra rastellat arc'hant ha seventh one is due to be broiou diorret, e savfe bec'h dastum galloud hag int dallet published soon.) Today it war ar Reagan-ed hag an gant o c 'hoanteg^zh ouzh ' . has five full-time employees, Andropov-ed. Eeunek eo ar disoc'h an erv a bleustront. 500 people working in goanag-se, e vo lavaret, rak Seurt tud a ranker o c'habes- conjunction with it; the dic'hallus eo aozan diskelad­ tran ha n'eus tu d'hen ober whole success of Dastum lies egou bras er c 'hamp komunour nemet en ur bouezan war ar in the fact that from the pe, ma vez anezho, e vezont bolitikerien keit ha ma c'hall very beginning it had decided aozet gant ar Strollad e-unan ar re-man c'hoazh kaout ul to be a public Service. evit goulenn ouzh an Amerikaned levezon bennak war ar stadren- hepken izelaat live o armadur. erezh. Karteze eo tonket d'an Setu gwander an arguzenn a- emgerc'hou-diarman c'hwitän Dastum collects traditional dra-sur. Ha n'eo ket en ur met muioc'h a riskl a welan er material and is in the process huchal a-cnep an Amerikaned c'hwitadenn eget er berzh. of establishing a centre where hepken evel ma vez graet alies An darn vrasan eus bediz n'o the recording library, the en diskeladegou e meurgeriou deu3 ket c'hoant da vout renet picture library, the general kornog Europa e vo gounezet gant Moscov na gant Washington file c .=ji be housed. This fizians en o dizalc'hded hag ar gwellan tra a c ’hallont will be in addition to the e-kenver ideologiezh. Bez'e ober evit harpan da ziskoulman work of circulating the c'hall neuze D.Reagan hag e kudenn an armaduriou eo disk- information which Dastum genseurted tamall d'an ouez d'ar re-se ez int heuget already carries out. emgerc'herien bezan flac'hatet gant o c'henstrivadeg. Ma vez ma n'eo ket awenet gant Moscov. krenv a—walc'h al luskad dre (for information contact: Da nebeutan e vo lavaret. evel ar bed e teuio tamm-ha-tamm Serj Moelo, Sekretourezez, ma reas ministr an Nerzhiou poblou ar "Reter" da welout e Le Porzo, 56700 Kervignac) Armet e Breizh-Veur, da heul rankont int ivez lakaat bec'h an diskeladeg gant 50,000 war o renerien da ziarman. Hexri Leperlier maouez e Greenham Common, Ezhommoü bras o deus-int ha a-enep an darbarou da sichen- ne vezont ket dic'hoantet nan eno bannadellou Pershing peogwir e vez foranet kement pe Cruise, e tiaesaer saviad eus an nerzhiou armerzhel gant ar gouarnamantou er c'hen-'5 an araeziou-brezel. Ret eo brezegoh-diarman pa ziskouezer avat d'an diskeierien er d'ar Re Huz ez eus kement a C'Hornog komz a-enep armerezh ration; emgerc’h = campaign; eneziezh en-dro d'an diazezvaou ar Reter kement hag a-enep saviad = Position; araeziou = er C'Hornog; gant gwir abeg hini ar C'Hornog. Arabat me ans. e c'houlenne perak ne vez ket kredin e plego ar gouarnamantou diskeladegoli bras ivez dirak gant an holl gorvoerien a harp Summaryi The case for increased kannatioh Unaniezh ar Soviedou. warno, dre gaer da youl ar re Support for nuclear disarmament Ne gred ket meur a geodedour a zo spiswel a-walc'h da hopal campaigns is made here, showing soviedat dont a-gevret gant "Harz ar folled!" how senseless the prolification estrenien evel Svediz da of the means of mass extermin- bilpast dirak ar C'Hremlin A.Heusaff. ation has become but also evit rein atiz d'ul luskad stressing the need for the enep-nukleel bennak ivez en Words in the above article not great demonstrations taking o bro. Bez'ez eus luskadou found in K.Hemon's Nouveau place in the "West" to call koulskoude e darn eus broiou Dictionnaire Breton Franeais: equally on the Eastern and cm ar Reter, er Republik Demo- gourc'halloud = superpower; the Western rulers to reduce kr-vtel Alaman hag e Roumania amparet = constituted; their stockpiles if their da vihanan. Barvoudou ar amvevoniel = ecelogical; Protests are to avoid accusat- Pologn a ziskouez n'eo ket uhelgalvezoniezh = high tech- ions of being manipulated by dic'hallus da luskadou-pobl nojogy; diskeladeg = demonst­ Moscow. breizh CARN 40 Page 7 A look at the Breton political scene

between the necessity to defeat the forces of Status POBL affirm its Breton identity quo and the majori-ty will and its hankering after Co­ continue tc vote for French POBL, meaning 'people' in operation with the French parties. Breton, is the acronym of the Left may now cause apathy to "Parti pour 1'Orginisation de spread among its ranks, dis- la Bretagne Libre". A brocnuTe satisfied with the crurr.bs Municipal elections titled "La Troisieroe voie" and falling from the Elysee table. The moribund M.O.B. was available from 21 Place du The Union Democratique Bretonne Guesclin, 22009 St Brieug, succeeded in 1972 by Strollad plans to present candidates in explains auccinctly what it ar Vro, which collapsed after as many communes as possible Stands for. It publishes also it had allowed a newcomer-, next March. The party is a monthly, "L'Avenir de la whose credentials became trying to make the same Bretagne", same address - suspect, to gain control of arrangement as in 1978, ie. subscription. 70Fr for Outside its direction. In the past get its candidates on the same Brittany and France. For POBL two years, Strollad Fobl voting lists as the French BTittany cannot be represented Vre izh emerged as a party social ist and.communist cand­ by individuals and parties advocating full freedom from idates. It does not want to which owe their allegiance or France but devoting itse'lf be accused of 'dividing the are tied to the French State. to the task of educating the Left' but if no agreement is It must obtain the means people to think of themselves reaohed it is prepäred to go neecessaTy to maintain its as a nation whose interests it alone. Top figures in the cannot be served by the French identity and develop its two French parties see an resources. Like similar government instead of partic- advantage in the UDB approach historic communitie3, it must ipating in an electoral System but at local level in Brittany geared to serve the French have the right to enjoy a there seems to be Opposition interests. collective autonomous life. to it. Pride does not play an Important rcle in politics, "The way to implement national The stand taken by POBL otherwise the UDB could by now autonomy" will be negotiated reminds one of Strollad ar Vro declare that they had given in its earlier phase and even with the French State on a frequent proof of their \ basis of equality. Among the of the MOB. It carries a committment to socialism and matters for negotiation will clearer nationalist message willingness to cooperate and be the reallocation of public than the UDB but it does not reject any blame for Splitting property, assets and debts. reject the French System as the Left. They complain that, If bilateral agreement is not thoroughly as S.P.V. The though they are welcome when possible, Brittany will cutsider will wonder how the they urge their supporters to proceed unilaterally (as central coramittees of these vote fcr the best-placed Left entitled to juridically after different groups visualise candidates, they are cold- the French unilateral abol- ever reaching the stage when shouldered when they ask for ition of the 1532 Treaty of they will have sufficient recognition of their real Union) in agreement with support to win the kind of importance in the field. European and international self-government they want. The Socialist Party does not agenc ies". The UDB will have a chance behave differently from to test its belief, that others when it eomes to Such a statement raises autonomy is worthwhile only nudging and pushing and auestions, and not least with socialism, in the 1963 exploiting its advantage. It questions of consistency. municipal elections and later Claims all the credit for what However, the power of the in the regional elections the government has achieved Breton people to control (if it pleases the Paris since May 1981? Quite normal, government to hold them). their own affairs will be since this will help it to win vested in a national assemtly We will then see if its next time a higher vote and democratically elected and policy is more populär than thus dispense with the Support extending its authority over in 1978 when they got 38 of of such troublesome friends as the whole of historic their oandidates elected as the UDB. It has brought a new Brittany. municipal councillors (there are about 15,000 of these in law for municipal elections which mak.es it well-nigh Düring the past 25 years, all of Brittany). Can POBL impossible for small parties several political groupings if it gets better organised to have their candidates advocating self-government and mobilises enough active elected on independent lists have made their appearance on members, show that its motto and thereby deprives them of the Breton scene. The soc-f "Self-government first - bsrgaining power if they want ialist UDB broke off in 1963 party politics later" has a to be represented on common from the ideologically non- wider appeal? While the two Leftist lists. When it ccmes committed reg’onalist MOB. kinds of autonomists remain to exclude the same small It has shown continuity as unwilling and unable to co- parties from access to tele- well as the atility to operate on limited ofcjectives vision at election times, the mobilize its members and to the ordinary 'Breton - in - PSF and the PCF join hands overcome internal differences the - Street' is bound to feel with the Giscardians and the although its tight-rcpe walk that they are too weak to Chiracians without fear of Page 8 CARN JJO breizh [political scenc] Radio Breizh-Izel

being oalled objective allies with the help of the industn'ial Reactions to the establishment of the Right. and maritime potential of the of Radio Breizh-Izel (see Carn Nantes - St Nazaire agglomer- no. 39) have been mixed. Let Since its beginning, the UDB atior.. Obviously there is no us remind our readers that RBI has lived ur:der tacit black- will to do so in Paris. broadcasts from 6.00am to rnail from its "friends": ll.OGpm and has some portions "cooperate, help us to get Le Pors, a communist, said of its Programmes in Breton. our people elected and reject there were four other ministers While 70% of the Contents Cooperation with other Ereton of direct Breton origin. remain Frenoh, of the remain­ tendencies OR be pTepared for Sorne of them occasionally ing 30%, only 12% are in accusations of weakening the talked about the Breton Breton only, without being working dass and fascism!" Problems but it never took mixed with Freiich. Reun'n In the hope of increasing its administrative form. "I have", Ostiz, a meraber of the polit­ electoral support it accepts he said "the greatest coneern ical executive of the UDB, playing second fiddle to them for the welfare and interests says that there is enough It is a low—key approach to of my native rcgion and I Breton for the moment, and Breton freedom...... never fail to ask my colleagues also that he is against an all to take its needs and aspir- Breton-speaking Radio. That ations into account and to is a far cry from Skol an Between give it the means to develop Emsav's Position that there in all domains". (The Bretons' should be a free mass-media words and deeds aspiration to see their in Brittany, including a historic territory recognised Radio Station in Breton, side The Committee for the Admin­ and Diwan's aspiration to be by side with one in Prench, istrative Unity of Erittany recognised as a public Service for the whole of Brittany. (CöAB) which is campaigning entitled to regulär funding by It does not seem that Skol an for the return of loire- the public purse are nevertlte- Atlantique to "Region Brittany" Emsav's and many people's less dismissed by the Cabinet.. was told on November 5^h, by Claim for a Breton TV Channel the Minister of the Interior on the same lines as S4C in Questioned about the right to Wales, has even been consider- and Decentralisation, G. use Breton in dealing with the ed by the UD3. The Diggest Deferre, that his government administration, Le Pors said Problem is that RBI covera would not revise the liipits he stood for Pranch remaining only half of Brittany and that of the administrative regions "the fundamental vehicular unless the councils concemed Breton Speakers who have to language" but if Breton could work in the East of Brittany asked for it. The Rennes help to improve relations will not be able to hear it. Regional Council declared between the administration and itself unanimously in favour the people he would have of Loire-Atlantique being nothing against its use "as is attached to the four other already allowed in town halls, Breton departments. But tax colleetors' Offices, post Loire-Atlantique is part of Offices". But he opposed the ill-assorted Pays de Loire "voluntarism", by which he -a n d others Region which has an officially meant demands by language in-built interest in maintain- campaigners which exceeded A few radio stations have begun ing the Status quo. Although the needs expressed by the it was acknowledged in 1978 broadcasting some Breton, people. (ln faet what is among them Radio Bro-Leon, that the Breton Cultural allowed is very limited, Charter should apply also to Radio Bro-Vlgoudenn (one hour because neither the civil per week), Radio Brest— it, nothing has been done servants nor the people in since May 1981 to give effect Atlantique (one hour per day), general have received any and Radio 9 in Gwened, every to that in education and education in Breton, forms in Saturday (14.30) • We just give broadcasting. On the contrary Breton don't exist; and demands public money has been lavished these examples to Show that on for a change in that Situation the radio side some change is on schemes to familiärise the depends, as the example of people of Loire-Atlantique taking place. Unfortunately Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg this hides a few di3arming with the notion that they are showed, on determined pressure facts: on Radio Bro-Vigoudenn "Paysdeloiriens" and not on the authorities, in other many Breton Speakers do radio Bretons. Thus Mr Deferre and words on "voluntarism". So, his goverment are no impartial is this not all double-talk? programmes in French and referrees in this matter. prefer to do so, although A. Heusaff. Radio Bro-Vigoudenn would In an interview given by the prefer to have at least 5C% Minister of Public Services of its air time in Breton; BREIZH. monthly magazine of and Administrative Reform, Radio Brest-Atlantique Breton A. Le Pors, to the monthly the Breton culture, 32pp (of programmes are the work of Le Peuple Breton, he said which 4 in Breton). 60F (but unpaid volunteers only, that Brittany's fundamental 80f outside 'France') per although RBA gets 8OC,000F in Problem was its underindustr- annum, to C.C.P. Breizh 2 135 aubsidies from Brest Town ialisation. Now, it is well- 33 V Rennes. Le Pradi, Council. known to his government that Tredion, 56 250 Elven. this can be remedied only Herri Leperlier. CARN 40 Page 9 breizh N o - Breton to Service in Freneh army language "What impels rae to write today Office of Maurice Briand, MP is the demonstration attended for Gwengamp, and handcuffed com ics by 15C-200 people (including themselves to him for an hour. a few Irish visitors) which To the State representatives If you are a comics fan, and took place in Roazon/Rennes (public prosecutor and "sous- we do not mean children's on October 27, in support of prefet") they declareds "We comics, then you will find the H.Kerrain and B.Korbel (jailed are Breton nationalists. We 13 Breton language comics a year before for refusing shall not serve in the Freneh already published enjoyable conscription into the Freneh army!" They were placed under and useful for improving your army. Except for 5 or 10 arrest in the Rennes barracks eommand of the language. The participants who joined us but, after a week, having done trend is here and seems to be for purely anti-militarist all they could to break regdl- getting stronger every year: reasons, we all shared the ations, they were transferred 'Fri Korloko' was published prisoners' stand that Bretons to the prison, 56 Blvd J. by Al Liamm, (2, Venelle Poul- do not owe military Service to Cartier, 55000 Rennes, alth- briquen, 29200 Brest.) and France. After two Speakers ough normally the refractory compiled by Tudu, a now well— had addressed us, we marched conscripts are brought there known cartoonist in Brittany; from the town-hall square to only after trial. They are in 1976 Preder (Penn Menez, the military barracks, but allowed to receive (censured) Plomelin 29000 Remper) publ­ there we were stopped by two postcards or letters - which ished two translations of lorry loads of CRS police. we recommend CARN readers to Asterix: 'A3teriks E Breizh' A quarter of an hour later, send - but add under their and ' Emgarn ar Pennou', but we were given a taste of names "Prisonnier Politique beware! for it is a very high- Mitterand's socialist medicine Breton". Two others, Bernez brow Breton to say the least. when the CRS invited us to a Boule1h and Jean Francois The same year Skol an Emsav "feast of the stick", dealing Bideault, were called up on published two translations of freely kicks and blows while Deeember 2 but are taking the lucky Luke: 1Ma Dalton' and crowds of passers-by looked same stand, as Bretons. 1Pare Breudeur Dalton' (8 on in amazement. Given the straed Hoche, 35000 Roazhon). day (mid-week), we could not Five national ist associations In 1978 "’ournier, a Breton who be numerous, but the CRS have joined together in support is published in Belgium, was helped us to more Publicity of a coordination of Breton translated by Loeiz Moulleg: than we expected!". insubordination to military 'An Ankou', (Editions Dupuis, conscription. 39 Rue Destree, 6001 Marc ineile (Report from K.T.) Belgium) which takes place in Early in Deeember B.Korbel was Brittany where gangsters try On November 29, Youen Chaillou released from jail, followed to steal a dangerous radio- and Yannig Bechennig, both by H.Kerrain. The army court active material. from Naoned/Santes, also drew which had sentenced them (more attention to their refusal to severely than in previous In 1979 Ca3termann published be conscripted. They had been cases because of their refusal 'Ar 7 Boullen Strink ', featur- called up on April 1, 1982, to speak Franch during their ing the well-known comic 3trip but had so far not been pros- trial) has now been replaced hero Tintin, (Ed.Castermann, eeuted. They went to the by a civil court. 66, rue Bonaparte, 75006 Paris) Then recently the association. Keit Vimp Beo (Daled ar Re Yaouank, 29112 Brieuc de L'odpt) published 5 albumo 'An Takad Glas Etre Ar C'houmoul', 'An Enebour', 'Ar Sekred' and 'An Crignal' and also 'Chinook'.

Finally let us mention 'Koumanant Echu', a new album by Tudu published by Al Lanv (S, rue de L'Ile de Batz, 29000 Kemper). The real purpose of all these comics is to provide Bretons with an enjoyable way of using their language whi.le making the link between spoken and written Breton, which can then break out of the ghe-tto-like strait jacket of novels and magazines Mari g-Kervareg playing the leading role in the inteuded only for the lnitiated. play "Dahvd" (based on the Ker-Is legend) at Gouel ar Brezhoneg, Gwengamp. Keri'i Leperlier. Page 10 CARN *10 cymru Datblygiadau yn y Säbhal

Gan fod fy ngwr a minnau yn Mae hyn yn gryn gamp, canys gadeirydd Bwrdd Ymddiriedolwyr treulio wythnos yn y Mod yn yng nge ir iau1r perchennog, Sabhal Mor yn 1977- Ynys Skye fis Hydref diwethaf Ian Noble, dyma'r tro cyntaf nid oeddwn am adael yr Ynys i'r Hebrides gael canolfan Beth bynnag, erys nifer o heb ymweld ^ Sabhal Mor Ostaig Addysg Hwch Aeleg Iawn amser brobleraau i'w datrys. Nid roedd eymaint o sSn wedi bod er dyddiajj dinistrio mynachdy yw'r adeiladau i gyd yn barod amdano yn ystod y blynyddoedd Iona gan Wyr Ll^chlyn fil o mae llawer 0 gyfarpar i'w diwethaf ymysg y rhai sy'n flynyddoedd yn ol. brynu, a rhaid sicrhau arian ymddiddori yn yr ieithoedd i dalu'r darlithwyr. Nid Geltaidd. Pan gyrhaeddom ni Gellir priodoli cryn lawer yw'r Coleg yn derbyn incwm roedd parti o blant ysgol yn 0 lwyddiant y Qoleg hyd yma uniongyrchol rheolaidd ac eael eu tywys o gwmpas yr 1 ysbrydoliaeth ac ymdrechion eithrio tanysgrifiadau adeiladau, ac ar ©1 gweld yr Duncan Mac Quarrie, athro o blynyddol y 700 o gyfeillion arddangosfa o lyfrau Gaeleg drwy gyfrwng Gaeleg. Y mis Sabhal Mor, Caidreamh an ac ati. cawsom wahoddiad i Medi dilynol derbynnir ugain t'Sabhail, ac yn ddiweddar ymuno 'S'r plant i weld myfyriwr arall, a hyderir y gneud apel i hyrwyddo gwaith ffilmiau o fywyd trigolion bydd y Coleg yn gallu darparu y Coleg. yr Ynysoedd yn y ganrif ar gyfer deugain myfyriwr a ddiwethaf ac i glywed rhai thri neu bedwar darlithydd yn Mae trigolion lleol Sleat o'u caneuoim. gyson yn y dyfodol. yn edrych ymlaen yn frwd at y fenter. Golyga y bydd Fferm oedd Sabhal Mor Ostaig Mae Adran Addysg yr Alban deugain o bobl ifainc yn yn wreiddiol, ac adeiladwyd ef wedi cymeradwyo'r cwrs a ymgartrefu yn yr ardal ac yn yn 1810 gan Ystad Macdonald. fydd yn rhoi sylw arbennig cyfoethogi'r bywyd cymdeithasol. Er 1972 pryd y prynwyd darn i agweddau ymarferol ar redeg mawr o'r ystad gan Ian Noble, busnesi bychain yn y gymdeith- Serch hynny, erys y owestiwn mae'r Ile wedi’i ddatblygu'n as wledig, ac ystyr hyn ydyw beth fydd yn digwydd i'r holl raddol i fod yn Goleg Gaeleg, y bydd y myfyrwyr a fynycha'r fyfyrwyr wedi iddynt orffen a gwelwyd yn CARN 0 bryd i'w Sabhal Mor Ostaig yn cael yr y cwrs. A fydd ganddynt, mewn gilydd gyfeiriadau at y t un faint o gymorth ariannol gwirionedd, yr adnoddau priodol cyrsiau a gynhelid yno. a'r rheini sy'n ymaelodi § i'w galluogi i wneud unrhyw cholegau eraill. Mae Cyngor gyfraniad sylweddol i econonii 0 Fedi 1983 gobeithia'r yr Alban dros Addysg mewn cefn-gwlad yr Alban, neu a Coleg wcithredu'n llawn amser masnaoh, Scotbec, wedi cydnabod fyddant yn eu cael eu hunain pryd y derbynnir ugain o y cwrs fei un a fydd yn ar y clwt eto ymhen dwy flynedd fyfyrwyr i gychwyn ar gwrs hyffordi i fyny i lefel Diploma fei gweddill eu cyfoedion yn diploma o ddwy flynedd mewn Cenedlaethol Owch yr Alban. yr ynysoedd hyn. astudiaethau busnes yn bennaf Inverness, a benodwyd yn Z Anwybyddu’r egwyddorion

Yma y n y Gyinru gyfoes mae yn wan iawn, 0 ran diwylliant na'r byd masnach na gweinyddol, engreifftiau lu o'n diwylliant gynhenid o leiaf ’rydyir. yn ac mae'r gwasanaeth addysg yn a'n hetifeddiaeth yn cael ei nes at amcanion Pearse na'i brysur syrthio cddi ar ei warchod, ei adnewyddu ac wlad ei hunan. 'Roedd sylfeini. Tra bo miloedd yn weithiau ei foderneiddio. Mae Etholiad Cyffredinol yn ddiwaith, gwelir cynnyrch camau breision wedi eu cymeryd Iwerddon yn diweddar, y estron yn llifo i'r wlad oddi ym myd darlledu yn diweddar, drydedd mewn deunaw mis. allan. Bellach y drefn mae'r cyhoeddwyr yn mynd o Drwy ddyfalbarhad, dynwch ac ddiwyllianol yw dilyn y drefn nerth i nerth, ac mae argyhoeddiad pobl fei Pearse cenhedlaeth newydd yn araf y gwnaethwyd hi'n bosibl i Eingl-Americanaidd. Mae'r ddihuno i'r ffaith fod yr her. gynnal etholiadau yn y wlad gwleidyddion, boed pa bynnag ffordd Gymreig o fyw yn bwysig. i benderfynnu pwy oedd i blaid y cynrychiolasant, wedi Buasai hyn oll, er yn bell lywodraethu, yn Ile derbyn ymsefydlu i drefn gyffyrddus iawn o berffeithrwydd, yn sicr ymreolaeth gan loegr. Eto, 0 beidio a chodi helbul. wedi plesio Padraig Pearse ni chl.ywyd lawer o sön drwy'r Buasai Padraig Pearse yn troi petai ar wyneb y ddaear heddiw. ymgyrchu gwleidyddol am yn ei fedd pe wyddai am egwyddorion Pearse. sefyllfa ei wlad heddiw. Ei nftd oedd sicrhau rhyddid i'w wlad a nerth i'w Mae'r wlad wedi ei rhannu'n Ond eto, mae rhai yn Iwerddon diwylliant a'i hiaith. Fel ddaee.ryddcl, ond prin iawn sy'n ymdrechu 0 hyd i gadw at aelodsu o'r Gynghrair Gaeleg oedd y datganiadau am bendan- amcanion ac egwyddorion y y brwydrodd ef a'i gyfoedion trwydd y gwleidyddion i ad- gwladgarwr. Yn flynyddol bydd i sefydlu gwerinlywodraeth yn enill eu tir. Gwyddeleg yw Fond&i-reacht an Phiarsaigh Iwerddon. Ei freuddwya oedd iaith swyddogol y llywodraeth, (Cymdeithas Pearse) yn cyflwyno Iwerddon rydd, ond hefyd ond ni welir fawr o gefnogaeth Gradam an Phiarsiagh (Tlws Gwyddelig o ran iaith, ymarferol iddi, dim ond llwyth Pearse) i ur. a deimlir iddo diwylliant ac agwead.. Er o siarad gwag. 'Does ganddi weithio'n ddyfal tuag at fod sefyllfa wleilyddol Cymru ddim statws yn y Llysoedd, amcanion Pearse. Yr enillydd cymru CARN 40 Page 11 Anwybyddu r egwyddorion am 1982 oedd Cormac Mac a diwyll ant ein gwlad fwy o Carthaigh am oes o waith chwarae tög (er cyn lleied yw) disglair ym myd addysg a chyda o lundain na a ddaw o lywodr- plant yn gyffredinol, .yn aeth yng Nghaerdydd. Beth arbennig yng nghyswllt dysgd’r bynnag am y gred honno, ac mae iaith. Yn frodor o Gore, yn Ile i gytuno gyda'i i raddau, sgil ei ymdrechion ef y mae ganddom engraifft ein gwelwyd agor ysgolion Gwyddeleg brodyr dros y rrför l uaysgu fei S co il na ndg ac Colaiste ohoni. Gobeithio na fydd yr an Phiarsiagh. Trueni na all werinlywodraeth Geltaidd fuasai'x dynion a 1r merched i'w sefydlu yn gwneud yT un yn y Dail yn dilyn llwybr camgymeriadau a'r un gyntaf. Cormac Mac C/rthaigh rhywfaint ac efallai wedyn y gall P^draig (The annual awarding of Gvodam Pearse orffwys mewn hedd, gan an Phiavsiagh to a person wybod bod dyfodol ac enaid ei following the ideals of wlad a'i bobl mewn dwylo diogel. Padraig Pearse leads one to consider how far the present Wrth droi ein trem yn öl at government of Eire are follow­ Neo-celtic pot- with Gymru, mae' n werth c.ofio cred ing those same ideals.) tart-an in terla ce g la se, llawer i genedlaetbolwyr a 24 inohes;’ By Jan Ban gwladgarwyr. Sef y caiff iaith Ian Llyfni. Commemoration of Llywelyn II

Perhaps the threng was not so great as that Gwelwch Ile bu ei galon - yn gwaedu, which witnessed the death and beheading of a'i godwm ger Irfon;* Llywelyn II, the last true prince of Wales, chwi'r ifanc, dewch i'r afon, on Lecember 11, 1282, but those who went to ireiddiodd ef ddyfroedd hon. Cilmeri on the Saturday afternoen, 700 years to the day later, to commemorate their loss Angöf na foed ei gofeb, - ei angau, were determined to keep faith with ei ing a'i wroldeb; Llywelyn's dream of a united and l'ree nation. hreiniol yw uwehlaw bron wleb a cheunant y drychineb. Of the people who sppke at the ceremony organised by Gofiwn, an Organisation which The ceremony ended with seven minutes of strives to preserve the history of Wales in silence, one for each of the centuries the consciousness of her people, including which have passed, and then the throng Gwynfor Evans, Geraint Bowen and Bebbie waiked from the monument in Cilmeri to Rees (who spoke on behalf of the young men Pont Irfon where they gathered in the who have been held in a Cardiff jail for market hall for Speeches from Angharad six months awaiting trial) only the first Tomos, Micb^al 'S Laoire of the Irish Speaker1 began on a black note, saying that Language Movement, and Banny Borei from this 700th day of rememtrance would be the Catalonia who spoke of his people's final centennial as there would be no Welsh struggle to retain their language and people left by the SOOth, so cuiekly were cul ture linder the Spanish government. they beirig absorbed by an English way of life. The crowd, representative of five Micheal 0 Laoire received resounding generatlons of Welsh-speaking Welsh, applause when he cautioned the audience disagreed wholeheartedly with this negative agaiust making the same mistake as the view. Their sentiments were echoed later Irish of adopting the English language. in the day by Angharad Tomos of Cymdeithas He encouraged them to retain their language yr Iaith w'nen she said that she oelieved within the context of a Welsh society and both the language and the people would to teware of the strong destructive force survive to commemorate Llywelyn II for many of Anglo-American culture on their children centenp.ials to cosne. through the media. For non-Welsh Speakers, 0 Laoire gave encouragement against feelings Gerc-int Bowen read the following 'Englynion' of inferiority and strongly urged them to before the youngest of the generations were insist that their children received a Welsh pre ented with commemorative scrolls. education.

Clwy marwol trais Cilmeri - fo i'ch cof This 700th day of remembrance for Llywelyn a'ch can a'ch rhyfel gri, II of Wales also served to show the oont- a noddwr ein carneddi inuing bond between people of all Celtic fo'ch noddwr a'ch arwr chwi. nations by the presence of repräsentatives from each of them. Representatives from Ei gur sydd ar y garreg, - am ei faen Alba, with banners and in traditional dress mae ei faner liwdeg, lead the manch from Cilmeri to Pont Axfon. galar Ile bu gwartwareg ar ddydd yr unfed ar ddeg. LeU.gh VeAJiitl Page 12 CARN HO cymru Welsh schools in English-speaking counties The political prospects of nationalism in language teaching has continued). In Canol Wales raay look more hopeless than at any Morgannwg (Mid Glamorgan), part of Morgannwg, time in the last twenty years, but where in 1971 11.8% of the people spoke Welsh culturally the prospects are bright - and in 1968 - 1,272 pupils attended it. ig culture which decides whether a 11 Welsh-language primary schools nation exists for politicians to be.nation­ a l s t about. In March 1981 the Digest of in 1968 1,272 pupils attended Welsh Statistics showed that 14% of 11 Welsh-language primary schools children in Wales under the age of ten speak Welsh fluently. As this proportion in 1981 4,071 pupils attended w s down to 10% in 1976, this means that 22 Welsh-language primary 3chaols it has started to increase for the first and in 1981 9% of all primary school children time since Brad v Llvfrau Gleision (the in the county were at Welsh schools. In government report whose publication in Gwent, more or less ooterminous with Sir iö4/ began the systematic anglicisation Pynwy (Monmouthshire), where in 1971 2.1% of education in Wales). spoke Welsh, the increase has been more recent and more rapid: The only important cause of this increase has been the development of Welsh-language in 1977/8 239 children (0.5% of total) schools. Perhaps the most significant attended 4 Welsh primary units event of all was the founding of the Mudiad in 1980/1 500 ohildren (l% of total) Ysgelion Meithrin (Nursery School Movement) attended 4 Welsh primary units. at the Bangor Eisteddfod in 1971. As I have commented in CARN 34 p.10 Welsh No. of children in 2 - 9 units inside English-language schools are age ränge in Wales._____ not very desirable, though one of those in 1971 151,900 Gwent, Pengam, like Bolau, one in Canol Morgannwg, has now grown larger than the 1981 108,000 English section of the school; in these Children in Welsh nursery schools: circumstances the units may not produce quite the rssults intended by the anti- number as a %age of all children Welsh oouncillors and educators who 1971 1,850 0.73% support them.) 1981 5,500 5.1% Because the Welsh-language schools are attacked by Labour politicians from Neil (it is noticeable that there h-.s been a Kinnock M.P. downwards as being provided drastic fall in the birth-rate in Wales, for a middle-class elite - at least that which produces yet more problems for the is the public reason they give for their survival of our nation, but it does mean Opposition; one suspects that their private that there are empty schools available for reason is that they think the schools breed the expansion of Welsh-language education.) nationalists - it is Interesting to read "Addysg t rwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg mewn ardal There has been a great increase in numbers Seisnig: NodweaLdion ac ymagweddau'r rhexni" at the Welsh or bilingual primary schools by Eluned Bush and others in Education for in the most English of areas (in fact, in Development - Journal of the Pacultv cf Welsh-speaking -^yfed the decline of Welsh- Education. Universitv College. Cardiff Toi.6 No.5 (April 1981). Mrs. Bush discusses in it the nature and motives of those who send their ohildren to the Welsh units in Gwent. She shows that the 3oeial d a s s of distribution of these parents showed no great Variation from the rest of the people of Gwent. (This c.ontraats witn tlie Situation in the all-Irish primary schools in Dublin, where only 8% of the fathers are unskilled or semi-skilled as against 23% of all Dubliners - one suspects Kinnock would find Dublin much more to his taste./ However, xne parents do have some- what higher educational attainments thar. the average for their dass (though 32% of the fathers of one unit had no qualifications at all, not a single '0' level or C.S.E. pass), and they also have an average age in Llywelyn II Commemorotion: Orotion at the the mid-thirties, much higher than that of stone; note Celtic League flog. most parents of primary school-children. (Photo: Micheal 0 Looire) The meaning of these two facts is probably CARN ^0 Page 13 cymru

that, unless you have more education or experience of the world than average, you don't succeed in beating down the kind of bureaucratic Opposition your desire to have your child educated in Welsh generally meets, as I described -in CARN 34.

The parents wer© not asked for their politloal allegiance; but 8% of families received a Plaid Cymru newspaper. This must be about ten times the average in Gwent. It would suggest to me, howev^r, that the majority of the parenta are not politically nationalist and vote rather far the unionist parties.

Their main motives for sending their children to Welsh-language units are fairly similar to those of the Dublin parents (percentages are given of those saying that a factor was 'very important* or 'fairly important'): Llywelyn II Commemorotion: Interceltic Wanting the child to be fluent in Support - "Sfol nan Gaidheal“ from Alba. Welsh becäuse we are Welsh - 73% Photo: Micheal 5" Looire. Teachers are more interested in again judging from Irish experience, that the children - 60% the language will become as3ociated with Academic achievement- are higher - 54% school alone. The problem is that the Smaller classes - 45% parents, even those fluent in Welsh, have Retter educational methods - 39% ceased 3peaking it because .there is no Closer relationship between parents occasior., outside their own front doors, and teacher - 38% when they are not obliged to speak English. More emphasis on the basics of The revival of Welsh, or any other Celtic education - 28% language, will require the development of more than just schools and television in Incidentally, the parents are often mistaken Welsh: chess elubs and gardening clubs and in thinking the Welsh schools provide all evening classes and every other kind of these advantages: because of their populaiity social eontact needs to be available in the classes are often larger than in nearby Welsh; shops where Welsh is spoken; and, English-language -chools; and in one of the perhaps most vital öf all, work in which Gwer.t units a shocking methoa oi teaching is it is the normal language used. used -the same teacher talks to the children in Welsh in the morning, in English in the afternoon - which is well-known to confuse ...and in them deplorably. Welsh-speaking ones? 51% of the parents were born in Gwent; 18% in England; 9% in Welsh-speaking rural areas A reporx puolished at the beginning of the and most of the re st in adjoining parts of year shows that the policy of Gwynedd industrial South Wales. Though there are County Council to encourage the use of large numbers of Irish inunigrants in Gwent, Welsh in its schools is failing. As more there is no mention of any of them sending and more Immigrant children flood into a child to a Welsh-language unit, which does them and the decline ln the numbers of native not really surprise mes it is a regrettable Welsh-speaking children accelerates, the faot to any membex of the Celtic League that teachers are simply ignoring the policy: Irish i.mmigrants to Wales are far more English is being used more and more and in bitterly opposed to the Welsh language than mariy schools Welsh is heard only in the English immigrants are. obligatory ’lesson Welsh’. Five years ago Cymdeithas yr Iaith (the Welsh Language The statistics which cause most worry in the Society) warned that this would happen whole article are that: unless the schools were designated iS 22% of the fathers 26% of the inothers are Welsh Speakers Welsh-language schools v.bere the buik of the Curriculum was to be taught in Welsh 29% of the fathers 37% of the mothers have (and that a certain number of English learnt / are learning Welsh language schools should be provided for but oniy: the more Incorrigible of the immigrants). The Council took no notice of advice which 6% of the fathers 9% of the mothers speak was based on a certain understahding of the mainly in Welsh to their children. sociolinguistics of the Bituaticr., wasted a great deal of time iri arguments with the Though in 60% of the homes it was claimed Immigrant parents of Eangor and Llandudno, that Welsh was used occaisionally, it seems and now finds its whole policy collapsing the parents are dumping the responsibility in ruins. of passing on their own language entirely® the schools. The result is likely to be, Ifan Lloyd. Page 1« CARN 40 cymru By-election disaster for Plaid The by-election in Bro-Cwyr (Gov/er) on 16 resulted, hewever, from abstentiens, mainly September produced no surprise in its Victor. by Labour voters who often fail to turn out The xesult was: in Ly-elections, and partly by disillusioned Conservatives. The cruel truth is that the rtior. of Proportion of Pr opoi Statist ics sho’.v that in all Plaid Cymru’ s vote total vote in total history it has never suffered such a by- 1979 g e n . eleo election catastrcphe. Lab 17,,095 43°/o 53% SDP S.,875 2 5% - 9% (Lib) The party Conference held at Llar.dudno frojn Con. 8,,69C 22% 30% 28 to ;0 Cctoter thus faced a dilemma. A PI.Cym. 3,,4 51 9% 7% ye=,r agc. Plaid Cymru changei its first aim from "to secure 3elf-governm=nt for Wales" The suprise.- come lower down the list: the to "to secure s democratic Welsh socialist Social bemocrat aini Liberal Alliance raade a state". This change was supposed to be the fair impact on a working-clasc Valley way to win Fupport in the industrial constituency where half the electors speak constit-uencies of South Wales, of which Bro Welsh, despite their candidate, Gwynoro Gwyr is a characteristic example. leuan Jones, being accused of treachery and worse Owen, Plaid’s csndiöate there, had much to because, 30 .it was said, he had not left the say about socialism - he was, he boasted, iabour F^rty until hr h.?.d beeti asr.ured of the only social ist candidate Standing: the Srj.--.ia.) fteir.ocrat candidacy; Plaid Cymru almost nothing about nationalism. Yet he madc- norn at all. Ever sincs il. began l.o lost so badly that some otsarvers forecast fight by-elections forty years ago, Plaid that Flaid faces otlivion in the next has usaally doublet- itc ger.ercl eleetior. general election, which will probably come vote wheu ii- cane to a by-election in the within a year. Should the basic aims of Paine constituency - arid sciit-times it. hs.s Plaid Cymru be changed back to what they dor-e far beiter fcheii that, helped by large used to be? was tbe question facing the numberr of v o l m ■ taer canvassers froir, all confeience. A motion to deiete referances over Wales, ar the absunce of the mase­ to a "socialist state" from the basic rne dia carnpc.ign for the Ftigl ish parties, aims of tue party was supported by the which *e alwayp face at general elections. ma,}ority present, but not by the two- thirds majority needed for a constitut.ional Th io time Plaid increared its vote from change. As a result Plaid Cymru new faces 5,357 in the general, elent.ion to 3,4^1i the next general election encumbered with the ncss canvassing and the re?t of the a fundamental social ist committment which, by-election -allyhoo trought in 74 extra it appears, most of its activists regara * votes. Afterwards Plaid spokesmen covered as n millstone round tlieir r.ecks. Up the feil uro ty point-itig to the 2% iucroapi- in the share of 11:t• vote. l’his Ifan Lloyd. eire Turas ar Tir na mBascach Ta na Ceiltigh imeasc na teoirioif ffor breagach ta an baile seo ina larionad gaolta a luaitear leis na staid polaitiuil agus culturtha d ’oilithrigh ar a mbealach go Bascaigh nuair a bhionn bunus na mBascach gar go leor do Santiago de Compostela sa an chine sin faoi chaibidil. shaol na gCeiltigh le go mheanaois agus ta an tsean Is cinnte nach bhfuil aon gcuirimis suim ar leith iontu. Eaglais agus cuid de na ghaol i ir an teanga Bhasach foirgintf' oh aimsir sin slän agus na teangacha Ceilteacha; Don che'ad uair ariamh thugas go foill. Ionad mor saoire si an teoiric is deanai faoi cuairt ar Tfr na mBascach i inniu e , leis na sluaite bhunus na Bascai e go bhfuil dtus an tSamhraidh seo caite. cuairteo'iri lae agus daoine gaol aici leis an tSeoirsis Ta” tri' cinn de na seacht eile ar ndalta fein, ag .i.teanga Tir na Seoirseach geuige ata i dTir na mBascach fanacht ann ar a mbealach san Aontas Soibhe”ideach. Is suite ar an dtaobh 0 thuaidh thar teorann. Sa jihroinnteach cosuil go bhfuil tri che'ad de na sleibhte Pyrenees lais- ina chaitheamar beile d ’fhia- seasca focal i geoitinne ag tigh de theorainn na Fraince, fraiomar den chailin og a bhi” an da theanga chomh maith le ag sineadh on Atlantach nios ag freastal cen bri" a bhi'leis. pointT comhre'”ire, agus fuide soir na Lourdes. Na Bhf an teolas aici agus d ’inis deirtear gurb ionann na dheachamar chomh fada sin si duinn freisin gur fhoghlaim hamhrain is na rinci ag na soir ach go dti baile beag ag si'ni' amhain labhairt na Bascaigh agus sinsir na bun na Pyrene'es timpeall fiche teangan ach conas 1 a scriobh Seoirseach. Ta fianaise e'igin mile isteach o'n geosta. St. sa mbaile ona tuismitheoirf. ann o in-cribhinni gur fhag Jean Pied de Port ainm Ni Taibh an Bhascais a muin- na nulte daoine Seoirse nuair Fraincre an bhaile, ach bhf eadh ins na scoileanna go dti a tharla crith talun agus gur an tainm i mBascais, ’Donibane le fior dheanai’. Faoi lathair thaistil aiad 'leis an ngrian Garaz-i’ scriofa i mblathanna ta an taitheantas ceanna ag an i bhad siar’.. Biodh na ar imeall an bhaile. Bhiodh mBascais is ata ag an mBriot- CARN 40 Page 15 eire

ainfs sa choras oideachais, bealach a aimsiu, bheadh na agus ta se sin easnaro hach hadharca ag seideadh. Gan go maith. amhras nül na Bascaigh buartha faoi turaso'irf a chur ar Ach anois ta” fas ag teacht ar seachran; is tabhachtai do'ibh na nafonraf Bascaise, na a dteanga dhuchais (nf mor a 'Ikastolak', ar thaohh na raf go raibh na daoine an rfidh Praince den teora, le timpeall chun treoir a thabhairt nuair seacht gcead paiate ag freas- a hiarradh sin orthu) tal ar trfocha scoil diohh. Sa te ich loistfn cupla mile Nf raibh balla na spas folamh laamuigh den bhaile, ait a nach raibh cludaithe le serfbh- chaitheamar an oiche, dhear- inr.f, a leirigh an speictream bhaigh fear a 1 tf gurb i an iomläh den tsaol polaitiuil; Bhascais a labhraionn siad sa idir manai lücht oibre is an mbaile eatorra fe'in. I eite chle", na mfleataigh mBascais a bhf an tainm ar naisiunta ar nos ETA agus - an teach amuigh. Dreach ar HERRI BATSUNA, lucht frith- leith ata ar tithe na mBaccaeh, eithneach - bhfodar ullig ann, tithe tnora cearndgacha le ainm cuid mhor diobh serfofa i an te'' a thogduine de na sinsir mBascias, an tiomlan beagn^ch go hionduil - agus an data os ag na ndisiunaithe. N f ar na cionn na ndoras. Cuig mhüle ballaf amhain a bhf an Bhascais uainn ata an teora i ngleann le feice'ail, ach i ngach banc doimhin ait ar a dtugtar agus aras poibli eile; ta Arneguy. Ina dhiadh sin a stadae oifigiuil tugtha don thosafonn an bothar ag e'irf teanga ag an rialtas reigiun- nios geire agus nios crochta, ach, ina bhfuil tromlach ag na ag dreapadh thar chonair naisiunaithe. BRAN’S HEAD chailiüil Boncesvalles timpeall 5000 troigh ar aoirde. Caithfidh na muinteoirf uilig 24 inch. oaken neo-celt-ic modern sculpture. Anseo a rinne na Bascaigh an Bhascais a fhoghlaim de sle'acht ar chuid d'arm Charle- bhrf go mbeidh an teanga le By Ian Ban magne faoi cheannas Roland sa teagasc i ngach scoil feasta. mbliain 7 J& , ar a bhfuil cur- Ta ranganna speisialta ann luach fseal. Ar maidin si"os i "Chanson de Roland". chuige seo. Ta”seo dian go Dhomhnaigh bhf se beagnach Ta leaoht cuimhneachain ar leor ar na muinteo'irf toisc chomh brfomhar ceanna, slua mhullaeh na conrach, slua na huaireanta fada a oibrfonn thart tareis Aifrinn, ag dl paistf 30oile ar turas lae siad, daichead cuig uair sa caife' agus deochanna eile ins o Pamplona thart air. An tseachtain, trfbeha dfobh ag na tabhairnf is ag ithe chead rud a tugtar faoi ndeara rnuinteoireacht agus an solaistf beaga, mar is nos leo. tareis an teora a threasnu na fufbllach ag ullmhu is ag Imeasc na nuachtäin a bhf ar go dteann na bo'ithre in olcas ceartu na gceacht - nf mor dfol bhf päipear seachtainiuil agus nach bhfuil slacht agus gach uair den 45 a chaitheamh ETA, agus ba leir go raibh dea-eagar na_Fraince le sonru taobh istigh den scoil. dfol to?ith air. Ta an ghlauis- nios mo; bruscar caite anseo Cairde a thug an teolas seo eacht laidir sa cheantar seo, is ansiud cois bhealaigh mar dom, lanun gur muinteoirf iad rud a mheabhraigh an cosaint shampla, rud nach bhfeicfea beirt i Mondragon, baile mo'r daingean ar bheairic na ariamh sa bhPrainc. Saol istigh faoin dtfr. Thugadar bpoilfnf duinn. nios re'chu'isf ata ar an dtaobh cuireadh duinn deireadh seo agus is mo" a bhraithfeä" an seachtaine a chaitheamh leo Nfl sa meid seo ach sple'achadh tEireannach sa mbaile ann. ar an gedsta o thuaidh o ar shaol na mBascach, ceal Cuma nios boichte ar an duth- Guernica, äit a bhfuil ärasah spais. Nil aon amhras ach gur aigh freisin, ce nach hf Tür ag muintir na mna. B fhiif go ait shuimiuil i Tfr na mBascach na mBascach an re'igiun is mor e' ce' nach raibh an aimsir ait gur fiu cuairt a thabhairt boichte sa Spainn. Ta" an ro' mhaith. uirthi. tionsclaiocht bunaithe go laidir ann, go hairithe ins Is beag duine när chuala iomra Brfd Heusaff. na cathracha mora ar nos ar Guernica. Nfl aon rud sun- Bilbao, Victoria agus Pamplona. tasach faoin mbaile inniu. The above considers some B'oideachas ann fe'in taistal Atögadh e a bheag no a mhor aspects of life in 4uskadi ar na bdithre ann. Is beag ar son dul leis an tsean as seen by the writer during ait nach raibh na comharthaf bhaile a scriosadh i 1937- a recent visit there. The bothar Spainnise peinteailte Faraoir bhf an crann cailiuil dubh agus na hainmneacha linguistic and political imithe, togtha isteach sa Problems are of particular Bascaise scrüofa ina nait. bhfoirgneamh ine. tionoladh intere t, having many para- (ba mhaith an rud go raibh chead Dail Bhascach i 1936. llels with those of the Celtic eolas ag duine amhain againn- Brfomhar go maith a bhf an countries. The Situation nf me' fhein-ar na hainmneacha) baile maidin Shathairn, slua there oan inspire optimism Go minie n f raibh fiu an tainm ag dfol is ag ceannach sa because of the improved stdtus Basciase le feiceail trfd an mhargadh. Ta comharchumann of the Basque language in the phe'int; nf raibh le deanamh laidir sa cheantar agus siopa Gpanish State and the 3light ansin ach dul sa tseans, mar mor aige ina dtig leis na but stesdy gains on the Frenoh da maolofai luas d 1fhonn an baill earraf a cheannach ar side of the border. Page 16 CARN 40 eire Ten years in tlne E E C

The Re public of Ireland joined mongerers during the Falklands Portugal join, Ireland's share the EEC ter. years ago after an crisis. It could have taken of the various subsidies would 82% vote in favour of meraber- at the beginning a less merc- be further eroded. In the EEC ship. Economists Claim that antile approach to the English Ireland is allowed only a it has so far brought finan­ minor share of her f ishing cial benefits which largely resources - sorce spokesmen say outweigh the losses due to 5% - whereas, had it stayed the abolition of trade barr- " neutrality ... out, it could have used them iers. For instance for 1981 clasheü witn oblig- to develop a prosperous, much this State is said to have got needed industry on its Western a net SEC budget contribution ations of solldarity seaboard or negotiated agree- of Ir£439 million - eauivalent ... towards the UK " ments with Continental count­ to 4.2% of its Cross Domestic ries eager to have access to Product. In proportion to her territorial waters. Population, it got 6 times demand for joint EEC trade more frora the Regional Fund Three major worries agitate sanctions against Argentina 10 times more from the Social the Irish mind today: the trüge (not trying to harter the3e Fund and the fund for agri­ public debt, unemployment, the against concessions on EEC cultural development than war in Northern Ireland. The farm policy). In any case other member countries on the threat of nuclear war should its affirmation of neutrality average. For infrastructural be a fourth one but one may after armed hostilities had development, it got over 8% of wonder whether most people started clashed with the the total loans made by the h^re take a fatal istic attitude obligations of solldarity Eurojean Investment Bank. As or believe that nuclear radiat- which other member states a result of easier access to ion would not spread across the (except Italy) feit they had a market of million people Irish Sea...... 270 towards the * UK1. Whatever Irish dependence on the about Irish mistakes, EEC British market was reduced ’ The national debt: servicing membership did not exactly it swallows a high percentage from 56% in 1971 to 34% white work in favour of this of the budget, so successive the share of exports to Cont­ country'a prestige during inental countries rose from governinents now want to elira- that period. It is in the 14% to 38% inate it within a few years. United Nations that it had Unfortunately their calculat- the best opportunity to play ions are found to be wrong, All these figures are given a world role, as happened by an Irish Times European the debt keeps increasing. during the past two years Loans from the EEC are corresj^ondent (I.T. Supple­ while it had a seat on the ment, 50. 12. 82). He does obviously not a solution, Security Council. (It was not say how much money the unless one begins to seil big through no fault of the Irish percentages and multiples chunks of the country to the ambassador if resolutions quoted above represent in friendly partners! Dhemploy- concerning the Palestinian absolute figures. He gives ment: it has risen in a short Problem, drafted by him and no estimate of how much it span from 60,000 to 170,000 adopted in part, were rejected co3t the country to have in the State, with attendant or di: regarded). its indigenous-based indus- social disorders. It is tries (textiles, shoes) rising also in other EEC ruined since 1972. Their countries, so the "safety place was taken by new, not valve" of emigration so dear Iriah-owned, industries " the prospects to a former Fine Gael leader producing for export: how for the next decade no longer exists, although much has been spent by the one of the EEC mottoes i3 State to entice them Dy ... look dlstinctly "manpower mobility". With the providing their infrastruc- unfavourable " fall in subsidies and a taboo ture and how much has been on borrowing, Ireland must lost on account of their depend on her own resources to being exempted from taxation contain this growing scourge. and of their readiness to The outlook is depressing. move to other countries But what are the prospects for Pro-EEC campaigners had argued once the tax holiday was the next decade of Irish EEC that onoe Ireland and Britain over? member3hip? They look dist- had both joined the EEC, the inctly unfavourable. other members would not allow EEC apologists also claimed a conflict to continue poison- tha.t the Re public gained in The cash flow towards Ireland ing their relations without prestig'e by being able through is certainly going to be pressing for its resolution. membership to participate more curtailed as pressure from actively in world affairs. London and Bonn increases to This has not happened and It is not clear how this is reduce the Common Agricultural there is no sign that it being substantiated. The Policy subsidies and to divert will be different in future. case which readily springs to available monies from the Nor has membership of a mind is the rather emburrass- peripheral to the industrial multi-lir.gual Organisation ing Situation in which this areas where unemployment is helped the Irish language to country wa-: put by the war- most acute. Should Spain and gain greater recognition: the CARN 40 Page 17 eire

Irish government meekly agreed mass campaigns to the effect. lowered Standard of living in that, alone of the EEC Ireland backs disarmament but Order to retain some freedom national languages, it would by beCorning more involved in to shape their own destiny as have no status in EEC instit- EEC Councils of Ministers a nation? To uphold this utions - it could hardly be meetings, she loses her freedom, they must becotae less otherwise when Irish has ability to speak with an dependent on financial 'help1 hardly any place in official independent voice. She finds from outside and at the same business in its own country, herseif in the Company of time develop their national and the efforts being made at States interested in selling European Parliament level in arms (which, as in the case favour of recognition of the of the French Exocet, boom- " the country "besser spoken languages", erang against their own allies!J needs to cnange rad- praiseworthy though they are, and tied by military alliance find no resonance among the to a System-of exploitation of ically its outlook " hai.l politicians and the the underdeveloped countries. members of the Dublin govern- resources. So much of the As a sovereign State, Ireland Irish agricultural land is could maintain neutrality in uneconomically used. The " it does not military matters (although ur.employed young people should the wisdom of leaving herseif be helped to learn agricultural occur ... that it is almost unprepared to meet Science, to obtain the lease worth ... much money external attacks ia open to of communally-acquired land question), but pressure is and to shift back from over- ... maintaining growing for her to abandon crowded cities to the rural 'small' languages " that policy. Already it was areas. To achieve this, the suggested that Mrs. Thatcher country needs to ohange radi- might have agreed to a gradual cally its outlook on work and ment. Par from fostering an reunification of Ireland in property. Is this utopic? appreciation of the European exchange for the country1s We read of the threat of cultures and languages in all membership of NATO. The collapse q/ the international their diversity, Little Europe present Taoiseach is probably banking System and of its dire finds it too expensive to less adverse than his predec- consequences for the whole operate a System of trans- essor to some move in that world (editorial of The lations between its six direction which his coalition Ecologist, Vol.12 Nr 5, 1982). official languages, so that Partners in the Labout Party Ireland has put herseif in a finally French and Engl iah may not be willing to oppose. dangerous Position with her will have the field between Without directly joining NATO, emphasis on cattle rearing them. Not a Situation which this government will come and industries for export Celtic-minded people could under pressure to Support the instead of based on indigenous welcome! It does not occur Genscher-Colombo pinn for raw inaterials. Her fields are of course to Homo Oeconomicus (West) European political green but will her people not that it is worth spending much uniori which would entail a have to regret that they socm money on maintaining "small" committment to common defence will no longer know how to languages - ttaeir value in and security policies. The grow grain crops and vegetables? Petrodollars is nil! - but greater the economic difficul- The more they get caught in the EEC Bureaucracy could ties in which Ireland finds the EEC machine, the less fit spare a good deal by devising herseif, the more vulnerable for survival they become. a System of consultation and she becomes to sueh blackmail. communication requiring but Will populär common sense be one tenth of the present strong enough to reulise that " freedom " amount of print churned out once this State has lost the by its various organs - it very principle of its sover­ I hear the outcry: But what would help to forestall much eign ty, limited though it is freedom would there be without soil erosion by saving foreste now, but so dearly acquired the NATO umbrella or an event­ to begin with. by the Tones, Pearses and ual (West) European Defence De Valeras, the more difficult System? I would answer that it will be for it to obtair. freedom like charity begins " Ireland backs the consideration it has at hörne. Let the EEC transform enjoyed during the past ten disarrnament ... but itself in such a way that years. Indeed, all the bonanza Ireland, and the other Celtic loses her ... indep­ payments were not due to the countries, can be free nations, kindness of heart of its EEC ie. free to maintain and endent voice " Partners. These are now develop their language" and preparing to present their cultures and they can then counter-clairos on Irish solia- bring their contribution to a Coming back to the nuclear arity. Have the Irish states- federation of the European threat, it appears to us that men enough desire or courage oeoples, not of States as at the best contribution any to reject them? They need present constituted. That country, but particularly a the support - or the prodding - would be worth d^fending. small one 1ike Ireland, can of the people för that. But But a 'Community' dancing to make towards reducing inter­ have the people enough confid- the tunes of Paris, London national ten3ion is to back ence in their ability to stand and Bonn...... ? the demand for disarmament and on their own if necessary. are encourage its people to join they willing to accept a A.Heusaff. Page 18 CARN 40 eire Coalition again The Irish The predictions of most 3urfacing also despite a Democrat political eommentators that committment from both main greets the readers of Carn. the Government of the Republic parties to hold a referendum It is a monthly paper, of some elected in Spring of this year on the Insertion of a pro- 40 years Standing, published ( ’82) would last the full term life amendment in the in London. It campaigns to came to naught in the autumn. Constitution. mobilise the Irish in Britain, When one T.B. (MP) died sudd- and to influence British enly and another was absent The result was: Fianna Fail I public opinion, for the unif- due to a heart attack the 75» Fine Gael 70, Labour 16, ication of Ireland as an Fianna Pail government of The Workers' Party 2, independent democratic Mr. Charles Haughey was defeat- Independents 3. republic. ed in the Bail oa a motion of confidence and the state faced (On dissolution the Position It provides commentary on its third General Eleetion in was Pianna Fail 80, Fine Gael political and cultural issues eighteen months. Due to the 64, Labour 14, Workers Party as well as book reviews and time of year and lack of funds 3, Independents 4.) news items. Regular writers apparently it was a rather low incluie Desmond Greaves key affair being waged more in The Overall majority for the (Editor, and author of biog- the mass media than at the combined Fine Gael and Labour raphies of Oonnolly, Mellows ' husting3 or on the doorsteps. Parties appeared due more to and O'Casey), Anthony Coughlan, gains from Fianna Fail in Bonal Mac Amhlaigh and Roy The Opposition Fine Gael and crucial marginal constituencies Johnston. Labour Parties ran separate than to any Overall swing to campaigns with the Labour them on a national level. ' The annual subscription is Party making a virtue out of There followed some weeks of £5.00 sterling, payable to the running its own campaign. secret negotiations between Manager at 177 Lavender Hill, Just a month previously the Fine Gael and Labour until a London SW11 5TS, or, if more leader of the Labour Party Settlement which the Labour convenient, LIR6.25, payable had quit the party following leader presumably thought to Janice Williams, 22 Beigrave the annual Conference's would be ratified at the Road, Bubiin 6, Ireland. decision not to leave any special delegate Conference decision on a post-election was arrived at. The deal Carn readers in Ireland coalition to the parliament- involved provisions for a interested in the views of the ary party and administrative property tax, increased Irish in Britain, or more council bub rather to hold a Capital taxes, a National generally Carn readers who are special post eleetion delegate Development Corporation and interested in the analysis of Conference to decide the a softeniag of Fine Gael's the politics of the Irish issue. The new leader Mr. line on the elimination of model of Celtic-fringe Bick Spring succeeded in the Budget Deficit. Although national st tehood, are invited uniting the party and running critics could point to many to subscibe. a vigorous eleetion campaign. loose ends in the arrangement The ex-leader Micheal O ’Leary and pitfalls for Labour's stood for Fine Gael in the future there was enough to eleetion. convince the majority (846 - 522) at the special Conference The elction was held on Nov. of the desireability of 24th. With very little basic entering coalition. difference in economic policy between the main parties, the When the Bail resumed Br. credibility of the party Garret Fitzgerald of Fine Gael leaders and their different was elect°d Taoiseach and Mr. approaches to the North were Spring Tonaiste (Vice Premier) among the major issues raised and a cabinet formed with • 1 with the question of abortion minority Labour participation and the pro-life amendment With a oomfortable majority it would seem set to last its term unless the strains of Coalition and unpopulär ■ :• economic measures that might Support EVIB AR BREZHONEG, yet be proposed to deal with monthly illustrated magazine the ever-worsening Situation (l2pp, in Breton, with trans- (a deficit exceeded by 50% lations in Franeh under each due to a gross short fall line or otherwise. Useful to in anticipated taxes - those who know French aüd who expenditure was actually held wa.nt to develop their knowledge at the propo3ed level) prove of Breton. 60F (7CF abroad) too much for those in Labour to CCP 1076 86 X Rennes (Editor who still see it as some kind BP 93» 22 202 Gwengamp Cedex). Neo-celtic hoodsd f-iguve, of left wing party. 18 -Inches, cypress, By Ian ßän A. Mac G. CARN 40 Page 19 eire Where have we been all these centuries or the sick sides of Contemporary Europe

Reports that the Japanese were By too readily / lazily And within the perpetuation trying to emphasise their accepting the shorthand of the partitionist mentality agTessiveness this Century in Crecte mindbend) of "Europe" comes from almost every history text-books provoked instead of EEC we aid and contributor - Raymond Smith angry respon3es from neighbour- assist and perpetuate-that eg. writing "when Jack Lynch ing States and more honest attack on history, geography and Br. Hillery signed the historians at home. The Celts tradition and heritage. We Treaty of Accesion on. behalf may have the nous but not, yet are being disoriented, either of Ireland" (at least the perhaps, the clout to make unknown to ourselves or with title of his piece is "Always French and English triumphaiism an indolent acauiescertce. Good for a laugh"). OK when choke in facta. it’s a laughing matter. Is Community Report, Vol. 5,no.l, NATO? For Richard Burke But geography is being set out (January 1 9 8 ? ) ?3 to hand ao "Ireland...... is not a member of joint in a massive way too I wTite. If I cavil at the of NATO "but part of Ireland by pundits, apologiats, polit- use of "Community" in the whether it or we like it or icians, commentators and title I may be deemed metic- not, is. But then Burke upholders of the EEC. And ■» ulous (in its real not vulgär seemingly doesn't know where with geography in this way sense). But blazed across the he com»s from: "Ireland is a the sense of history, the coveT is the Slogan 'Ten Years tiny country in the communitty tradition of place, and the in Europe'. Where in the both in terms of population background of movement in name of Toutatis have we been (3.4 million. •-•) as well terms of trade and culture all these centuries (and were as operationally..... " are all being shunted out the Poles, the Finns, the... he says, taking the population of perspective - and no-one's and so on). of the state named the Repub­ shouting stop! W ’ny we don't lic of Ireland as that of tfee take this seriously is a whole country. puzzle: perhaps we think it 'Newspeak' how are you ? is not important, that "it's Bermot McAleese of TCB writes only Propaganda anyway". If of the "Changing patterns of so we're fools; all we need trade" and almost every to do is li3ten to the y-outh And if we read closer inside Statistio he uses is wrong and note how that "only we find example after example for the simple reason that he Propaganda" has become fact of this raisuse of words (at too sloppily or deliberately for them, and how ignorant best) or (at worst) deliberate gives the name Ireland to the they aJe consequently, how distortion of place in time state and reserves the adject- out of focus thedr Vision and space. In a prefaratory ive 'Irish' for matters accordingly. If that were note for example by Gaston relating to that state to the not enough one would have Thora there are the following exclusion of the six-counties thought that any reading of sentences "We cannot expect designated 'Northern Ireland' the success stories of psych- to create instant Europe" in English law. ological warfare, war-time and "In the 1950's we started Propaganda, or electioneering out to create Europe". With the 'European' economists "coups" would give us pause. "Newspeak" how are you! now talking of our unemployed figures peaking at 350,000 and plateauing at about the same perhaps it is time to re-open the debate again. The same journal records that 20 civil servants were awarded specially struck medals by Jack Lynch's government for their part in the negotiations towards membership of the EEC.

One of Mr. Lynch's then cabinet ministera tried to have another civil servant sacked for speaking against the proposed membership in what was then supposed to have been a national debate. The next debate may be more open and more honest - especially if we rediscover where Europe is and that there are 32 Clyvelyn II Convnetr.orati-on: Gathering at the stone that counties in Ireland. marks the e ite of Llyuelyn's murder. Photo: V. 0 Laoire Padraig 0 Snodaigh. Page 20 CARN A0 kernow Mar pen-ny oll Sawson!

Yn fenough y lennyr y'n Ha fatel ova yn kever an -ny oll, an Saws re bu claf an paperow newodhow po elewyr scodhoryon peldros-na? Wosa seythen-ma", po nep ascus avel war an radyo po gwelyr war bos kevres a wharfedhyansow henna. Nefra ny wruga-vy an bellwolok fatel yu an war an brastyr, pup oll anedha clewes an deryvador leverel Sawson an dus u.-;y war ben an gans scodhoryon a baryon "Tecca gwayn rag an (pyupynak norvys - gv/yn aga bys! "Kyns Sawsnek, arta yth esa penlynen a ve ), del dhegoth 'dhodho." yu benna gwyr!" y clewaf. yn nep paper newodhow wharthus Wel, my a wor henna kefrys mes a leverys, "Deth du rak peldros Wel, a'n geryow-ma a grothval gwreugh lenna yn-rak. 5retenek! Arta yma ethom dhe" n ny a wor yn poran ein pyth dhe Geltyon dhe vlamya yn le an wul - res yu dhyn trelya agan Wans yu bledhen po sdro dhodho, Sawson. kenethlegeth ha dos ha bos yth esa mur a bonvotter yn Sawsnek, awos, mar peugh nebes cytyow - Loundres, Lyver- Lemmyn, gwren-ny whythra an Sawsnek, ny alseugh gul cam! pol, Xeroder yn mysk erel yn leow mayth us gormola dhe vos Yth hevel dhym mars ougli Pow Saws - ponvotter ynter an res. Y'n gwaryow 'Emperoreth' Sawsnek ha leverel ags boc Crealu Via tus yowynk dywyth ha a vu synsys agensow, ha kefrys gothys anodho, tus a lever, lywys. Mes pyth a vu scryfys an Gwaryow Olympek, pupprys y "Hen yu den dhe sewya, ef a'n y'n paperow newodhow? "Pyth wharfe pan esa tryghor dyworth jeves an spyrys ewn." Me3 yu cam gans agan cytyow bro dhyffrans es Pow Saws nyns mars ough Keltek ha leverel 3retenek?" Hyns esa ponvotter esa lyes leverys abarth dhodho agas bos gothys anodho, why -vyth a'n par— ma mes yn re-na dre forth a wormola mes yn y yu esel a nep bagas despaghek usy saflys yn Pow Saws. Yth le geryow avel, "Ya, gwayn pur a vyn omwheles an Fundyans hag hevel dhym bos res dhe'n bobel dha dhe'n tryghor, mes yth esa a dal bos defendyes dhe— ves. Geltek dhe vlamya rak peghadow cales luk ahe'n oaws", po, an Sawson. "Gwayn pur dha, mes del wodhon Tewennow. Victory for Stannary

The campaign by the Convocation which would have abolished Brezhoneg of Cornwall, more usually this right. When the clause known as the Stannary Parl- was discovered Council iament, for the recognition officers claimed bounding was of its Jurisdiction over many a 'feudal anachronism'. ospects of Cornish life has The Duchy of Cornwall is also In the list of ways and not been at the forefront of a 'feudal anachronism' yet rto methods available for learn- media attention recently. move has been made by the ing the Celtic languages Attempts on the part of same council officials to published in Carn no. 58, Stannators to have their case abolish that Institution! we did not include evening recognised in the central olasses organised in many state's courts are bogged As the Bill was a long one it towns and cities throughout down by the horrific costs transpired that most of our the year. However, at the involved. Meanwbile local elected councillors had not request of Mrs. Jannig police turn a blind eye to noticed the offefiding clause. Stephens we draw attention to those Stannators who still The matter was hastily brougi a Breton dass run every week refuse to display Road Tax up for discussion at Truro as at the City Lit, Stukely St., licences on their cars. the Bill was already in the Drury Lane, London WC2B . Lords. Despite the Stannary Phone: 01 242 9872 Perhaps because of this setting a brave face and general air of calm an attack olaiming they wouldn't was recently made on a recognise an edict from cherished Stannary 'right' - Westminster sponsored by that of 'bounding' areas of the illegally established land for tin exploration Cornwall 'County' Council asked for it to be withörawn purposes. By this right any the passing of this clause from the Bill. individual can lay Claim to would have been a serious the right to mineral reserves embarrassment to them. Questions remain unanswered. in a given area as long as In whose interest would it their. Claim or ’bounds' are To prevent that a demonstr- be for bounding rights to be duly recognised by the ation was organised comprising abolished? Certainly the Stannary Parliament. This Stannary supporters, MK multi-national mining right to tin bounding is members, other nationalists Companies and 'English China not challenged easily by the and some anti-nuolear powex Clays' would prefer what th§r English legal System. activists to lobby councillors regard as an irritant to against the clause. To many disappear. And why were the The opportunity i;.; tlerefore people's surprise it worked! executive officers so keen taken to slip a clause into a The clause was thrown out by on writing this into their Cornwall County aponsored Bill a healthy vote of 58 - 11 Bill and so quick to defend in the Westminster Parliament and Cornwall Council have the abolition of bounding? CARN HO Page 21 mannin Microwave mystery

The Leagues growing concern another league member. It was Nocth Atlantic Gap and is a about the use of Mann for mil­ made very clear that some sect- vital component of NATO. itary purposes caused us to ions of the appiication were Radar Signals received there pay particular attention to a not open to the Manks public. are beamed to the Standing planning appiication lodged Tar from dampening our inquis- Stones Hill micro-wave Station with the Looäl Government Board ifeive spirit, it was sharpened and thence via two current for the construction of a by this offlcal 'cold shoulder' routes to Defence centres in Micro-wave link transmitter at Our first assumption was that S.E. England. The primary Carnagrie near Gien Maye. the construction of the instal- route is via a Station at In April this year we applied lation, whiqh along with others Portpatrick in Scotland. The to the L.G.B. to examine in the British Isles had a secondary route is through the British Telecoms appiication heavier capacity than its rem- Irish Republic and here probt for the slte made in the name ote location would justify; was lems arlse . Ireland's of the 'Property Services to improve•1inks with British neutrality makes this route Agency'. The L.G.B. replied military forces at present in vulnerable to a public reaction saying ««■ «""'ld view some of North-East Ireland. Delving against this breach of it - in the planning appiication, but deeper into the mystery a much fact, criticisms are already not it all. Subsequently at clearer picture emerged. being made of _this occasional the L.G.B. Offices a clerk electronic military traffic. Carnagrie is a small, but none produced the file and showed This is where Carnagrie 'link' the less vital part in a some parts of it to the Celtic Spid­ comes in; once completed, it ers web which leads back to - League branch secretary and will provide, the United the United Kingdom/N.A.T.O. Kingdom government hopes, a Air Defence System. Carnagrie secure secondary route for is particularly essential to Communications from Bishops kernow the Operation of that part of Court. the system centred around the UNITED KINGDOM AIR DEFENCE Which brings us back to the Minor ity GPQUND ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM planning committee of the LGB - The latest Census figures (UKADGE) Station at Bishops did they know the purpose of shov» that the population of Court in N.E. Ireland. this link and keep it from the Cornwall rose hy over 10% Biahops Court Radar ia part of Mank3 people? If so, what between 1971 and 1981. a series of Radar networks other secrets are they That was an increase only which plug the so-called attempting to conceal? matched by certain outer suburbän London regions. Given the age structure the excess of deaths over births letter should have resulted in a slight population fall. The difference is a result Letter to the Editor, Carn Apart from the experience of of the migration of a running the party in the whoole vastly increased number of I was most surprised to read of Brittany and outside, the settlers from England, a in Carn 59 p.23, that in UDB has also gained practical new phenomenon being the Brittany 'there is no obvious experience in running public arrival of people in the autonomist group r^ady to affairs, with the 38 members 25 - 40 age group in lsrge assume the responsibilities elected to local councils in number s. which go with self-govemment 1977. to however smadl a degree1 Ao Cornish people still It hopes to increase that followed the traditional There exists such a group, numbeT in the forthcoming path of emigration in -earch the well organized 'UNION elections of 1983» of work in those years it is ÜEMOCRATIyUE BHETONNE' or very likely that the Cornish 'UNVANIEZ DEMOKRATEL BRE1ZH' The party also produces two are now a minority in their magazines - the monthly 'Le own country. Loes this Peuple Bretn' and the bi- matter? How does it affect monthly ’Pobl Vreizh', one the strategies adopted by in French the other in Breton, the Cornish cultural and political movements? No Ai-tMOR. monthly magazine, short There is much more to be said doubt nationalists will be news or articles on all aspects about the ability of UIiB at turning their attention tc of the political, economic, running political matters this factor over the next cultural life of Brittany, and you can find out for year. Maybe there are regional ist in tendency. 72pp yourself by contacting the lsssons we can learn from in Prench. 93F.60/annum (, + 37% Parti Representative, BP 504 those in other Celtic outside 'France') to CCP Armor BREST - 29273 BRSST-CEDEX or countries experiencing an 26 91 70 Y Rennes. Editor, rayself at Hafod, 9 Bramfield influx of white settlers - 7 Pont St Jacques, 22400 Lambal. Road, Datchworth Green, Herts. notably Mann and parts of Wales. J.Stephens. Page 22 CARN HO ______general Celtic nicknames

I should like here to draw ancient naming patterns by "sloinrieadh" exists among the attention of as raany roving around country pubs P-Celts as well. In this Celts as possible to the and at cross-roads than by Century one finds, alongside interest of studying nick­ burying himself for all his the entire Styling "Domhnall names and the importance of worth in the dry dust of Mac Iain 'ic Sheumais" massively collecting them archives. The latter, if (d. son of I. son o'f S.) while memories of bygone days properly looked after, will be which an; Gaei worth his salt Temain among the traditionally with us to study at any tirae would boast, such reduced Celtic speaking populations. while the wealth of oral trad- forms as "Seonaidh Alasdair ition that still exists will Sheumais" for a Skyeraan (with I myself have been engaged in have vanished unless we do the genitive expressed in the that type of work since 1976. for it the same work as has 2nd and 3^d names). This 1jype I had to restrict myself to been done for folk songs and is frequent in Brittany too, the languages of which I have tales. particularly when the Christian a working knowledge - my ovm name of the bearer is followed Breton, Welsh, Scott ish i A serious collector must in by that of his or her fathex. Gaelic as well as French and my view take note of such The type "Aleksi Cheun Bench English. I now have more than fundamental data as the cor- Nus" lihking four generations 20.000 individual nicknames rect rendering of pronounc- is admittedly rare, but you in my files. Of these some iation (u3e the International have it there, from Plougastel. 15.000 are Breton, fTom all Phonetic Alphabet), a fairly This was by no means feit to dialect areas but mostly Leon precise indication of the be too cumbersome for daily (where my research for my circumstances in which the use. From Wales I can mention first doctorate was based) nickname was attributed if a "John Wil Dai" who was no and Kerne. Fürther field they are remembered, unusual rural patriarch but a coal- research in the Scottish linguistic facts relating to miner from Ystalyfera. Gaidhealtachd yielded around it. I tend to ask when and 3.000 items. I have a fair where the name was first used: The second neutral method of sample of Welsh bynames from sometimes it goes well back nicknaming individuals was all areas, totalling about in history and one can get a according to their trade 2000. Finaily the collectinn geographical Classification. whenever it was not practised includes about 2000 in French If the fact is not self- by others in the Community. and 1000 in English (equalty evident, the bearer's sex The figure of the smith, shared between Wales and the should also be noted. looming large in Celtic trad- Gaidhealtachd). ition, is still with us With experience an ability physically and linguistically. While thi3 study progressed develops to distinguish I thus found "Calum Gobha" I realised that there is far immediately names which are near Dunvegan in Skye, Alun more to it than meets the eye. used by very few people, or Gof in Bethesda in Gwynedd In my opinion it is far mo*e newly created ones, from and Chamari ar Gow in Beiz fundamental to an understanding genuine widely used ones in Bro-Gwened. of Celtic naming than anyth'ing which are part of the cultural done up to now. The nemes heritage of any Community. collected from an oral trad­ As I am still re^earching such A third method is one by which it ion that is still vivid and non-essentials as classific- people are named after the profusely rieh are just as ations, I 3hall reserve my place in which they live(d). Celtic as those we may conclusions but in order to They accepted that without patiently glean from archives. show how valuabie the Invest­ any sense of being made fun of. With the differenee that, in igation is I'll give a few Thus the Breton Visant al loc'h many cases, one may hear why examples which will demonstr- (Sant Wenole, Bro-Vigouderuql they were given in the first ate that common Celtic lived near a "lochan" (pond) place and there is no need patterns do exist. much like Murchadh nan Loch to indulge in wild guesses as in that area of Lewis. Jan in the case of those very few One of the ancient naming Haro , living on a tiny Island names which were handed down devices used by the Celts - called Garo off Landeda, Leon, from earlier ages, usually though by no means only by has a parrallel in Seonaidh without any explanation. them - is the old patronymic Mor Eilean Taighe, the only - or matronymic for that .h resident of E.Taighe, off It is all very well to argue matter. We are all familiär Raasay. And what about Twm whether an ancient name means with the Gaelic mac (son of) y Mynydd (Tom of the Mountain) "Big Bull" or "Slipshod Pool" and the Irish o (grandson of). living near Ffynnongroyw at a but what differenee does it This pattern survives in a time when Aonghas nam Beartn make? * i can teil you that few Leon surnames (Abgrall, was roaming the high ground plain obvious naming does not Abhamon, etc.) where ab separating Harris and Lewis? account for all nicknames. derives from mab = son}" and, Or Jac Coed y Glyn, Gwlihou An individual called "Big further disguised, in some ar C'Hoad Sec’h and Alasdair Bull" could well have been Welsh names (Price for Ap na Coille (chief of Clanranald a shy slight-looking maiden. Rhys, Bowen, Bevan for Ap of Glengarr.y, 15th Century) Owen, Ab Evan, for instance). all three assooiated through The present-day Celtic schdlar their connection with woods can learn much more about But what Gaels still call (coed, koad, coille)? CARN UOPage 23 general 1 Midway between trade and resid- found in the three language s: ence we find the millers lani Aonghas Cu (Nova-Scotia), ar Vilin, Huw Fel in and Ci Du (Kon), Biel ar C 'H1 Pu Aonghas Muillear representing (a Roman Catholic priest in respectively Bro-Gerne, Leon) remind one of the dog; An Baner Kernewek, Cornish Gwynedd and Lewis. An Cat cam (a Haesay woman) Nationalist Party's quarterly Lisa Cath (a friend of mine magazine. 50p / copy. An obvious source of nick­ so nicknamed in her village Subscription £5 (Overseas air­ names has always been the school), Naig Bisig (the mail £4.50) to CNP Publications physieal aspect of individuals. kitten), the latter having Trelispen, Gorran, St Austell, Let me introduce Tann Gamm, at least two counterparts Kernow/ Cornwall. the well known chouchenn (mead) called Piseag in Lewis; maker from Kore (Kerne)and his the Coileach of Kintail who near namesake lain Cam (Kess imitated the cock when he was district of Lewis), both lame ; drunk, and Twm Ceiliog, an the publisher; another in early riser from Bangor who Ked Per. Cam from near lynbyoh Welsh about both Welsh and shared something of that and plain Penn Kamm (Pleuveiilh, Breton ones is written out bird's charaeteristics with Kerne), both suffering from a and so is a third in Breton Yann Gilhog from An Ospital, wry neck; Penn Gwenn, a fish- concerning Wales alone; and erman from Keriti, Bro-Vigou- Kerne. The lobster gave its recently I started a regulär enn and Sioni Pen Gwyn name to Huw Gimwch from chronicle in,the Gaelic mag­ (strangely enough a coal-miner Llangoed., Mon, who ate it as azine Gairm. Not to mention his favoufite dish, to the in Bedlinog.) twice asunany projects. many Giomaich found all over Hosts of other nicknames can the Hebrides (almost one in I did not include Ireland in be more or less closely every Island) and to more than this study, for one reason paralleled eg.' Ceann a'laoigh one Legestr on the Leon coast. because I started with the (Calf'; head, Eriskay), Mel As for the herring, a man in impression that it has enough Pen Tarw (Bull's Head, Bangor) Oban whose mother sold it got full-time researchers in folk- 'hnd Chäkez Penn Oc'ii (Hog's named Sgadan after it, and so lore and ’tradition and they Head, Bro-Vigoudenn), or did fihys Ysgadan in Pontar- might resent my intrusion. again Beul Cam (wry mouth, ddulais (Morgannwg). I may add that this is not cf. officialised form Campbell) my Professional occupation. from Eriskay, Marged Oeg Fawr A common Celtic feature is I may be wrong about the Inish (big mouth) from Llanrwst and evidenced in the following interest in such research. 5eg Pu (black Mouth) from An random examples: Now 3ara In the Edinburgh School of Alre. Gwyn (Cymru) - a whole family Scottish Studies, nobody of Bara gwenn = white bread, appeared to be concerned or Certainly one of the oldest (Roskov, Breizh); Twm Dwy even to consider that it was and forcefully peculiar name Waith = twice; Marig 'benn worthy of attention. types common to all the Celts diw wech; Bai Ty Gwyn has is the one in which the poss­ scores of equivalents in As regards the Isle of Man, essive is used between an Brittany. Linking Welsh and the fact that there are no adjective and the qualified Gaelic, names like Bafydd longer any nat ive Speakers noun, or a remarkable charact- Bwgan (=bogey) remind one of does not preclude, any more eristic is affixed to its quite a few people nicknamed than in other countries, that owner's Christian name as a am bocan (the ghost). sorne people who cannot speak living motto. So Geal a chag the language may still unds*- (white his leg, a character Many of the nicknames of stand it to some extent. And in a Gaelic folk tale), Berr Wales and Scotlana are comp- wherever a language is/was he gar (short her leg, official osed with words which sound spoken, there is/was a certain name of my mother-in-law, Leor. almost familiär in Breton: amount of nicknaming, or at and Main ei goes (slender Mis Bafydd Bwp (topez in Leon - least nicknames in that leg, another Bangorese). Or dull); Hannah Bogail Haearn language still being used. alternatively Eobhann a’ Chlnn (begel houarn = iron navel); I thus got very good lists of bhig (Ewen his small head, a Twm Caseg Wen (Kaseg Wenn = nicknames, mostly in Breton Mac Lean of Loch buie killed white mare); Wil Bryw (surname in places in Brittany where in a clan battle about 1540 An Drew = the wren); - Bomhnall the language had died out, and believed to haunt his Sgit'n (skuizh = tired), Aonghas for more than twenty years descendants ever since) and Tana (tanav = thin); am Brigas in some cases. But in such Calum a 1 Chinn Mhoir (a famous (bragez = breeches); lain Dali areas one had better hurrjl Scottish king, anglicised as (dall = blind; GTiogair Glun Kenmore). Somewhat similar Dabh (glin du = black knee). I hope that some readers will in the P-Celtic domain are now agree that nicknames are the three Bretons Koll ( In yrriting this article I did worth collecting and studying. groc'henn (loses his skiri), not intend a systematic survey If anyone wants to ask me Dreb e dok (eats his hat) arid but just a little walk around questions about it all or Kac'h er. e voned (shits in his the nicknames already on my wishes to contribute names bonnet) using verb3, and the fiies. I have a variety of from their own place, it will Welsh Llaw.o ei got (full his books and papers in the three be welcome. My address is: coat) and Jac ar ei giwyd (or. Celtic languages referred to, Keredol, 29220 Sant Tonan, his barrier). at different Steges of prep- Brittany. aratioh. A book in Breton Comparisons with animals are about Leon nicknames i.s with Mikael Madeg. Page CARN 40 2H general Edward Lhuyd~a forerunner Ainong the wide ränge of works imprisoned as a suspected their own and did not need, which can be borrowed from the enemy agent" by the French for self-respect, to look to library of Conradh na Gaeilge authorities. He brought great Oriental antecedents. "Lhuyd Sr. Fhearchair, Ath Cliath 2) insight to the study of the hoped to expand the Breton found a 92 page bilingual prehistoric monuments scattered patrioti3m he saw in Pezron book*, Cymraeg on one side and throughout the Celtic countries. to achieve a strong national English on the other, about a To us however the most inter— or cultural feeling that Welsh Scholar who contributed esting aspect of his remarkable would embrace all the Celtic considerably to the study of and too short career is the peoples. 'Celticism' could botany and geology (he was one part he played in the rebirth make them feel they belonged of the founder? of Che study of Welsh learning and his to an ancient pattern of of fossils) as woll as to that Pioneering work in the field related nations, giving them of archaeology and 1 nguistics. of comparative Celtic philology a sense of unity that might He was perhaps the first to where he preceeded J.C.Zeuss be harder to find in terms of recognise the relationship by more than a hundred years. religion or social dass. It between all the Celtic lang- He wanted to check the ideas was a new idea, it played its uages. His research led him that bündled the tradition3 part in the cultural awakening thTough Wales, Ireland, Scot­ of Wales with those of of Wales in the 18th Century. land and to Cornwall and England" accordlng to which Lhuyd has received the highest Brittany (perhaps also to the two formed "a single praise from other scholars yet Mannin). To him science owes British nation descended from he has got so little re c o g ­ the discovery of numerous Brutus, who came from Troy". n i t i o n , says the airthor. We species of raountain plants in Unfortunately he could not should know him. such placea as on the highest di3suade his successors from rooks of Snowdon or Beann Mor continuing, like the Breton A. Keussaff. (isle of Mull). His excursions Paul Pezron, with the attempts wer? far from comfortable or to prove that the Celtic ♦Edward Lhuyd.F.R.S. 1660-1709. uneventful: "near Gill Airne languages were derived from By Frank Emery. Gwasg Prifysgol torie3 or Outlaws curtailed Japhet's Hebrew. He at least Cymru. Caerdydd (Cardiff) 1971. his sample collecting activ- knew that our peoples had £0.50 (ll years ago.... ) itie3", "in Bre.' t he was enough titles of nobility of

U N E SC O - help or hindrance ? Filmfestival

Not that I'm going to answer in most. The Fourth International that question - I merely want Festival of Film and Tele­ to pose it in one small aspect If, for example, one wishes to vision in the Celtic countries which affects all numerically translate an Estonian novel will be held on March 21-25 in weak peoples in terms of into Norwegian say one might Glasgow with the support of culture. expect this UNESCO scheine to (ainong others) the Scottish be helpful. Or, for members Arts Council and BBC Scotland. In 1980 Thule Press of Storn- of the Celtic League, if we The provisional programine away published a translation wish to translat.e from Welsh (partly in Gaelic) includes into English of the Swedish to Gaelic, from Irish to lectures on such topics as writer Stig Claesson's fine Breton, Cornish to Manx say "The future for broadcasting novel Ancient Monuments. They can we expect support under thxough cable and satellite" were assisted in publication this scheme? and "New information technol- by the Scotti3h Arts Council ogies and their impact on and also by UNESCO. The Copy­ Unfortunately not, since the pexipheral and sparsely right page bears this legend translations they would supp^ populated areas". The full "UNESCO Collection of P.epre- ort are into English and Programme will be available sentative Works / European FrenchI late in January. All infor­ Series / This book has beer, mation from the festival accepted in the / European Perhaps we should make repre— Secretary General, Library Series of the Translations / sentations to UNESCO about Farraline Park, Inverness Collection of the United this - if so it would be best IV1 1LS, Scotland. Natioris / Educational done direct since their local Scientific and Cultural representativea are often Organisation (UNESCO)". nominated civil eervants with Well and good. That partic- a reluctance to communicate Gaeilge Brezhoneg ular series has as policy the as one Welsh publisher discov- Skol Ober, the- long estabiished encouragement of translations ered in attempting to raise free correspondence school that from the minority languages this and related questions already teaches Breton, Welsh so to speak. The aim of a with the UNESCO's Irish and Esperanto through Breton, wider recognition and a higger Committee. audience is good insofar as i-s about to starfc a course in it goes. But it goes .too far Irish (for information:. SKOL P O'S. OBESt, GWAREMM LSURVAEN, PLUFUR i n two directions and nowhere 22310 PLESTIN-les-GREVES. CA RN 40 Page 25 general The oblong ball On 20 March 1982 an era of hard-working and well- time who was largely respon- came to an end for Welsh trained individuals among its sible for the successes of the Rugby football: the national people; and, even when it years 1964-79* argued that team was beaten on its home fades, it is likely to leave victory on the rugby pitch was ground by Scotland (54 points some worthwhile memorial like an important part of building to 1 8 ) . It had already lost the churches and calvaires up national morale, giving to Ireland (20 - 12) and to which, standing in desolate confidence that they could do England (17-7)» so Wales took Breton villages, testify that something better than anyone the 'wooden spoon' among the in the 15th and l6th centuries eise on earth. And,-if one teants of the British Isles when they were erected, looks at the dates of the and shared the bottorc place Brittany was one of the rugby victories, it does 3eem in the international (which leading trading nations of that there was some connexior., in this context means Europ­ the world. Similarly art- whether cause or effect, with ean) championship. The last istic success cannot exist political events: they began time that such a disaster in a vacuum: Dafydd ap Gwilym in 1964» two years after the befell Welsh rugby w^s in and the other brilliant Welsh drowning of Tryweryn to 1965. In the intervening poets of the 14th and 15th provide water for Liverpool period we had seen a remark- centuries could not have stimulated Welsh national able achievement: in the existed without a large consciousness.and two years sixteen years 1984-79 the audience, most of whom could before Gwynfcr Evans was Welsh team won the inter­ never have composed a cywydd elected as the first Plaid national championship eight but were educated enough to Cymru MP ever; they ended in times, and shared the top appreciate hearing one. Nor 3979 with the referendum place in two other seasonsj can scientific progres occur disaster and the Welsh team won the Triple Crown six in a social vacuum: 18th has gone steadily downhill times (that means 'they beat Century Icotland had a unique since. Carwyn James had some all the British teair.s i n the System of general education reason to know what he was same season); and on three for its people and a coneern talking atfout: a devoted of those occasions beat for practical results in its Welsh patriot, he stood as a Frapce as well. The 1982 universities, which account Plaid Cymru candidate for results Show that that is for how it produced engineers Pariiament more than once. all over for now. like James Watt, chemists like John Roebuck, without whom On the other hand there are CAAN readers may bo a little the Industrial Revolution, of those who say that the clever- surprised to find a sports whi<-l the English are so proud, est tbing the'English ever did column in our mtgazine. We would never nave got started. was to allow the Welsh and the don t often write about such Scots to enter teams for flippant matters, but I tbink but epcu'.mg success doesn’t international rugby football, CARN should cover all import­ seem to have any connexion soccer (the other kind of ant -ispects of society in the at aj.1 with competence on the football with a round ball), ohess and every other game Celtic lands; and rugby part of the people as a whole. football is certainly important it rould be pleasant to think under the sun. No other state in Wales. It is the national that the Wales which produced in the world permits such a game in the opinion of the tho rugby team3 of 1964-79 had division of national sporting majority of our nation. been a relatively physically represer.tation among its (I may prefer sheepdog-trials, fit and healthy community. subjects; it allows once proud a sport which we did at least The statistics show that the nations to degenerate imper-. invent, whereas rugby football average Welshman an woman ceptibly into football was br .ught from the English was visiting the doctor tnore supporters' clubs. I have public-sohool of that name, üften than the average English known many men in South Wales but nine seems to be an person. Though one mighT; liice who are in every respect ; • eccentric opinion.) to blame the English oppressor Engl ishmen and have never done for this state of affairs, anything for Wales in their So now, what are we left with honesty forCes me to admit lives, but, as they turn out after Barry John the magnif- that the direct causes are to cheer the Welsh team at the icent fly-half, John Williams that the Welsh ate more j u n k Arms Park in Caerdydd, they regard themselves as loyal the full-back, Gareth Edwards foods (which often cost more and all the other great than real food), smoked more Welshmen. And we all know of countries in Latin America players of the 1964-79 epoch cigarettes, drank more whose economies and societies have retired, giving place (especially the men), and took are a shamtles, and of other to somewhat lesa magnificent less exercise (especially the CGuntries in Lastern Kurope suceessors? Apart from the woraen). Nor does sporting where brutal tyrannies run fading memories of those success necessarily have a equally bankrupt economies, of us who saw them play, beneficial effect outside the and both types of regime not much! games-field itself, but or. divert attention frcm their this point there is some disastrous policies and Sport seems unique among dispute in Wales. activities on which a nation silence criticism by offer- can set its heart. Jconomic Carwyn James, the coach of ing the people modern endeavour isn't possible the Welsh rugby team, one without having large numbers of the great trainers of all zonctuded Page 26 CARN 40 general Echoes & reports Housing A Celtic League member in (Spaniah, Irish, German, Czech) Are you interested an the Auatralia, after reading in scholars to the study of the consolidation of existing D.B.Gregor's book 'Celtic - Celticisation of Galicia at a Celtic speaking areas and a comparative study' p.331> seminar organised in Pontevedra the creation of new Celtic that there was in 1947 a parish by the TJniversidad Internacion- speaking communities? in Edmonton, Canada, founded al Menendez y Pelayo of San­ by a Breton in 1913 and still tander. The different papers If we recognise that housirjg in 1947 mainly Breton, at least would soon be published by the Provision is one of the major in origin ar.d character', UIMP under the editorship of factors influeneing the would like to know where he Fernando S.Drago and Juan Cueto. everyday life od every Comm­ could get more Information Opinions seemed "to differ re- unity, then any practical about this and perhaps other garding the origins of fortifi- survey into housing need similar communities. cations and burial practices and the elements contributing (as if peoples in former times to shortage is worthwhile. could not have innovated From our friend J.L.Pacios, without conquest by others?). Our Celtic speaking communities Gijon, comes news of a lecture One 3peaker concluded that the are mostly in scenic areas, the organised by the Lliga Celta 'celticisation' of the ’idiom' envy of the second home seeker. of which he is the Secretary, spoken in N.W.Spain went back We all know of the severe about 'Celtic Rites in the to the Bron2e Age and not to economic pressures on the Asturies' which underlined the later invasions from young to seek employment out- the importance of natural, Central Europe (4th Century BC?) side of the Celtic speaking climatological and astronomical Another pointed out that the communities. But when job phenomena in the traditions of dearth of know edge about the shortage is coupled to housing the area. Celtic cultural culture of the Celts was due shortage then the pressure is characteristics had been weak- to a whole Celtophobic liter- unbearable. Adaitionally ened there under the influence ature originating from Greece there is a need for new comm­ of romanisation and ohristian- and later from Rome. B.Raftery unities to serve urban Celts •isation, and also by the from Dublin hinted at similar- or newly reviving languages transition from a rural to an ities which could have existed such as Kernewek. urban industrially-dominated between the celticisation of order. Feasts and customs, Galicia and that of Ireland. The London Branch is putting related to those of other together a 'think tank' on peoples which had preserved housing and its relevance to the Celtic speaking community. stronger marks of the Celtic In the year 38p the Roman All enquiries and offers of influence, had lost their general Maximus crossed over help o t Information are very to Gaul with a British army meaning in Contemporary much welcomed. Please write to do battle with the Emperor Asturian society but the to London Branch Secretary Gratianus. The young British Speaker mentioned a number (address on back coverj. of them which, like the mid- soldiers never returned to suinmer bonfires, had survived their homeland. Some were until today. lost in battle but others settled in Armorica. (See Lea Origines de Ja Bretagne. S o ccer A new associatiou called Leon Fleuriot). This was the "Araok Vreizh" aims at setting beginning of the'British As a further sign of interest up a Breton Uational soccer immigration to Armorica which in Celtic matters in the team and an inter-celtic champ­ reached its height in the oth North-West of the Iberian ionship in which Brittany would century. peninsula, a Basque friend be repre ented alongside has sent us a cutting from 31 Before leaving Britain, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Pais (Madrid, 20. 9- 6 2 ) Maxiinus handed over respons- Galicia. It was etarted by a titled 'Investigadores europeos ibiliLy for the defence of Dr Gaubicher (Centre Medical Britain to the Brythonic analizan la cultura celta en Kastell TJhel, rue du Prieure leaders from whom the Welsh Galicia'. It refers to new de Bere, 44110 Chateaubriant). kings and prinees traced data brought by various He has got the backing of some their line of d e s c e r . t . industrialists and appears to The oblong ball I n the summer of 1983 this be pursuing his aim with ensrgy (jpAeukou* page.) event will be celebrated when and Imagination. Brittany ha3 over 200 Welsh and Cornish 140,000 registered soccer circuses - the sporting men.bers of the Gorsedd of players and could hold her own successes of national teams, Bards cross over to Breizh in international competition. to joiu their Breton counter- athletes and the like. Has Dr. Gaubicher is confident of parts in a colourfui ceTemony nothing similar happened in populär Support but he is Wales? Surely one can adapt to be held in front of the likely to meet Opposition from the words of a great 19th Breton Parliament building the established structure, in Roazhon on Sunday, August Century sociologist and say particularly from the French 21st. that sport is the opium of so cer federation who could Br. Gwynfor Evan9 is at the masses. use a lot of red tape to present writing a bock ori prevent players from joining Ifan Lloyd. the historical significar.ce a Breton federation. We wish of the3e events. him success! CARN 40 Page 27 general R eview Du a gwyn / Gwyn ha Du. a Collection of 51 modern poems in Breton, with translations into 'Welsh printed on the opposite pages, was briefly mentioned in CARN no. ^9. It is available from Y Lolfa, Talybont, Ceredigion, Cymru. It is well worth its price (£2.95)» I will confess that I am often out of my depth in modern poetry (am I too rationally minded, not a real Celt?) so I was pleased to find that I could enjoy this selection. The editors, Dewi Morris Jones and Mikael Madeg, the one a Cymro who spent years in Breizh, the other a Breton who must have been frequently in Cymru, have done an excellent job of presenting thirty poets who express their feelings and attitudes faced with problems and situations which are shared by the Bretons of today - those of a personal nature as well REEL: a neo-celti-c, acrylic and oil painting on maisonite by aa others to io with the lack Ian Ban. _ The painting, which measures 3 f t by 4 f t , draus of Bretou freedom or v/ith the its inspiration from Stonehenge, monoliths, cams, uoven tensions of the modern world. crosses and intevlaced circles and is a modern application of Jndicative of the r-;pirit and, an ancient Celtic tradition. * mood in which several of the poems wer* written are the pictures on the fcook's cover: a photc of a Breton language Reminders deinonstration and a poster Celtic showing a prisoner breaking Most members of the Celtic his ch3ins. The biographical Leogue or subscribers to CARN notes in Welsh about each of ore due to renew öfter receipt the 30 poets will be walcom . of this issue. The rotes ore Congress indicoted on the back page. The Celtic Congress 1983 A.Heusaff. Will you all please give this will eb held in the Panty- = matter your attention os soon celyn Hall Aberystwyth on os possible so thot reminders July 25 to '50, 1983- will not be needed and we con Pull board here will cost be in a better Position to £60 for the period. Jhe decide how mony copies of Congress is seeking che aper forthcomihg issues are accomodation for young people required. who will be especially welcome. The theme of the Due to the lang deloy in the Congress is 'Communication' production of CARN 39, this ie. between the Celtic issue Is lobelled "Winter nations, between non-Oeltic 1983". The next issue will Speakers and Celtic Speakers be produced ot the end of and the use of the Media. April ond the following one Mr Owen Edwards, the head of in July. Deadline for copy the very successful new is March 25th.for CARN 41. Welsh Television Channel, Pleose feel free to submit will be the Welsh Speaker. matericl before the deodline Many events are being os this would in fact improve prepaxed, and the Congress our production methods. ln is fotunate in having the ony case, if you are writing Arts Centre, which has ' n in ony language other than splendid facilities, in close Cornish or English, please proximity. The Welsh Branch mark the script with those look forward to a good 1ess-important paragraphs ongress and a great gathering so that articles con be of the Celts. shortened if space is res- tricted. Delwyn Phillips. m > c a c ic l e v G u e 1983 A G M This year's AGM will be held in Kernow, from 2nd September to 4th September. Düring the following week (5th - 9th) the Corr.ish Branch will be orgar.ising various events which should be of interest. Talks and workshops on Kernow's history, culture, political Situation, etc.; Cornish language courses (with the Option of Instruction through Welsh and Breton or French if there is a demand); troyls and concerts; etc. Hopefully, translation Services will be available for talks and lectures. Full details will appear in CARN 41 and all Branch Secretaries will be notified as soon as possible. The Cornish Secretary, Jenefer Lowe, may be cor.tacted via her address on the back of CARN. Kernow Sept 2nd»4th

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CARN is published by the Celtic Leogue, 9 Br. Cnoc Sion, Dromchonrach, Ath Clioth 9. The Editor is Pedyr Gorry Prior, c/o PPSU, Drake Circus, Plymouth, England and ony contributions should be sent to him. Views expressed by contributors, where diverging too much from general Celtic Leogue policies, should be signcd by their outhors. Use of moteriol published in CARN is granted free provided the source is acknowledged, in which case, on indication of our address would be greotly appreciated.