Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT DUNLOP STREET WEST MUNICIPAL CLASS EA PARTS OF LOT 24, CONCESSIONS 5 TO 7 GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF VESPRA NOW CITY OF BARRIE COUNTY OF SIMCOE

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT DUNLOP STREET WEST MUNICIPAL CLASS EA, PARTS OF LOT 24, CONCESSIONS 5 TO 7, GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF VESPRA, NOW CITY OF BARRIE, COUNTY OF SIMCOE

Prepared for: Nathan Farrell, MCIP, RPP, CAN CISEC Environmental Planner McIntosh Perry Consulting Engineers Ltd. 400 2010 Winston Park Drive, Oakville, ON L6H 5R7 Phone: (289) 351-1206 Email: [email protected]

Re: Municipal Class EA, Schedule C

Prepared by: Lesley Howse, Ph.D. Associate Archaeologist Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. 4534 Bolingbroke Road, R.R. #3 Maberly, ON K0H 2B0 Phone: (613) 267-7028 Email: [email protected]

PRAS Project No.: PR19-011

Licensee: Adam Pollock, M.A., Licence P336 Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

P.I.F. No.: P336-0254-2019

Date: June 17th, 2019 Original Report

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Mr. Nathan Farrel, Environmental Planner, McIntosh Perry Consulting Engineers Ltd., provided overall project administration and logistical assistance.

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project Manager Jeff Earl, M.Soc.Sc. (P031)

Licence Holder Adam Pollock, M.A. (P336)

Historical Research Lesley Howse, Ph.D.

Drafting Adam Pollock

Report Writing Lesley Howse and Jamie Lawson, M.A.

Report Review Jeff Earl

ii Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. was retained by McIntosh Perry Consulting Engineers Ltd., acting as project planners on behalf of the City of Barrie, to undertake a Stage 1 archaeological assessment as part of a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (MCEA) for improvements to a portion of Dunlop Street West, with consideration for additional improvements for all intersection legs. The study area was situated within parts of Lot 24 in Concessions 5, 6 and 7 of the geographic Township of Vespra, in the County of Simcoe, now part of the City of Barrie (see Maps 1 and 2), and consisted of an irregularly-shaped area approximately 13.6 hectares (33.4 acres) in size.

The purpose of the Stage 1 investigation was to evaluate the archaeological potential of the study area and present recommendations for the mitigation of any significant known or potential archaeological resources. To this end, historical, environmental and archaeological research was conducted in order to make a determination of archaeological potential. A site visit was undertaken to confirm local disturbance.

The results of the background research revealed that although several features indicative of archaeological potential are located within or in close proximity to the study area, disturbances resulting from recent construction and landscaping activities have removed the potential for significant archaeological resources to be found within the subject lands. Accordingly, it is recommended that:

1) No further archaeological assessment of the study area, as presently defined, is required prior to the initiation of construction activities associated with the proposed improvements to Dunlop Street West and the intersection legs.

iii Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

disturbances or other alterations, including temporary property needs (i.e. access roads, staging/lay down areas, associated works etc.).

3) Any future Stage 2 archaeological assessment should be undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in compliance with Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). Given the urban environment, this should consist of a shovel test pit survey conducted at 5 metre intervals.

The reader is also referred to Section 6.0 below to ensure compliance with relevant Provincial legislation as it may relate to this project.

iv Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Acknowledgments ii Project Personnel ii Executive Summary iii List of Maps vii List of Images viii List of Tables ix

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Project Context 2 2.1 Property Description 2 2.2 Development Context 2 2.3 Access Permission 2

3.0 Historical Context 3 3.1 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview 3 3.2 Regional Post-Contact Cultural Overview 8 3.3 Property History 11

4.0 Archaeological Context 14 4.1 Previous Archaeological Research 14 4.2 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites 16 4.3 Cultural Heritage Resources 17 4.4 Heritage Plaques and/or Monuments 18 4.5 Cemeteries 19 4.6 Local Environment 19

5.0 Analysis and Conclusions 23 5.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential 23 5.2 Recommendations 25

6.0 Advice on Compliance with Legislation 26

7.0 Limitations and Closure 27

8.0 References 28

9.0 Maps 36

10.0 Images 47

v Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Page No.

APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue 59 APPENDIX 2: Glossary of Archaeological Terms 63

vi Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

LIST OF MAPS

Map No. Page No.

1 Location of the study area 37 2 Ortho-rectified 2016 aerial photograph showing the study area 38 3 Geo-referenced historical mapping showing the study area 39 4 Geo-referenced historical mapping showing the study area 40 5 Geo-referenced historical aerial photographs showing the study area 41 6 Geo-referenced historical aerial photographs showing the study area 42 7 Geo-referenced historical aerial photographs showing the study area 43 8 Geo-referenced historical aerial photographs showing the study area 44 9 Segments of surficial geology, topography and soil survey mapping showing the approximate location of the study area 45 10 Ortho-rectified 2016 aerial photograph showing archaeological potential and the locations and directions of site visit photographs referenced in Section 4.7 46

vii Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

LIST OF IMAGES

Image No. Page No.

1 View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West near Ferndale Drive North, facing northeast 47 2 View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street from Ferndale Drive North, facing southwest 47 3 View of the southeast side of Dunlop Street West from Ferndale Drive North, facing northeast 48 4 View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West from west of Serjeant Drive, facing southwest 48 5 View of drainage along the north side of Dunlop Street West at the west end of the Highway 400 interchange, facing northeast 49 6 View of drainage along the north side of Dunlop Street West at Cedar Pointe Drive, facing northwest 49 7 View of the southeast side of Dunlop Street West from the Highway 400 on- ramp to the west of the overpass, facing northeast 50 8 View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West at Cedar Pointe Drive, facing west 50 9 View of the Highway 400 interchange and the landscaped fill leading to the overpass, facing southwest 51 10 View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West at the Highway 400 overpass, facing north 51 11 View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West at the east end of the Highway 400 interchange, facing northeast 52 12 View of the southeast side of Dunlop Street West from Hart Drive, facing southwest 52 13 View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West from Hart Drive, facing northeast 53 14 View of the southeast side of Dunlop Street West from the east end of the study area, facing southwest 53 15 View of the northeast side of Anne Street from Henry Street, facing southeast 54 16 View of the southwest side of Anne Street from Henry Street, facing southeast 54 17 View of the northeast side of Anne Street from the south end of the ‘leg,’ facing northwest 55 18 View of the pathway entrance on the northeast side of Anne Street at the southern limit of the ‘leg,’ facing northeast 55 19 View of Hart Drive from the south end of the ‘leg,’ facing north 56 20 View of the southwest side of Cedar Pointe Drive from Dunlop Street West, facing northwest 56 21 View of the southwest side of Serjeant Drive from the south end of the ‘leg,’ facing northwest 57

viii Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

LIST OF IMAGES (continued)

Image No. Page No.

22 View of drainage at the southern end of Sarjeant Drive, facing northeast 57 23 View of the northeast side of Ferndale Drive from the south end of the ‘leg,’ facing northwest 58 24 View of the southwest side of Ferndale Drive from the north end of the ‘leg,’ facing southeast 58

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

1 Previously registered archaeological sites within a 2 km radius 17 2 Inventory of the Stage 1 documentary record 22

ix Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. (Past Recovery) was retained by McIntosh Perry Consulting Engineers Ltd. (McIntosh Perry) to undertake a Stage 1 archaeological assessment as part of a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (MCEA) for planned improvements to Dunlop Street West, from 200 metres west of Ferndale Drive North to 95 metres east of Anne Street North, with consideration for intersection improvements for all intersection legs and the area surrounding the Highway 400 interchange (Maps 1 and 2).

The objectives of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment were as follows:

• To provide information about the geography, history, and current land condition of the study area; • To describe any previous archaeological fieldwork and evaluate the archaeological potential of the study area; and, • To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 archaeological assessment in the event further assessment is warranted.

1 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

This section of the report provides the context for the archaeological work undertaken, including a description of the study area, the related legislation or directives triggering the assessment, and the confirmation of permission to access the subject property.

2.1 Property Description

The study area was defined on the basis of project mapping supplied by the project proponent and consists of an irregular shape that runs the length of the central portion of Lot 24, Concession 6, along Dunlop Street West, extending approximately 200 metres into the east-central portion of Concession 7, and 95 metres into the west-central portion of Concession 5, in the geographic Township of Vespra, now City of Barrie, in the County of Simcoe (see Maps 1 and 2). Intersection legs approximately 100 m in length included in the study area were located at Ferndale Drive North, Sarjeant Drive, Cedar Pointe Drive, Hart Drive, and Anne Street South. It also included the area surrounding the Highway 400 interchange, on both sides of Dunlop Street West. The property was slightly wider at the west end of the corridor, west of Fernbank Drive. As presently defined, the study area was approximately 13.6 hectares (33.4 acres) in size.

2.2 Development Context

The City of Barrie has retained McIntosh Perry to complete a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment study (MCEA) for the planned improvements along Dunlop Street West. Municipal infrastructure projects are subject to the provincial Environmental Assessment Act RSO (1980) and Regulations made under that Act; under the MCEA, the proposed improvements have been classified as a Schedule ‘C’ project. As part of the MCEA study, Past Recovery was retained to address the requirement for the Stage 1 archaeological assessment.

2.3 Access Permission

Almost all of the study area lay within publicly-owned rights-of-way and thus no access permission was required for these areas. All photographs were taken from the rights- of-way.

2 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

3.0 HISTORICAL CONTEXT

This section of the report is comprised of an overview of human settlement in the region using information derived from background historical research. The purpose of this research is to describe the known settlement history of the local area, with the intention of providing a context for the evaluation of known and potential archaeological sites, as well as a review of property-specific information presenting a record of settlement and land use history within the study area.

3.1 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview

While our understanding of the complete sequence of human activity in the area is limited, it is possible to provide a general outline of the pre-Contact occupation in the region based on archaeological, historical, and environmental research conducted across southern Ontario. The study area is located in the traditional territories of the Anishinabewaki and Huron-Wendat.

Across the region, glaciers began to retreat around 15,000 years ago (Munson 2013:1). The earliest human occupation of the region began approximately 13,500 years ago with the arrival of small groups of hunter-gatherers referred to by archaeologists as Palaeo- Indians (a.k.a Paleo-Americans; Ellis 2013:35). These groups gradually moved northward as the glaciers and glacial lakes retreated. While very little is known about their lifestyle, it is likely that Palaeo-Indian groups travelled widely relying on the seasonal migration of caribou as well as small animals and wild plants for subsistence in a sub-arctic environment. They produced a variety of distinctive stone tools including fluted projectile points, scrapers, burins and gravers. Their sites are extraordinarily rare, and most are quite small (Ellis 2013:35-36). Palaeo-Indian peoples tended to camp along shorelines, and because of the changing environment at present many of these areas are dry land. Most archaeological evidence for the Palaeo-Indian period has been found in southwestern and south-central Ontario at sites located on the former shorelines of glacial lakes, although there is evidence for some apparently inland Palaeo-Indian sites in the Toronto area (Ellis and Deller 1990; TRCA 2015).

During the succeeding Archaic period (c. 10,000 to c. 3,000 B.P.), the environment of southern Ontario approached modern conditions and more land became available for occupation as water levels in the glacial lakes dropped (Ellis et al. 1990:69). Populations continued to follow a mobile hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy, although there appears to have been a greater reliance on fishing and gathered food (e.g. plants and nuts) and more diversity between regional groups. The tool kit also became increasingly diversified, reflecting an adaptation to environmental conditions similar to those of today. This included the presence of adzes, gouges and other ground stone tools believed to have been used for heavy woodworking activities such as the construction of dug-out canoes, grinding stones for processing nuts and seeds, specialized fishing gear including net sinkers, and a general reduction in the size of

3 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. projectile points. The middle and late portions of the Archaic period saw the development of trading networks spanning the Great Lakes, and by 6,000 years ago copper was being mined in the Upper Great Lakes and traded into southern Ontario. There is increasing evidence of ceremonialism and elaborate burial practices and a wide variety of non-utilitarian items such as gorgets, pipes and ‘birdstones’ were being manufactured (Ellis, Kenyon, and Spence 1990). By the end of this period populations had increased substantially over the preceding Palaeo-Indian occupation.

Artifacts from Archaic sites suggest a close relationship to the Laurentian Archaic stage peoples who occupied the Canadian biotic province transition zone between the deciduous forests to the south and the boreal forests to the north. The region included northern New York State, the upper St. Lawrence Valley (southern Ontario and Quebec) and the state of Vermont (Ritchie 1969; Chapdelaine and Clermont 2003). The ‘tradition’ associated with this period is characterized by a more or less systematic sharing of several technological features, including large, broad bladed, chipped stone and ground slate projectile points, and heavy ground stone tools. This stage is also known for the extensive use of cold-hammered copper tools including “bevelled spear points, bracelets, pendants, axes, fishhooks, and knives” (Kennedy 1970:59). The sharing of this set of features is generally perceived as a marker of historical relatedness and inclusion in the same interaction network (Chapdelaine and Clermont 2003:323).

Archaeologists use the appearance of ceramics in the archaeological record to mark the beginning of the Woodland period. Ceramic styles and decorations provide evidence of the continued differentiation between regional populations and are commonly used to distinguish between three periods: Early Woodland (2,900 to 2,300 B.P.), Middle Woodland (2,300 to 1,200 B.P.), and Late Woodland (1,200 to 400 B.P.). The introduction of ceramics to southern Ontario does not appear to have been associated with significant changes to lifeways, as hunting and gathering remained the primary subsistence strategy throughout the Early Woodland and well into the Middle Woodland. It does, however, appear that regional populations continued to grow in size, and bands continued to participate in extensive trade networks that, at their zenith c. 1,750 B.P., spanned much of North America and included the movement of conch shell, fossilized shark teeth, mica, copper and silver. The recent discovery of a cache of charred quinoa seeds, dating to 3000 B.P. at a site in Brantford, Ontario, indicates that crops were also part of this extensive exchange network, which in this case travelled from the Kentucky-Tennessee region of the United States. There is no indication, however, that these seeds were locally grown (Crawford et al. 2019). Social structure appears to have become increasingly complex, with some status differentiation evident in burials. In south-central Ontario, the first peoples to adopt ceramics are identified as belonging to the Meadowood Complex, characterized by distinctive biface preforms, side-notched points, and Vinette 1 ceramics which are typically crude, thick, cone- shaped vessels made with coils of clay shaped by cord-wrapped paddles. Meadowood

4 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. material has been found on sites across southern Ontario extending into southern Quebec and New York State (Spence et al. 1990).

In the Middle Woodland period increasingly distinctive trends or ‘traditions’ continued to evolve in different parts of Ontario. Although regional patterns are poorly understood and there may be distinctive traditions associated with different watersheds, the appearance of better-made (thinner-walled and containing finer grit temper) ceramic vessels decorated with dentate or pseudo-scallop impressions have been used to distinguish the Point Peninsula Complex. These ceramics are identified as ‘Vinette II’ and are typically found in association with evidence of distinct bone and stone tool industries. Sites exhibiting these traits are known from throughout south- central and eastern Ontario, northern New York, and northwestern Vermont, and are often found overlying earlier occupations. Some groups appear to have practiced elaborate burial ceremonialism that involved the construction of large earthen mortuary mounds and the inclusion of numerous and often exotic materials in burials, construed as evidence of influences from northern Ontario and the Hopewell area to the south (in the Ohio River valley). Investigations of sites with occupations dating to this time period have allowed archaeologists to develop a better picture of the seasonal round followed in order to exploit a variety of resources within a home territory. Through the late fall and winter, small groups would occupy an inland ‘family’ hunting area. In the spring, these dispersed families would congregate at specific lakeshore sites to fish, hunt in the surrounding forest and socialize. This gathering would last through to the late summer when large quantities of food would be stored up for the approaching winter (Spence et al. 1990).

Towards the end of the Middle Woodland period, groups in southern Ontario began to experiment with horticulture. Available archaeological evidence, which comes primarily from the vicinity of the Grand and Credit Rivers, suggests that this development was not initially widespread. The adoption of maize horticulture instead appears to be linked to the emergence of the Princess Point Complex which is characterized by decorated ceramics combining cord roughening, impressed lines, and punctate designs; triangular projectile points; T-based drills; steatite and ceramic pipes; and ground stone chisels and adzes (Fox 1990). The distinctive artifacts and horticultural practices have led to the suggestion that these populations were ancestral to the Iroquoian-speaking peoples who later inhabited southern Ontario (Warrick 2000:427).

The Late Woodland period is distinguished by the widespread adoption of maize horticulture by populations to the south and west of the western end of Lake Ontario. Initially only a minor addition to the diet, the cultivation of corn, beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco radically altered subsistence strategies and gained economic importance. This change is associated with a time of dynamic cultural development that saw increased sedentarism, with larger and more dense settlements and increased

5 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. social complexity. The locations of large settlements were focused in areas of easily tillable farmland. Semi-permanent villages appeared for the first time, which were occupied year-round for 12 to 20 years until local firewood and soil fertility had been exhausted. Inhabitants lived in communal dwellings known as longhouses (although more temporary habitations such as small hamlets, agricultural cabin sites, and hunting and fishing camps are also known). Many of these villages were surrounded by defensive palisades, evidence of growing hostilities between neighbouring groups. A burial pattern of individual graves occurring within the village is associated with these sites. Upon abandonment, the people of one or more villages often exhumed the remains of their dead for reburial in a large communal burial pit or ossuary outside of the village or group of villages (Wright 1966).

These developments are believed to be linked to the spread of Iroquoian-speaking populations through large parts of southern Ontario, ancestors of the Huron-Wendat, Neutral, and Haudenosaunee Nations encountered at the time of early contact with Europeans. In order to assist with making sense of the complexity of cultural developments associated with the evolution of the populations in the area, archaeologists initially subdivided the Late Woodland period into three major stages: ‘Early Iroquoian’, ‘Middle Iroquoian’, and ‘Late Iroquoian’ (Wright 1966). While these general stages will be retained here for the purposes of this brief summary, simplistic temporal and/or geographic divisions based on archaeological collections clearly do not reflect the complex and fluid nature of cultural change and interaction (cf. Birch 2015).

Early Iroquoians (1,200 to 700 B.P.) lived in small villages (c. 0.4 ha) of up to 200 people, and each settlement consisted of four or five longhouses up to 15 m in length (Williamson 1990). The houses contained central hearths and pits for storing maize, and the people produced distinctive pottery with decorative incised rims. In the archaeological record, early Iroquoian cultural sites in the local area are characterized by well-made and thin-walled pottery vessels; ceramic pipes; gaming discs; and a variety of stone, bone, shell and copper artifacts.

Over the next century (700 to 600 B.P.), Middle Iroquoian culture became dominant in southwestern Ontario, with ‘Uren’ and ‘Middleport’ stages sometimes identified to organize the archaeological data, although again these are arbitrary constructs (Birch 2015; Dodd et al. 1990). Both houses and villages dramatically increased in size during this time: longhouses grew to as much as 33 m in length, settlements expanded to reach up to 1.2 ha and village populations swelled to numbers as high as 600 people. Middle Iroquoian villages were also better planned, suggesting emerging clan organization, and most seem to have been occupied for perhaps 30 years prior to abandonment.

During the Late Iroquoian period (600 to 450 B.P.) it becomes possible to differentiate between the archaeological remains associated with groups that would become the Huron, Petun, and Neutral Nations (Birch 2015; Ramsden 1990). These groups were

6 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. roughly distributed on either side of the Niagara Escarpment, with sites associated with the Huron and Petun east of the escarpment and Neutral sites to the west (Warrick 2000). Close similarities in the archaeological remains associated with the Huron and the Petun has led many scholars to the conclusion that these groups likely belonged to the same cultural tradition prior to the seventeenth century. Both Huron and Petun material culture is generally characterized by globular-shaped ceramic vessels, ceramic pipes, bone/antler awls and beads, ground stone celts and adzes, chipped stone tools, and copper objects (although the latter are rare). Sites associated with the Huron and the Petun have been found in a series of communities situated along stream courses that flowed into the north shore of Lake Ontario. Archaeological evidence suggests that one or more groups from this area populated what is now Simcoe County in the fourteenth century (Ramsden 1990). By the late fifteenth century, populations peaked and stabilized at 30,000 people. In the sixteenth century, it appears there was a gradual shift northward of the various Iroquoian populations, away from the shores of Lake Ontario, and culminating in the settlement of the Petun around Blue Mountain. Around 1600 A.D., there was a westward population shift, which saw Huron populations abandoning portions of what is now Victoria County and settling in Simcoe County (Warrick 2000).

The Neutral Nation stretched as far west as Chatham and as far south and east as New York State. Material culture associated with this group consisted of globular to squat- globular ceramic vessels, ceramic pipes, ground stone chisels, adzes and celts, exotic goods acquired through trade with other Indigenous (and later European) groups as well as bone/antler beads, combs, awls and needles, with a high prevalence of chipped stone tools. Sites associated with the Neutral have been typically found in areas with sandy loam soils. Large settlements tend to have been located around marshlands, at headwater springs and along smaller creeks, while small seasonal hunting and fishing camps have typically been found along lakeshores and major river systems (Lennox and Fitzgerald 1990). By the early sixteenth century, it appears that the Neutral population peaked and stabilized at 20,000 people (Warrick 2000).

Anishinabeg oral histories, which suggest a homeland far to the west of Ontario (traditions vary in where the homeland is placed), also include references to a migration to the Atlantic seaboard, as well as a subsequent return via the St. Lawrence River to the Great Lakes region, with the latter having occurred around 500 B.P. (1400 A.D.). Living on the Canadian Shield, these groups maintained a more nomadic lifestyle than their agricultural neighbours to the south, and accordingly their presence is less visible in the archaeological record.

The end of the Late Woodland period is defined by the arrival and spread of European fur traders in southern Ontario, when there were substantial changes in Indigenous material culture. Prior to the establishment of the fur trade, items of European manufacture were extremely rare at Huron, Petun and Neutral sites, save for small

7 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. quantities of reused metal scraps. With the onset of the fur trade c. 320 B.P. (1580 A.D.), European trade goods such as kettles, iron axes and knives, and glass beads became plentiful. These changes were associated with major population shifts in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, as traditional trade and exchange patterns among Indigenous peoples were disrupted (Ramsden 1990). The population shifts and the exchange of material culture have complicated the task of determining the cultural affiliation of archaeological collections and sites.

3.2 Regional Post-Contact Cultural Overview

The first European to venture deeper into what would become southern Ontario was Étienne de Brûlé, who was entrusted by Samuel de Champlain in 16101 to strengthen relations between the French and Indigenous groups and to learn their language and customs. Other Europeans were subsequently sent to train as interpreters, many of whom became coureurs-de-bois. Champlain himself made two trips into Ontario, initially in 1613 and again in 1615 (Gervais 2004:182).

With Contact, major population disruptions were brought about by the introduction of European diseases, against which Indigenous populations had little resistance. Combined, the endemic warfare of the age and severe smallpox epidemics in 1623-24 and again between 1634 and 1640 resulted in drastic population decline among all Indigenous peoples living in the Great Lakes region. The expansion of hunting for trade with Europeans also accelerated decline in the beaver population, such that by the middle of the seventeenth century the centre of the fur trade shifted northward into present-day southern Ontario. The French, allied with the Huron, the Petun, and their Anishinabeg trading partners, refused entreaties by the Iroquois to trade with them directly. Seeking to expand their territory and disrupt the French fur trade, the Iroquois launched raids into the region, culminating in attacks into the heart of Huron and Neutral territory in which key villages were destroyed and thousands of people were taken captive. The success of the Iroquois Confederacy in warfare led to the dispersal of the Algonquin and Huron groups occupying southern Ontario. In the following decades, members of the League of Five Nations from what would become New York State began to make tentative attempts to settle the northern shore of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, at places like Teiaiagon on the Humber River and Ganatswekwyagon on the Rouge River. Seeking to protect their economic and political interests, the Five Nations Iroquois did not permit French explorers and missionaries to travel directly into southern Ontario for much of the seventeenth century (Hessel 1993:63-65).

The fortunes of the Five Nations began to change in the 1690s, as disease and casualties from battles with the French took their toll. On July 19, 1701, the Haudenosaunee ceded lands in southern Ontario to King William III with the provision that they could still

1 From this section onwards all dates are presented as A.D.

8 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. hunt freely in their former territory. According to the traditions of the Algonkian- speaking Anishinabeg, Ojibway, Odawa, and Potawatomi bands began to mount an organized counter-offensive against the Iroquois in the late seventeenth century, which resulted in an expansion of the Anishinabeg into southern Ontario and direct trade with the French and English. This change saw Anishinabeg groups gain wider access to European trade goods and allowed them to use their strategic position to act as intermediaries in trade between the British and tribes to the north (Surtees 1982).

In 1754, hostilities over trade and the territorial ambitions of the French and British led to the Seven Years’ War, in which many Anishinabeg bands fought on behalf of the French. Following the French surrender in 1760, Britain gained control over New France; however France’s former Indigenous allies had not been conquered. In recognition of this situation, with an eye towards reconciling First Nations to British rule, the British government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, creating a boundary line between British colonies on the Atlantic coast and the ‘Indian Reserve’ west of the Appalachian Mountains. This line extended northward through eastern Ontario from the St. Lawrence River near present-day Cornwall to the eastern tip of Lake Nipissing. The proclamation outlawed private purchase of “Native American land,” instead requiring all future land purchases to be made by Crown officials “at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians” occupying the land in question (cited in Surtees 1982: 9).

With the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War (1775 to 1783), the British government recognized the need for new lands to settle the flood of Loyalists and disbanded soldiers moving north across the St. Lawrence River and sought to purchase large swaths of land for this purpose. Numerous treaties and land surrenders were subsequently arranged by agents of the Crown, with the first land purchases in Ontario taking place along the shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. In 1787, Sir John Johnson, the Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, was directed to purchase lands between Toronto and Lake Simcoe, as well as the lands eastward along Lake Ontario’s north shore, from the Indigenous communities occupying these areas, in order to secure the southern part of a proposed line of communication between Toronto and Lake Huron. The following year, while distributing goods to the Mississauga who had gathered to receive payment for their lands, Colonel John Butler reached an agreement with groups from Lake Simcoe and Pawastink (Port Hope) regarding the depth of the cession on the Lake Ontario shoreline. Although no description of the lands to be purchased was specified in a written agreement, the ‘Gun Shot Treaty’ as it is often referred to, was at the time interpreted as having secured these areas for the Crown and settlement of the area advanced rapidly (Surtees 1986).

9 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Vespra Township and the Town of Barrie

The large part of Vespra Township was surveyed over a twenty-four-year period by several individuals, beginning in 1811 when Samuel S. Wilmot surveyed a road leading from Kempenfeldt Bay to Penetanguishene Harbour at the southerly end of the township (Hunter 1909a:13). In 1820 James G. Chewett surveyed several townships in the area, including Oro, Medonte, Tay, Orillia and part of Vespra. Robert Ross continued the survey of Vespra Township, which was finally completed in 1835 by Samuel Richardson (Hunter 1909a:45-46). During one of these later surveys “it is said the surveying party were too much inclined to hang around some low groggeries on the Penetanguishene Road” (Hunter 1909a:46), resulting in some half-lots being attributed too few acres and others attributed 20-30 acres more than their due. Further, it later appeared that the land between Concessions 3 and 4 were not covered in these surveys, though it is possible they had been but the boundaries had been lost by 1872 when complaints were made. The inconvenienced landholders applied to the County Council for another survey, which was undertaken by Henry Creswicke. Consequently, there are several inconsistencies among the lots throughout the township.

In 1819 pioneers first settled the area along the Penetanguishene Road, which formed a boundary between Vespra Township and Oro Township to the east (Hunter 1909a:62). The development of Vespra was largely tied to the military port established at Barrie in 1812, with the first families settling in the area comprised of war veterans who commuted their pensions for free grants of land (Sneath 1906:17). Settlers began arriving from England and Scotland in 1819, and nine years later from Ireland (Hunter 1909a,b). In spite of this, the township consisted of only few isolated clearings up until 1831 when there was a more sustained influx of settlers into the area that lasted for about three years. This was followed by another lull in population growth until after the 1837 Rebellion (Hunter 1909a).

In 1842 the population of Vespra was 571, but by 1850 it had more than doubled to 1,254 (Smith 1851:56). Cultivated land, however, did not increase proportionately. Along Kempenfeldt Bay the land was poor, sandy, and stony, but it began to improve a short distance away with the centre of the township containing good land, though it varied to the north and west (Smith 1846:200). George Sneath, who settled in the area in the late nineteenth century, described Vespra as “only a third rate farming township, being very much broken by hills and swamps, and soil being poor, except in a few sections where it is very good, and where very prosperous settlements exist” (1908:16). In 1850 the infrastructure included one grist mill and four sawmills, with the primary crops being wheat and oats.

The Penetanguishene Road, Nine Mile Portage and Sunnidale Road were the main access routes in the early years of the settlement. The Penetanguishene Road was initially constructed to help facilitate the transportation of men and equipment from York to Penetanguishene during the War of 1812. It was also a main route for the transportation of furs from Lake Huron to York by the North West Company

10 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

(Anderson and Anderson 1986:53). The Nine Mile Portage, a well used route by Indigenous peoples, ran from Kempenfeldt Bay to Willow Creek, connecting Lake Simcoe (called Ouentironk or ‘beautiful water’ by the Huron), to the Nottawasaga River that flows into Georgian Bay. Providing an access line between the east and west, it came to be heavily used by the military in 1812 as well as by fur traders and the North West Company. The road was widened between 1812-1815 to allow use by sleighs and wagons and to transport supplies to the Government posts on the upper lakes (Hunter 1909b:203). Opened in 1833, Sunnidale Road was another early trail used for decades by Indigenous peoples, running from the head of Kempenfeldt Bay to the Nottawasaga River and branching off from the Nine Mile Portage to the southwest. By 1847 a stagecoach service was introduced along the Penetanguishene Road, which increased transportation throughout the township, bringing passengers from Holland’s Landing to Penetanguishene Harbour. In 1853 the Allendale railway station, at the head of Kempenfeldt Bay in the adjacent Innisfil Township, was opened by the Northern Railway and provided cheap and speedy crop transportation, as well as resulting in extensive immigration into the region (Hunter 1909a:173).

Situated at the southeastern terminus of the Nine Mile Portage was an old landing place on the banks of Lake Simcoe, which became the site of the future City of Barrie (Hunter 1909b:203). Barrie was the site of a key supply depot for British forces during the war of 1812, renamed twenty years later after Sir Robert Barrie, a British military commander in the region. In 1819 it became part of Vespra. Immigrants started to settle in the area in 1832 and over the next five years it became home to twenty-eight families from England, Scotland, and Ireland (Smith 1846:9). Barrie became the county seat in 1837 and by 1843 it was made its own district, after which its population grew rapidly. By 1846 it had a population of around 500 people, as well as a school, three churches, a brick courthouse and a limestone jail, six stores, six shoemakers, four blacksmiths, three taverns, three tanneries, two butchers, a wagon maker, a saddler, a watchmaker, a bakery, a cabinet maker, and a bank (Smith 1846:9). It was also home to one physician and surgeon, and one lawyer. Barrie gained official town status in 1850. By this point steamboats, including the Beaver, made regular trips from Barrie to the Muskoka Territory, Orillia, and other communities around the lake. A three-mile track from the Allendale railway station into Barrie was built in 1865, and by 1881 several railways including the Hamilton & North Western and the Northern had been connected to Barrie, bringing an inpouring of visitors and business.

3.3 Property History

Archival research was conducted in order to develop a general picture of the settlement and land use history for the study area through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, particularly as it relates to the archaeological potential of the property. Information was compiled from a variety of sources, including Vespra Township plans from 1820, the

11 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

1871 John Hogg map of Vespra Township, the 1879 Miles & Co. Map of Barrie, as well as twentieth century topographic maps and aerial photographs.

The study area runs the length of the central portion of Lot 24, Concession 6, extending into the east-central portion of Concession 7, as well as slightly into the west-central portion of Concession 5 (see Map 1). The land registry abstract index for Vespra Township lists the Crown patent for part of Lot 24, Concession 6, as being awarded in 1831 to the retired militia veteran John Canniff (or Caniff), with another part awarded in 1832 to his son Daniel David Canniff (Simcoe County Land Registry Office or SCLRO). John Holden was awarded 100 acres of the east half of Lot 24, Concession 7 in 1839, and George Brown was awarded the Crown patent for 100 acres of the west half of Lot 24, Concession 5 in 1831 (SCLRO). The patent plan based on an 1820 survey of Vespra Township confirms John Canniff as the initial owner of the southern half of Lot 24, Concession 6, and his son Daniel as the initial owner of the northern half (Map 3). It also confirms John Holden and George Brown as the original owners of the adjacent lots. Unfortunately the 1835 Goessmann survey does not list the occupants associated with the surveyed lots (see Map 3).

A petition made by Edward Kennedy to the House of Assembly of Upper Canada indicates that part of Lot 24, Concession 7, was first cleared between 1834 and 1835, when approximately 28 acres of forest was removed and 16 acres prepared for farming by German settlers at the behest of the Government (Reynolds 1836:109-110). In the petition, Kennedy, who had been employed to direct the clearing of various lots in the area, claimed that his employer, a Mr. Young, had managed the settlement operation poorly by not providing adequate provisions and cutting them off when complaints were made, and further by refusing to send a doctor when the settlers became sick. The court proceedings suggest that at least nine settlers had died, with the settlement described as “an utter failure” (Reynolds 1836:110).

The 1871 John Hogg map of Vespra Township does not indicate any occupants on Lot 24, Concessions 5 and 6, though a T. Drury is listed as occupying the east half of Lot 24, Concession 7 (see Map 3). The land registry abstract index lists Thomas Drury as having been granted the east half of Lot 24, Concession 7, in 1856 by the Sheriff of the County of Simcoe (SCLRO Instrument 14575). The present Ferndale Drive North and Anne Street North were in place by that time, but no east-west road had been extended through the study area.

This had changed by 1879 when the Miles & Co. map was published, which shows that Elizabeth Street (later named Dunlop Street West) had been constructed through the study area (Map 4). The adjacent land towards the eastern end of the corridor (located in the east half of Lot 24, Concession 6, and the west half of Lot 24, Concession 5) had been extensively sub-divided, though it is unclear whether any buildings had yet been constructed. Written across the central portion of the map and through Lots 23, 24, and 25, Concession 6, is “McConkey Block,” referring to Thomas David McConkey, an

12 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Ontario businessman, political figure, and merchant in Barrie, who served as a member of parliament and as warden for Simcoe County (Hunter 1909b). The map also depicts the route of the Hamilton & North Western Railway through the east half of the study area; however no tracks are shown on later maps or can be seen in aerial photographs, suggesting that this was most likely a proposed route that was never built.

A one-inch-to-one-mile topographic map of Vespra Township published in 1917 indicates that Dunlop Street ended at Ferndale Drive at that time, with no new cross- roads having been constructed (see Map 4). Eight buildings had been erected bordering the north side of the study area section of Dunlop Street, with four additional buildings along the south side of the road, distributed along the centre and east-centre portions of the corridor. Four new buildings had been added by 1928 as depicted on the revised one-inch-to-one-mile topographic map published that year, with a race track found approximately 300 metres to the south (see Map 4).

An aerial photograph taken in 1946 indicates that the area west of Ferndale Drive remained uncleared, but shows the extent of development by the end of the Second World War (Map 5). The corridor remained mostly rural though several structures and signs of disturbance can be seen at various places, particularly at the east end which included a new large industrial building on the south side of Dunlop Street. Much of the southern part of the study area was still wooded. Further suburban development can be seen along the margins of the eastern end of the study area in an aerial photograph taken in 1955 (see Map 5). By this point, Highway 400 had been completed through the centre of the corridor, with looping ‘off’ and ‘on’ ramps constructed to the west and east.

A 1962 aerial photograph reveals increased development in the section of the study area east of Ferndale Drive, with several houses appearing along the north side of Dunlop Street and cleared areas for larger structures visible on the south side (Map 6). Sargeant Drive had been extended to the south approximately half-way between Ferndale Drive and the Highway 400 interchange. Another aerial photograph taken in 1975 shows that Dunlop Street had been extended west into Concession 7, with much of the study area in the process of being developed or redeveloped for industrial/commercial use (see Map 6). This is clearly evident in a 1989 aerial photograph showing the route lined with industrial and commercial structures, with no major changes having occurred in how the land was used over the next decades based on aerial photographs and satellite images taken in 1998, 2008 and 2013 (Maps 7 and 8). Throughout this period, Dunlop Street continued to serve as a thoroughfare between downtown Barrie and the suburbs to the west, with the most recent Official Land Use Plan for the Town of Barrie (2018) indicating that the study area falls within a General Commercial Zone.

13 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT

This section describes the environmental and archaeological context of the study area which, combined with the historical context outlined above, provides the necessary information to assess the archaeological potential of the property.

4.1 Previous Archaeological Research

In order to determine whether any previous archaeological fieldwork has been conducted within or in the immediate vicinity of the present study area, a search of the titles of reports in the Public Register of Archaeological Reports maintained by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) was undertaken. In addition, a search of the Past Recovery corporate library was conducted and a network of professional contacts was consulted, including other licensed archaeologists working in the area. This search revealed that a considerable amount of archaeological research has been conducted within the former Township of Vespra and the historic town of Barrie.2 Known studies within the current study area include:

• In 2006, New Directions Archaeology (New Directions) conducted a Stage 1 archaeological assessment of Dunlop Street West from Ferndale Drive to Miller Drive/Tiffen Street. The study covered part of the study area that extends west from Ferndale Drive. In 2007, New Directions undertook another Stage 1 assessment of Dunlop Street West in the opposite direction from Ferndale Drive to Anne Street, including the core of the current study area. A third Stage 1 assessment along Anne Street, from Dunlop Street West to Edge Hill Drive, was also conducted by New Directions in 2007. Finally, in 2012 New Directions conducted a Stage 1 assessment for four bridges owned by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation in the area, including the part of Dunlop Street West that crosses Highway 400. All these reports determined that the study areas would originally have had a high potential for pre-Contact and/or historic sites, but that the high degree of disturbance caused by road and accompanying infrastructure construction activities precluded the need to undertake any Stage 2 archaeological assessment; • In 2001, Archaeological Services Incorporated (ASI) conducted a Stage 1 archaeological assessment of Highway 400 from 1 km south of Highway 89 to

2 In compiling the results, it should be noted that archaeological fieldwork conducted for research purposes should be distinguished from systematic property surveys conducted during archaeological assessments associated with land use development planning (generally after the introduction of the Ontario Heritage Act in 1974 and the Environmental Assessment Act in 1975), in that only those studies undertaken to current industry standards can be considered to have adequately assessed properties for the presence of archaeological sites with cultural heritage value or interest. In addition, it should be noted that the vast majority of the research work undertaken in the area has been focussed on the identification of Woodland period village sites and the historically-documented Jesuit mission sites, while current MTCS requirements minimally require the evaluation of the material remains of occupations and or land uses pre-dating 1900.

14 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Highway 93, encompassing approximately 30 kilometres along the Highway 400 right-of-way (ROW) in Simcoe County. The report recommended Stage 2 archaeological assessments for any lands subject to future construction. This resulted in AECOM (2017) conducting a Stage 2 archaeological assessment of Highway 400 improvements in 2015 and 2016, from 1 kilometre south of Highway 89 to the Junction of Highway 11, within the Town of Innisfil, Township of Springwater and City of Barrie. This included the part of the study area close to the Highway 400 interchange. A Euro-Canadian historic site (BbGw-78) was identified to the south of the study area, requiring Stage 3 assessment prior to any future construction activities unless it could be avoided. Permissions to enter were not procured for all locations determined to retain potential leaving outstanding archaeological concerns, though all of these areas lay beyond the boundaries of the current study area (AECOM 2017:75-76); and, • Archeoworks Inc. undertook a Stage 1 archaeological assessment for the City of Barrie Drainage Master Plan (DMP) in 2017 which encompassed the entire current study area. The final mapping is at a very small scale, but indicates that much of the Dunlop Street study area could be determined to be disturbed, though this would require verification in the field (Archaeoworks 2017:43).

Other known studies in the vicinity include:

• In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, archaeological research in Huronia was conducted by early researchers, including David Boyle and Andrew F. Hunter, on the locations of known archaeological sites. Of note is a publication produced by Hunter entitled Notes on Sites of Huron Villages in the Township of Medonte (Simcoe Co.) published in 1902; • In the period from 1920 to the early 1950s, archaeological investigations within Simcoe County were undertaken by professional archaeologists and academics, including W. J. Wintemberg, Wilfred Jury, Frank Ridley, J. N. Emerson, T. F. McIlwraith, and Kenneth Kidd, among others; • Archaeological field schools conducted by researchers affiliated with the University of Toronto have been ongoing within Huronia since the 1960s at sites including Auger (BdGw-3) and Warminster (BdGv-1); more recently Laurentian University has been running fieldschools at the Dunlop (BeGw-9), Ellery (BdGx- 8) and Dorion (BeHa-10) sites; • Several regional archaeological surveys have been completed, conducted by academics and government archaeologists (e.g. Warrick 1988; Channen and Clarke 1965; Lennox et al. 1986; Storck 1978, 1979, 1982); • Several archaeological assessments have taken place along sections of Highway 400 in association with planned road and/or infrastructure improvements or replacements. These include a 1976 study by Jamie Hunter, as well as Stage 1 archaeological assessments of the Highway 400 bridge at Sturgeon Bay/Vasey

15 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Road (County Road 23; New Directions n.d.) and the Coldwater River bridge on Lower Big Chute Road (MTO Site Code 30-033; New Directions 2013); • ASI (2012) completed a Stage 1 archaeological assessment of two large parcels of land in the City of Barrie for the Secondary Plan and Infrastructure Master Plans Project – Intensification and Annexed Lands Aboriginal Engagement Program. This covered Lots 1 to 10, Concessions 9 and 10, Lots 1 to 5, 12 to 20, Concession 11, and Lots 19 and 20, Concession 12, in the City of Barrie. They identified three previously registered pre-Contact Indigenous sites within the area: Clearly (BbGw-10), Paisley (BbGw-14), and McDonald (BcGv-11), and recommended Stage 3 assessments at all three; Stage 2 archaeological assessment was recommended for much of the remaining area they assessed.

4.2 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites

The primary source for information regarding known archaeological sites is the Archaeological Sites Database maintained in Ontario by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. The database includes all archaeological sites that have been reported to the Province through the submission of Site Record Forms by licensed archaeologists. The background research conducted during the preparation of this report included a search for any registered sites occurring within the vicinity of the present study area. The resulting search revealed that six archaeological sites are located within a one kilometre radius of the study area, including five Late Woodland sites (BcGw-17, BcGw-18, BcGw-21, BcGw-22 and BcGw-71) and one Euro-Canadian site (BcGw-20; Table 1).

Ontario also has a long history of amateur archaeologists and private collectors having discovered and collected artifacts from sites that have never been adequately reported to MTCS, and which, as a result, may not appear in the Archaeological Sites Database. For this reason, the background research conducted as part of this assessment included a search of the Past Recovery corporate library, with the goal of identifying published information on archaeological sites or findspots discovered in the vicinity of the present study area. Two additional archaeological sites were located within one kilometre of the study area, including one Huron Village site (Hunter Vespra 41) and one ossuary (Hunter Vespra 52; see Table 1).

16 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Table 1. Previously Registered Archaeological Sites within a 2 km Radius.

Site Name Borden Site Type Location Status Number Bennet BcGw-17 Pre-Contact; Late Woodland; <1 km Unknown Campsite Barrie BcGw-18 Pre-Contact; Late Woodland <1 km Unknown Campsite (Pickering and Uren); Longhouse, Midden, Village MLJ BcGw-71 Pre-Contact; Late Woodland; <1 km Unknown Village Cundles BcGw-20 Post-Contact (Euro-Canadian); <1 km Unknown Creek 2 Earthwork Cundles BcGw-21 Pre-Contact; Late Woodland <1 km Unknown Creek 1 (Middleport); Hamlet Sunnidale BcGw-22 Pre-Contact; Late Woodland <1 km Unknown Park (Middleport); Hamlet Hunter Pre-Contact; Huron <1 km Unknown Vespra 41 Hunter Pre-Contact; Ossuary <1 km Unknown Vespra 52

4.3 Cultural Heritage Resources

The recognition or designation of cultural heritage resources (here referring only to built heritage features and/or cultural heritage landscapes) may provide valuable insight into aspects of local heritage, whether identified at a local, provincial, national, or international level. Of specific relevance to the present study, some of these cultural heritage resources may be associated with significant archaeological features or deposits. Accordingly, the Stage 1 archaeological assessment included the compilation of a list of cultural heritage resources that have previously been identified within or immediately adjacent to the current study area. The following sources were consulted:

• City of Barrie Heritage Register (https://www.barrie.ca/Culture/Heritage/ Documents/Municipal-Heritage-Register.pdf) • Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office online Directory of Heritage Designations (http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/progs/beefp-fhbro/index.aspx); • Canada’s Historic Places website (http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/home- accueil.aspx);

17 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

• Ontario Heritage Properties Database (http://www.hpd.mcl.gov.on.ca/scripts/ hpdsearch/ english/default.asp); • Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s List of Heritage Conservation Districts (http://www.mtc.gov.on.ca/en/heritage/heritage_conserving_list.shtml); • Ontario Heritage Trust website (https://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/); • The Ontario Heritage Bridge List (MTO 2008);3 and, • Simcoe County Archives website – Researching Heritage Properties (http: //www.simcoe.ca/dpt/arc/research/resources/heritage/#.U_Jsc_ldWkE).

The search revealed that no cultural heritage resources have been previously identified within a 300 metre radius of the study area.

4.4 Heritage Plaques and/or Monuments

The recognition of a place, person, or event through the erection of a plaque or monument may also provide valuable insight into aspects of local history, given that these markers typically indicate some level of heritage recognition. As with cultural heritage resources (built heritage features and/or cultural heritage landscapes), some of these places, persons, or events may be associated with significant archaeological features or deposits. Accordingly, this study included the compilation of a list of heritage plaques and/or markers in the vicinity of the study area. The following sources were consulted:

• The Ontario Heritage Trust Online Plaque Guide (http://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/Resources-and-Learning/Online-Plaque- Guide.aspx); • An extensive listing of Ontario’s Heritage Plaques maintained by Alan Brown (http://www.ontarioplaques.com/); and, • An extensive listing of historical plaques of Ontario maintained by Wayne Cook (http://www.waynecook.com/historiclist.html).

No evidence of plaques or monuments associated with historically-significant places, persons, or events was noted within or immediately adjacent to the study area.

3 Proposed changes to provincially-owned bridges over 40 years old require an evaluation of their heritage significance using criteria contained within the MTO’s Ontario Heritage Bridge Guidelines for Provincially-Owned Bridges (2008). If a bridge is evaluated at a score of 60 or higher, it is recommended for inclusion onto the Ontario Heritage Bridge List, and a Statement of Cultural Heritage Value and description of the structure’s heritage attributes is developed and incorporated into a Cultural Heritage Evaluation Report (CHER). The CHER then serves as a conservation manual for the structure/property. In cases where a bridge is scored below the threshold of 60 but does retain elements or attributes that are considered significant from a cultural heritage point of view, the CHER will identify these elements and provide recommendations and mitigation measures as appropriate.

18 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

4.5 Cemeteries

The presence of historical cemeteries in proximity to a parcel of land proposed for development can pose archaeological concerns in two respects. First, cemeteries may be associated with related structures or activities that may have become part of the archaeological record, and thus may be considered features indicating archaeological potential. Second, the boundaries of historical cemeteries may have been altered over time, as all or portions may have fallen out of use and been forgotten, leaving potential for the presence of unmarked graves. For these reasons, a Stage 1 archaeological assessment also includes a search of available sources of information regarding historical cemeteries. For this study, the following sources were consulted:

• A complete listing of all registered cemeteries in the province of Ontario maintained by the Consumer Protection Branch of the Ministry of Consumer Services; • Field of Stones website (http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ ~clifford/); • Ontario Cemetery Locator website maintained by the Ontario Genealogical Society (http://ogs.andornot.com/CemLocat.aspx); • Ontario Headstones Photo Project website (http://canadianheadstones.com/on/ cemeteries.php); and, • Available historical mapping and aerial photography.

The research undertaken as part of this Stage 1 assessment did not uncover evidence of known cemeteries within or immediately adjacent to the present study area.4 The closest cemetery is St. Mary’s Catholic Cemetery located at 2008 Sunnidale Road, 1.5 kilometres to the northwest. The cemetery was first consecrated in 1867 and has remained an integral part of the Catholic community of Barrie.

4.6 Local Environment

The assessment of present and past environmental conditions in the region containing the study area is a necessary component in determining the potential for past occupation as well as providing a context for the analysis of archaeological resources discovered during an assessment. Factors such as local water sources, soil types, vegetation associations, and topography all contribute to the suitability of the land for exploitation and/or settlement. Accordingly, information from local physiographic, geological, and soils research has been compiled here to create a picture of the environmental context for both past and present land uses.

4 It should be noted that the research undertaken as part of this Stage 1 archaeological assessment is unlikely to identify the potential for the presence of unrecorded burial plots, such as those of individual families on rural properties. See Section 6.0 of this report for information regarding compliance with provincial legislation in the event that human remains are identified during future development.

19 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

The physiography and distribution of surficial material in the general region are largely the result of glacial activity that took place in the Late Wisconsinan and Holocene periods. The Late Wisconsinan, which lasted from approximately 23,000 to 10,000 years before present, was marked by the repeated advance and retreat of the massive Laurentide Ice Sheet (Barnett 1992 in Lee 2013). As the ice advanced, debris from the underlying sediments and bedrock accumulated within and beneath the ice. The debris, a mixture of stones, sand, silt, and clay, was deposited over large areas as till and associated stratified deposits. Striae, grooves, chattermarks and depositional forms in the area indicate ice movement in a south to southwesterly direction.

The study area is situated within a physiographic region identified by Chapman and Putnam (1984:113) as the Simcoe Lowlands that border Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe. During glacial retreat, the basins were flooded by Lake Algonquin, a glacial lake that occupied the Lake Huron-Georgian Bay basins. The region comprises two areas which are separated by the Simcoe uplands: the area to the west is the Nottawasaga basin and that to the east is the Lake Simcoe basin (Chapman and Putman 1984: 177), meeting at Barrie via a flat-floored valley. The Simcoe Lowlands range from 177 m to the Algonquin Bluff height of approximately 237 m asl; however general local relief rarely exceeds 7.5 m (Rowell 2013:15). The region includes several shorelines leading to a series of swamp and bog areas surrounded by shore-cliffs, beaches, boulder terraces, and sandy shores along Kempenfelt Bay (Chapman and Putman 1984:178-181).

The study area sits at an elevation between 230 m and 235 m asl and surficial geological mapping, completed at a 1:50, 000 scale, shows it consists of glaciolacustrine deposits consisting of sand and gravel with minor deposits silt and clay, adjacent glaciolacustrine beach ridges and till can be found nearby (Map 9; Rowell 2013:15). The soil map of Simcoe County, completed at a 1: 63,360 scale, identifies various types of soils occupying the study area with the large part comprised of sandy loam with imperfect drainage (see Map 9). Towards the east, Tioga loamy sand with good drainage is found and a very small portion at the western extension of the study area consists of muck over 30 cm in depth, underlain by rock, sand, silt or clay, with poor drainage.

The study area is located within Huron-Ontario division of the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Forest Region (Rowe 1972:93). The region is a traditional zone between the deciduous-dominated forests to the south and predominately coniferous boreal forest to the north (LSRCA). It is dominated by sugar maple and beech, with basswood, white and red ashes, yellow birch, red maple, and red, white and bur oaks. Eastern hemlock, eastern white pine, and balsam fir are also frequent, and there are scattered distributions of large tooth aspen, butternut, bitternut hickory, hop-hornbeam, black cheer, sycamore, and black oak. In swampy areas blue-beech, silver maple, slippery and rock elms, black ash are found, and eastern white cedar appear in swamp depressions and old fields (Rowe 1972:93). Though the area is north of the Carolinian

20 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Forest boundary, species including black walnut, ironwood, and American beech can be found throughout the area today (LSRCA 2012).

The Lake Simcoe watershed drains 261,887 ha of land into the 72,252 ha lake. The watershed includes 18 separate subwatersheds including 35 tributary rivers, five of which account for more than 60 percent of the total drainage area. The Barrie Creeks subwatershed covers 3,781 ha of land and includes the study area. It is fed by eight different creeks that flow through Barrie, and a few extend into Oro and Medonte Townships in the northeast and Springwater Township of the northwest. The Lake Simcoe watershed includes 75 species of fish, with over 50 different species inhabiting the lake. The Ontario Government’s Lake Simcoe Protection Plan indicates the area supports a significant winter fishery for lake trout and whitefish and a year-round fishery for perch, with Lake Simcoe being the most intensively fished inland lake in Ontario. The Barrie Creeks subwatershed consists of 12% woodlands, and has low levels of stream bank cover, wetland area, and interior forest area (LSRCA 2012). Several unnamed creeks, though currently channelized in areas, extend through or in close proximity to the study area (see Map 1).

4.7 Property Inspection

A property inspection was carried out as part of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment on May 17th, 2019, when the temperature was respectively 12° C and 8° C, and the weather was sunny with periods of cloudiness or cloudy with some precipitation. This inspection was conducted according to the archaeological fieldwork standards outlined in Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011), with field conditions and features influencing archaeological potential documented through digital photography and field notes. The property inspection has been used to supplement the background information to help inform the archaeological potential model developed below.

The results of the Stage 1 property inspection were documented with digital photographs. An inventory of the records generated by the assessment is provided below in Table 2. The complete Stage 1 photographic catalogue is included as Appendix 1 and the locations and orientations of all photographs used in this report are shown on Map 10. As per the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences in Ontario, curation of all photographs generated during the Stage 1 archaeological assessment is being provided by Past Recovery pending the identification of a suitable repository.

The site visit confirmed the conditions within the study area as seen in the 2016 orthographic image (see Map 2). It was apparent that a variety of activities have caused extensive disturbance within the study area along Dunlop Street West, at the Highway 400 interchange, as well as along the intersection legs. Factors contributing to ground disturbance include: road construction activities, including the build-up of ground to create the Highway 400 overpass and ramps; the excavation of ditches for water

21 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. drainage along Dunlop Street West and the intersection legs; excavation for buried utility lines; general development throughout the corridor including commercial and residential buildings, parking lots, and building utility infrastructure along Dunlop Street West and the intersection legs; and the construction of walking paths, such as that found at the southeast end of Anne Street (Images 1 to 24).

Table 2. Inventory of the Stage 1 Documentary Record.

Type of Document Description Number of Records Location

Photographs Digital photographs 83 digital photographs On PRAS computer documenting the subject network – file PR19-011 property and conditions at the time of the property survey

22 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

5.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

This section of the report includes an evaluation of the archaeological potential within the study area, in which the results of the background research and property inspection described above are synthesized to determine the likelihood of the property to contain significant archaeological resources.

5.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential

A number of factors are used to determine archaeological site potential. For pre- Contact sites criteria are principally focused on topographical features such as the distance from the nearest source of water and the nature of that water body or stream, areas of elevated topography including features such as ridges, knolls and eskers, and the types of soils found within the area being assessed. For post-Contact sites, the assessment of archaeological site potential is more reliant on historical research (land registry records, census and assessment rolls, etc.), cartographic and aerial photographic evidence, and the inspection of the study area for possible above ground remains or other evidence of a demolished historical structure. Also considered in determining archaeological potential are known archaeological sites within or in the vicinity of the study area.

Archaeological assessment standards established by MTCS (Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, 2011) specify factors to be considered when evaluating archaeological potential. Licensed consultant archaeologists are required to incorporate these factors into potential determinations and account for all features on the property that can indicate archaeological potential. If this evaluation indicates that any part of the subject property exhibits potential for archaeological resources, the completion of a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is required prior to the issuance of approvals for planned development in these areas.

Areas that are considered to have pre-Contact site potential requiring Stage 2 testing include lands within 300 metres of water sources, wetlands or elevated features in the landscape including former river scarps. Areas of historic archaeological site potential requiring Stage 2 testing include locations within 300 metres of sites of early Euro- Canadian settlement and within 100 metres of historic transportation corridors. Further, areas within 300 metres of registered archaeological sites, designated heritage buildings or structures/locations of local historical significance are considered to have archaeological potential. Conversely, areas within any of these zones shown to have deep and intensive ground disturbance in the recent past can be excluded from Stage 2 testing on the basis that any possible archaeological resources would have been removed as a result of this activity.

23 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

The study area exhibits characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-Contact settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

• The entire study area lies within 300 metres of unnamed streams, sources of potable water; • There are several registered pre-Contact archaeological sites in the vicinity; and, • Part of the study area contains soils that are well drained and sandy, of a type favoured by pre-Contact horticulturalists and agriculturalists.

The study area also exhibits characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with post-Contact settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

• Portions of the study area lie within 300 metres of unnamed streams, sources of potable water; and, • Anne Street, Ferndale Drive and most of Elizabeth Street (Dunlop Street West) had been opened by 1879 and can be considered historic transportation corridors (see Maps 3 and 4).

The site visit combined with the review of twentieth century mapping, aerial photographs and satellite images, however, suggests that the entire study area has been subject to extensive and deep land alterations that would have damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources present (see Map 10). These areas include:

• Areas of obvious disturbance associated with previous road construction, which involved extensive grading and the addition of deep (and subsequently compacted) fill deposits to construct the road beds for Dunlop Street West, Ferndale Drive, Serjeant Drive, Cedar Pointe Drive, Hart Drive and Anne Street, as well as the ramps and overpass comprising the Highway 400 interchange; • Areas of obvious disturbance associated with the construction of buildings, parking lots, building infrastructure, and sewage systems along Dunlop Street West, Ferndale Drive, Serjeant Drive, Cedar Pointe Drive, Hart Drive and Anne Street; • Areas of obvious disturbance associated with the construction of grading along walking paths; • Areas of disturbance associated with the placement of buried utility lines; and, • Areas of disturbance associated with drainage ditches along each road.

Further, much of the current study area has been previously assessed, with all relevant studies indicating that the sections of the study area covered retained no archaeological potential (AECOM 2017; Archaeoworks 2017; ASI 2001; New Directions 2012, 2007a, 2007b, 2006).

24 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

5.2 Recommendations

The results of the background research discussed above indicate that the study area retains no archaeological potential. Accordingly, it is recommended that:

2) In the event that future planning results in the identification of additional areas of impact beyond the limits of the present study area, further archaeological assessment may be required. It should be noted that impacts requiring consideration include all aspects of proposed development causing soil disturbances or other alterations, including temporary property needs (i.e. access roads, staging/lay down areas, associated works etc.).

The reader is also referred to Section 6.0 below to ensure compliance with relevant Provincial legislation as it may relate to this project.

25 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

6.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

In order to ensure compliance with provincial legislation, the reader is advised of the following:

1) This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the Ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

2) It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

3) Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

4) The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

5) Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological licence.

26 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

7.0 LIMITATIONS AND CLOSURE

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. has prepared this report in a manner consistent with that level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by members of the archaeological profession currently practicing under similar conditions in the jurisdiction in which the services are provided, subject to the time limits and physical constraints applicable to this report. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made.

This report has been prepared for the specific site, design objective, developments and purpose prescribed in the client proposal and subsequent agreed upon changes to the contract. The factual data, interpretations and recommendations pertain to a specific project as described in this report and are not applicable to any other project or site location.

Unless otherwise stated, the suggestions, recommendations and opinions given in this report are intended only for the guidance of the client in the design of the specific project.

Special risks occur whenever archaeological investigations are applied to identify subsurface conditions and even a comprehensive investigation, sample and testing program may fail to detect all or certain archaeological resources. The sampling strategies in this study comply with those identified in the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011).

The documentation related to this archaeological assessment will be curated by Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate transfer to an approved and suitable repository can be made to the satisfaction of the project owner(s), the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport and any other legitimate interest group.

We trust that this report meets your current needs. If you have any questions or if we may be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned.

Jeff Earl, M.Soc.Sc. Principal Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

27 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

8.0 REFERENCES

AECOM 2017 Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment Preliminary Design, Highway 400 Improvements from 1km South of Highway 89 to the Junction of Highway 11, Town of Innisfil, Township of Springwater and City of Barrie Simcoe County, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Anderson, A. and Anderson, B.T (ED) 1987 A History of Vespra Township: Pioneers and Settlements, Communities, Historic Places, People and Events. Belleville: Mika Publishing Company.

Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI) 2012 Stage 1 Archaeological Resource Assessment for the Annexed Lands Lots 1 to 10, Concessions 9 and 10, Lots 1 to 5, 12 to 20, Concession 11, Lots 19 and 20, Concession 12, Geographic Township of Innisfil, Simcoe County, City of Barrie. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2001 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of Highway 400 Planning Study from One Kilometre South of Highway 89, Northerly to the Penetanguishene Road (Highway 93) at Highway 11, GWP 30-95-00. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Archaeoworks Inc. (Archaeoworks) 2017 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment for the City of Barrie Drainage Master Plan, Municipal Class Environmental Assessment, Geographic Township of Vespra and Innisfil, Former County of Simcoe, Now in the City of Barrie, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Barnett, P. J. 1997 Quaternary Geology, Eastern Half of the Barrie and Elmvale Areas. Ontario Geological Survey Map 2645, Scale 1:50,000.

Birch, Jennifer 2015 “Current Research on the Historical Development of Northern Iroquoian Societies.” Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol.22, No. 4.

Brown, Alan 2019 Ontario’s Historical Plaques. Accessed online at 2019 Toronto’s Historical Plaques. Accessed online at

28 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Canada’s Historic Places n.d. Canada’s Historic Places. Parks Canada, accessed online at

CanadaGenWeb 2019 CanadaGenWeb’s Cemetery Project. CanadaGenWeb. Accessed online at n.d. Google Fusion Tables. CanadaGenWeb. Accessed online at

Channen, E. R., and N. D. Clarke 1965 The Copeland Site: A Precontact Huron Site in Simcoe County, Ontario. Anthropology Papers Number 8. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.

Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Toronto: Ministry of Natural Resources.

Chapdelaine, Claude and Norman Clermont 2003 “Conclusion.” Île aux Allumettes, L’Archaïque supérieur dans l’Outaouais. Ed. Norman Clermont, Claude Chapdelaine, and Jacques Cinq-Mars. Paléo- Québec 30. Gatineau: Recherches amérindiennes au Québec, Montréal and the Musée canadien des civilisations, pp. 321-324.

Crawford, Gary, Jessica L. Lytle, Ron Williamson, and Robert Wojtowicz 2019 “An Early Woodland Domesticated Chenopod (Chenopodium Berlandieri Subsp. Jonesianum) Cache from the Tutella Heights Site, Ontario, Canada.” American Antiquity 84(1), pp. 143-157.

Dodd, Christine F., Dana R. Poulton, Paul Lennox, David G. Smith, and Gary A. Warrick 1990 “The Middle Ontario Iroquoian Stage.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 321–359.

Ellis, C.J. 2013 “Before Pottery: Paleoindian and Archaic Hunter-Gatherers.” Before Ontario: The Archaeology of a Province. Ed. Marit Munson and Susan Jamieson. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 35-47.

29 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Ellis, C. J. and B. Deller 1990 “Paleo-Indians.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 37-74.

Ellis, C. J., I. Kenyon and M. Spence 1990 “The Archaic.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 65-124.

Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office 2017 Directory of Heritage Designations. Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office. Accessed online at

Fox, William 1990 “The Middle Woodland to Late Woodland Transition.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 71-188.

Gervais, Gaétan 2004 “Champlain and Ontario (1603-35).” Champlain: The Birth of French America. Ed. Raymonde Litalien and Denis Vaugeois. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 180–190.

Hessel, Peter 1993 The Algonkin Nation - The Algonkins of the Ottawa Valley: An Historical Outline. Arnprior: Kichesippi Books.

Hunter, Andrew F. 1909 A History of Simcoe County. Two vols. Barrie: Simcoe County Council. 1907 Huron Village Sites. Toronto: The Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 1902 Notes on Sites of Huron Villages in the Township of Medonte (Simcoe Co.). Reprinted. Toronto: Warwick Bro’s & Rutter.

Hunter, J. 1976 An Archaeological Assessment of Highway Corridors 400, 12, and 26, Simcoe County, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

30 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Kennedy, Clyde 1970 The Upper Ottawa Valley. Pembroke: Renfrew County Council.

Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority (LSRCA) 2012 Barrie Creeks, Lovers Creek and Hewitt’s Creek Subwatershed Plan. Accessed on-line at

Lee, V. L. 2013 Aggregate Resources Inventory of the City of Ottawa, Southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 191. Sudbury: Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines.

Lennox, Paul A., Christine F. Dodd, and Carl R. Murphy 1986 The Wiacek Site: A Late Middleport Component, Simcoe County, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Lennox, Paul A. & William R. Fitzgerald 1990 “The Culture History and Archaeology of the Neutral Iroquoians.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 405–456.

Miles & Co. 1879 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the Town of Barrie. Toronto: Miles & Co.

Ministry of Consumer Services 2013 Alphabetical Listing of Ontario Cemeteries. Consumer Protection Branch.

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) 2018 List of Heritage Conservation Districts. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. Accessed online at 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Munson, M. 2013 “A Land Before Ontario.” Before Ontario: The Archaeology of a Province. Ed. Marit Munson and Susan Jamieson. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 21-23.

31 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

New Directions Archaeology Ltd. (NDA) n.d. Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Coldwater River Bridge, on Lower Big Chute Road (MTO Structure 30-033), East of Highway 400, Lot 21, Concession 11, Township of Medonte, City of Oro-Medonte, Simcoe County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2013 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of Coldwater Bridge Structures, Highway 400 and Country Road 23, Lot 23, Concession 11, Township of Severn, Simcoe County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2012 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of Four Bridges (MTO Structures: 30-172, 30-178, 30-347, and 30-175). Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2007a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of Dunlop Street West, from Ferndale Drive to Anne Street, City Barrie. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2007b Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of Anne Street, from Dunlop Street to Edgehill Drive, City of Barrie. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2006 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of Dunlop Street (West), from Ferndale Drive to Miller Drive/Tiffen Street, City of Barrie. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Ontario Genealogical Society 2019 Canadian Headstone Photo Project. Canadian Headstone. Accessed online at n.d. OGS Cemeteries. Digital Collection & Library Catalogue. Accessed online at

Ontario Government 2019 Lake Simcoe Protection Plan. Accessed online at < https://www.ontario.ca/ page/lake-simcoe-protection-plan>

Ontario Heritage Properties Database 2019 Search for Information about Ontario’s Cultural Heritage Resources. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. Accessed online at

Ontario Heritage Trust n.d. Plaque Database. Ontario Heritage Trust. Accessed online at

32 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Ramsden, Peter G. 1990 “The Hurons: Archaeology and Culture History.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 361–384.

Reynolds, M. 1836 Appendix to the Journal of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada, of the Second Session of the Twelfth Provincial Parliament. Marshall Spring Bidwell, Esq, Speaker. Vol. III.

Ritchie, W.A. 1969 The Archaeology of New York State. Revised edition. New York: The Natural History Press.

Rowe, J.S. 1977 Forest Regions of Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Forestry Service and the Department of Fisheries and the Environment.

Rowell, D.J. 2013 Aggregate Resources Inventory of the County of Simcoe, Southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper.

Sneath, G. 1908 “Sunnidale Fifty Years Ago.” Pioneer Papers No. 1. Barrie: Simcoe County Pioneer and Historical Society, pp. 7-13.

Smith, W.H. 1851 Canada: Past, Present and Future, Being a Historical, Geographical, Geological and Statistical Account of Canada West. Two Volumes. Toronto: Thomas Maclear. 1846 Smith’s Canadian Gazetteer: Comprising Statistical and General Information Respecting All Parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West. Toronto: H& W. Rowsell.

Spence, M., R. Pihl, and C. Murphy 1990 “Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 125-169.

33 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Storck, Peter L. 1978 “Some Recent Developments in the Search for Early Man in Ontario.” Ontario Archaeology 29, pp. 3–16. 1979 A Report on the Banting and Hussey Sites: Two Paleo-Indian Campsites in Simcoe County, Southern Ontario. Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper 93. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. 1982 “Palaeo-Indian Settlement Patterns Associated with the Strandline of Glacial Lake Algonquin in Southcentral Ontario.” Canadian Journal of Archaeology 6, pp. 1–31.

Surtees, R. 1986 Treaty Research Report: The Williams Treaties. Report on file, Treaties and Historical Research Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (now Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada). 1982 Indian Land Cessions in Ontario, 1763-1862: The Evolution of a System. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Carleton University.

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) 2015 Archaeological Assessment (Stage 1 - 2) in the City of Toronto, Imperial Oil Integrity Dig, Lot 30, Concession B Fronting the Humber, Historic Etobicoke Township, York County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Town of Barrie 2018 Land Use, Official Plan Schedule A. Accessed on-line at

Warrick, Garry 2000 “The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario.” Journal of World Prehistory, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 415-466. 1988 The Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Simcoe County: Results of the Southern Simcoe County Archaeological Project: 1985-1986. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Williamson, Ronald F. 1990 “The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 291–320.

34 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Williamson, Ronald F., Martin S. Copper and David A. Robertson 1998 “The 1989-90 Excavations at the Parsons Site: Introduction and Retrospect.” Ontario Archaeology, No. 65/66, pp. 4-16.

Wright, James V. 1966 The Ontario Iroquois Tradition. Bulletin Number 213. Anthropological Series Number 75. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada.

PRIMARY DOCUMENTS:

Department of National Defence:

1928 one-inch-to-one-mile topographic map, Barrie Sheet

Geological Survey of Canada:

1917 one-inch-to-one-mile topographic map, Barrie Sheet - Map 163A

Library and Archives Canada (LAC):

National Map Collection (NMC):

NMC 3297 1871 John Hogg Map.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF):

SR 2276 D1 1820 patent plan, Chewett Survey of Vespra Township SR2278 K25 1835 Goessman Survey of Vespra Township

National Air Photo Library (NAPL):

Year Roll # Photo # Scale 1946 A10078 60, 62 & 64 1:20,000 1955 A15102 15 1:25,000 1962 A17864 43 1:25,000 1975 A23963 44 1:25,000

35 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

9.0 MAPS

36 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 1. Location of the study area.

37 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 2. Ortho-rectified 2016 aerial photograph showing the study area.

38 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 3. Geo-referenced historical mapping showing the study area.

39 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 4. Geo-referenced historical mapping showing the study area.

40 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 5. Geo-referenced historical aerial photographs showing the study area.

41 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 6. Geo-referenced historical aerial photographs showing the study area.

42 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 7. Geo-referenced historical aerial photographs showing the study area.

43 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 8. Geo-referenced historical aerial photographs showing the study area.

44 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 9. Segments of surficial geology, topography and soil survey mapping showing the approximate location of the study area.

45 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 10. Ortho-rectified 2016 aerial photograph showing archaeological potential and the locations and directions of site visit photographs referenced in Section 4.7.

46 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

10.0 IMAGES

Image 1. View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West near Ferndale Drive North, facing northeast. (PR19-011D138)

Image 2. View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street from Ferndale Drive North, facing southwest. (PR19-011D139)

47 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 3. View of the southeast side of Dunlop Street West from Ferndale Drive North, facing northeast. (PR19-011D122)

Image 4. View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West from west of Serjeant Drive, facing southwest. (PR19-011D006)

48 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 5. View of drainage along the north side of Dunlop Street West at the west end of the Highway 400 interchange, facing northeast. (PR19-011D028)

Image 6. View of drainage along the north side of Dunlop Street West at Cedar Pointe Drive, facing northwest. (PR19-011D029)

49 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 7. View of the southeast side of Dunlop Street West from the Highway 400 on- ramp to the west of the overpass, facing northeast. (PR19-011D101)

Image 8. View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West at Cedar Pointe Drive, facing west. (PR19-011D027)

50 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 9. View of the Highway 400 interchange and the landscaped fill leading to the overpass, facing southwest. (PR19-011D094)

Image 10. View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West at the Highway 400 overpass, facing north. (PR19-011D038)

51 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 11. View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West at the east end of the Highway 400 interchange, facing northeast. (PR19-011D054)

Image 12. View of the southeast side of Dunlop Street West from Hart Drive, facing southwest. (PR19-011D084)

52 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 13. View of the northwest side of Dunlop Street West from Hart Drive, facing northeast. (PR19- 011D093)

Image 14. View of the southeast side of Dunlop Street West from the east end of the study area, facing southwest. (PR19-011D064)

53 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 15. View of the northeast side of Anne Street from Henry Street, facing southeast. (PR19-011D013)

Image 16. View of the southwest side of Anne Street from Henry Street, facing southeast. (PR19-011D126)

54 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 17. View of the northeast side of Anne Street from the south end of the ‘leg,’ facing northwest. (PR19- 011D068)

Image 18. View of the pathway entrance on the northeast side of Anne Street at the southern limit of the ‘leg,’ facing northeast. (PR19- 011D069)

55 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 19. View of Hart Drive from the south end of the ‘leg,’ facing north. (PR19- 011D080)

Image 20. View of the southwest side of Cedar Pointe Drive from Dunlop Street West, facing northwest. (PR19-011D011)

56 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 21. View of the southwest side of Serjeant Drive from the south end of the ‘leg,’ facing northwest. (PR19-011D117)

Image 22. View of drainage at the southern end of Sarjeant Drive, facing northeast. (PR19-011D116)

57 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 23. View of the northeast side of Ferndale Drive from the south end of the ‘leg,’ facing northwest. (PR19-011D125)

Image 24. View of the southwest side of Ferndale Drive from the north end of the ‘leg,’ facing southeast. (PR19-011D141)

58 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue

Camera: Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS3

Catalogue No. Description Dir. PR19-011D001 North side of Dunlop Street east of the 400 interchange NE PR19-011D002 Anne Street at Henry Street SW PR19-011D003 North side of Dunlop Street east of Ferndale Drive NE PR19-011D004 North side of Dunlop Street east of Ferndale Drive SW PR19-011D005 North side of Dunlop Street west of Serjeant Drive NE PR19-011D006 North side of Dunlop Street west of Serjeant Drive SW PR19-011D007 North side of Dunlop Street east of Serjeant Drive NE PR19-011D008 North side of Dunlop Street west of Cedar Pointe Drive NE PR19-011D009 North side of Dunlop Street west of Cedar Pointe Drive SW PR19-011D010 Commercial building west of Cedar Pointe Drive W PR19-011D011 West side of Cedar Pointe Drive from Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D012 West side of Cedar Pointe Drive from north of Dunlop Street SE PR19-011D013 East side of Anne Street from Henry Street SE PR19-011D014 West side of Cedar Pointe Drive N PR19-011D015 West side of Cedar Pointe Drive S PR19-011D016 West side of Cedar Pointe Drive at the study area limits N PR19-011D017 West side of Cedar Pointe Drive at the study area limits S PR19-011D018 West side of Cedar Pointe Drive to the north of the study area N PR19-011D019 Cedar Pointe Drive at the study area limits E PR19-011D020 Cedar Pointe Drive at the study area limits W PR19-011D021 East side of Cedar Pointe Drive to the north of the study area N PR19-011D022 East side of Cedar Pointe Drive at the study area limits S PR19-011D023 East side of Cedar Pointe Drive N PR19-011D024 East side of Anne Street north of Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D025 East side of Cedar Pointe Drive north of Dunlop Street SE PR19-011D026 East side of Cedar Pointe Drive north of Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D027 Cedar Pointe Drive at Dunlop Street W PR19-011D028 North side of Dunlop Street east of Cedar Pointe Drive NE PR19-011D029 Culvert at Cedar Pointe Drive at Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D030 North side of Dunlop Street east of Cedar Pointe Drive SW PR19-011D031 North side of Dunlop Street west of Highway 400 NE PR19-011D032 Steep slope of the ramp leading to the Highway 400 overpass NW PR19-011D033 North side of Dunlop Street west of Highway 400 NE PR19-011D034 North side of Dunlop Street west of Highway 400 SW PR19-011D035 East side of Anne Street north of Dunlop Street SE PR19-011D036 North side of Dunlop Street at the Highway 400 overpass NE PR19-011D037 Steep slope of the ramp leading to the Highway 400 overpass W PR19-011D038 The Highway 400 overpass S PR19-011D039 The Highway 400 overpass N PR19-011D040 North side of Dunlop Street at the Highway 400 overpass SW PR19-011D041 The Highway 400 overpass N

59 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Catalogue No. Description Dir. PR19-011D042 North side of Dunlop Street at the Highway 400 overpass NE PR19-011D043 North side of Dunlop Street at the Highway 400 overpass SW PR19-011D044 Steep slope of the ramp leading to the Highway 400 overpass NW PR19-011D045 Steep slope of the ramp leading to the Highway 400 overpass N PR19-011D046 Esso station on the east side of Anne Street NE PR19-011D047 Steep slope of the ramp leading to the Highway 400 overpass NW PR19-011D048 North side of Dunlop Street east of the Highway 400 overpass NE PR19-011D049 North side of Dunlop Street east of the Highway 400 overpass SW PR19-011D050 North side of Dunlop Street east of the Highway 400 off-ramp SW PR19-011D051 North side of Dunlop Street east of the Highway 400 off-ramp NE PR19-011D052 Highway ramps leading to the north side of Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D053 North side of Dunlop Street east of the Highway 400 off-ramp SW PR19-011D054 North side of Dunlop Street east of the Highway 400 off-ramp NE PR19-011D055 East side of Anne Street from the Esso station SE PR19-011D056 North side of Dunlop Street at Anne Street SW PR19-011D057 North side of Dunlop Street from Anne Street NE PR19-011D058 Dunlop Street at Anne Street SE PR19-011D059 Dunlop Street at Anne Street S PR19-011D060 North side of Dunlop Street from Hart Drive SW PR19-011D061 North side of Dunlop Street from Anne Street NE PR19-011D062 South side of Dunlop Street at the east end of the study area SE PR19-011D063 North side of Dunlop Street at the east end of the study area NE PR19-011D064 South side of Dunlop Street from the east end of the study area SW PR19-011D065 South side of Dunlop Street from Anne Street NE PR19-011D066 East side of Anne Street from Dunlop Street SE PR19-011D067 East side of Anne Street looking towards Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D068 East side of Anne Street looking towards Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D069 Pathway at the south end of the Anne Street leg NE PR19-011D070 West side of Anne Street at the south end of the Anne Street leg SW PR19-011D071 North side of Dunlop Street at Hart Drive NE PR19-011D072 East side of Anne Street at the south end of the Anne Street leg NE PR19-011D073 West side of Anne Street looking towards Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D074 West side of Anne Street looking towards the south end of the leg SE PR19-011D075 West side of Anne Street looking towards Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D076 West side of Anne Street from Dunlop Street SE PR19-011D077 South side of Dunlop Street from Anne Street SW PR19-011D078 South side of Dunlop Street from Hart Drive NE PR19-011D079 Hart Drive from Dunlop Street S PR19-011D080 Hart Drive from the south end of the Hart Drive leg N PR19-011D081 South side of Hart Drive at the south end of the Hart Drive leg SE PR19-011D082 North side of Dunlop Street at Hart Drive SW PR19-011D083 Hart Drive from the south end of the Hart Drive leg N PR19-011D084 South side of Dunlop Street from Hart Drive SW PR19-011D085 South side of Dunlop Street from east of the Highway 400 on-ramp NE PR19-011D086 Highway 400 on- and off-ramps east of the overpass W

60 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Catalogue No. Description Dir. PR19-011D087 Highway 400 on- and off-ramps east of the overpass NW PR19-011D088 South side of Dunlop Street from east of the Highway 400 overpass NE PR19-011D089 South side of Dunlop Street showing the slope leading to the east E side of the overpass PR19-011D090 South side of Dunlop Street showing the slope leading to the east S side of the overpass PR19-011D091 South side of Dunlop Street showing the slope leading to the east S side of the overpass PR19-011D092 Highway 400 from the overpass S PR19-011D093 North side of Dunlop Street from Hart Drive NE PR19-011D094 South side of Dunlop Street showing the slope leading to the west SW side of the overpass PR19-011D095 South side of Dunlop Street showing the slope leading to the west S side of the overpass PR19-011D096 South side of Dunlop Street showing the slope leading to the west NE side of the overpass PR19-011D097 South side of Dunlop Street showing the slope leading to the west E side of the overpass PR19-011D098 South side of Dunlop Street showing the Highway 400 off-ramp and NE the slope leading to the west side of the overpass PR19-011D099 South side of Dunlop Street showing the Highway 400 off-ramp E PR19-011D100 South side of Dunlop Street from Cedar Pointe Drive SW PR19-011D101 South side of Dunlop Street from the Highway 400 on-ramp looking NE towards Cedar Pointe Drive PR19-011D102 Highway 400 on-ramp west of the overpass E PR19-011D103 Highway 400 on-ramp west of the overpass SE PR19-011D104 North side of Dunlop Street from Anne Street SW PR19-011D105 South side of Dunlop Street from the Highway 400 on-ramp west of SW the overpass PR19-011D106 South side of Dunlop Street looking towards the Highway 400 on- NE ramp west of the overpass PR19-011D107 Terrain on the south side of the Highway 400 on-ramp west of the SE overpass PR19-011D108 South side of Dunlop Street from Serjeant Drive NE PR19-011D109 South side of Dunlop Street east of Serjeant Drive SW PR19-011D110 South side of Dunlop Street from Serjeant Drive NE PR19-011D111 East side of Serjeant Drive from Dunlop Street SE PR19-011D112 East side of Serjeant Drive from the south end of the leg NW PR19-011D113 West side of Serjeant Drive from the south end of the leg SW PR19-011D114 East side of Serjeant Drive from the south end of the leg NE PR19-011D115 West side of Anne Street from Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D116 Drainage ditch at the south end of Sergeant Drive NE PR19-011D117 West side of Serjeant Drive from the south end of the leg NW PR19-011D118 West side of Serjeant Drive from Dunlop Street SE PR19-011D119 South side of Dunlop Street from Serjeant Drive SW PR19-011D120 South side of Dunlop Street west of Serjeant Drive NE

61 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Catalogue No. Description Dir. PR19-011D121 South side of Dunlop Street west of Serjeant Drive SW PR19-011D122 South side of Dunlop Street from Ferndale Drive NE PR19-011D123 South side of Dunlop Street at Ferndale Drive SW PR19-011D124 East side of Ferndale Drive from Dunlop Street SE PR19-011D125 East side of Ferndale Drive from the south end of the leg NW PR19-011D126 West side of Anne Street from Henry Street SE PR19-011D127 West side of Ferndale Drive at the south end of the leg SW PR19-011D128 East side of Ferndale Drive at the south end of the leg NE PR19-011D129 West side of Ferndale Drive from the south end of the leg NW PR19-011D130 West side of Ferndale Drive from Dunlop Street SE PR19-011D131 South side of Dunlop Street from Ferndale Drive SW PR19-011D132 South side of Dunlop Street west of Ferndale Drive NE PR19-011D133 South side of Dunlop Street from the west end of the study area NE PR19-011D134 South side of Dunlop Street from the west end of the study area NE PR19-011D135 North side of Dunlop Street at the west end of the study area NW PR19-011D136 South side of Dunlop Street at the west end of the study area SE PR19-011D137 East side of Anne Street at Henry Street NE PR19-011D138 North side of Dunlop Street from the west end of the study area NE PR19-011D139 North side of Dunlop Street from Ferndale Drive SW PR19-011D140 West side of Ferndale Drive from Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D141 West side of Ferndale Drive from the north end of the leg SE PR19-011D142 East side of Ferndale Drive at the north end of the leg NE PR19-011D143 West side of Ferndale Drive at the north end of the leg SW PR19-011D144 East side of Ferndale Drive from the north end of the leg SE PR19-011D145 West side of Ferndale Drive from Dunlop Street NW PR19-011D146 North side of Dunlop Street from Ferndale Drive NE PR19-011D147 North side of Dunlop Street from east of Ferndale Drive SW

62 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

APPENDIX 2: Glossary of Archaeological Terms

Archaeology: The study of human past by excavation of cultural material.

Archaeological Sites: The physical remains of any building, structure, cultural feature, object, human event or activity which, because of the passage of time, are on or below the surface of the land or water.

Archaic: A term used by archaeologists to designate a distinctive cultural period dating between 8000 and 1000 B.C.E. in eastern North America. The period is divided into Early (8000 to 6000 B.C.E.), Middle (6000 to 2500 B.C.E.) and Late (2500 to 1000 B.C.E.). It is characterized by hunting, gathering and fishing.

Artifact: An object manufactured, modified or used by humans.

B.C.E.: Before Common Era. Often used for archeological dates instead of B.C. (Before Christ). Before Common Era is taken to be before 1 C.E. (Common Era)/1 A.D. (Anno Domini).

B.P.: Before Present. Often used for archaeological dates instead of B.C.E. or C.E. Present is taken to be 1951, the date from which radiocarbon assays are calculated.

Backdirt: The soil excavated from an archaeological site. It is usually removed by shovel or trowel and then screened to ensure maximum recovery of artifacts.

C.E.: Common Era. Often used for archeological dates instead of A.D. (Anno Domini). Common Era is taken to be 1 C.E. (Common Era)/1 A.D. and onwards.

Chert: A type of silica rich stone often used for making chipped stone tools. A number of chert sources are known from southern Ontario. These sources include outcrops and nodules.

63 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Contact Period: The period of initial contact between Native and European populations. In Ontario, this generally corresponds to the seventeenth and eighteen centuries depending on the specific area.

Cultural Resource / Heritage Resource: Any resource (archaeological, historical, architectural, artifactual, archival) that pertains to the development of our cultural past.

Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Cultural heritage landscapes are groups of features made by people. The arrangement of features illustrates noteworthy relationships between people and their surrounding environment. They can provide information necessary to preserve, interpret or reinforce the understanding of important historical settings and changes to past patterns of land use. Cultural landscapes include neighbourhoods, townscapes and farmscapes.

Diagnostic: An artifact, decorative technique or feature that is distinctive of a particular culture or time period.

Disturbed: In an archaeological context, this term is used when the cultural deposit of a certain time period has been intruded upon by a later occupation.

Excavation: The uncovering or extraction of cultural remains by digging.

Feature: This term is used to designate modifications to the physical environment by human activity. Archaeological features include the remains of buildings or walls, storage pits, hearths, post moulds and artifact concentrations.

Flake: A thin piece of stone (usually chert, chalcedony, etc.) detached during the manufacture of a chipped stone tool. A flake can also be modified into another artifact form such as a scraper.

Fluted: A lanceolate shaped projectile point with a central channel extending from the base approximately one third of the way up the blade. One of the most diagnostic Palaeo- Indian artifacts.

64 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Lithic: Stone. Lithic artifacts would include projectile points, scrapers, ground stone adzes, gun flints, etc.

Lot: The smallest provenience designation used to locate an artifact or feature.

Midden: An archaeological term for a garbage dump.

Mitigation: To reduce the severity of development impact on an archaeological or other heritage resource through preservation or excavation. The process for minimizing the adverse impacts of an undertaking on identified cultural heritage resources within an affected area of a development project.

Multicomponent: An archaeological site which has seen repeated occupation over a period of time. Ideally, each occupation layer is separated by a sterile soil deposit that accumulated during a period when the site was not occupied. In other cases, later occupations will be directly on top of earlier ones or will even intrude upon them.

Operation: The primary division of an archaeological site serving as part of the provenience system. The operation usually represents a culturally or geographically significant unit within the site area.

Palaeo-Indian: The earliest human occupation of Ontario designated by archaeologists. The period dates between 9000 and 8000 B.C.E. and is characterized by small mobile groups of hunter-gatherers.

Profile: The profile is the soil stratigraphy that shows up in the cross-section of an archaeological excavation. Profiles are important in understanding the relationship between different occupations of a site.

Projectile Point: A point used to tip a projectile such as an arrow, spear or harpoon. Projectile points may be made of stone (either chipped or ground), bone, ivory, antler or metal.

65 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dunlop Street West Municipal Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Provenience: Place of origin. In archaeology this refers to the location where an artifact or feature was found. This may be a general location or a very specific horizontal and vertical point.

Salvage: To rescue an archaeological site or heritage resource from development impact through excavation or recording.

Stratigraphy: The sequence of layers in an archaeological site. The stratigraphy usually includes natural soil deposits and cultural deposits.

Sub-operation: A division of an operation unit in the provenience system.

Survey: To examine the extent and nature of a potential site area. Survey may include surface examination of ploughed or eroded areas and sub-surface testing.

Test Pit: A small pit, usually excavated by hand, used to determine the stratigraphy and presence of cultural material. Test pits are often used to survey a property and are usually spaced on a grid system.

Woodland: The most recent major division in the pre-Contact sequence of Ontario. The Woodland period dates from 1000 B.C.E. to C.E. 1550. The period is characterized by the introduction of ceramics and the beginning of agriculture in southern Ontario. The period is further divided into Early (1000 B.C.E. to C.E. 0), Middle (C.E. 0 to C.E. 900) and Late (C.E. 900 to C.E. 1550).