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Changing Diet-Breadth and the Middle to Late Woodland Transition in Southcentral Ontario (Ca

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Changing Diet-Breadth and the Middle to Late Woodland Transition in Southcentral Ontario (Ca FROM FORAGING TO FARMING: CHANGING DIET-BREADTH AND THE MIDDLE TO LATE WOODLAND TRANSITION IN SOUTHCENTRAL ONTARIO (CA. 1450–650 BP) A Thesis Submitted to the Committee of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada © Copyright by Daniel Worby, 2018 Anthropology M.A. Graduate Program May 2018 ABSTRACT From Foraging to Farming: Changing Diet-Breadth and the Middle to Late Woodland Transition in Southcentral Ontario (ca. 1450–650 B.P.) Daniel Worby This study examines foraging strategies during the Middle Woodland Period’s Sandbanks Phase (A.D. 700–1000) on Boyd Island, Pigeon Lake, Ontario. The faunal remains analyzed in this study were recovered from a site associated with the procurement of aquatic and terrestrial taxa. Detailed taphonomic analyses have revealed that the Boyd Island faunal remains were affected by weathering and human transport decisions. White-tailed deer was the most frequently acquired prey at Boyd Island, followed by black bear. Using the central place forager prey choice model as a framework, the analysis of diet breadth and carcass transport patterns suggests that most animal resources were acquired from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, at moderate distances from the site. Incomplete carcasses of large game appear to have been transported away from the site, where they were subsequently processed for provisioning or consumption. Comparisons with other Sandbanks faunal assemblages and those dating to later periods indicate significant differences in terms of taxonomic composition, while continuing to emphasize the use of fish. It is suggested that the Middle Woodland foragers adopted subsistence strategies focusing on the exploitation of local habitats in which productivity may have been enhanced through niche construction associated with the low-level food production activities. Keywords: Archaeozoology, subsistence, foraging theory, niche construction theory, animal resource exploitation, taphonomy, Middle Woodland, Late Woodland, southcentral Ontario. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the support of many people. First, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Eugène Morin and committee member Dr. James Conolly, who have both showed patience and support throughout the entire process. The insights and edits they provided have helped me to develop further as an archaeologist, researcher, and writer. Jeff Dillane deserves special recognition, because it is his dedication to Ontario archaeology that has and continues to inspire me. I am indebted to Sheryl Smith for allowing access and permission to use the Lakeshore Lodge site data in this thesis. I would also like to thank Bill Fox for providing me with a wealth of information regarding sites within the study area. I extend my gratitude to Dr. Jocelyn Williams for her insights regarding statistical analyses. Special thanks go to Kate Dougherty for her assistance in procuring comparative specimens to aid in the identification of certain taxa and providing willing ear as I worked through certain theoretical concepts. My appreciation goes to Dr. Christian Gates St-Pierre who kindly agreed to serve as my external examiner. The suggestions and comments provided by all committee members have improved this thesis. The Trent University Anthropology Department has been instrumental to this research. The Department has not only provided me with the facilities and reference collection that were needed to analyse the Boyd Island assemblage, but it has also granted me access to other assemblages from the study area to assist with taxonomic identification. My gratitude also goes to the staff of the Department of Natural History at the Royal Ontario Museum, particularly Earling Holm of the Ichthyology Section and Maureen Zubowski of the Invertebrate Zoology Section, for their hospitality and for providing access to the ROM comparative collections. Further thanks go to fellow Ontario archaeologists, Dr. Jeff Seibert and Andy Snetsinger, who iii provided useful information and sources regarding the subsistence practices of precontact groups in Ontario. This project would not have been possible without the financial support from many sources. My research was funded by a Canada Graduate Scholarship from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), the Richard B. Johnston Fund for Archaeology, the Bagnani Graduate Award, the Petersen Burfield Graduate Award, and the Symons Trust Fund for Canadian Studies. I also wish to acknowledge the financial support of Trent University, in the form of other graduate bursaries and a research fellowship, which allowed me to complete the present study. Thanks also go to my fellow anthropology graduate students. In particular, I am grateful to Renee Hendricks, Chris Langlois, Natalie Baron, and Jamie Lynch for their support and friendship. I also would like to thank all the people who, over the course of the past three years, have become both colleagues and friends: Chris Armitage, Mac Armstrong, Brent Whitford, Annapaola Passerini, Alicia Hartley, Gwynne Carlos, Jordan Dills, Natalie Faught, Sean Berger, Sophie Goldberg, Dan Savage, Peter Hammersley, Liam Browne, and Kristine Williams. Their humour and support will never be forgotten. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their continued and relentless encouragement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research objectives ............................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Thesis overview..................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: Boyd Island and southcentral Ontario's Precontact Subsistence Variability 4 2.1 Geographic and physiographic setting .................................................................................. 4 2.2 Ecology and climate .............................................................................................................. 5 2.3 The Kawartha Lakes system and Boyd Island ...................................................................... 8 2.3.1 Physiography .................................................................................................................. 8 2.3.2 Historic land use ........................................................................................................... 11 2.3.3 Previous archaeological research .................................................................................. 12 2.4 Comparative sites ................................................................................................................ 14 2.4.1 Lakeshore Lodge (AlGh-32) ........................................................................................ 15 2.4.2 Spillsbury Bay (BbGm-13) ........................................................................................... 16 2.4.3 Richardson Site (BbGl-4) ............................................................................................. 18 2.4.4 Kirche (BcGr-1) ............................................................................................................ 19 2.4.5 Le Caron (BeGx-15) ..................................................................................................... 21 2.5 Change in subsistence during the Northeast’s Middle – Late Woodland Periods .............. 23 2.5.1 The Middle Woodland Period (2,000 – 1,000 BP or 200 B.C.E. – A.D. 900) ............. 23 2.5.2 The Transitional and Late Woodland Periods (1,000 – 500 BP or A.D. 500 – contact) ............................................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3: Human Behavioural Ecology, Niche Construction Theory, and Foraging Theory .......................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Human behavioural ecology ................................................................................................ 30 3.2 Niche construction theory ................................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Categories of niche construction .................................................................................. 31 3.2.2 Human niche construction ............................................................................................ 33 3.3 Foraging theory and diet breadth modeling .......................................................................
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