WHO IS SAMI? a Case Study on the Implementation of Indigenous Rights

CEU eTD Collection

A case study on the implementation of indigenous rights in Sweden in A caserights theimplementation indigenous on study of In requirements for of fulfillment the thedegree partial of Advisor: Professor Maria KovacsAdvisor: Professor Maria Nationalism Studies ProgramNationalism Studies Central European University Guðrún Árnadóttir Rós Budapest, Hungary WHO IS SAMI? IS WHO Master ofArt Submitted to Submitted 2014 By

CEU eTD Collection boundaries for self d to me allowed scholars. and activists rights Sami as well as Kiruna, in institution governmental a parliament, Sami their past of nations or tribes communities, the to them links that identity and existence of continuity is groups indigenous of legitimization the of aspect exist. even they prove to difficult quite is it specificity building the of start the with intensifying assimilation, of centuries faced have who Sami, such as and groups indigenous indigenous r to belongs who deciding in particular in indigenous implementing rights, in arise that complications practical the on focuses thesis This Abstract The current research focuses around i around focuses research current The the of One the Sweden, in population indigenous the of study case a through achieved was This

project inthe 18 Sweden in .

, when their cultures have been repressed to such an extent through out history that that history out through extent an such to repressed been have cultures their when , Durin ights are accorded are to. ights elve into severalasp into elve g

- rightstheirbaseto how faceindigenouspeoplesis issues the research research the identification, and politicalidentification,

h qeto o “h i Sami?” is “Who of question the

th ects of cultural revitalization, legal implications of settingof legal implications revitalization, cultural of ects

century. This is an important contradictio important an is This nterview i maneuvers

s conducted with Sami politicians in the the in politicians Sami with conducted s

within theSamiparliament.within hw ht hy ae eand a retained have they that show

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography 8. Conclusions representatives7. Analysiswith Sami ofinterviews 6. The research Swed 5. Thein Sami 4. Thepeople Sami 3. Legal Review 2. Literature 1. Introduction Contents movement 7.5 Cross 7.4 TheParliament Sami 7.3 colonizing asa 7.2 Silence tactic 7.1 Who isSami? 6.4 analysis Data 6.3 Data 6.2 Chosen participants 6.1 Research methods Kiruna in 5.3 TheParliament Sami Sweden in 5.2 mobilization oftheSami The political 5.1 Racialized Policy Sami 4.6 Who isaSami? 4.5 Self Sami 4.4 The Convention Nordic Sami 4.3 cross Sami 4.2 4.1 Brief historythe Sami of 3.5 Indigenous claims rights 3.4 Indigenous self 3.3 of Development theself law 3.2 indigenous Therights development of international in 3.1 Inherent racism 2.4 Who are indigenous? the 2.3 Casestudy of culture role onthe 2.2 Kymlicka The role of in culture 2.1 rights Minority vs.indigen

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CEU eTD Collection pcfcly oue o idgnu pols ms ntcal, h IO Convention ILO the noticeably, most peoples: indigenous on focused specifically situat this to responded has system legal culture distinct their of because discrimination face and territories their of invasion and colonization experi world the across peoples Indigenous 1. as theparticular face issues politicians theSami their Scandinavian in context. as general, in rights indigenous of application the of understanding better a gain rights on study case be will groups indigenous which application their in arise understanding thecontemporary ofand indigenouspeoples. legalpolitical position concerning laws domestic arguably is cases specific analyzing of Therefore, peoples. indigenous diversity the capture cannot they identification, rights indigenous to integral terms of parameters useful been have rights indigenous of nature ways. legal international of manner a in accorded rights to groups indigenous and states for room much leaves written is system 2007. from Peoples Indigenous of Rights the on Declaration UN the and 1989 from no.169 Introduction are practiced are is

Due to Due the which in manner generic inherently The ntepoet fetbihn h eog to belongs who establishing of project the on heavily based on the right of right the on based heavily

the indigenous peoples of Sweden, the Sami. A Sami. the Sweden, of peoples indigenous the s, identities and ways of life. In the last few decades the international international the decades few last the In life. of ways and identities s, the vagueness of vagueness the

with a wide framework to work within. within. work to framework wide a with in Sweden will provide will Sweden in

. . One example of this is the definition of who is ind is who of definition the is this of example One

international

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ion by adopting treaties and declarations declarations and treaties adopting by ion

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us with important information and help us help and information important with us

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and and the best way of way best the

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Sami

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CEU eTD Collection is Sami”. into insight movem gain to order in parliamentarians with conducted role main representatives Sami elected democratically with institution state a Sweden, indigenousclaim. peoples on theories law, international three chapter finally are of who thequestion indigenous look culture minority a repressing of impact the that from Following review issues. these on focus therefore will two chapter make. peoples indigenous claims the of particularities ofand achieving their possibilities claim. therights they leaders, its and movement rights indigenous an of workings the on has it impact the theory. political and rights human groundingin with identification for definitions problematic or vague of implications the analyze to seek will thesis this perspective, sociological prob approached have nationalism Sweden. in movement political Sami the specifically, internation the in developments relevant the

A short overview of the of overview short A unders to need we claims indigenous to justice do to order In background The “Who of question the answered have they how particular in and Sweden in ent in parliament Sami the on focused thesis this for conducted research The icse te ifrne between difference the discussed My interest in “Who is ind is “Who in interest My

s o rtc ad anan h Sm clue n wdn Itriw were Interviews Sweden. in culture Sami the maintain and protect to is . . The chapter contains chapter The of the thesis will be minority be will thesis the of

the

international self igenous”, or rather “Who is a Sami”, is based on on based is Sami”, a is “Who rather or igenous”, the historical development of indigenous rights in rights indigenous of development historical the es f dniiain rm constructivist a from identification of lems - determination 2

ioiy rights minority

indigenous rights regime rights indigenous l nieos ihs eie and regime rights indigenous al ed The first chapter of the literature the of chapter first The

principle, and the specific rights specific the and principle, at.

and indigenous rights theories, rights indigenous and

Although many scholars of of scholars many Although h ltrtr rve in review literature The and nieos rights. indigenous s considered is h Sm rights Sami the is provided in provided is ad the tand whose

and

CEU eTD Collection information on the historic relations between the Sami and the Swedish Swedish the and Sami the between relations historic the on information as howthey self rightto interpreted their and understood have Sami the how cross movements, political Sami Kola representatives and ofthe finallystudyconclusions discussed.in chapter eight are the pr analysis and collection data the on given information and introduced, are participants Kir c A today. rights Sami of state the informed have ocess. una information provides onthe background institute. Peninsula C chosen The explained. are methods research and research, the six chapter In fifth the In the and Scandinavia of people indigenous the on focuses chapter fourth The

hapter seven seven hapter have created criteria created have who follows. Sami is for

of Russia, the Sami. A brief history is provided, along with the major the with along provided, is history brief A Sami. the Russia, of hpe the chapter oue on focuses

ai n wdn r dsusd n oe eal with detail, more in discussed are Sweden in Sami - border collaborations and initiatives. A look into into look A initiatives. and collaborations border h aayi o te interview the of analysis the 3

hapter on the Sami parliament in parliament Sami the on hapter

- determination as wellas determination s with Sami Sami with s state, which state,

CEU eTD Collection other groups onthe periphery ofmajority culture: s has but movements, nationalist in fore the to came which recognition, of importance the about written has Taylor frame. wider that within rights indigenous of particularities the analyze chapter this In rights Minority 2.1 Review 2. Literature 2 1 Peoples Indigenous of Rights the an and has it principle equality the on based While acknowledgement of specificity. difference. of the politics called been has group or individuals of identity unique the of recognition the the though, general univ be to In come has citizenship equal of principle well. as rights social or solely, rights political and civil example for rights, of types different affected and forms many taken has equalization eq having individual each to paramount are groups different of rights cultural equal authors those For meaning. similar a quite in culture term the used have Kymlicka, as such others, society, in is potential our what and meanin as “identity” term the uses Taylor While

Kymlicka, TaylorOthers, and of their ownoppression. instruments potent most the of one becomes view, this on depreciation, or self own NonrecognitionTheir being…. of mode reduced and distorted, false, a in someone or themselves. confining of a inflict can misrecognition them picture to contemptible back or mirror them demeaning around society or people the if distortion, real partly damage, real suffer can people of group or person is a so and identity our that idea the by the often absence, its or recognition, onby shaped based is recognition for need The Duncan Ivison, Paul Patton and Patton Paul Ivison, Duncan Multicultural Citizenship wl loo will I vs. “

Multiculturalism.

indigenous r indigenous oe te an hois f ioiy rtcin n ty to try and protection minority of theories main the over k 1

2 ince been taken up by minority groups, feminists and feminists groups, minority by up taken been ince harm;

ights can b can ” Will Sanders in their book book their in Sanders Will

4 ru ta i odr o ul understand fully to order in that argue

e a form of oppression, imprisoning imprisoning oppression, of form a e g our understanding of who we are we who of understanding our g

ersally accepted. This concern for for concern This accepted. ersally ual measure and opportunity. This opportunity. and measure ual mis recognition of others of recognition Political Theory Political Charles - , CEU eTD Collection indigenous peoples, but as occupying territories they have come to think of as their as of think to come have they territories do occupying as as but peoples, people, indigenous distinct a as only not themselves see to tended also have nations”, Moreover, groups. minority other many with true is eliminate) (or assimilate group any them deny and peoples indigenous to tried historically have democracies liberal that true Kyml book the In peoples. indigenous by forward indigenous claims natureput we distinctive an need ofthe claims understanding ofthe 4 Peoples 3 how explains It argument. Kymlicka’s of elements innovative most the of one is importance its therefore and lives, individuals’ in culture of role The 2.2 apartand dialoguewere from integrated onlyever such with force. meaning some to come to able were groups minority other Whereas indigenous. and rights minority general between differentiation of element another to leads This settlement. European before beliefs European between relations of non and history indigenous the recognize to important is It practices. cultural s equal their of denial historical a on basethey which rights, land foremost and first are rights how canand be it according done, towhat criteria? “homelands”.

Ibid. andIvison, Patton, Sanders, The role of culture in in Kymlicka culture roleof The

minority general from claim peoples indigenous rights the distinguishes What vrin tts te ipsto o ter ad ad h dsrcin f their of destruction the and lands their of disposition the status, overeign .

If we are to distinguish between these gr these between distinguish to are we If

ht hy r ihrnl spro t toe h ocpe te land the occupied who those to superior inherently are they that - nieos epe, hc hs en nxrcby id p with up tied inextricably been has which peoples, indigenous

ful cooperation with the settler states, the indigenous remained indigenous the states, settler the with cooperation ful

Political Theory Theory Political Indigenousand Rights of the ’ s argument s 5

- specific forms of recognition, the same the recognition, of forms specific icka argues that while it is certainly is it while that arguesicka

hs mnrte, r “stateless or minorities, these oups and indigenous peoples, indigenous and oups 4

in liberal theory, liberal in

CEU eTD Collection neesr o nt tnig n orlto wt te qaiy ruet f liberal of argument equality the with correlation in standing not or unnecessary of culture their significantly can life impact and individuals loss the since danger, in those of survival the ensure to job our is it secure equally are cultures all not As life. of way and meaning of narrative individual’s an to essential for argument an makes Kymlicka goods. (cultural) collective to rights group support can theory liberal 6 5 When Lapps. wereparticipants all where even Norwegian, speak to appropriate more it considered Lapps circumstances public all In attended. Lapps only and private, deemed were that circumstances social in except Lappish speak not would Lapps that not Eindheim capability. varying with though Norwegian, and Lappish both spoke thus and taking, role of inter colouring process the in implications major have to illegitimacy inter institutional in out acted not therefore illegitimate,and sense, a in culture)is, or identity, (or status ethnic West of inlets and fjords Norwegian mixed the among 60’s and 50’s the in fieldwork anthropological Eindheim’s Harald 2.3 into go to them forcing without choice, of context a with minorities of members provides therefore culture minority for Support etc). legislation language holidays, national (or culture majority the supports inevitably almost state the that noting worth is it theory,

Spaulding, Spaulding, Kyml

oe ain o i) hog vros eiltos fr xml sho curricula, school example (for legislations various through it) of variant some Case personal expenditure (which all equal woulddo). citizens treatmentof icka, icka, While some might consider support for specific cultures to be either either be to cultures specific for support consider might some While study on the role of the culture role of study on – Multicultural Citizenship “

Peoples as Minorities. National osa Lpih population Lappish Coastal - ethnic relations. Lapps in the area were predominantly bilingual and bilingual predominantly were area the in Lapps relations. ethnic

- inak Nrhr Nra, hw a iuto wee an where situation a shows Norway, Northern Finnmark, - tnc eair Nntees Eindheim Nonetheless, behavior. ethnic

- ifrnitd ihs ad n atclr individual particular, in and rights, differentiated .

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n the in ed CEU eTD Collection public sphere was therefore avoided and communication between Lapps and and Lapps between communication NorwegianscolouredanLapps effort byavoid by provocation. to the and avoided therefore was sphere public did they as struggle to have to them for wish not did they claiming children, speak their to Norwegian to parents Lappish for practice common was It heritage. their downplayed aske Self Rights, Human 9 8 7 the in difficulty to lead application peoples rights. of indigenous can this that argue will I why. and belongs who define internationa in self defined vaguely been have “peoples”) and(indigeneity terms of both But determination. right the on heavily rely activists rights indigenous as affected, “people” r indigenous to culture. said to belongs who define to pivotal is it identity or culture a to tied are rights When indigenous? is who of question the is rights indigenous with comes that status a status, special their for fight to had have who peoples indigenous of true a territory. over or totake natural utilize resources right to gainculture, the to ident its realize to seeks group a when contestation and power of question a becomes identity argues Gay Du 2.4 throughout the

Å Du Gay and Hall, Eidheim, hr

Who are the the areindigenous? Who d about their descent by Eindheim, people quickly abandoned the conversation or conversation the abandoned quickly people Eindheim, by descent their about d é n, Scheinin, and Scheinin, Henriksen, n, Eidheims research shows well the effectthe ass well researchshows Eidheims “ When Ethnic Identity Is Stigma. aSocial o ae at n owga scey Ay vr Lpih eair n the in behavior Lappish overt Any society. Norwegian in part take to certain rights and privileges. One of the main issues pertaining to to pertaining issues main the of One privileges. and rights certain lw ad t s hrfr ms lkl u t ec idgnu gop to group indigenous each to up likely most therefore is it and law, l ights it is important to define both who are indigenous and who are the the are who and indigenous are who both define to important is it ights 19 th

Questions ofCultQuestions and - Determination Other and Central Provisions.

20 ity in a political form, to ensure the survival of one’s own one’s of survival the ensure to form, political a in ity th

century andculture, had self ontheir

“ The Nordic Convention: International Sami Identityural

imilationist strategiesagainst imilationist ”

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CEU eTD Collection considering the huge differences in indigenous peoples around the world this lack of lack this world the around peoples indigenous in differences huge the considering centered system protection legal international the in referthe population. to onlya portionof can alternatively or state, particular a of population entire the be may “people” a that clear is It uncertain. rather remains term the of meaning precise the that being result Human Nations United Rights System 13 12 Peoples? 11 and Future. 10 protection legal the which to groups the determining for criterion fundamental the as regarded past. their of nations continui are They regulations. or laws special by or traditions or customs own their by partially or wholly regulated status co economic and cultural social, peoples’ indigenous state definitions the Furthermore, institutions. political and cultural economic, social, own their of all or some retain the or colonization or conquest of time establ the at belongs, country the which to region geographical or country, the inhabited which populations of descendants being perhapsdefinition is s not

nditions distinguish them from other sections of the national community, and their their and community, national the of sections other from them distinguish nditions United Nations Permanent Nations Forum Issues,United onIndigenous Crawford, Office of for theHighCommissioner Rights, Human Anaya, ishment of present state boundaries and who, irrespective of their legal status, legal their of irrespective who, and boundaries state present of ishment A working definition of indigeneity, from the United Nations, is based on on based is Nations, United the from indigeneity, of definition working A sati a of lack The of definition the of elaboration formal little been has There y f xsec ad dniy ht ik te t te omnte, rbs or tribes communities, the to them links that identity and existence of ty ” Indigenous Peoples International in Law . scheme applies. scheme

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“ Right of Self 12

Most importantly, self importantly, Most sfactory definition of indigeneity might be considered a flaw a considered be might indigeneity of definition sfactory urprising. 13 - Determination in International in Law:ItsDetermination Development

This “subjective” This

peoples 11

8 to the extent that they have retained a a retained have they that extent the to

- criterion identification as indigenous has been has indigenous as identification .

on has been widely accepted but accepted widely been has Indigenous Indigenous Peoples an

nieos epe. But peoples. indigenous “ Who Are Indigenous

pols, the “peoples”, d the d the CEU eTD Collection ae bogt owr t te N ua Rgt Cmite ae usind state questioned have Committee Rights Human UN the to forward brought cases rights. their from benefit to order in indigeneity claiming indigenous the as group a acknowledge to indigenous their self despite refusing authorities state both with controversy, ancestry)were not alsopresent. (i.e. criteria “objective” other if sufficient be would it not or whether clear not is it on Civil Rights. and Political 15 14 groupmember. asis recognized a the with himself identify to wishes who individual an whether of determination the gender case Sweden Canada vs. Lovelace In vs. Kitok the In challenged, were Act Indian Canadian the of practices discriminatory indigenous. is who determining in practice

Scheinin, Scheinin, Hannum, hl te self the While “ Autonomy,

Indigenous People the Committee emphasized the need to apply (also) objective criteria in criteria objective (also) apply to need the emphasized Committee the

Sovereignty, Self and dniiain s ie ms importance most given is identification - identification as such and people who have no features of and whohave no people as such identification ”

14 ´

15 s Land Rights Under the International Covenants LandRights UndertheInternational

- Determination .

t a la to lead can it Several CEU eTD Collection peoples have had difficulty being recognized as separate peoples, as they would like would they as peoples, separate as recognized being difficulty had have peoples hav cultures their and peoples indigenous that recently very until not is It settlement. European before land the occupied who those to superior areinherently they that Europeanbeliefs with ignori of history The racism Inherent 3.1 3. LegalFramework Self Rights, Human 18 17 S the Fundamental TheFreedoms ofIndigenous SamiPeople: Situationofthe People in 16 i in changes massive after came 20 the of middle the around began movement peoples’ indigenous international modern The 3.2 mightit devalue it. as Convention, the of members as on signingparliaments Sami the against advised to, party are country each in parliaments Sami the and Finland Sweden, Norway, which experts legal as case on. signed participant main the without treaties international or law domestic to pertaining acts unilateral considered either been have them with signed tr international fledged fully regarded not create to far impossible it so making law, international has of subjects law as peoples indigenous international Traditional today. until up groups should that group ethnic wide the integrateinto or minority racial a as viewed been rather have but to,

Anaya, Anaya, Å Kymlicka,

hr The á é th pmi Region of Norway, Sweden Regionpmi ofNorway,Sweden and n, Scheinin, and Scheinin, Henriksen, n,

century and has achieved a great deal in a relatively short period of time. It time. of period short relatively a in deal great a achieved has and century development of indigenous rights in international law in international rights of indigenous development Report ofthe SpecialReport Rapporteur on Rightsand the Situation of Human Multicultural Citizenship e been considered on a par with Europeans. with par a on considered been e 18 -

Determination Other and Central Provisions. g nieos epe’ lis o ihs s nxrcby id up tied inextricably is rights to claims peoples’ indigenous ng

involved in the drafting of a new Nordic Sami Convention, of Convention, Sami Nordic new a of drafting the in involved r society. This has affected all communication between the two betweenthe communication all affected has This society. r

eaties with them as signed participants. Instead, treaties Instead, participants. signed as them with eaties

nternational law, particularly in the field of non of field the in particularly law, nternational “ The Nordic Convention: International Sami .

10 Finland.

Even then, indigenous then, Even 17 ”

This is still the still is This - state state CEU eTD Collection unit ofdecolonizationunit prescriptions whole, pre of irrespective integral an as territory colonial a of population the Instead, colonization. th ordering political and indigenous association bypassed of largely patterns anti however, the regime, and decolonization grounds, The humanitarian movement. on them for support and actors 21 to (re)Gainto Self Their Right 20 19 holders. power international major of eyes the in lacked then until had it legitimacy in resulted work This conferences. international and organizations, nongovernmental dialogue, multilateral in participation through system, legal international the in participants integrationist elem and assimilationist its for heavily criticized been since has convention This situation. economic and social their improving of necessity the and collectively, groups the than in the on was focus Its groups. indigenous of particularities the with do to little had that worldview Western a and strategies, assimilationist building, nation of time; the of ideas mainstream the circumstances dire especially gro indigenous of the members recognizing in step important an constituted 1957. of nr.107 Convention (ILO) Organization Labour International the

Anaya, Anaya, Anaya, Anaya, Koivurova, firstThe n h 16s n 17s nieos epe bcm mc mr active more much became peoples indigenous 1970s and 1960s the In Indigenous Peoples International in Law Indigenous Peoples International in Law the support of scholars and legal experts, who lent the campaign a a campaign the lent who experts, legal and scholars of support the “ From High Hopes toDisillusionment:Hopes From Indigenous High Peoples

step towards recognizing indigenous peoples in international law was law international in peoples indigenous recognizing towards step - ents. colonial political and cultural patterns, was deemed the beneficiary the deemed was patterns, cultural and political colonial

21 dividual rights of the the of rights dividual

ups find themselves in, the Convention nr. 107 reflected 107 nr. Convention the in, themselves find ups

- Determination 19

members . ”

. . t rgntd ro t European to prior originated at

f nieos rus rather groups, indigenous of 20 ’

Struggle - While it While colonial CEU eTD Collection ihs f nieos epe (NRP, hc acre, n rvsoa terms, provisional in accorded, which (UNDRIP), Peoples Indigenous of Rights the on Declaration Nations United Draft 1994 the in culminating followed, activity drafting the during representation no had had (indigenouspeoples representatives indigenousof participation the in seen on Indigenous and Tribal Pe Convention the produced and 107 nr. Convention its revised ILO the 1989 In Self Rights, Human 24 Peoples 23 to (re)Gainto Self Their Right 22 freely develop and live self addition, In govern. they which peoples, or people, the of will the by guided processes of creation the substantially be should Self regional 3.3 the on work and UNDRIP, the declaration and convention ILO the ratified international their and face peoples treatment. indigenous issues the to time their ha of more bodies increasingly monitoring treaty UN work this Following Convention. Sami Nordic a on work started states Nordic the and peoples indigenous American for declaration similar a up drawing began (OAS) States American of Organization self to right a peoples indigenous

Ivison, Patton, andIvison, Patton, Sanders, Koivurova, Å

hr - Development of the of self Development eemnto is determination é Despite the amount of normative activity and work put into these treaties and treaties these into put work and activity normative of amount the Despite best perhaps policy, assimilationist earlier the from departure a marked This n, Scheinin, and Scheinin, Henriksen, n, .

s In 2007theUNDRIP general adopted was by assembly. the /convention

documents the results have so far been disappointing. Few states have have states Few disappointing. been far so have results the documents “ From High Hopes toDisillusionment:Hopes From Indigenous High - Determination Other and Central Provisions.

ae o te eurmn ta gvrig ntttoa order institutional governing that requirement the on based

under such political systems. The principle has a long history history long a has principle The systems. political such under s

oples in Independentoples in nr.169). (ILO Convention Countries has dragged on.

- - determination principle determination Political Theory Theory Political Indigenand Rights of the Determination.

of the 1957 convention). A flurry of United Nations United of flurry A convention). 1957 the of “ The Nordic Convention: International Sami - determin 12

- determination demands that people may people that demands determination ation. ”

rud h sm tm the time same the Around

Peoples ”

24 e delegated ve

ous ’

Struggle 22

CEU eTD Collection as a possible resolution to the bloody ethnic violence that characterized the end of the of end the characterized that violence ethnic bloody the to resolution possible a as colonial or nations Self peoples. only than rather states, existing within groups ethnic to also self to peoples colonial of determinationaga was pitted right the where period, decolonization the during fore the to came first It ways. varying in applied been has and law international in 29 28 27 26 25 likel more much is peoples indigenous self states, new of creation the in resulting unit, territorial colonial self full a meant overseas people colonized rat a still is and defined be to yet their self demands interms of self of principle the b foundation the peoples, indigenous concerning specifically developments and principles rights human applicable generally of combination a are rights Indigenous 3.4 autonomy orpolit self accorded are world of hope little with expectations 20

Horowitz, Hannum, Anaya, Anaya, Hannum, Wimmer, th territorial integrity of states. This has in part proven true, as minorities around the around minorities as true, proven part in has This states. of integrity territorial

Indigenous self Indigenous century. But what exactly indigenous self exactlyindigenous whatBut self redefined theorists War, Cold the of end the After Indigenous Peoples International in Law “ Autonomy, Sovereignty, Self and Facing EthnicFacing Conflicts 26 “ The Specter of Secession. - The Cracked Foundations oftheRight Secede. to determination, and determination,

tes rtczd hs s o te em camn i gv pol high people gave it claiming term, the of use this criticized Others ical their authority over affairs - - eemnto. nieos epe hv rpael articulated repeatedly have peoples Indigenous determination. determination

- determination not in the form of independence but territorial but independence of form the in not determination

inst thenorminst ofterritorial integrity states.existing of of actually realizing their rights due to the to due rights their realizing actually of -

determination.

the chance of secession following from it, was seen seen was it, from following secession of chance the e ucer em Wie self While term. unclear her .

y to result only in internal self internal in only result to y ” - determination entails (or rather its scope) has scope) rather (orits entails determination

29 - Determination

- determination process, based on the the on based process, determination

within existingwithin states .

- determination to apply to determination ”

- - eemnto for determination determination for determination . 27 -

determination, determination, stronger norm stronger

eing 25

- CEU eTD Collection procedures or an absolute right to form an independent state, while self while state, independent an form to right absolute an or procedures e to tendency misguided states the self indigenous of process this halted have agreements) regional on work started and UNDRIP the ratified have who those most years, recent In forms. of variety a in result undoubtedly will and authorities, respective the with negotiated be to autonomy needs internalSuch states. existing autonomywithin of sort some is that 32 31 to (re)Gainto Self Their Right 30 self to right the have should they such As states. existing todays within colonized they sta particular a within people separatebeinga factof the on claim this base They resources.natural their of use the over control full with lands, traditional their of ownership to right the fore and first are rights and political representationbodies. onpublic law; family and language development, resource education, regarding example for powers legislative land; of ownership collective including rights, self land of collective territories; their form to immigration over a control territories; autonomous are; claim peoples indigenous rights Common 3.5 havethus will various outcomes. and factors historical and cultural different with connected are actuality in processes

Koivurova, Spaulding, Spaulding, Anaya,

- Indigenous rights rights claims Indigenous determination, though most indigenous peoples do not claim the right or wish for wish or right the claim not do peoples indigenous most though determination, What distinguishes the rights indigenous peoples claim from general minority minority general from claim peoples indigenous rights the distinguishes What Indigenous Peoples International in Law te rather than a minority. As others were colonized overseas, so were so overseas, colonized were others As minority. a than rather te “ “ Peoples as Minorities. National From High Hopes toDisillusionment:Hopes IndigenousHigh Peoples

most land rights. Indigenous peoples maintain that they have have they that maintain peoples Indigenous rights. land most

- Determination. 30 states with significant indigenous populations (even populations indigenous significant with states

determination. This can in part be explained by explained be part in can This determination. ut self quate 14

”

- eemnto wt decolonization with determination .

important to culture, to important - oenet in government - determination determination ’

Struggle CEU eTD Collection the A the and Canada In them. over claims indigenous accept to authorities state for difficult is it place important strategically a in and/or resources natural in rich are territories ri indigenousthe controversial of most the beenhasrights of land claim This under. fall lands their states the of part a remaining while territories, traditional their over control self full S the Fundamen 34 Self Rights, Human 33 mean profits forconcerned. a oflarge loss potential thestates therefore will resources such to access up Giving oil. and mining fishing, as such hs n be mt ih ayn etuis. s ay rdtoa indigenous traditional many As enthusiasm. varying with met been and ghts

Å Anaya, Anaya, hr á rctic for example, the indigenous traditional areas are full of natural resources natural of full are areas traditional indigenous the example, for rctic é pmi Region of Norway, Sweden Regionpmi ofNorway,Sweden Finland.and n, Scheinin, and Scheinin, Henriksen, n, - dete Report ofthe Special Report Rapporteur on Rightsand the Situation of Human tal Thetal Freedoms ofIndigenous SamiPeople: Situationofthe People in mnto rslig n secession. in resulting rmination - Determination Other and

“ The Nordic Convention: International Sami 15

33 Central Provisions.

nta te cam h rgt o full to right the claim they Instead

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The Lantto, Anaya, Anaya, pmi region, except in the interi the in region,except pmi Brief á pmi Region of Norway, Sweden Regionpmi ofNorway,Sweden Finland.and - Sami Parliament, Parliament, Sami h sae odr ta tdy iie ám wr etbihd vr 100 a over established were Sápmi divide today that borders state The Sami The belonging but people one as themselves considered have Sami the Historically 000 n owy 15,000 Norway, in 60,000

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37 The Sami

or of Finnmark County in Norway and in the in and NorwayCounty in Finnmarkof or - - an Indigenous Sweden in People 20,000 in Sweden, about 9,000 in Finland and and Finland in 9,000 about Sweden, in 20,000 - dating the present the dating 16

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Utsjoki 36 35

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Å Anaya, Anaya, hr Sami The Nordic Sami Convention Sami The Nordic á é pmi Region of Norway, Sweden Regionpmi ofNorway,Sweden Finland.and In 1956, Sami organizations from the four countries (Scandinavia and Russia) Russia) and (Scandinavia countries four the from organizations Sami 1956, In n, Scheinin, and Scheinin, Henriksen, n, h otiprat cross important most The

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to provide schooling in Sami to children. The Sami therefore need need therefore Sami The children. to Sami in schooling provide to - Determination Other and Central Provisions. ulture and protecttheir rights.

initiatives pmi region and play an important role in developing a Sami Sami a developing in role important an play and region pmi . 42

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determination - Determination Other and Central Provisions.

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not been precisely defined (or it has been defined with little input little with defined been has it (or defined precisely been not - Determination Other and Central Provisions. ther ther

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Pietik Ibid. xcluded those who potentially self potentially who those xcluded Who is a Sami? a Who is Sami have had great difficulty defining the characteristic features of members of members of features characteristic the defining difficulty great had have Sami

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Sami in in Sami Questions ofthe Media: LanguageandCultural Vitality

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Spektorowski and Mizrachi, Spektorowski andMizrachi, The Parliament, Sami The Sami inSweden The Sami Racialized Sami Policy Sami Racialized

In 1928 the Swedish Parliament passed the Reindeer Herding Herding Reindeer the passed Parliament Swedish the 1928 In t te xet ht t emae al neatos ewe te ai n the and Sami the between interactions all permeated it that extent the to , . in the Northern territories, with territories, Northern the in The Sami were Sami The

50 , for example example for , tr fw er a years few a fter

While it began as a general study in the different “races” living living “races” different the in studygeneral a asbegan it While by the end of th of end the by n atclr n particular, In also The Sami

considered to be born with certain “racial characteristics” characteristics” “racial certain with born be to considered

authorities “ by measuring their skulls. These practices went on went practices These skulls. their measuring by Eugenics Eugenics Sweden. in and theWelfare State

- an Indigenous Peop ai rm h rs o te ai ouain and population, Sami the of rest the from Sami l f h Institute’s the of ll md wr cniee clual ifro to inferior culturally considered were omads e 19 e hardly any of it going to Sami farmers Sami to going it of any hardly 22 stationary lifestyle, with lifestyle, stationary ed society.ed awarded substantial sums as aid to farmersto aid as sums substantial awarded th

century was heavily influenced by racial racial by influenced heavily was century In 1922 the Swedish Institute of Swedish the In1922 le in Sweden in le resources amongst others amongst . n wdn t is it Sweden in

deas and public and deas ee pn on spent were c, which Act, ”

as the the as 49 the

CEU eTD Collection the reindeer husbandry were expected to assimilate into the wider Swedish society. Swedish wider the into assimilate to expected were husbandry reindeer the protection economic or cultural for need no in therefore and husbandr reindeer the of outside those disregarding the protect to was which derogatory) considered been since has but Sami the to referring of way Lapps “The named Sami the toward policy herders. Processes S School and at Development 52 self 51 new a and mobilize to began leaders Sami of class active politically and Sweden constituting as seen be can War World Second The 5.2 schools. reindeer traditional as life a for children the prepare to of conceived especially were Schools forbidden. was language Sami of use any and Swedish ensure system school education Sami the clearly demarcated 1913 of Act Schools herders reindeer of children for schools Sami special of establishment up setting on ban a example permanentof theiras was this traditional considered culture. houses,outside for them, on restrictions several placed it usage did Act Herding Reindeer the While

Gunilla, Gunilla, and M Lantto The political mobilization of the Sami Sami the of mobilization The political

that the children were not “civilized”. “civilized”. not were children the that hs paternalistic This

52 towards the Sami the towards edr. herders.

The Reindeer Herding Act was a part of a wider governmental wider a of part a was Act Herding Reindeer The “ Cultural Practice School Curriculum Knowledge in in mnaig h euainl ee i Sm shos o e uh s to as such be to schools Sami in level educational the mandating , ö rkenstam, hlrn f oai Sm were Sami nomadic of Children

and the politica the and policy “

Sami Rights Sami traditional a as apid n education in applied also was provide the reindee the provide

23 á utr o ride hrig ai while Sami, herding reindeer of culture

and Sami Challenges. mi Schools

l mobilization of the Sami the of mobilization l shall be Lapps” be shall

in Sweden in

t col hlrn ee ny taught only were children school At both a both y

who were not seen as real Sami real as seen not were who

in Sweden. in

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change in change

from the general Swedish general the from (Lapps was the preferred the was (Lapps de .

Those Sami outside of outside Sami Those id ces o public to access nied ”

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CEU eTD Collection ainl no o te wds Sm. h Uin a i lre at ae o the on based part large in was Union The Sami. Swedish the of Union National mobilization political and consciousness Scandinavia Sami raising point, turning hydroelectric Kautokeino a build to plans government’s Norwegian the against battle the particular, In be. to came slowly Sami the of understanding 55 54 53 the enjoyed fully not rewards. have Sami the rights, human to comes it when exemplary as state the sees public general Swedish the as well as community international the questioning in own it’s involvement anti in engaged actively alsoSweden 1980s as described been has countries Scandinavian the of image international This oriented. citizens”, “good global as image international other the with along Sweden, Scand rights. indigenous placed and and minority recognition of increasing importance of trend international the followed Sweden move Villages administrative herding reindeer the of structure organizational

Petterson, Petterson, and M Lantto Harald, “Nordi ment inSweden. inavian states, became one of of one became states, inavian It is in this context this in is It 20 the of half second the In fo was Sweden in organization Sami national first the 1950 In frl etbihn te ener edn Sm a te ou o te Sami the of focus the as Sami herding reindeer the establishing firmly , c Exceptionalism”, Exceptionalism”, c “ wdn a nt aiid h I the ratified not has Sweden wti te rdtoa Spi area, Sapmi traditional the within , Ethno . 53 “

Colonialism, Racismand Exceptionalism.

ö rkenstam, - Political afterWorld among Development theSami II. War

that the Sami rights movement works today. today. works movement rights Sami the that “ a par a

Sami Rights andSami Sami Challenges. ticular form of nation branding. In the 1970s and 1970s the In branding. nation of form ticular th colonial andracistactivities

century the century h leading the 24 LO Convention nr.169, one of the most most the of one nr.169, Convention LO - racist and anti and racist

ec loving peace

n h 1970s the in

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entities

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Anaya, Anaya, Lantto and M Lantto Å hr The Sami Parliament in Kiruna Parliament in The Sami á é pmi Regionpmi ofNorw The parliament has proven particularly im particularly proven has parliament The n, Scheinin, and Scheinin, Henriksen, n,

57 Report ofthe SpecialReport Rapporteur on Rightsand the Situation of Human

largely unavailable to them up until that point that until up them to unavailable largely ö rkenstam, there - Determination Other and Central Provisions.

hr i a is There

rvdd ih pafr fr oiia priiain and participation political for platform a with provided ay, Sweden Sweden Finland.ay, and - ener edr, t has it herders, reindeer “

Sami Rights andSami Sami Challenges. 58

hrfr a therefore

“ The Nordic Convention: International Sami

contradiction between the image of of image the between contradiction portant for the non the for portant

uled and funded by the Swedish the by funded and uled 93 y c o Primn, in Parliament, of Act by 1993 significantly orded to them by the UNDRIP the by them to orded T he parliament acts as an as acts parliament he 56 . Whi .

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reindeer herding herding reindeer CEU eTD Collection The followingresearch wereconsidered during questions theinterviews: better particular face politicians Scandinavian issues the Sami intheir context. a gain us help ap will the This of understanding information. important with us provide will Sweden in manifest they how into look a application their in arise therefore may that ea the with Inline 6. Methods and Theory 59 where instances few Those speakers. English proficient all were interviewed interviewees. t open scarce is parliament Sami the on topic the about known is little when encouraged are methods research qualitative addition, In deduction. than rather induction, on based structure, research ope fluid, a for allow they as here chosen were methods Qualitative participant observation. and discussions group focus with along methods, research qualitative open on based was research The 6.1 hesis, since the aim was to understand the personal experiences and attitudes of the the of attitudes and experiences personal the understand to was aim the since hesis,

Bogdan and Biklen, The research The 4. 3. 2. 1. Rese

I conducted the interviews in English, which was not an issue since the people people the since issue an not was which English, in interviews the conducted I Cross stigmatized inthe past? been has that group identity/social an way positive a in represent you do How areWhat theSamiParliamentarians face? themain issues youHow wh a do commoncome definitionof upwith arch methods arch - border Does Samicollaboration: the“Onenation” Sami really exist?

rlier discussion on the vagueness of indigenous rights and the issues the and rightsindigenous of vagueness the on discussion rlier

Qualitative Research Education: Introduction for Qualitative An to

lcto o idgnu rgt i gnrl a wl a the as well as general, in rights indigenous of plication

- ended interviews, which are considered a stable of stable a considered are which interviews, ended - 26 ne itriw wr aporae o the for appropriate were interviews ended

o isaSami?

59 . As research As .

an an n CEU eTD Collection and the researcher acquir researcher the and develops research the gochanges as can through butthey interviews, structurefor as a arecollected. used questions byResearch beginning thedata rather are influenced but anotherSwedish, Scandinavian language closely related to Danish of knowledge my Here them. for it translate I and instead word Swedish the use would they English in word correct the remembering trouble had interviewee Techniques and Procedures 61 Resource and interview the to 60 added subsequently and Enoksson Marie with interview first my during up brought was issue This non anticipated. had I and something not was herders herders reindeer the between parliament Sami the in cleavage particular, In questions. research the framing when of aware been not I that had attention brought topics andconsiderably, concerns as my thediscussions to the interview process. open In direction. another in conversation the take interviewee the should flexible be must but beforehand, ask to questions or topics certain organize can researcher The issue. the the with relation in them to conversation important most is what flowing describe they which during ainterviewee have to is goal the since questions of list strict some aspects influenc can ofit how into insight and understanding deeper a get to and people hand, at how issue the understand perceive to but issue, the on information numerical gain to not is

Taylor and Bogdan, Strauss andCorbin, Strauss While conducting the interviews the scope of my research shifted shifted research my of scope the interviews the conducting While open During resea qualitative In - ended interviews both the researcher and interviewee can therefore i therefore can interviewee and researcher the both interviews ended .

- ne itriw te eerhr s o rqie t miti a maintain to required not is researcher the interviews ended 61

Introduction to Qualitative to Methods:Introduction Research AGuidebook Basics Research: ofQualitative Theory: Grounded

es better understanding and insight into the topic. The idea The topic. the into insight and understanding better es c tere ad yohss r nt u frad t the at forward put not are hypothesis and theories rch .

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Johan Sikku was in town for a board board a for town in was Sikku Johan

Kiruna and conduct conduct and Kiruna and my research my and - 11 were were th

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An email was sent out to a number of parliamentarians in May offering the offering May in parliamentarians of number a to out sent was email An

hort introduction tothe interviewees:hort introduction

Born in1987 villageSami a in 1942 in Born villageSami a in 1958 in Born Born inthe 1960s Born inthe 1960s Age

29 Law student. hislife. most for firefighter a as worked but herder Sami reindeer a as Began the Parliament. of president vice and economist an is He and herding district reindeer a of leader organizer Ecotourism parliament. Sami the for officer Communications Profession

entive of reaching people from people reaching of entive

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30 Nordic Sami Sami the Nordic on worked and that lawyer a is He Sweden). Russia, Norway Finland, members with organization Saami Saami governmental the council is of Sami He member a currently terms. two for parliament the of president former and Lawyer a is He the Saami council. of president is He Convention.

a non (a and May. All three interviews three All May. and

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Taylor and Bogdan, Bogdan and Biklen, Data analysis Data 62

63 .

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ink that the people inside have all the privileges they don’t they privileges the all have inside people the that ink

thors note: people outside of the reindeer villages) try to to try villages) reindeer the of outside people note: thors the reindeer herders now use are areas we fought fought we areas are use now herders reindeer the er herding and land use in Sapmi. When asked if it is it if asked When Sapmi. in use land and herding er

collides with the Sami traditions and traditions Sami the with collides 40

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fight against the government today that wants to take our lands from from lands our take to wants todaythat government the fightagainst as s uch

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ns ht e ae rud bu fr a for about argued have we that ings

budget is tightly controlled. Marie Enoksson, Marie controlled. tightly is budget 41

time debating who among the Sami Sami the among who debating time e of them. But they are they But them. of e

CEU eTD Collection rjcs hy ol lk t fcs n Jsfn Sek xlie te su fo her perspectiveas a parliamentarian from issue the explained Skerk Josefina on. focus to like would they projects is There government. the as she, but distributed is budget the how in saymore wantparliamentarians the as parliament, the of parts two the between and Norway in Parliaments Sami two other the and Parliament Sami Swedish the of part governmental the among cooperation tha explained Enoksson Marie movement. rights their was it such, As Finland. Swed Russia, states, four of territories the within live today Sami The movement indigenous 7.5 action.into ideas their put to room little parliamentarians the allowing scope, its in limited very is it 1993 in founded was it when forward step big a certainly was parliament the While controls the parliament: Ol - oa Si Johan Cross ersnig h Sm pol bt lo a t ase bc t the to a is back it Because answer do. conflic to to hard has sometimes is also time This same government. but the Swedish people at is Sami board political the The representing society. Sami the strong. to given too be to wrong. board is what more political the want show and don’t moreyou require can politically strong youaretoo Becauseif they that think I own our fund to able be should organizations. We government. the from for hoping charity hands our we in so head our land, with our stand to in have mined not is should really Europe in iron the all of percent 90 that all…It at power much have not do we But be. to it like would or is an it think still not people many But that. is be to founded Parliament Sami the self but for expectations, institution of lot a are There - border Sami cooperation and influence of the the inte of influence and cooperation Sami border k add ht y otoln te ugt h Seih tt essentially state Swedish the budget the controlling by that added kku

of interest to me to see how this affects the Swedish Sami in Sami Swedish the affects this how see to me to interest of eemnto, t a nvr en o n ws not was and so been never has it determination, thus But now they can say that there is a lot of money money of lot a is there that say can they now But : little flexibility for the politicians to allocate funds to funds allocate to politicians the for flexibility little

a governmental employee, needs to report back to to back report to needs employee, governmental a 42

Finland . Ol . is of course ridiculous course of is t there is considerable practical considerable is there t - Johan Sikku added that the that added Sikku Johan rnational rnational en, Norway and and Norway en, CEU eTD Collection su saeet o te. e ute epand i eprecs t uh Sami such at experiences his explained conferences: further He them. on statements issue and concerns common discuss they where conference a at year third every meet side, represent with along parliaments, three the of sides political wds sae o hne h Sm plc crety n lc. e eivs the believes He place. in currently policy Sami the change to state Swedish Lars accord. sc wider a at and rights, indigenous international of importance and influence the about speaking When between and Sweden Norway: in villagesherding reindeer in relatives cross about asked When particularnational cultures prevalentthe four attitudes ordifferent countries: in the rather but cultures Sami in differences to related not was find could Ol with agreed Skerk Josefina governments gaveand withwarm createdtous, hands. W borders The together. work we and Ireindeer herding there.I cousins have therein relatives so a have of lot Norway from originally comes family my Norway; in relatives have I I So too. Sweden in same the find would notsay a difference between thatthereis us. could I sure I’m But that. LGBT notice example for issues, certain about open less are people countries some in that Russia true is it and But lovely. are Norway that Finland and from friends have I countries. different the from are There the same still culture.it’s side between, kilometers thousand two Russian be can there and South, the the from and from identity. come same you the if even have strong, and really us that’s most of Because all the Sami are that’s We people. values, same the same the thi main the Swedish, have but history, same the Sami, have we We important. use but we English speak, or we Finnish language what important as not its No Thenalready. common in something have we fromthat Russia, or Finland Sami meet I when times many that experienced have I estern society created, they are not ours. But that’s a problem that the the that problem a that’s But ours. not are they created, society estern -

Paul Kroik especially focused on using international law to influence the the influence to law international using on focused especially Kroik Paul not really cultural differences that I can feel between Sami Sami between feel can I that differences cultural really not ope international human rights, the parliamentarians were of one one of were parliamentarians the rights, human international ope - odr olbrto Mti eg xlie ta h has he that explained Berg Matti collaboration border -

Johan on this issue, adding that the main difference she difference main the that adding issue, this on Johan

Norway and described how he sees the borders borders the sees he how described and Norway 43

r s are omething that Sweden, the the Sweden, that omething

ng is that we are we that is ng atives from the Russian Russian the from atives sus s you so issues,

rway, CEU eTD Collection nieos epe, a be vr hlfl o h Seih ai Ol agreedand added: Sami. Swedish the to helpful very been has peoples, Indigenous mo indigenous international groups. similar to relation in stand they where see to and claims, rights their structure groups unresponsive quite find pressur put to favor their in this use They international the indigenousmovement. and lines state communityacross spread t clear is It lacking: are Sami the where showcase could population, indigenous Canadian the particular Lars - nes ar icse hw cmaio wt ohr nieos epe, in peoples, indigenous other with comparison a how discussed Baer Anders are we that accepted equal. have They lands. are acceptedwe that not they have different,but be can wedifferentand our on projects or projects big mining during on other goes what in say a have not should We or modernize us let to traditions, willing not are they the but culture, the protected, us keep to in like But they negotiations. Scandinavia to comes it when Canada in others as table same The pressure onSweden. a at us just you if governmentsupport theySwedish the don’t Swedishsociety and at look because that, of because politically stronger become have we think I them. with cooperate can and peoples indigenous other with con the as far we so reached have that feel don’t I but conventions about discussion of lot a is There

indigenous people in Canada have it better because they sit at the the at sit they because better it have Canada in people indigenous

h ll. We have to get help from the international society to put put to society international the from help get to have We ll. e Sami in Sweden are aware of their place both in a wider Sami Sami wider a in both place their of aware are Sweden in Sami e

to their claims, and to gain practical knowledge of how other how of knowledge practical gain to and claims, their to

vement, in particular the UN declaration on the rights of rights the on declaration UN the particular in vement, ventions want. We have a lot in common common in lot a have We want. ventions e on the Swedish government, which government, Swedish the on e 44

take part in big business. business. big in part take - Johan Sikku Sikku Johan

they often often they CEU eTD Collection groupsand as such indig to belongs who deciding in particular in rights, indigenous implementing i the on study case a Through practice. into put are they how examining of intention the and introduced been have rights indigenous international thesis this In 8. language. Sami a spoke/speak grandparents or parents t prove to people requiring criteria language a with settling finally register, voting the for up sign to wish that those for criteria appropriate finding with up. background in discussed were and up, brought have experts legal and is “Who of wasSami?” a focal point question the research the During scholars. and activists rights Sami well as Kiruna, in institution governmental a parliament, Sami the in politicians meansit be to Sami. gre exist. even they prove to difficult quite is it that history out through extent an such to repressed been have cultures their when specificity, cultural alo the g ih te idgnu pols fc i hw o ae hi rgt cam on claims rights their base to how is face peoples, indigenous other with ng at difficulty defining the characteristic features of members of their group, or what what or group, their of members of features characteristic the defining difficulty at Conclusions nation

dgnu pplto o See te rcia cmlctos ht rs in arise that complications practical the Sweden of population ndigenous As had been expected, the Sami Parliament has since its creation struggled struggled creation its since has Parliament Sami the expected, been had As scholars international concerns and themes the of many interviews the During focused research current The of start the with intensifying assimilation, of centuries faced have Sami The - building

whom

project in Sweden in the 18 the in Sweden in project

indigenous rights accorded are considered. been to, have

45 rud neves odce wt Sami with conducted interviews around

century. One of the issues the Sami, Sami, the issues the of One century. The groups in parliament have parliament in groups The The Sami have thus had had thus have Sami The hat one of their their of one hat

chapters, came came chapters, analyzed, with analyzed, enous

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these Western welfare states have not had more success, and telling of the the of telling and success, more had not have states welfare Western these It is important to note that t that note to important is It left was borders state across Nation” Sami “One the of question The

schoolbooks

e to limitations such as time and funding constraints. It is clear that clear is It constraints. funding and time as such limitations to e policy on behalf of the Swedish state. If you acknowledge racism as racism acknowledge you If state. Swedish the of behalf on policy s rm h sae r fr ee. t s tiig hn ht the that then striking is It fewer. far are state the from ts bt ae o a hd ite uk Te eainhp between relationship The luck. little had far so have but , twr idgnu pols r sil ane b te racist the by tainted still are peoples indigenous toward s he examples of indigenous rights in Scandinavia, Scandinavia, in rights indigenous of examples he large 47 - the the scale

colonized is not well know among the among know well not is colonized

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Sami CEU eTD Collection the indigenous. and population majority the betweennegotiations future to essential is knowledge and

CEU eTD Collection Anaya, James. S. Anaya, James. andMattias Åhrén.Aikio, Antti, for Replyofthe anDefinition “A Extension toCalls B.Åhrén, Scheinin, and Henriksen. “TheNordic Mattias, Martin John Sami Bibliography Lantto, and Challenges.” Sami Ulf Mörkenstam. “Sami Rights Patrik, and Lantto,Citizenship and Change: Patrik. “Borders, The Case ofthe People.” Sami Kymlicka, Will. Koivurova,Indigenous “From High Timo. toDisillusionment: Hopes Peoples’ Ivison, Sanders. and Duncan, Paul Patton, Will L. DonaldHorowitz, “The Cracked ofthe Foundations Right Secede.” to Harald, “Ethno Eidheim. ——— Hannum, Hurst. “CulturalGunilla, Johansson. Practice Curriculum Knowledge in inSchool I Eidheim, Harald.Ethnic “When Du Gay, Hall. Paul, andStuart Crawford, “Right ofSelf James. Bogdan, C.,andSaraBiklen. Robert Knopp doi:10.1080/03468750701431222. Scandinavian Journal ofHistory St Citizenship NewOxford; York: Press ;University Clarendon Oxford 1995. Press, on Monority andGroup Rights Struggle Right Self to(re)Gain Their to Indigenous Peoples Democracy Karasjok: 1997. Davvi Girji, In Determination.” . “TheSecession: of Specter Resp Pennsylvania 1996. Press, Accommodation Rights ofConflicting Sweden.” Me Decolonizing in at Schools School Development Sámi Processes and Boundaries Sage, 2011. 2001. andIn Future.” 2003. Introduction toTheory andMethods 2004. General 2011. Assembly, SwedenPeople ofNorway, andFinland. in theSápmi Region and Fundamental ofthe ofIndigenousSami Freedoms People:The Situation 43. Finland.”of Sámiin (2007): 1 Central Provisions.” International Convention: HumanRights, Self Sami Culture in a New Era: inaNew TheSamiExperience Culture Norwegian Sami

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