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Saamelainen Etnisyys Ja Pohjoinen Paikallisuus - Saamelaisten Etninen Mobilisaatio Ja Paikallisperustainen Vastaliike

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Saamelainen Etnisyys Ja Pohjoinen Paikallisuus - Saamelaisten Etninen Mobilisaatio Ja Paikallisperustainen Vastaliike View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lauda Erkki Pääkkönen Saamelainen etnisyys ja pohjoinen paikallisuus - Saamelaisten etninen mobilisaatio ja paikallisperustainen vastaliike Akateeminen väitöskirja, joka Lapin yliopiston yhteiskuntatieteiden tiedekunnan suostumuksella esitetään julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Lapin yliopiston Esko ja Asko -salissa perjantaina 12.12.2008 kello12 Acta Electronica Universitatis Lapponiensis 42 Lapin yliopisto Yhteiskuntatieteiden tiedekunta Copyright: Erkki Pääkkönen Jakelu: Lapin yliopistokustannus PL 8123 FI-96101 Rovaniemi puh. + 358 40 821 4242 , fax + 358 16 341 2933 julkaisu@ulapland.fi www.ulapland.fi /julkaisut Painettu ISBN 978-952-484-267-9 ISSN 0788-7604 PDF ISBN 978-952-484-312-6 ISSN 1796-6310 www.ulapland.fi /unipub/actanet 3 Tiivistelmä Pääkkönen Erkki Saamelainen etnisyys ja pohjoinen paikallisuus – Saamelaisten etninen mobilisaatio ja paikallisperustainen vastaliike Rovaniemi: Lapin yliopisto 2008, 350 s., Acta Universitatits Lapponiensis 153 Väitöskirja: Lapin yliopisto ISSN 0788-7604 ISBN 978-952-484-267-9 Saamelaisten kulttuuriautonomiaa koskeva lakiesitys nosti laajan vastarinnan Pohjois-Suomen pai- kallisen pääväestön keskuudessa. Lain tultua hyväksytyksi tämä sama väestön osa alkoi vaatia itsel- leen saamelaisten statusta. Tästä lähtien keskustelu on jatkunut ja herättänyt voimakkaita tunteita. Keskeinen kysymys on ollut etninen rajankäynti saamelaisten ja muun paikallisen väestön välillä. Taustalla voidaan nähdä paikallisyhteisöjen pelko, että saamelaisten asemaa vahvistavat toimen- piteet johtaisivat muut poissulkeviin oikeuksiin hyödyntää paikallisia resursseja. Tähän liittyvät erityi- sesti valtion saamelaisalueella hallitsemien maiden tulevaa omistusta koskevat kysymykset. Paikallisen pääväestön vastamobilisaatio perustelee vaatimuksiaan julistautumalla muinaisten lappalaisten jälkeläisiksi. Tästä on kehittynyt syvä erimielisyys etnisyyden luonteesta: tulisiko sen perustua olemassa olevaan kulttuuriseen kompetenssiin ja yksilötasolla kyseisen ryhmän hyväksyn- tään vaiko hyvinkin kaukaiseen sukuhistoriaan? Kulttuuristen kontaktien pitkästä historiasta johtuen huomattavalla osalla väestöä on saamelaisia sukujuuria. Myös taustaltaan täysin suomalainen väestö voi tähdentää pitkäaikaista, jopa 1600-luvulle yltävää asutus- ja elinkeinohistoriaansa. Elinkeinoihin ja kulttuuripiirteisiin perustuvat luokittelut eivät kuitenkaan välttämättä ole etnisiä. Esimerkiksi tilal- liseksi hakeutuminen on ollut myös saamelainen selviytymisstrategia. Vastamobilisaatio on käynnistänyt voimakkaan diskursiivisen hyökkäyksen tiedotusvälineissä. Se vaatii etnisten rajojen uudelleenmäärittelyä ja pyrkii rekonstruoimaan tiettyjä historiallisia, etnisiä ja jopa myyttisiä kategorioita. Tässä rekonstruoinnissa lappalaisen käsitteellä on keskeinen rooli. Lappalainen on saamelaisista käytetty vanha nimitys. Alun perin sillä oli konkreettinen juridinen sisältö. Vähitellen tämä sisältö kuihtui pois ja sana jäi ’kodittomaksi’ kun saamelaisen käsite otettiin käyttöön. Nyt vastamobilisaatio on ottanut tämän vanhan nimen käyttöönsä uudessa merkityksessä. Pohjoisen paikalliset asukkaat ovat alkaneet määritellä itseään lappalaisiksi esittäytyen todellisena alkuperäiskansana. ’Uuslappalaisen’ käsitteen sisältö jää kuitenkin epäselväksi. Joissakin yhteyksissä se viittaa kaik- kiin syntyperäisiin asukkaisiin, joskus taas muinaisten lappalaisoikeuksien väitettyihin perillisiin. Alkuperäisyyden käsite jää yhtälailla riidanalaiseksi. Tämän tutkimuksen tulkinnan mukaan se viittaa rajamaan ideologiana tunnetun ajattelutavan erityiseen suomalaiseen muotoon. Avainsanat: saamelaiset, lappalaiset, etnisyys, paikallisuus, mobilisaatio, vastamobilisaatio, alkupe- räiskansat 4 Abstract Pääkkönen Erkki Title Sámi Ethnicity and Northern Locality – The Sámi Ethnic Mobilization and its Local-based Counter Movement Rovaniemi: University of Lapland, 2008, 350 pp., Acta Universitatis Lapponinsis 153 Dissertation: University of Lapland ISSN 0788-7604 ISBN 978-952-484-267-9 The legislative proposal on Sámi cultural autonomy raised a massive resistance among the local ma- jority population in Northern Finland. After the legislation was adopted, these same people started to claim Sámi status for themselves. Since this, the debate has continued and emotions are running high. The central issue concerns the ethnic border between the Sámi and the main local population. In the backgroud we can see the fear of the local communities that any kind of strengthening of the Sámi status could be the fi rst step towards exclusive Sámi rights concerning the utilization of local resources. Specifi cally, it seems to be expectations about the future ownership of the state-managed land within the Sámi Area that are behind all this. The counter mobilization of the main local population justifi es its demands by declaring them- selves to be descendants of the ancient Lapps. This has grown into the basic disagreement about the nature of inherited ethnicity: should it be based on prevailing cultural competence and acceptance by the group itself, or occurences of family history, which may be very remote? Produced by the long history of cultural contacts, a remarkable proportion of the population has elements of Sámi ancestry. In addition to this, the population of totally Finnish background can emphasize their long history of settlement and livelihood dating back to the 1600s. However, categories based on livelihoods and cultural traits are not necessarily ethnic. For example, it has been a Sámi strategy of survival to enter farming. The counter mobilization has launched a powerful discoursive attack in the mass media. It de- mands a redefi nition of ethnic borders and endeavors to reconstruct certain historic, ethnic and even mythic categories. The notion of Lapp has a central role in this reconstruction. Lapp is the old name for the Sámi. Originally it had a concrete judicial content. Gradually, this content withered away and the word remained ‘homeless’ when the notion of Sámi was introduced. Now, the counter mobilization has put this old name to use again in a new meaning. The Northern local inhabitants have started to defi ne themselves as Lapps, and they present themselves as the true northern indigenous people. The concrete content of the new term ‘Lapp’ remains unclear. In some contexts it refers to all in- habitants that are local by birth. Sometimes it seems to mean the claimed heirs of the ancient rights of the Lapps. The content of indigenity remains equally disputable. According to this study, it refers to a specifi cally Finnish variant of the frontier ideology. Keywords: Sámi, Lapp, ethnicity, locality, mobilization, counter mobilization, indigenous peoples 5 Sisällys Esipuhe 9 1 Johdanto 11 1.1 Etnisyys modernissa ja globaalissa kontekstissa 14 1.2 Saamelaisten uudenlainen julkisuus 20 1.3 Akkulturaatiosta myötämääräämiseen 23 1.4 Saamelaisuus kansallisvaltion ongelmana 28 1.5 Tutkimustehtävä 31 2 Tutkimuskysymykset, aineistot ja menetelmä 38 2.1 Lähtökohtana konstruktionismi, näkökulmana diskursiivisuus 40 2.2 Tutkimuskysymykset 45 2.3 Tutkimuksen lähteet ja aineistot 48 2.4 Lähestymistapa ja menetelmä 54 3 Tutkimuksen lähtökohta: etnisyyden ja paikallisuuden mobilisoituminen 56 3.1 Etnisyys luokitteluprosessina 57 3.1.1 Barthilainen ja konstruktionistinen käänne 60 3.1.2 Etnisyyden analyyttisia ulottuvuuksia 62 3.2 Etninen ryhmä empiirisenä käsitteenä 64 3.3 Paikallisuus: toiminnallisesta yhteisöstä liikkeeksi 66 3.4 Etnisyys ja paikallisuus partikularismin muotoina 68 3.5 Liiketutkimuksen näkökulma 71 3.5.1 Yhteiskunnallinen liike 71 3.5.2 Liiketutkimus, etnisyys ja paikallisuus 73 3.5.3 Liiketutkimuksen käyttökelpoiset käsitteet 76 3.6 Kollektiivinen identiteetti mobilisaation ytimenä 80 4 Suomen saamelaiskysymyksen muotoutuminen 1990-luvulla: vakaasta moninaisuudesta lappalaiskiistaan 86 4.1 Modernisaation politisoima saamelaisuus 87 4.2 Pelko herää paikallisyhteisöissä 88 4.2.1 Vuoden 1990 lakiehdotus 91 4.2.2 Saamelainen kulttuuriautonomia ja ”iso poliittinen huuto” 92 4.3 Paikallisväestön etnisyysprojekti 94 4.4 KHO:n ratkaiseva laintulkinta 97 4.5 Pohjoinen maaoikeuskamppailu jatkuu 100 4.6 Ratkaisuyrityksiä ja esikuvia 105 4.7 Lapin maaoikeustutkimus 108 6 5 Saamelaiset ja eurooppalainen julkisuus 112 5.1 Lappi ja saamelaisuus pohjoisena toiseutena 114 5.2 Ruotsalaisen suurvallan itseymmärrys 122 5.3 Rotudiskurssi ja saamelaiset 127 5.4 Kansallisvaltioiden myyttinen lappalainen 132 6 Saamelaisen etnopolitiikan nousu ja aiemmat valtiolliset vastaukset 141 6.1 Mobilisaation alkuvaiheet 142 6.1.1 1800-luku, Laestadius ja Fjellner 143 6.1.2 Mobilisaation ensimmäinen aalto 147 6.1.3 Toisen maailmansodan murros ja 1950-luku 148 6.2 Saamelaispolitiikan alkutaival Suomessa 151 6.2.1 Varhaiset komiteanmietinnöt 151 6.2.2 ”Saamen ystävät” ja Lapin Sivistysseura 153 6.2.3 Ensimmäiset saamelaiset järjestöt 154 6.3 1960-luvun Zeitgeist 156 6.4 ”Joiut on joiuttu: on maanalaisen toiminnan vuoro” 160 6.5 Luontokamppailut tulevat 163 6.6 Liike saavuttaa tuloksia 164 6.6.1 Komiteanmietinnöstä väestötutkimukseen 165 6.6.2 Saamelaisvaltuuskunta perustetaan 172 6.6.3 Kielen ja kulttuurin edistysaskeleet 176 6.6.4 Politiikka saa suuntansa 181 7 Saamelaispolitiikan puheavaruus 185 7.1 Monenlaiset lappalaiset 188 7.2 Erimielisyydet nousevat historiasta 194 7.3 Tieteellinen saamelaisdiskurssi 202 7.4 Kulttuuri osapuolten representaationa 205 7.4.1 Saamelaiset: kulttuuri etnopolitiikan resurssina
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