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Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology N.S. 3 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology N.S. 3 Call for Protection Situating Journalists in Post-Cold War Romania in a Global Media Development Discourse Urban Larssen ©Urban Larssen and Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis 2010 ISBN 978-91-86071-36-3 Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2010 Distributor: eddy.se ab, Visby Sweden Cover illustration by Dan Perjovschi For my parents and Cireşului Contents Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction: Locating Public Sphere ............................................... 15 Journalism—a “global profession” ................................................................... 16 The safety of Romanian journalists—a global concern................................ 18 2004—a critical year .......................................................................................... 20 Foreign influence, ideal model and the crisis of journalism ....................... 22 Journalism and transnational public spheres ................................................ 26 A “softer” approach ........................................................................................... 32 The myth of the mediated center ................................................................... 34 Why Romania? .................................................................................................... 36 Notes on method, material, and sources ....................................................... 38 Overview of the study ....................................................................................... 44 2. A Report on Romania ........................................................................... 49 Ceauşescu ........................................................................................................... 49 Transition ............................................................................................................. 52 TV revolution ....................................................................................................... 56 After 1989: Media boom and standards alignment ..................................... 58 An idealized model ............................................................................................. 62 Media and development: The question of “noise”........................................ 63 Threats and Everyday Professional Life ......................................................... 66 Holding societies together ................................................................................ 68 Essentializing accounts in perspective ........................................................... 71 Critical contextualization .................................................................................. 73 Harassments and the struggle for standards ................................................ 74 Transnational NGO activism as de-territorialized investigative journalism ............................................................................................................ 77 New conditions for new world stories ............................................................. 79 Assemblage of global media development .................................................... 80 Norm and discipline ........................................................................................... 81 Summary: Public sphere, ritual, and governance ........................................ 83 3. Free Press House, Stalinist Style ...................................................... 85 Before 1989 ........................................................................................................ 87 Stalinist style, state control ............................................................................. 90 Party activism ..................................................................................................... 91 From underground to officialdom .................................................................... 93 Today.................................................................................................................... 94 Name-switches, new ownership structures and new occupational pathways ............................................................................................................. 96 Stepping inside ................................................................................................... 99 “Formers” .......................................................................................................... 105 The Romanian Press Club ............................................................................... 107 Interview: Octavian Ştireanu ......................................................................... 111 Conclusion: The fragility of concrete reality ............................................... 115 4. Journalists and Journalisms ............................................................. 119 Seven portraits ................................................................................................. 121 Simona: “I am free to do things in my own way” ...................................... 122 Andrei: “I don’t want Iliescu in power again” ............................................. 125 Radu: “Fake articles is a normal thing in Romania” .................................. 127 Eugen: “They seem to have something against events” .......................... 130 Bogdan: “Journalism doesn’t represent reality” ......................................... 133 Nicolae: “If it’s necessary to break the law, I’ll do it” ............................... 136 Claudiu: “Journalists are driven by the urge to show that they are right” ........................................................................................................... 141 Summary ........................................................................................................... 145 5. Agencies ............................................................................................... 149 Exploring the NGO sector ............................................................................... 153 The Media Monitoring Agency ........................................................................ 157 Following Toma................................................................................................. 159 Conclusion: Navigating informational landscapes ...................................... 170 6. Protection ............................................................................................. 175 Sinaia 1: Understanding bullet behavior ..................................................... 176 Safety business ................................................................................................ 179 Educate and protect yourself ......................................................................... 181 Center for Independent Journalism .............................................................. 183 Distrust .............................................................................................................. 185 Sinaia 2: “Who is the journalist, anyway?” ................................................. 188 NGO advice ....................................................................................................... 189 Predeal: Educating judges .............................................................................. 191 Conclusion: Deserving protection ................................................................. 195 7. Transnational Journalism .................................................................. 199 Ideals and “actually existing journalism” .................................................... 200 No sharp boundaries ....................................................................................... 202 Global death watch .......................................................................................... 203 Public matters in the Romanian context ...................................................... 205 National interest in a changing media landscape ....................................... 207 Journalists crossing borders ........................................................................... 209 Alternative means of publicity ....................................................................... 210 Writing transnational society ......................................................................... 212 Emergency, protection, affection .................................................................. 213 References ................................................................................................ 217 Index .......................................................................................................... 228 Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology ........................................ 232 Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology. New Series ................. 235 10 Acknowledgments This study would not have been possible without the encouragement and support of a lot of people. First of all, I want to thank all the journalists in Bucharest who generously gave me the opportunity to study them when they were at work and who offered me plenty of time, both on- and off-duty, to talk through the complex world of journalism and the mass media in Roma- nia. Many of them saw me as a fellow journalist from another country, based on my earlier work as a local reporter in Sweden, and it was
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