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Attitudes Toward Mental Illness, Mentally Ill Persons, and Help-Seeking Among the Saudi Public and Sociodemographic Correlates

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Attitudes Toward Mental Illness, Mentally Ill Persons, and Help-Seeking Among the Saudi Public and Sociodemographic Correlates Journal name: Psychology Research and Behavior Management Article Designation: ORIGINAL RESEARCH Year: 2019 Volume: 12 Psychology Research and Behavior Management Dovepress Running head verso: Abolfotouh et al Running head recto: Saudi attitudes toward mental illness open access to scientific and medical research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S191676 Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Attitudes toward mental illness, mentally ill persons, and help-seeking among the Saudi public and sociodemographic correlates Mostafa A Abolfotouh1 Background: It has been reported that the majority of individuals with mental illnesses (MIs) Adel F Almutairi2 do not seek help. Few studies have focused on correlates of a positive attitude toward profes- Zainab Almutairi3 sional help-seeking for MI. This study aimed to determine levels of knowledge, perception, and Mahmoud Salam2 attitudes toward MI, determine attitudes toward mental health help-seeking, and identify sociode- Anwar Alhashem1 mographic predictors of correct knowledge and favorable attitudes among the Saudi public. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 650 Saudi adults aged 18 years who Abdallah A Adlan4 Methods: > attended the Saudi Jenadriyah annual cultural and heritage festival during February 2016. The Omar Modayfer5 previously validated Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire was used. Attitude to professional 1Research Training and Development help-seeking was also assessed, using a tool retrieved from the World Mental Health Compos- Section, King Abdullah International For personal use only. Medical Research Center/ King ite International Diagnostic Interview part II. Multiple regression analyses were applied, and Saud bin-Abdulaziz University for statistical significance considered at P<0.05. Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Results: The majority of the Saudi public reported lack of knowledge about the nature of 2Science and Technology Unit, King Abdullah International Medical MI (87.5%, percentage mean score [PMS] 45.02±19.98), negative perception (59%, PMS Research Center/ King Saud bin- 59.76±9.16), negative attitudes to MI (66.5%, PMS 65.86±7.77), and negative attitudes to pro- Abdulaziz University for Health fessional help-seeking (54.5%, PMS 62.45±8.54). Marital status was a predictor of knowledge Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Stem Cells Donor Registry, King Abdullah (t=–3.12, P=0.002), attitudes to MI (t=2.93, P=0.003), and attitudes to help-seeking (t=2.20, International Medical Research P=0.03). Attitudes to help-seeking were also predicted by sex (t=–2.72, P=0.007), employment Center/ King Saud bin-Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, (t=3.05, P=0.002), and monthly income (t=2.79, P=0.005). Perceptions toward the mentally ill Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Bioethics were not predicted by these socioeconomic characteristics (P>0.05). Section, King Abdullah International Conclusion: The Saudi public reported lack of knowledge of MI and stigmatizing attitudes Medical Research Center/ King Saud bin-Abdulaziz University for toward people with MI in relation to treatment, work, marriage, and recovery and toward Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; professional help-seeking. Sociodemographic characteristics predicted correct knowledge and 5 Division of Mental Health, King favorable attitudes, while Saudi culture was the likely factor behind negative judgments about Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of Psychology Research and Behavior Management downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 54.70.40.11 on 20-Aug-2021 National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, mentally ill persons. Efforts to challenge this negative publicity and stigma through antistigma Saudi Arabia campaigns and public education through schools and media are recommended. Keywords: psychiatric illness, discrimination, people with mental illness, PWMI, stigma, anti- stigma, negative publicity, judgment of mental issues, professional help-seeking, social distance Correspondence: Mostafa A Abolfotouh Introduction Research Training and Development Section, King Abdullah International Mental illness (MI) is a serious medical condition affecting the individual’s thoughts, Medical Research Center, King Saud bin feelings, mood, and behavior.1 MIs include depression, bipolar disorder, schizophre- Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, nia, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs, PO Box 3660, Riyadh 11426, personality disorder, eating disorders, and addictive behaviors.2 As estimated by the Saudi Arabia World Health Organization, MI is prevalent in about 25% of the world population in Tel/fax +966 11 429 4460 Email [email protected] both developed and developing countries.3,4 In Saudi Arabia, there are rough figures submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Psychology Research and Behavior Management 2019:12 45–54 45 Dovepress © 2019 Abolfotouh et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms. php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S191676 you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Abolfotouh et al Dovepress regarding specific MI or population groups, with an obvi- Methods ous lack of accuracy for the general prevalence of MI in Study area/setting 5 the Saudi community. Al-Sughayr and Ferwana reported a The Jenadriyah festival is a cultural and heritage festival 6 prevalence rate of 48% among high school students. How- held at Jenadriyah, near Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, each year, ever, they attributed this high prevalence of MI to the use of lasting for 2 weeks. It is organized by the National Guard, only a self-reported questionnaire (28-item General Health and was first held in 1985. Activities include a camel race, Questionnaire) for diagnosis, with possible subjection of the performances of local music, ardah dancing, and mizmar results to information biases. (wind instrument) recitals. The festival draws more than 1 Development of integrated community treatments and million visitors every year. The festival normally falls during support programs for chronic medical disorders and in the months of February or March. Long ago, Jenadriyah was 7 particular MI is a challenge. While there was an increase in known as “Rowdhat Souwais” and was mentioned by numer- the mental health literacy of the public, the desire for social ous historians and writers.11 Saudis attending the Jenadriyah distance from people with major depression and schizophre- festival in 2016 were the target of this study. nia remained unchanged or even increased.8 This issue has persuaded many countries to launch study initiatives to better Subjects understand these illnesses as seen by the public community Saudi adults aged >18 years who attended the Jenadriyah and work on narrowing these gaps.8 It is necessary to reduce festival during February 2016 and were willing to partici- barriers between the public and mentally ill patients, which pate in the survey were included. Physically tired, sick, and is a key in any psychiatric treatment. mentally ill patients were excluded from the study. This was Public perceptions and attitudes toward MI in the Saudi a cross-sectional survey. Arabian community generally emerge from a preexisting belief system that is nourished by the community’s past and Sample size and sampling technique present experiences.9 Treatment of mentally ill patients might Based on an assumption of 50% positive attitudes to mental For personal use only. be perceived by the public as useless, costly, time-consuming, health and with a precision of 7% and 95% CI, a sample and even risky. Proper knowledge and public perception aids size of 560 subjects was estimated. Investigators estimated in the recognition of these patients as community members an average of 25%–50% incomplete interviews, and to with specific disorders and thus requiring special needs. compensate for that, the sample was expanded to 650 sub- Therefore, it is important to assess any gaps in public knowl- jects. A convenience sample was selected from all visitors edge, perception, and attitudes regarding various MIs, their to the Jenadriyah festival who agreed to participate in the risk factors, treatments, and basic needs. study. A driver from the King Abdullah International Medi- It has been argued that help-seeking should improve cal Research Center was assigned on a scheduled basis to with better recognition and labeling of mental disorders, transport the data-collection team from and to the collection increased understanding of the causes and treatments of settings. mental health problems, and belief in the rationale for treat- ment approaches.10 The advantages of early help-seeking have Data collection Psychology Research and Behavior Management downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 54.70.40.11 on 20-Aug-2021 been clearly articulated, with early help-seeking providing the Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire opportunity for early intervention and improved long-term Every
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