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ISSN: 1081-8359

The International Journal for Middle-earth Gaming

I S S U E 28

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ISSUE 28 JANUARY 2000 EDITORIAL: "DARO!" In this Issue

They said it couldn’t happen, they said it (the Wood-elves) that forms the necessary A History of the Nandor ...... 3 wouldn’t last, but here we are once again, background to the linguistic portrait David like a naurnen blast. Welcome to OH2K! paints for us. Tatyarin Avari...... 6 One of the many things in short supply for Jeff Erwin follows up with a kindred topic, Middle-earth gamers (and for Tolkien fans in Dark Elves, and includes a complete set of general) over the years has been accessible development stats for playing them in a game. A Grammar and Dictionary of and reliable language resources. For many, Next comes the grammar and dictionary Silvan Elvish ...... 11 the list begins and ends with Ruth Noel’s proper - everything you need to create names, Languages of Tolkien’s Middle-earth, now quite form sentences, even compose poetry in the dated as well as being rife with errors. But Silvan tongue. Halls of the Elven-king ...... 18 even today, with the gradual expansion of our In the middle of it all you will find a beauti- knowledge of Quenya and Sindarin through ful rendition of the Elven-king’s court, follow- The History of Mt. Gundabad... 32 the History of Middle-earth series and Parma ing the designs and costuming of some classi- Eldalambaron, significant gaps remain in the cal Chris Tubb Mithril figures. My commen- linguistic map of northwestern Endor. Inevi- tary turns toward the subject of genealogy, Siriann's Song...... 34 tably so, since Tolkien himself did not com- synthesizing various MERP versions of pletely detail all the languages he invented. Thranduil’s family and relations. To the student of Tolkien’s subcreation, Thomas Morwinsky comes to the rescue such lacunae simply come with the territory; with a last-minute space filler on Mount C ONTRIBUTORS they are limits to be recognized and accepted. Gundabad, bringing the MERP canon into But what of the player or GM bent on push- accord with the History of Middle-earth se- Jeff Erwin ing past the boundaries of the given? The ries. easiest practical solution is: fake it, use what Last but not least we have a creative piece Gen Larson information is available and improvise the by Gen Larson, player of the Dark Elf, Sir- rest. After all, that’s what subcreation (and iann, whose people’s story the poem recounts. Thomas Morwinsky role playing) is all about. Occasionally, Astute subscribers will note the reappearance though, it becomes possible to extrapolate of the enigmatic Muristil from OH 20. David Salo new linguistic data with a good deal more As for news from the wide world, there is precision, especially when the extrapolator is somewhat to report. According to Eric Dub- Chris Seeman David Salo. ourg, the French gaming company Hexagonal David has a long track record as a “con- will continue to translate and publish MERP sulting linguist” for both MERP and OH. modules. I gather from this that Tolkien En- EDITING Among his many distinguished credits is the terprises has decided to continue “sub-letting” creation of Lossidilrin, the Snow-elven dia- the foreign rights to MERP. Martin Burke lect from The Northern Waste. It was the prin- Thomas Morwinsky has just submitted a ciple behind this exercise, of following lengthy set of guidelines for adapting the role Chris Seeman Tolkien’s own method in plotting a set of playing game Harnmaster to Middle-earth, and transformations from a common ancestral this information is now available for Charles Watteyne Elvish tongue, that planted the notion in my download on the OH website. head that something similar might one day be Finally, as real life continues to erode my attempted on a larger scale for the language free time, I have been turning over in my PAGEMAKING of the Elves of Mirkwood and Lórien. mind the idea of publishing The Inland Sea The initial impetus for devising Silvan manuscript on the website (and via floppy for Ouentin Westcott names was actually occasioned by Jasna those without Internet access). Unlike The Martinovic’s Mirkwood-based adventure Oathbreakers, which still requires a good deal published in OH 20. The necessity reasserted of work before it will be presentable, The ARTWORK itself a year later as Thomas Morwinsky and Inland Sea is more or less ready to go. How- I started preparing the Inland Sea maps, with ever, I won’t be able to devote the necessary Jeff Erwin their coverage of Mirkwood. The final push time to a thorough editorial pass until May, so came when my own campaign began detailing I won’t make any promises more definite than Quentin Westcott the upbringing of a Dark Elven PC among “sometime this summer.” the Elves of Mirkwood. It was only a matter of time before this issue’s feature piece, “A Chris Seeman 22 NEXT ISSUE: Grammar and Dictionary of Silvan Elvish,” January, 2000 SOUTHERN would become a reality. We begin this issue with a short but re- MIDDLE-EARTH lated historical overview of the Nandor

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A HISTORY OF THE NANDOR

David Salo: 2601 University Avenue The Nandor became a separate people. choirs of birds whose fair voices had taken #103, Madison, WI 53705-3750, USA They were not like the other Eldar, or even thought and meaning.” But even in this they ([email protected]) the Teleri, except that they loved water, and were secret, and they did not sing at night when the creatures of Morgoth might walk “The Nandor are the Host of Denweg, the tended to dwell beside running streams and abroad. They were a peaceful people, if left Wood-elves, the Wanderers, the Staff-elves, the waterfalls. They knew more about living undisturbed; they did not hunt beasts, nor Green Elves and the Brown, the Hidden People; and things (trees, herbs, birds and beasts) than did they hew their trees (which they held those that came at last to Ossiriand are the Elves any other Elves. But they were not simply dear) or light fires in the woods. Neither of the Seven Rivers, the Singers Unseen, the King- peaceful; some, when provoked or dis- did they willingly permit strangers m their less, the Weaponless, and the Lost Folk, for they are turbed, might show an evilness of temper land. They did not for the most part mingle now no more.” which to the Eldar was reminiscent of the Avari. with the Sindar; but they did not forget - Pengolodh (HoMe X.164) their relatives who had remained beyond Long years after, evil creatures remain- the Blue Mountains, and from time to time THE FIRST AGE ing from the reign of Morgoth began to stir some would cross back into Eriador and in Middle-earth, Orcs and wraiths and Among the Eldar who set out upon the have dealings with their kin. They pre- werewolves, and they came into Eriador Great Journey from Cuiviénen, some were served their own tongue as long as the First and even to Beleriand. But the Nandor who lost on the way, some turned aside, and Age lasted, though almost all the rest of had entered Eriador were a weaponless some remained on the shores of Middle- Beleriand spoke Sindarin. earth. Whether they wandered in the woodland folk, and they were much afraid Not long (as the Elves measure time) woods and vales of Middle-earth or dwelt of the creatures of Morgoth. Therefore after Denethor came to Ossiriand, Mor- by the Sea, still they were Eldar, and their Denethor son of Denweg, ruler of the Nan- goth returned to Middle-earth and attacked hearts remained turned toward the West. dor of Western Eriador, who had heard that westward over the Blue Mountains King Beleriand (VY 1497). Thingol then called Most of these Eldar were of the Teleri. Thingol ruled a peaceful realm in power upon Denethor and his Elves for assistance, It is said that when the host of the Eldar and majesty, gathered together as many of and together they fought the Orc-host in had passed through Greenwood the Great, his dispersed people as he could and led East Beleriand. But the Green-elves were they came to the broad river Anduin and them across the mountains into Beleriand light-armed, no match for the heavily- saw beyond it the towering peaks of the armed Orcs, who surrounded Denethor on 1 (VY 1350). Misty Mountains. With Oromë, the Van- Amon Ereb, slaying him and all his rela- The Sindar soon saw that the Lindi (‘the yar and the Noldor departed for the moun- tives before Thingol could come to his aid. Singers,’ as they called themselves) were tains; but the Teleri looked upon the icy Thingol slew the Ores; but the Green-elves their near relations, of the clan of the Teleri, crags and were afraid, for they were a returned lamenting to Ossiriand. The news whose language (despite great differences) people of woodlands and rivers, and they of the battle filled the Green-elves with fear, was still clearly related to Sindarin. Thin- longed to stay by the banks of Anduin. and they never again took a king or went gol therefore welcomed the Nandor as Then one Denweg arose, and he was of the to open war with the hosts of Morgoth, long-lost relatives, and gave them a coun- host of Olwë (which was the hindmost of staying a wary and secret folk while the try of their own on the western side of the the hosts of the Teleri on the road); and he First Age lasted. Their rivers, they believed, Blue Mountains. It was a large but led away a great multitude of the Eldar, guarded them, and indeed it is said that unpopulated country, thickly covered in forsaking the westward journey. The El- Gelion was under the protection of Ulmo. dar who continued called these followers green forests, and the Sindar called it Others of the Green-elves went north of Denweg the Nandor, those who go back Ossiriand, the Land of Seven Rivers, be- and entered Doriath and were joined to the on their decision; and until long years had cause through it flowed the rivers Ascar, folk of Thingol. But they did not live easily passed, the Eldar knew nothing of their Thalos, Legolin, Brilthor, Duilwen and by the side of the Sindar of Doriath, so they fate. Adurant, the tributaries of the great river Gelion. The Sindar called the Lindi who dwelt mostly in the little land of Arthorien, In after days it was known that the Nan- dwelt there Laegil, Green-elves, both be- between Aros and Celon, eastward in dor had turned south down the Anduin. cause of the green land and because the Doriath, sometimes wandering over Celon Some settled not far away, in the woods on Green-elves wore leaf-colored clothing in into the wild lands beyond. They were both banks of Vale of Anduin; but others spring and summer to help them keep se- known as the “Guest-elves”, and were ruled wandered further south, coming even to the cret. One might walk from Adurant to by their own chief, Ithilbor (father of Ethir Anduin where they dwelt by the Sea; Ascar and never see a Green-elf, such was Saeros), who was made a counselor of and yet others entered into Calenardhon, their wariness and secrecy. Thingol. and passing the Gap between the Misty The Nandor, as might be guessed, took Mountains and the White turned north- The Green-elves themselves called their little part in the great events that followed ward and spread widely through the vast new land Lindon, the land of the Lindi, or the return of the Noldor to Middle-earth. woodlands of Eriador. They were later the Land of Song. Song delighted them, joined by westward-moving Avari, with and west over Gelion one could hear their whom they merged.2 music, “as if all their land was filled with –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 3 Other Hands –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

They sent ambassadors to the Mereth Aderthad in the twenti- eth year of the sun, but no alliance with the Noldor came of it. When, in the beginning of the fourth century of the sun, the Atani (whom the Green-elves had indeed heard of from their kinsfolk in Eriador, though never yet seen) entered Ossiriand from the east, the Green-elves begged King Finrod of the Noldor to escort them from their land; other groups of Atani they either ha- rassed, if few in numbers, or avoided, if more numerous. In the years following the Bragollach they gave aid to the Sons of Fëanor who had re- treated to Amon Ereb, for by the forcing of the northern passes the Orcs were able to raid far into East Beleriand. They permitted Beren and Lúthien to dwell in Tol Galen in the extreme south of their land after they returned from Mandos. Nimloth, whom Dior Thingol’s heir married, was the daughter of a Green-elf of Ossiriand; and after the fall of Doriath, she and her daughter Elwing fled to Lindon before coming to the Havens of Sirion. But for the most part the Green-elves were unmolested; and in Lindon they still remained, until all of Beleriand was whelmed in the War of Wrath. THE SECOND AGE One might think the Green- elves more fortunate than the Noldor and Sindar, for Lindon alone among threat of Morgoth removed, many of the recorded of them any later in the Second the great lands of Beleriand remained Green-elves returned eastward into Eriador Age. If any preserved their own language undrowned, and Gelion still rolled, and the to join their kin - if they had not already and customs, it is thought that they were forests were still green. But all was not fled to the east during the War of Wrath. killed or driven far away when Eriador was unchanged. The Blue Mountains had been With them came many of the Sindar, and devastated during the War of the Elves and rent from east to west, and the river Lhûn also of the Noldor who now remembered Sauron. For this reason the Green-elves are of Eriador flowed through, sundering Lin- the dream of wide realms in Middle-earth called the Lost Folk, for as a people they don in two. Those of the Sindar and Noldor that had drawn them from Aman. Chief exist no more, and their tongue is forgotten, who survived came into Lindon in great among these was Galadriel daughter of except in those names of peoples and places numbers, and Gil-galad, High King of the Finarfin. She became, for a while, Lady of that survive, and in the brief description Noldor, claimed it as his own. The inde- the Eldar in Eriador, dwelling in the lands that was made of it by Pengolodh of Gon- pendence of Ossiriand was lost, and the around Nenuial, ruling even the Nandor dolin in the Second Age. But even as the Green-elves who stayed in Lindon were, to who had never come to Beleriand. Probably speech of the Western Nandor falls into all appearances, merged with the Sindar. in this time the Nandor of Eriador were silence, we hear anew the It is small wonder, then, that with the merged with the Sindar, for no more is 4 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000 tongue of the Eastern Nandor, those who had Galadriel had begun to visit Amdír’s realm, less Lórien Galadriel now returned, this remained in the Vale of Anduin. Most of them bringing gifts and offering counsel. The time wielding the Elven-ring Nenya. Under dwelt in the woods which, at the end of the Elves of Lórien welcomed her, and under her its power, Lórien became a changeless place, Second Age, lay on both sides of the upper An- guidance, the realm was enriched by the lore in which memories of Aman, of Beleriand, duin; and among them were to be found (as and wisdom of Old Beleriand; and in the later and of the ancient Silvan realm lingered has been said) Elves from the friendlier groups 14th century she settled in their land. But as unfading. Neither did the language change; of Avari who had, in the ages after the depar- many Silvan Elves took to Sindarin ways they and so it was that, by the end of the Third ture of the Eldar, moved west into Wilder- abandoned their own language and culture, Age, the Silvan speech of Lórien, when used, land. These Nandor, we are told, originally had and the Silvan speech became a matter for was more archaic in form (though more no rulers of their own; but after the end of the use only at hearth and home. mixed with Sindarin) than the Silvan First Age, Sindar moving eastward from Bel- For these and other reasons, the nearness speech of Mirkwood. eriand came among them and established of the Noldo lady was unwelcome to Oro- With the end of the Third Age Galadriel themselves as rulers. Greatest among them were pher; and he led his people northward from departed and with her went the Ring of two kinsmen of Thingol of Doriath: Amdír, who Amon Lanc, and they settled in the midmost Adamant. Lórien now began to fade, and in ruled in the woods west of Anduin, including parts of the Greenwood, north of the Gladden after days little difference between it and the the region that would later be known as River.3 And thereafter, as the power and dread Elven-realm of Mirkwood could be seen. Lórien; and also Oropher, who ruled opposite of Sauron grew, he moved his people yet But the best known and longest-lasting of all Amdír on the east bank of Anduin, about the again further northward, until at the end of the Silvan realms in the Fourth Age was hill in the south of the Greenwood that the the Second Age they lived for the most part in the colony in Ithilien, which Legolas son Sindar called Amon Lanc. Oropher had come the northwest of the Greenwood, around the of Thranduil ruled. And so beside the An- east to escape the dominion of the Noldor, whom Emyn Duir (later called the Mountains of duin arose a new Edhellond, from which he disliked, in Lindon and Eriador. He and his Mirkwood). these last Elves of Middle-earth would now kin at first adopted the Silvan tongue; As the threat of Sauron arose in the and again set sail. though later Sindarin came to be more and South, many of the Silvan Elves despaired of Of the tongues of the Silvan Elves, there- more used among his people. peace in Middle-earth, and went south down fore, little remains. In the Lhammas of There thus remained no ‘pure’ Nandorin Anduin to set sail for the Blessed Realm. On Pengolodh, there is a description - all too culture in the Second Age. In the west, the the shores of the Bay of Belfalas there was brief - of the Silvan tongue of the West, Nandor had been absorbed by the Noldor and already a small Sindarin colony, Edhellond; both in Ossiriand and Eriador, and a few Sindar. In the east, though preserving more of but with the coming of the Silvan Elves, it words and names that remain in the histo- their original character, they were strongly grew to a great haven, wherein the Silvan Elves ries. Of the tongue of Lórien, almost nothing influenced by the Sindar and Sindarin culture. were the majority. It therefore came under the remains. Rumor indeed has it that For this reason, no Nandorin dialect ever be- protection of Amdír of Lórien, and he sent Galadriel, who like so many of the Noldor came a written language with a standard liter- his son Amroth to act as his lieutenant in loved language for its own sake, wrote an ary form. Almost all Nandorin words and Edhellond. So it was that the Númenórean account of the ancient language of her names that survive were written down in a mariners of later days knew the land around realm. But if any copies were ever made of Sindarin context, and their spelling is more or Edhellond as the country of Amroth, and her work, none survive or are willingly re- less influenced by Sindarin norms. The Nan- the high hill nigh to the estuary of Morthond vealed. For the rest, only names of a few dor were not illiterate, but they only wrote in as Dol Amroth. persons and places survive, often much al- Sindarin. Their own tongue, being somewhat In the great War of the Elves and Sauron, tered by the influence of Sindarin. Of the stigmatized, absorbed many Sindarin words the Silvan Elves played little direct part; but language of Mirkwood, on the other hand, and devices, so much so that it was often Lórien became a refuge for many of the Elves we know much, from the Elves of Ithilien (falsely) imagined that the Silvan tongue had of Eregion, among whom were not a few who still speak it; and indeed not a few of ceased to be spoken in Lórien or in Mirk- Noldor, though Galadriel departed for the their words have come into our own Com- wood. new Elvish fortress in the north, Imladris. mon Speech. It is to their language that the In fact in both realms the tongues were Thus the Silvan element in Lórien became greater part of the following description well-known and used, but particularly yet more attenuated. pertains; but reference will be made now among a family of Elves at home, or among close and again to the Ossiriandic tongue re- friends and relations. In speaking of “high” THE THIRD AGE vealed by Pengolodh. matters Sindarin was often used, as it had words At the end of the Second Age many kings fell NOTES for many matters of lore and history which on the marches of Mordor; among them were Silvan lacked; and Sindarin was used exclu- Amdír of Lórien and Oropher of the 1. It may be that this was the land by the sively when speaking to strangers, or to Elves Greenwood. Amroth now returned to Old Ford and the Carrock, where in after from other lands. Lórien as king, and Oropher’s son Thranduil days the Beornings dwelt. As the known words of Eastern Nan- succeeded his father. But after a thousand 2. It is said that the Atani met some of the dorin demonstrate, the Silvan Elvish dialects years of the Third Age, Sauron arose at Dol Nandor in their wanderings, and that of Mirkwood and of Lorien were originally Guldur and the south of the Greenwood their speech was in some part derived identical, or nearly so. Despite their separa- became dark and filled with monsters, and from the Nandorin. This, maybe, was tion into different realms, until the middle of was known as Mirkwood. Thranduil then especially true of the Second House of the Second Age they formed a single commu- moved his people again north and east, and in the Edain, whose tongue was notably nity in speech, and Elves from each realm the hills by the Forest River he built an un- similar in sound and even in some de- passed freely into the other. But thereafter derground hall and fortress against vices to that of the Nandor. they became sharply distinguished from each Sauron, thinking of the halls of Menegroth 3. Where in later days the Woodmen of other (though never to the point of complete m Doriath where once his father had lived. Anduin dwelt. unintelligibility) for the following reasons. A thousand years later, Amroth chose to By the 12th century of the Second Age, leave Middle-earth with his lover Nim- rodel; their fate is a matter of song. To king- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 5 Other Hands –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

TATYARIN AVARI: THE DARK ELVES

Jeff J. Erwin: 13121 Applegrove Lane, problems of interpretation that result) our typical more of his father’s kin or his Herndon, VA 22071, USA archetype. Of his kind, he was clearly a mother’s, for although his ‘face and form’ ([email protected]) lord and chieftain, so as much as the were alike to the Noldor. The hair of his princes of the Noldor display their races mother was also dark (61). Thanks are in order to Michael Martinez and flaws and virtues, it must be assumed that “Quendi and Eldar” (HoMe XI.383-4) Oliver Scbick for their comments, and I have he reflects his own, despite unclear ori- relied on some linguistic analysis by David Salo, in its description of the Noldor clan-name gins.1 but of course I am wholly responsible for any suggests a number of illuminating details: errors that persist. If any reader wants to contact One version of his history is as follows: first the name, *ñgolodô, had pre-March me about this work (or about Elves in MERP in “Eol was a Mornedhel, and is said to have origins, and that it, in its root *NGOL general) they can e-mail me. belonged to the Second Clan (whose rep- (knowledge, wisdom, lore) referred to the resentatives among the Eldar were the Second Tribe’s preeminence in those disci- WHO ARE THE Noldor). He dwelt in East Beleriand not plines. It is logical, therefore, to assume TATYARIN AVARI? far from the borders of Doriath. He had that their Avarin kinsfolk were likewise Properly, the Tatyar were the second great smith-craft, especially in the making blessed with the same facility. tribe of the Elves who awoke in the East. of swords, in which work he surpassed They have two main branches: the Noldor even the Noldor of Aman; and many there- WHERE DO THEY LIVE? and the Avari (who are themselves divided fore believed he used the morgul, the black Across the length of Middle-earth. In into sub-clans). arts taught by Morgoth. The Noldor them- fact: selves had indeed learned much from Because of the importance of the Pendi Morgoth in the days of his captivity in The first Avari that the Eldar met in Beleriand (Telerin, or Third-clan, Avari of Mirkwood Valinor; but it is more likely that Eöl was seem to have claimed to be Tatyar, who acknowl- and environs) in the published tales of acquainted with the Dwarves, for in many edged their kinship with the Noldor, though there Middle-earth, the existence of large num- places the Avari became closer in friend- is no record of their using the name Noldo in any bers of Avari of a different origin has be- recognizable Avarin form. They were actually ship with that people than the Amanyar or come obscured. unfriendly to the Noldor, and jealous of their more the Sindar...” (HoMe XI.409). Nonetheless, “Quendi and Eldar,” pub- exalted kin, whom they accused of arrogance. Eöl had a curious trait. “For though at lished in The War of the Jewels, makes note of (HoMe XI381) Eöl’s command she [Aredhel] must shun these Elves and their presence in the Thus there is plenty of First Age evi- the sunlight, they wandered far together Northwest, and this article conforms to dence for their presence as far west as under the stars or by the light of the sickle that essay’s assumptions, the most com- Hithlum, or at least western Beleriand. For moon;...” (Sil.133). He was “sun-shy” plete, by far, of all the scanty descriptions this reason they may be suspected (though (135); his home was in the “sunless wood” Tolkien devised. Therefore their insertion it is never stated) to have continued to live (137). This all speaks of a decided aversion into MERP is recommended, to lend a in Lindon, Eriador and Rhovanion along- to the day. According to the Grey Annals sense of canonicity and coherence to the ill- side the Nandor and the Penni.2 Despite he ‘shunned the sun, desiring only the defined Avari. living in proximity to the Edain of Estolad, starlight of old’ (HoMe XI AT). When the Tatyar sundered into Eldar they escaped notice of Men. As to why, it Though Tolkien states the Avari lived in (Noldor) and Avari, they did so in like appears they have not known to differenti- caves in some cases, Eöl lived in a house numbers, half going West and half staying, ate them from the Nandor. (HoMe XI.332). This may be relevant as for the time being, in Cuivénien (HoMe They did not live in solitude, but in circumstantial evidence for multiracial XI.380-1). These latter, the ‘Refusers’, later bands. “[S]uch servants as he had, silent heritage. ventured west and south. “.. .[T]he Avari in and secret as their master” (Sil.133). “... general remained secretive, hostile to the Regardless of their affinity to the Nol- Somewhat later the Sindar became aware Eldar, and untrustworthy; and they dwelt dor, his people were physically different of the Avari, who had crept in small and in hidden places in the deeper woods, or in (Sil.134). This is not surprising, if they had secret groups into Beleriand from the caves” (HoMe XI.377). intermarried a little with the Telerin tribes, South” (HoMe XI.377). and were not as strong in spirit as the The most famous leader of these elves, Calaquendi, for spirit is reflected in phy- though apparently himself at least partly WHAT DO THEY CALL sique for the Quendi. Eöl is not described Sindarin, was Eöl. Besides his half- THEMSELVES? in detail, besides mention of his height Noldorin son Maeglin, he was the only of (133); since Maeglin is described as being In as much as they were able to repre- them to be named and play a prominent ‘black-haired’ with ‘dark eyes’ (134) we sent themselves to the Noldor as fellow role. For this reason, he is (despite the may wonder whether these features are Tatyar they doubtless retained 6 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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that terminology as a clan name, in addi- and are welcomed by Thingol. willing to help. tion to whatever ordinary descriptions 1350 Denethor and the Laigrim arrive In any case, they failed against the En- they used. The Lost Road contains this ety- in Beleriand. (See Note 1.) emy, fleeing from Beleriand or peering mology note: 1497 Melian raises the Girdle about inactively from their secret home. This may TATA- (cf. ATA, ATTA). N tâd two, tadol Doriath. [In certain versions of not have been all their doing, since the sons double. Q tatya- to double, repeat; tanta double. the notes to the chapter “Of of Fëanor had become knowledgeable of (HoMe V.391) Maeglin” (HoMe XI.321), it is the inhabitation of Nan Elmoth, and were jealous of their cousin’s honor. So we may The Sindar, however, called them “Mor- then that Eöl left Doriath.] suspect that Celegorm and Curufin fell ben, or Mornedhel” (HoMe XI.380). It is upon the haven, and took possession of it, doubtful if they called themselves so. But a FIRST AGE though probably bloodlessly. This seizure scattered people are not in a position to 310 Finrod Felagund discovers the would have given them useful knowledge spurn the sobriquets their neighbors give Edain in Ossiriand. They are re- to prosecute the Kinslaying at Menegroth, them easily. Certainly Eöl “lived in deep settled by his leave in Estolad east by exposing them to the enchantments of shadow, loving the night and the twilight of Eöl’s lands. Melian (even those which persisted after under the stars” (Sil. 132) so the name was 316 Aredhel becomes lost near Nan her absence). not unapt. Elmoth, and is discovered by Eöl, Tolkien informs us that the Avari rarely Tolkien reveals the names of several who devises enchantments to im- Avarin tribes:3 joined themselves to the Sindar, but that prison her; but she comes to be “they remained secretive, hostile to the his wife, for he is not unhand- Eldar, and untrustworthy” (HoMe Kindi, Cuind, Hwenti, Windan, Kinn-lai, some. and Penni [who he states are the Rhovanic XI.377). So they would not feel welcome in 320 Maeglin is born to Eöl and Ared- Avari, or Silvan groups] (HoMe X1.410) Doriath. They most likely made their way hel in Nan Elmoth. Aredhel flees east into Ossiriand and Eriador. Eöl, and with Maeglin came to The change of *KWEN to Common Tel- It remains disturbingly likely that some Gondolin. Discovering her flight, erin *PEN “took place far back in Elvish of their numbers were impressed into the Eöl pursues her to the hidden linguistic history; possibly before the Sepa- service of Morgoth, and this would account city. But Turgon forbids him to ration” (HoMe XI.407; cf. 375) and “sug- for their continuing evil reputation. They take back his wife and son, nor to gests... it had already occurred among the had remained aloof from the war, for they leave, on pain of death. In his Lindar before the Separation” (HoMe were Moerbin, as distinct from Celbin (in fury, Eöl attempts to slay XI.410). This means that (if true) those much as the Edain were considered Celbin Maeglin, but strikes down Ared- Avarin tribes using a *KWEN based tribal as “peoples in alliance in the War against hel instead. He is thrown from the name are all Tatyar... Morgoth” HoMe XI.377; cf. 408-409). Caragdûr. After Eöl’s disappear- If one accepts this, it means that the ance (See HoMe XI.327-328.), Although the Penni (Lindarin Avari) tribe fragmented, perhaps pulled apart his people play no major role in were to become the Silvan Elves, and from pride and geographical distance. the history of Middle-earth, at mixed with the Sindar and Nandor in However, Eöl’s own speech was Sindarin, least in that which is recorded. Rhovanion and Eriador, the Tatyar were which seems to be evidence that he was There are a few episodes that can said to be estranged from the Eldar. raised among that people. His name is hardly fail to have impacted them, Whether this excluded contacts with the meaningless in that tongue, but whether it however. Nandor is not clear; it seems unlikely. (But simply is a primitive sound (like Elu, or see Note 1.) 455 The Dagor Bragollach. This battle Elmo) or has some lost Avarin sense is a saw Orcs break through the El- The Tatyar did not, however, restrict mystery (but see HoMe XI.320). His peo- vish lines and ravage the lands be- themselves to spouses of their own kind, for ple probably called themselves Hwendi or, tween Gelion and Celon, though Eöl was not only the husband of Aredhel, in later Ages, Windan in their own, secret, it remains possible, even likely, but, at least by one source “[o]f old he was language. (See Note 3.) that the vale, in the actual battle, kin of Thingol” (Sil. 132). So there is no was protected by the enduring evidence of endogamy. Regardless, these TATYARIN AVARI enchantments of Melian and after folk must preserve their customs and se- IN BELERIAND her, Eöl. Even so, the power of crets as do the dwarves, by sharing them Before the rise of the sun, Thingol the Enemy would have extended seldom with outsiders, and by living apart. discovered the Maia Melian in Nan over the country of the Tatyar, Elmoth, which remained afterwards and they would not be able to rely NOTES enchanted by her haunting presence. on such defenses for long. 1. Tolkien’s identification of Eöl as an Avar After she had departed with the Sin- We do not know how Thingol came to in Quendi and Eldar is a late develop- darin king, at some point Eöl came to employ the Dwarves of Nogrod in Doriath, ment, but it is uncertain. His late work, the land and settled there. but it would not be inconsistent with what c.1969, “Of Dwarves and Men” con- we know to suggest that Eöl and his people tained the sentence: “It is doubtful if any VALIAN YEARS played some role. If this is so, then they did of the Avari ever reached Beleriand or 1130 Elu Thingol encounters Melian in not hinder the Dwarven host when it set were actually known to the Númenóre- Nan Elmoth. upon the Sindarin kingdom, passing along ans.” (HoMe XII.312-3) That essay is mostly from an Adanic or Khazadic point 1250 The Dwarves enter Beleriand, the Dwarf-road near their border (1A 503). Either they were absent, or they were un- of view, –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 7

Other Hands ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– however. If there were no Morn- edhil in Beleriand, why did such a term exist in modern Sindarin? Apparently (HoMe XI.328, 420) Tolkien reverted to Eöl to being a Sinda (or Nando, viz. HoMe XI.320) and an Elda in his last revision of the text (1951 and c.1970), but he is still called the “Dark Elf.” Quendi and Eldar dates to 1959-60. In his revisions to the Eöl-tale c.1970 (HoMe XI.320) Tolkien introduced the idea that the appellation “Dark Elf” referred to Morgoth’s corruption of his slaves, who were thus infected with evil. In this bondage, Eöl learned his craft. This concept, which would have neces- sitated several modifications to the text, was apparently abandoned. Instead Eöl was a student of the Dwarves. The darkness as a psychic darkness interpretation is at odds with his work of the previous year “Of Dwarves and Men” in a passage immediately preceding the problematic one which begins this note “.. .’Dark Elves’ or ‘Elves of Darkness’ was used by them, but in no way implied any evil, or subordination to Morgoth; it referred only to igno- rance of the ‘light of Aman’ and included the Sindar (HoMe XII.312).” This is of course only true of Nol- dorin Quenya usage. The difficulty then is that it would be meaningless to designate Eöl as ‘the Dark-elf’ unless the description was particular, not a gener- alization. He could be so by either being a unique or characteristic figure. Char- acteristic wins out, as he is one of a community, not a hermit. It is possible, but not provable, that work had him for a time “...one of the 2. Though they have lost their old somehow Eöl was both a Sinda (or Teleri who refused to cross the Hithae- tongue and much of their distinctive- Nando)/Elda and a Mornedhel/Avar in glir (HoMe XI.320).” If this were so ness, the Nandor of Harlindon still the same way his son was of mixed (and his rejection of it was not emphatic, remember when they were a separate heritage. The fact of being of Eldarin but tentative), he would have to have people. ancestry (though his mother, most come by a rather disparate heritage if we 3. The Cuind and the Kinn-lai are likely, but not necessarily) might be are to sustain an Avarin theory; in this identified by ICE as the Avari of the expected to supercede the Avarin line- case the parentage of the Dark Elf would southwestern cape of Endor and of age, much like the grandchildren of be in one parent Nando-Tatya, and on the Mumakan, respectively, in their Beren are Eldar. So, if one wills, he can the other, a royal Sinda. This confines interpretation of southern Middle- be contradictory figure: an Elda his birth to the period after 1350 VY. It earth (Hands of the Healer). The other (though perhaps he turns his back on it, is appealing, but entirely hypothetical, groups might (based on that assump- emphasizing his alien, Avar, ties) Morn- that the Nando-Tatya parent was one of tion) I have reconstructed, with some edhel, as Elrond is a Peredhel Noldo. the presumable emissaries that made help from David Salo, as: contact with Thingol, and that Nimloth Tolkien’s passing prevented the only *Hwendi = Urd and the north, north- of Ossiriand was the child of the recip- real functional solution, and its hard ern Cuiviénen. They were the parent rocal embassy. choice. tribe of the: Whatever the case, Eöl’s darkness is Regarding the possibility of a Nan- Windan = The Northwest of Middle- not just a linguistic device, a philo- dorin origin, Eöl’s continuing and un- earth, mainly Eriador and points sophical antithesis to Eldalië, but, alas, finished metamorphosis in Tolkien’s west and south. These are Eöl’s also, an insolvable textual obscurity. 8 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000 people. They have vanished by the Endurance: Being frequent travelers shipbuilders, which has limited them to river, foot and horse travel as they mi- Third Age. where they do not rule (the Tatyar either move about secretly and without a home, grate. They are happiest in darkness, like Hwenti = Sea of Rhûn, parts of Harad or make one in a dark forest), they are most Men are happiest in the day. and Gondor. capable of 16-20 hours of travel a day. Lifestyle: Their isolated villages and for- *Kwindi = Ralian and southern Cuivié- Instead of sleeping, they may slip into a tresses, often underground, are hidden in nen. They are the parent tribe of the: trance daily for 1-3 hours as they travel. inaccessible and unwanted wilderness, at Cuind = Drel, from which split off the: Height: Males average 6'4"; females least in the fringes of the North-west; but Kinn-lai = Mûmakan 6'0". Some pureblooded lines show it is said that in the far South and East greater stature. are small kingdoms. Most settlements Kindi = central Endor. contain bloodlines and followers that Lifespan: The Tatyar are immortals, The loremasters must have heard the have fallen away from the Lindar, par- though, as Avari, they eventually, over names of some of these groups from the ticularly if the settlement is riverine or long ages, begin to fade, becoming lin- Númenóreans in the Second Age, for the near the sea. compiler of the work “Quendi and gering spirits. This is natural to the Avari, but some corrupted few resist the Marriage Pattern: Monogamous and for Eldar” is apparently Pengolodh, who left life. Though they marry other Elves, they Middle-earth in that era. loss of physical form with sorcery, like the Black Númenóreans; such efforts tend to dominate non-Tatyar (if they lead to spiritual and bodily degradation. can), though in most cases with as great a CHARACTER CREATION The youthful pride and materialism of store of affection as the Eldar. Intermar- Tatyar is inevitably eroded by the proc- riage with mortal Men is extremely rare. The following is a version of the Tatyar ess of becoming unbodied. Religion: Informal and intensely for use with MERP, including everything necessary to generate characters. I have Resistance: They are immune to sick- personal. The Valar are not venerated, made an effort to follow assumptions and ness and do not scar; they may add but are usually admired and respected. balancing factors made by those rules. +15 to resisting cold Varda and Aulë are the attacks. highest in esteem; Oromë,

Generally, this description applies to the

perhaps, the least, since he Special Abilities: Un- Tatyar of the far south or east best, or some is viewed as have stolen and survivors of Belenand. However, they are der moonlight or The Eldest of estranged their kinsfolk, nor found partly assimilated amongst the Nan- starlight, they can see are they allies of Ossë, a dor and Avari of Rhûn (and some individu- as well as any Man this folk were manifestation of the forbid- als in Mirkwood). These clans of the in the noon-sun. In startled and ding coastal seas. To a lim- Northwestern forests are less pronounced other cases, with ited degree they are aware in their xenophobia, less grim of nature, some sort of light, uneasy at seeing of all the Powers, from and less dangerous, existing more in har- they can see 50' or the Sun rise for memories of the Hunts- mony with their cousins. more perfectly, and reasonably up to the first time... man’s words and the innate The Eldest of this folk were startled and sensitivity of Quendi to the uneasy at seeing the Sun rise for the first 100'. The Tatyar are blind, like Men, if exercise of magic and time, being lovers of the night and dark power. (Their self-reliance woods, and when they learned what she there is no light (though some are skilled at sightless both weakens their spiritual potential heralded, the coming of the Exiles and the relative to the Eldar and protects them Atani, it did not please them. Those born in combat). Elvish sight is extraordinary, and can see long distances (5 or more from the temptations of Dark cults. They the Ages since have less disquiet for her, do not worship Morgoth or his servants.) and move by day when it suits them, but leagues) with sufficient clarity and height. The Tatyar, like the Noldor, the cultural aversion to the Sun, her heat OTHER FACTORS and brilliance, endures. For this reason the have a natural affinity for artifacts and oldest of their homes are hidden in shade, items of power (+10 to Item Use rolls) Demeanor: Unlike the Silvan Avari, the but are not shielded from the beloved stars. and all develop a particular craft or lore Tatyar do not hide their suspicious and specialty (+10 to one Craft or Lore skill grim nature. They are capable of fine The Tatyar in isolation are out of balance roll). emotions and affection, but keep these to with themselves and the counterpart na- themselves. Their humor is cool and in- tures of the Lindar. This is their great flaw. CULTURE tellectual. No one should confuse this with evil, a capacity that is unnatural to all Quendi. Clothing & Decoration: The Tatyar prefer Language(s): Starting Languages: Most to wear grey, blues, blacks and deep speak their own tongue (there are several greens. Their dress is outwardly austere dialects) at Rank 5. When amongst other Build: The Tatyar are akin to the Sindar in and presents a quietly noble presence, if Elves, they usually speak Sindarin or the their build, though they are more muscu- it is seen. Frequently their dark clothing Silvan language (Rank 4). Most know lar in appearance. Males average about is laced with slightly tinted patterns, like Westron, a Mannish trade language or 190 pounds, females 155 pounds. vines, mineral striations, or constella- Adunaic (two at Rank 4) as well. Com- Coloring: These folk are very fair, but their tions. The Tatyar dislike the sun, and do prehension of Quenya is limited (Rank hair is dark and their eyes (depending on not use it in any of their symbolism. 2). Skill Development: Tatyar may learn the degree of intermarriage in their ances- Fears & Inabilities: The Tatyar are mildly local languages to Rank 4. try) are grey, like the Noldor. nocturnal by preference; they also are Prejudices: The Taryar are secretive like not accustomed to the sea and are not –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 9 Other Hands ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– their Silvan kin, and treat with outsiders Money: Unlike the Telerin Avari, the (Rank 3). only when it serves their needs. They dis- Tatyar carry coin, frequently minted by like the Eldar, particularly the Noldor, their Dwarven friends. They also value whose pride is too akin to their own, and jewels, small items of craftsmanship, silk use Nandor intermediaries if possible. Of and jewelry. Most Tatyar carry most mortals, they retain a curious amity with over their moveable wealth on their per- Dwarves (when their pride has not led son or hide it in secret caches, but family them into rivalry), perhaps best of all the groups hoard wealth, permitting lone Quendi, and tolerate Númenóreans. adventurers to leave with usually no They do not escape the hatred of the more than 2 gp. King’s Men, whom in return they charac- BACKGROUND OPTIONS teristically judge (like all other Dark servants) to be slaves of the Shadow. The The Tatyar receive four background Tatyar hate Orcs, slaying them when points, like the Lindarin Avari, having they are encountered, viewing them as chosen a similar fate in the Song of manifestations of their own possible dark failure. Still, they are too caught up with Creation. their own interests to spend much time Special Abilities: All available. Replace seeking out Evil. These characteristic at- range 61-65 with skilled with enchant- Movement & Maneuver Skills: titudes (though not their elusiveness) ment and illusion: add +10 to all Base No Armor 1 fade with their forms as they reach antiq- spell attack rolls from Open Essence Soft Leather 0 uity. spells. Rigid Leather 0 Restrictions on Professions: None. They Special Items: Tatyarin bands often in- Chain 0 are as quick to employ magic as the Sil- clude skilled craftsmen, particularly in Weapon Skills: van folk, but perhaps more secretly. Es- metal. Most carry exquisite weaponry, 1-H Edged 1 sence is their preferred realm, being loath daggers, spears, javelins and swords pre- 1-H Conc. 0 to entrust themselves to greater powers. ferred. 2-Handed 0 Extra Money: Gems or Dwarvish coin Thrown 0 OUTFITTING OPTIONS worth a total of 1-200 gp. These would Missile 1 Weapons: Dagger, handaxe, broadsword, comprise personal wealth accumulated Pole-arms 0 short sword, whip, bola, long bow, short through much care. General Skills: bow, quarterstaff, two-handed sword, Hobbies: Primary Skills: any weapon Climb 1 javelin, spear. RM options: main gauche, skills, read rune, use item, directed Ride 1 shang, rapier, ge, kynac, boomerang, net, spells, perception, body development, Swim 2 boar spear, throwing stars. spell lists, stalk/hide, languages. Secon- Subterfuge Skills: Ambush 0 Armor: The smithing and crafting skills of dary Skills: appraisal, caving, foraging, Stalk/Hide 4 certain members of this tribe would ac- rope-mastery, sky-watching. Artistic Pick Lock 0 count for nearly any equipage, but the Skills: dance, sculpting. Athletic Skills: Disarm Trap 1 practical difficulties of remaining mobile rappelling. Craft Skills: embroidery, Magical Skills: would constrain them in most cases to sewing, leather-working, metal-smithing, Read Rune 1 leather, either pliant or reinforced with wood-crafts. Lore Skills: secret knowl- Use Item 1 metal studs or plates. edge, geology, geography. Miscellaneous: Clothing: Dark wool, cotton or silk under- Stat Increases: Any stat may be in- Perception 3 shirt (pale or greyish colors preferred); creased. Body Develop. 1 comfortable well-fitted tunic, jerkin or Extra Languages: Because the Tatyar are % Spell List 30 tabard, short or medium length (contrast- so scattered, the languages they are ex- # Add. Languages 7 ing, but muted, darker shade), belt of fine posed to are very different. In general, # Background Op. 4 rope or braided leather; sometimes a they share the Elven propensity for lin- weapon sheath is worn over the shoul- guistic skill. Besides local languages, Special Abilities: der. Long boots with sheaths for daggers they may learn (very rarely) Khuzdul add +10 Use Item, +10 any one Craft or knives, made of soft hide or durable canvas. Female Tatyar in places of sanc- Special Racial Modifications tuary often wear well-fitted silk or linen ST AG CO IG IT PR Ess Cha Poi Dis dresses, with ample skirts, not brushing 0 +10 0 +5 0 +5 0 0 +10 +100 the floor, and no trains. Clothing worn by either sex is cunningly and subtly deco- rated with familial and personal symbols. Clothing is made to last, and is often made from purchased cloth, except where settled communities have existed for some time.

10 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

A GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY OF SILVAN ELVISH

David Salo: 206 South Midvale Blvd. used without qualification, Mirkwood Silvan is meant. Madison, WI 53705, USA ([email protected]) SOUNDS The Silvan language described in the following text is a new invention, The sounds of Mirkwood Silvan were pronounced almost iden- not to be found in the works of J.R.R, Tolkien. It is, however, clearly based tically to those of Sindarin. The primary differences are these: upon Tolkien’s invented languages, drawing especially upon Tolkien’s long é/ê and ó/ô were pronounced with close vowels (as in Ilkorin and Doriathrin languages (which were superseded by Sindarin), Quenya), approaching, though not reaching, î and û; and the pri- upon the few words and names which are said to be in the languages of mary stress of most words was on the first syllable. Lesser stresses Ossiriand, Lórien, or Mirkwood, and to a small extent on Tolkien’s early fell on every other syllable thereafter. “Gnomish” language. It is also intended to fit precisely into Tolkien’s overall family tree of Elvish languages. Almost all of its words can be Consonants of Mirkwood Silvan derived from Common Eldarin roots through consistently applied sound Voiceless stops p t k changes, and most of the words have cognates in either Quenya or Sindarin. Voiced stops b d g lts grammar is also intended to be derivable from what is known or guessed Voiceless fricatives f th s ch h about the grammar of early Eldarin; in this sense, it is a genuinely Elvish language. Nasals m n ng However, the precise forms and usages of that grammar are entirely in- Voiced fricatives v vented; the details of Silvan phonology, and the relationships of the various Glide and liquids w l, r Silvan dialects, are invented, however plausibly; the great majority of the Silvan words cannot be found in any work of Tolkien’s. Since Tolkien did Vowels of Mirkwood Silvan not discuss Silvan in any depth in his published works, this has given the Monophthongs: i, e, a, o, u, í, é, á, ó, ú inventor considerable freedom to describe Silvan somewhat more completely Diphthongs: ai, au, ie, io, iu, ui, uo than either Quenya or Sindarin have yet been. He hopes that it will be used and enjoyed: as a language in itself, as a tool that will help in imagining The diphthongs ie, uo were rising diphthongs, stressed on the the lives of the Silvan Elves, and as a window into the complex but fascinat- second element and so approaching (though not identical to) ye, ing structures of Tolkien’s Elvish languages. wo. All other diphthongs were falling diphthongs stressed on the first element. The diphthongs io, iu differed according to speaker. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF The diphthong io might be pronounced as a combination of the SILVAN ELVISH sounds i and o, but it was often transcribed eo and approached the sound of a rounded e (ö). The diphthong iu was normally pro- This document has been preserved with a few rare copies of the nounced like the ew in “phew”, but by some speakers (especially Red Book originally kept in Minas Tirith. Although associated Sindar) was pronounced like a Sindarin y. with other documents of linguistic interest, its contents prove that it was not originally written for the Red Book, and its preserva- The sounds of Lórien Silvan are much less well known than tion is probably fortuitous. It appears to be a manual written in those of Mirkwood, but it appears that they included the conso- the early Fourth Age, perhaps in the reign of Eldarion, for the use nant dh (which had become th, d, or l in Mirkwood). The vowels of of those Gondorians who dealt with the Silvan Elves of Mirk- Lórien Silvan included the diphthongs èi, ei, ou, òu, and lacked au, wood and Ithilien and wished to know a little of their speech. The te, uo. èi and òu represent sounds in which the first element was a name and station of the author are unknown; but it can be de- vowel lower than the first element in ei or ou. In transcriptions (all duced that he was a man of Gondor, probably from Ithilien, who of which are found in a Sindarin context) ei, ou are variously writ- was familiar with the Elves whom Legolas had brought there. It ten ei, ou or é, ó; èi was always transcribed ei, and òu was tran- can also be seen that he had some education in the Elvish classics, scribed ou or au. Thus we have variously Lórinand, Lourinand and wished to impress upon his readers the unbroken connection “Lórien” on the one hand, and doum, daum “gloom” on the other; of the Silvan Elves of his day with the Nandor of ancient history. the latter has been, therefore, represented as dòum. He also knew Ouenya and Sindarin, and had access to a copy of The sounds of Ossiriand recorded by Pengolodh include the Pengolodh’s Lhammas (to which he repeatedly refers) which was sound gh (a fricative g or voiced ch), they also only included the evidently more complete than the fragments which have survived diphthongs ae, ai, au, iu, ui, and a nasal vowel ã, but were otherwise to our own time—all things which should be considered by those similar to the sounds of Mirkwood Silvan. It appears that in Os- who wish to identify him with a known figure from that period. siriand, é and ó were lower or more open than in East Silvan. (Some believe its author to have been Findegil, compiler of the justly renowned Kenta Menesselion Andunóressen.) Umlaut Abbreviations used in the following include L. (Lórien Silvan), Umlaut was a predictable change which in Mirkwood and M. (Mirkwood Silvan), and O. (Ossiriandic). When “Silvan” is

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 11 Other Hands ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Lórien Silvan only affected the short vowels a and o. It arose from from that of other Eldarin languages. In practice, the familiar is the existence of an i or y in the next syllable, which in some in- only used when addressing immediate members of one’s family stances had vanished and in some remained. It is most often seen (except parents), e.g., spouse, brother, sister, or child, or an ex- in the formation of plurals; but it can be seen in the variation tremely close friend; and very occasionally to indicate extreme between present and past stems in some verbs. The umlaut contempt. In all other cases the respectful is used. There is practi- changes were: cally no instance in which a human should address an Elf with the familiar. 1. a > e All forms of the Silvan verb can be formed from two stems: the lass “leaf” lessin “leaves” present stem and the past stem. The present stem always ends in gwannen “I went away” gwenan “I go away” [*wanyan-] a-; the past stem ends in e-. 2. o > u Formed from the present stem are the infinitive, the present orth “mountain” urthui “mountains” participle, the imperative and all inflected forms of the present tense. The infinitive is identical to the present stem without end- olum “cup” ulmin “cups” ing; the present participle ends in -l. The imperative is formed 3. io > iu from the present stem with final -a dropped and (frequently) the liog “snake” liugin “snakes” prefix a- added to the beginning (except when the verb begins - with a vowel). The present tense is shown below. These changes only occurred in the syllable immediately before Formed from the past stem are all inflected forms of the past the i or (original) y which caused umlaut. tense, and the past participle, which is the same as the past stem Vowel Reduction except that the final -e is dropped. When the past stem ends in -lne (as in kolne- “bore”) the past participle ends in -lon (e.g. kolon Overlong vowels occurred only in monosyllables, and were re- “borne”). duced to long vowels in polysyllables when stressed (i.e., initial) and followed by no more than one consonant, but short vowels The construction of the past tense appears extremely irregular; a when unstressed or when followed by two or more consonants: full explanation of its forms would necessitate a lengthy and somewhat speculative account of the history of Mirkwood Silvan. tôr “a king” tóra “of a king” Here it can only be said that almost all past tense forms involve the gôd “dirt” gódan “I stain” introduction of a nasal element, sometimes before, sometimes after but the final consonant of the stem. In many cases where the root forms a present stem by means of a suffix, the suffix is dropped in rôth “climber” Amroth “high climber” the past tense. In cases other than these (so-called “weak verbs”), mîr “jewel” mirlene “string of jewels” the past tense is formed by means of a suffix -ene- which replaces the -a- of the present stem. MORPHOLOGY Example of strong verb: nara- “tell” Our information about the grammar of Silvan Elvish is much more scant than our information about its phonology, principally Infinitive: nara “to tell” because words and names (the primary matter in which ancient Present Participle: naral “telling” forms of Silvan are preserved) offer few clues about sentence Past Participle: narn “told” structure or morphology; and because Pengolodh was primarily interested in his Lhammas to demonstrate the phonetic relations of Present tense (nara-) the various Elvish languages, rather than to provide complete naran “I tell” naram “we tell” grammars of each of them. Our chief information about Silvan narag “thou tellest” naratb “you tell” grammar comes, therefore, from the Silvan of Mirkwood; and it is naras “he, she, it tells” narar “they tell” by no means certain that what is true of that Silvan language is Past tense (narne-) true of all Silvan tongues. narnen “I told” narnem “we told” In particular, the Mirkwood Silvan tongue appears to have narneg “thou toldst” narnetb “you told” been much simplified; the number of morphologically distinct narnes “he, she, it told” narner “they told” tenses has been reduced to two (past and present), with other Imperative tenses indicated by auxiliary verbs; the number of cases has been anar, nar “tell!” reduced to three (nominative, genitive, and dative); there are only two numbers, singular and plural (a few “dual” forms, limited to Example of weak verb: linda- “sing” natural pairs such as eyes, ears, hands, feet appear to be actually derived from the plural). Old distinctions such as those between Infinitive: linda “to sing” the i-stem and a-stem verbs have been leveled out; there is, prac- Present Participle: lindal “singing” tically speaking, only one conjugation in Mirkwood Silvan, with a Past Participle: linden “sung” few irregular verbs. On the other hand, the formation of the Present tense (linda-) nominal plural has become rather complex (though it is still sim- pler than Sin-darin). lindan “I sing” lindam “we sing” lindag “thou singest” lindatb “you sing” The Verb lindas “he, she, it sings” lindar “they sing” The Silvan verb shows three persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd; it distin- guishes singular from plural forms in the 1st and 3rd person, and Past tense (lindene-) familiar (“thou”) from respectful (“you”) forms in the 2nd person. The actual usage of the familiar and respectful differs somewhat 12 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000 lindenen “I sang” lindenem “we sang” Ónes der gwinde mîr. “The man gave the girl a jewel.” lindeneg “thou sangest“ lindeneth “you sang“ Kennen or olbe filchin. “I saw small birds on the branch.” lindenes “he, she, it sang" lindener “they sang” The case endings are: Imperative Singular Plural alind, lind “sing!“ Nominative [zero] -in Compound tenses Genitive -a -ion All other tenses are formed by combination of an infinitive or Dative -e -in participle and an auxiliary verb. The most commonly used com- The plural always showed umlaut where possible. binations form the perfect, pluperfect (past perfect), future, and In Lórien the dative singular ending seems to have been -i, but conditional tenses. The perfect and pluperfect are formed by the other endings were identical. This dative singular did not show combination of the past participle and forms of the verb na- umlaut, despite the ending -i. The reason for this appears to be (originally meaning “be”, but now not found except in this con- that it arose from an older -en or -an, which did not change to -i struction). Except in poetry, the participle always comes before until after umlaut had ceased to be effective. the auxiliary verb. The nominative singular is often of different shape than the Present perfect: (“has/have sung“) Pluperfect (“had sung“) stem of the other cases. Not only is the vowel of the plural differ- linden nan linden nam linden nonen linden nonem ent, but the nominative singular also often has a syllable which is linden nag linden nath linden noneg linden nonetb contracted in the other cases; and the consonants of the stem may linden nas linden nar linden nones linden noner change as well. Examples of these patterns follow. The future and conditional are formed by a combination of the infinitive and the verb lela- “go”. 1. Neither contraction, stem change, nor umlaut: urch “orc”; gwin “wine”

Future (“will sing”) Conditional (“would sing”) Singular Plural Singular Plural linda lelan linda lelam linda lenden linda lendem Nominative urch urchin gwin gwinin linda lelag linda lelatb linda lendeg linda lendeth Genitive urcha urchion gwina gwinion linda lelas linda lelar linda lendes linda lender Dative urche urchin gwine gwinin Some scholars treat all of these forms as single words (e.g. lin- 2. Umlaut only: lass “leaf”; dorn “oak” dennas, lindalelas); but the two parts are sometimes separated by adverbs or (in poetry) reversed. This is, admittedly, increasingly Singular Plural Singular Plural rare, and it is never wrong to place an adverb before the entire Nominative lass lessin dorn durnin construction. Genitive lassa lession dorna durnion Dative lasse lessin dorne durnin Passive forms of the verb are formed by the pronoun pen placed in subject position 3. Contraction only: beretb “valor”; gilum “starlight” Lindenes pen lîr. (lit. “Sung one a song.”) = “A song was sung.” Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative bereth berthin gilum gilmin Genitive bertha berthion gilma gilmion The Noun Dative berthe berthin gilme gilmin The noun of Mirkwood Silvan has three cases. The first or nominative case was used for the subject or object of a verb. The 4. Stem change only: lunt “boat”; gweth “bond” distinction between the two was based on word order, which normally was Verb-Subject-Object (VSO), with subject or object Singular Plural Singular Plural placed first for special emphasis. Nominative lunt lundin gweth gwelin Genitive lunda lundion gwela gwelion VSO: Sunges gandor gwin. “The harper drank wine.” Dative lunde lundin gwele gwelin SVO: Gandor sunges gwin. “The harper who drank wine.” OVS: Gwin sunges gandor. “It was wine that the harper drank.” 5. Umlaut and contraction: olum “cup”; galad “tree” The last structure (OVS) is usually avoided when there is any Singular Plural Singular Plural chance of confusing subject and object. Nominative olum ulmin galad geldin The second, or genitive case, is used adjectivally, and ac- Genitive olma ulmion galda geldion cordingly typically follows the noun: Dative olme ulmin galde geldin gwin tora “wine of a king, king’s wine” 6. Umlaut and stem change: sartb “stone”; ant “bridge” gwin tórion “wine of kings, kings’ wine” Singular Plural Singular Plural The genitive is also used with the preposition û “without”: Nominative sartb serdin ant endin Genitive sarda serdion anda endion Lind û lira be oron û thundion. Dative sarde serdin ande endin “An elf without song is like a tree without roots.”

The third, or dative case, is used for indirect objects and the objects of prepositions; these normally precede the direct object. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 13 Other Hands –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

7. Contraction and stem change: istil “moon”; ereth “seed” however, has preserved a definite article. In Ossiriandic this has become a suffix -on or -n, which appears as follows (with galdon Singular Plural Singular Plural “the tree” and fanin “the cloud”): Nominative istil isklin ereth erdin Genitive iskla isklion erda erdion Nominative -on or-n -in galdon galdin fanin fanin Dative iskle isklin erde erdin Genitive -an -ion galdan galdion fanan fanion Dative -ãn -in galdãn galdin fanãn fanin 8. Umlaut, contraction, and stem change: tarag “horn”; olof “branch” No dual forms of the noun are known from Ossiriandic.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Adjectives Nominative tarag terchin olof ulbin Adjectives are never declined for case, but those adjectives con- Genitive tarcha terchion olba ulbion taining short a, o or io show umlaut-change in the plural (but have Dative tarche terchin olbe ulbin no suffix). The adjective typically follows the noun. The plural 9. Nouns ending in -o change this o to w in the stem: golo “learn- adjective is also used for duals. ing”; lano “loom” rind sarn “stone circle” rindin sern “stone circles” Singular Plural Singular Plural throsk kold “red fox” tbrusgin kuld “red foxes” Nominative golo gulwin lano lenwin gôn tiog “fat goose” gónin tiug “fat geese” Genitive golwa gulwion lanwa lenwion but Dative golwe gulwin lanwe lenwin sien melin “beloved child” sienin melin “beloved children” mab nene “wet hand” meb nene “two wet hands” 10. Nouns ending in -e drop it in the stem: fene “white cloud”; thine “evening” When the adjective ends in -o, -ol, -on, -or arising from vo- calization of final -w, -l, -n, -r, the o in this syllable is unaf- Singular Plural Singular Plural fected by umlaut: Nominative fene fenin thine thinin Genitive fena fenion thina thinion tumb tovon “deep valley” tumbin tuvon “deep valleys” Dative fene fenin thine thinion Pronouns Dual number Personal Pronouns A few nouns have a special dual form when they refer to things Nominative in “I” em “we” eg “thou” etb “you” that come in natural pairs. The plural form is used when more Genitive nien “my” mien “our” kien “thy” dien “your” than two are referred to, or two which do not form a natural pair. Dative nin “to me” men “to us” ken “to thee” den “to you” The dual is the same as the plural, but lacks the -in ending, which means that when there is no umlaut the dual and singular are Demonstrative/Personal Pronouns identical. The genitive and dative have the -a and -e endings of Nominative es “he, she, it; this” int “they, these” the singular, e.g. meb “two hands”, meba “of two hands”, mebe “to Genitive sien “his, her, its; of this” tien “their, of these” two hands”. Dative sin “to him, her, it; to this” ten “to them, to these” Singular Dual Plural The nominative forms are only used for special emphasis, e.g. hind “eye” hind “two eyes” hindin “several eyes” Randen gald. “I climbed the tree.” vs. Randen in gald. “ I (and no one mab “hand” meb “two hands” mebin “several hands” else) climbed the tree.” tal “foot” tel “two feet” telin “several feet” thlôs “ear” thlôs “two ears” thlósin “several ears” Demonstrative: Pronouns (indeclinable) si “this” ta “that” Differences of the Ossiriandic noun The Lhammas of Pengolodh only mentions a few details at vari- Demonstrative Adjectives ance with these. We know virtually nothing about the verb con- sin “this” tan “that” jugation of Ossiriandic, except that there seems to have been greater variation in the formation of the past participle, which Interrogatives (indeclinable) was probably not so closely linked with the past tense stem. amma “why?” ma “what?” malum “when?” In Ossiriandic there was no umlaut of vowels, either in the man “who?” mane “how?” manum “where?” verbs or the nouns. The known case endings were as follows gald “tree”; fani “cloud”: Relative Pronouns (indeclinable) Nominative [zero] -i gald galdi fani fani a “who, which, that” precedes the verb it governs: Genitive -a -io galda galdio fana fanio Dative -ã -i galdã galdi fanã fani naugol a kóres mirlenin “a dwarf who made strings of jewels” ã is a vowel which Pengolodh indicates was a central vowel It is often preceded by a pronoun to which it is attached, always - with a nasal sound; it only occurs finally. when it is inflected: Cast Silvan has lost the definite article, and uses the same form for both definite and indefinite words; e.g. galad “a tree” or “the nauglin inta, kórer mirlenin “dwarves (they) who made strings tree”, geldin “trees” or “the trees”. West Silvan, of jewels” tôr siena sungen gwin “the king whose wine i drank” gwindin tina óner derin mîrin “the girls to whom the men gave 14 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000 jewels" Silvan shared the change of the sounds kw, gw, ngw to p, b, mb; and the change of the dental palatal sounds ty, dy, ndy, ny to t, d, nd, n. Adverbs include: Probably occurring later, but in common with changes in both am “up, upwards”, bor “ever and again”, dod “down”, ed “out”, lô Quenya and Sindarin, was the change of initial sp, st, sk to f, th, h; “not”, mith “into”, nivon “forward”, ô “ago”, ôth “away”, ralon however, in some of these words a prothetic vowel was added “back”, silum “now”, sinum “here”, talum “then”, tanum “there”, before the cluster. ui “always”, uo “together”. Probably most of the distinctive characteristics of the Silvan languages had already occurred in the Vales of Anduin before the Prepositions include: division of the Silvan Elves into east and west. These included an “to”, don “against”, ed “out from”, go “from”, imb “between”, mi (but were not limited to): “in”, mith “into”, na “to, towards, at”, nu “under”, or “over, above”, pel “beyond”, ter “through”, tbor “across”, uo “with”, û 1. The change of initial h (probably originally a voiced sound) to g. “without”. This sound was lost initially in Sindarin: Conjunctions include: Silvan Sindarin Ouenya ad “or,” or “and”, be “like”, dan “but”, geb “except”, sa “that”. getha- eitha- hehta- to abandon go - ho from, of Common Suffixes Silvan Elvish preserves a large number of suffixes from ancient 2. The loss of medial h after a vowel, which then became long: Eldarin, but most of these only exist in a few particular words, and could not be generalized to other words; they are therefore Silvan Sindarin Quenya primarily of interest to etymologists. The following are, however, gôr gwaur vára dirty [*wahrâ] still productive and in common use: móda- matha- mahta- handle

-ad is used for verbal nouns, e.g. lindad “act of singing” 3. The change of long â to a long open ô. Since this change also occurred in Sindarin, some have suggested that it was an ancient -in is used for adjectives derived from nouns, e.g. telfin “of silver”, change, pre-dating the separation of the Nandor from the other gorthin “horrible” from telf “silver”, gorth “horror”. It did not in- duce umlaut. Teleri. However, given that the Amanyar Teleri retain long â, this theory is difficult to maintain unless it is assumed that the language -im is used for adjectives indicating something that it is right or Teleri had already begun to divide into dialects in the early days of proper to do, e.g. lindim “deserving to be sung”; melim “loveable”. the march. Most scholars, however, assume that these changes A few other adjectives of this type survived without a corre- occurred in parallel. In Sindarin the sound eventually became au sponding verb. or aw, and remained as such in monosyllables: -or is used for agent nouns, e.g. lindor “one who sings, singer”; -or Silvan Sindarin Ouenya was always contracted to -r- in the genitive, dative, and plural hóga- - háca- to yawn cases. pôm paw quáme sickness Compounds drôg draug [ráca] wolf Though not infrequent, compound words are less often met with in Silvan than in Quenya or Sindarin, being frequently re- 4. The change of ky, khy, gy to t, th, d: placed by constructions with the genitive or dative. Compounds that do exist often have a specialized meaning which cannot be Silvan Sindarin Ouenya immediately deduced from their constituent parts, e.g. berbrog telf celeb tyelpe silver “warrior-bear”, applied to a legendary race of men capable of tôf - tyáve taste taking bear’s shape, said to live in the upper Vales of Anduin; or there hair hyarya left, south gwethling “shadow-tail” (“squirrel”). The elements of these com- dell gell yello shout of joy pounds normally do not change their shape. Exceptions are all 5. The loss of initial y: words beginning in gw, which are reduced to w when following another word in a compound, e.g. piugwin (piog + gwin) “wine- Silvan Sindarin Quenya berry” (“grape”). This includes names in which the second part is ien în yén long year, long inflected, such as Dorwinion (dor + gwinion) “land of wines”. Words period of time ending in more than one consonant often lose their last consonant olum ylf yulma cup when the combination of words would create a difficult cluster, ôr iaur yára ancient e.g. in the personal name Linthonion “song of the pines” rather 6. The lowering of i and u to e and o before an a: than Lindthonion. Silvan Sindarin Ouenya SOUND CHANGES IN helo hethu butwa foggy SILVAN ELVISH tolch tolog tulca firm, strong liog lyyyff leuca snake Silvan Elvish maintained a large number of the distinctive sound changes common to all Eldarin, and especially Telerin 7. The change of e to i and o to u before a nasal followed by a con- languages. Outside of a full discussion of the history of Eldarin in sonant: general, there is not much point in even summarizing the former, which were fully shared by Quenya and Sindarin. With respect to Telerin, we can only note that

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Silvan Sindarin Ouenya a. assimilation of k and p before t or s mint ment mente point Silvan Sindarin Ouenya pindeut pennas quenta tale oth auth ohta war lung long lunga heavy lass laes lapse baby tass taes takse nail 8. Change or loss of initial d before a consonant: b. change of t to d after l: a. Change of s to th before l or r: Silvan Sindarin Quenya Silvan Sindarin Ouenya belde - meletya mighty thlôs lhaw hláru ear gold galad nalta light tbrôf rhaw hráva wild tolda- toltha- tulta- fetch b. Change of s to f before w. c. change of remaining t, p, k to th, f, ch after l, r. Silvan Sindarin Quenya fwest hwest hwesta breeze Silvan Sindarin Ouenya telch celeg tyelca swift c. Change of s to h before m or n: telf celeb tyelpe silver Silvan Sindarin Ouenya carfa - - of a crow O. hmal mâl malo pollen [*karakw-] O. hnardh nardh narda knot serch sereg serce spilled

blood 9. Change of b, d, g to v, dh, gh and of p, t, k to b, d, g when imme- orth orod orto mountain diately following l, r, or a vowel. lb, ld remained unchanged, however: d. assimilation of * to a following m or n: Silvan Ouenya Silvan LO. hadha- hyara- cleave [*syada-] ammal yellowhammer [*asmalê] O. erdh erde seed benn husband [*besnô] O. flegh hlia gossamer [*sligâ] lava- lava- lick [*laba-] e. the clusters nt, mp, nk became nd, mb, ng, except maba- map- grasp when they were final: mada- mat- eat Silvan Quenya naga- nac- bite danda- lanta- fall olba olvo of a branch tambe- tampe- stopped kold culda reddish-gold in color tange- tance- repaired 10. Original th became voiced following a vowel: but: bant vanta walk Silvan Sindarin ump unque hollow L. hedhu bethw foggy rank ranco arm LO. hidhum hithw mist LO. radha- - climb [*ratha] f. When sk, sp had not become h, f, they became sg, sb when they preceded a vowel: 11. All final vowels were lost. Silvan Sindarin Quenya 12. The second vowel in a root with two vowels was frequently asbar - - bend lost when the last consonant was followed by a vowel; that is, [*askwar-] words of the form CVCVC were retained, but words with the isbin - fine larch form CVCVCV became CVCCV, doubtless due to the fact that esgel helf helma pelt a strong stress on the first syllable had already evolved in Sil- van. Examples are: g. tb became voiced to dh when it occurred between vowels: CVCVC CVCCV avar “one of the Avari” avra “of an Avar” Ossiriandic Sindarin Ouenya bereth “valor” bertha “of valor” radha- - - climb olof “branch” olba “of a branch” [*ratha-] hedhw betbw biswa foggy The subsequent development of the nominative and other cases frequently becomes quite irregular, as the nominative might be h. pn, bn, mn became vn (later -von): re-formed to match the other cases, or vice versa. For example, Silvan Sindarin Ouenya we have galad “tree” instead of galath, re-formed from the geni- dovon dofn lumna gloomy tive galda “of a tree”; and in the other direction we have amna lavon lavan laman beast “of a mother” instead of avna, re-formed from the nominative levon leben lempe five aman. [*lep(e)nê] 13. There were a large number of internal consonant changes:

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nivon - - west [*nibn-] 2. Initial hm, hn became m, n: tovon tofn tutnna deep M. Silvan Ossiriandic [*tupnâ] mal hmal pollen narth hnardh knot 14. The sound y disappeared before a following vowel. Exactly when this occurred is a matter of some controversy, y is absent in 3. Medial ls became ss: both East and West Silvan. However, East Silvan shows a E. Silvan Ossiriandic change of the vowels a and o before an original y which is absent ossa- olsa- to dream in West Silvan. According to some scholars, the disappearance of thessin tbelsi sisters y was an independent development in both East and West Silvan, and was a logical development from the disappearance of y at the 4. Original ai, au became the close diphthongs ei, ou and beginning of all other syllables. According to others, Common remained so in Lórien: Silvan had already developed a slight distinction between variants L. Silvan Ossiriandic of a and o according to whether they preceded y or not. This dis- eig aig sharp tinction remained when y disappeared, but in West Silvan it was wolf-howl ultimately attenuated and reversed, while in East Silvan it was goul gaul retained and exaggerated. 5. a and o followed by gh became the open diphthong èi, which was preserved in Lórien: E. Silvan Ossiriandic Sindarin Quenya bera- bera- - verya- be brave L. Silvan Ossiriandic bera- bara- beria- varya- protect nòum naghum jaw gwena- gwana- - vanya- go away sòur saghr bitter rena- rana- renia- ranya- stray dòum doghum gloom ula- ola- elia- ulya- rain sòum soghum cup 15. Final y, which was retained after the loss of final vowels be- 6. e followed by gh became the open diphthong èi, which was cause it was no longer at the beginning of a syllable, became i: preserved in Lórien: Ossiriandic Ouenya L. Silvan Ossiriandic fani fanya white cloud tèim teghum line mbeldi meletya mighty rèin reghon edge thlèi flegh gossamer 16. m which had become a final consonant was changed to -um after consonants other than l or r: 7. gh became g after l and r: Silvan Sindarin Ouenya E. Silvan Ossiriandic Quenya hilum hithu hiswe fog [*khithmê] olg olgh ulya horrible [*ulga] geladum eilian(w) helyanwe rainbow ulgon ulghund ulundo monster [*helyadmê] [*ulgundo] O. doghum daw lóme gloom [*dohmê] targ targh tarya tough [*targá] O. naghum naew nangwa jaw [*nakmê] O. soghum - sungwa cup [*sukmâ] 8. gh disappeared everywhere else: O. teghum - téma line [*tehmâ] E. Silvan Ossiriandic 17. n which had become a final consonant was changed to –on gwe gwegh male person after any other consonant except r: rî rîgh garland tû tûgh muscle thâ- thâgha- press Silvan Ouenya esgelon helda naked [*skelna] 9. a and o which had preceded a y or i in the next syllable ralon - east [*radn-] became e and u: thavon samno wood - wright E. Silvan Ossiriandic geldin galdi trees EAST SILVAN urthin orthi mountains The Silvan languages of Lórien and Mirkwood shared many changes that had no parallels in the West Silvan of 10. final l, r, w became ol, or, u when they followed another Ossiriand and Eriador. consonant: E. Silvan Ossiriandic 1. Initial mb, nd, and ng, became b, a, and g: legol legl nimble M. Silvan Ossiriandic gandor gandr harper bar mbar dwelling-place L. bronu bronw enduring dûn ndûn sunset garm ngarm wolf –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 17 Continued on Page 20... Other Hands ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– HALLS O F TH Chris Seeman: PO Box 1213, Novato, CA 94948, USA ([email protected]) The Mithril range “Halls of the Elven-king” (M63-M72) was designed to accompany the MERP module of the same name. To the existing lore about Mirkwood’s ruling house, this module and miniature range added a name and face to Thranduil’s queen (the mother of Legolas). Combining this information with other material scattered throughout the MERP series, we can begin to devise a coherent genealogy for this important Elven dynasty. Thranduil (M63), son of Oropher, became king of the Elves of Greenwood the Great after his father’s death in the War of the Last Alliance. His accession was preceded by dissension among his father’s closest followers, some of whom were unwilling to accept Thranduil’s claim over that of Oropher’s foster-son, Bladorthin. Bladorthin was of royal Sindarin descent, whereas Thranduil’s mother, Melinethel, had come from among the Silvan Elves. Thran- duil put to rest his opponents’ doubts about his Sindarin heritage by taking to wife Arhendhiril, daughter of Amdír of Lórinand. Nonetheless, Thranduil retained his Silvan name (which means “Forceful River”) as a gesture of as- surance to his Silvan subjects of his ties to them. At first, Thranduil ruled the woodland realm from his father’s former stronghold (now named Caras Bartha, “For- tress of Doom,” since it was there that Oropher had re- ceived emissaries of Gil-galad and committed himself and his people to the Last Alliance). Later, when the shadow of the Necromancer arose, Thranduil withdrew north beyond the Forest River, where he delved his subterranean halls of Aradhrynd, after the fashion of Menegroth of old (TA 1050-1100). Arhendhiril (M64) is thought to have counseled and guided her husband in the delving of Aradhrynd, for she had dwelt in Menegroth ere its fall, whereas Thranduil had been born in the Greenwood centuries later. Arhendhiril’s father, Amdír, was the grandson of Elmo, brother of Thin- gol. Amdír ruled Lórinand until the War of the Last Alli- ance, in which he was slain. Arhendhiril consented to wed the son of Oropher to renew the kinship of their two houses. Arhendhiril’s name means “Lady of the Lofty Eye” in the tongue of the Grey Elves; but when she became Queen of the Green-wood, she followed Thranduil’s example by altering her name to its Silvan form, Arthinheryn (pronounced “Arthinherin”). But among the Tawarwaith she was also known as Telfindine, “Woman of the Silver Tress,” for, being of the royal house of Elmo, her hair was of silver hue, a thing unknown among the Silvan Elves. Silvan Seer (M69) Unique among the Elves of Middle- earth, Oropher enjoyed the vassalage of one of the Nol- dorin exiles. This was Fuinen, a Fëanorian who partici- pated in the sack of Menegroth, but who soon after re- pented of this deed and swore fealty to Oropher in repara- tion. When Oropher fell at Dagorlad, Fuinen supported Bladorthin’s claim to the succession. Fuinen’s failure to obtain the rule for Bladorthin estranged the seer from Thranduil, and his fate is not remembered by the Elves of Greenwood. In his place, Thranduil chose Indossa, a Silvan Elf, as his seer and counselor. 18 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ARHENDHIRIL ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000

E ELVEN -KING

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MIRKWOOD SILVAN Galadriel’s Elven-ring. But since the Silvan of Lórien is little- The Silvan dialect of Mirkwood distinguished itself from other known, it is hard to confirm this. One known oddity of Lórien forms of East Silvan by the following changes: Silvan, which may have developed when the Elves of Mirkwood and Lórien were still in contact, was the change of the long close 1. The long close vowels ô and ê “broke” to uo and ie, respectively: vowels ô, ê to û, î rather than ie, uo as in Mirkwood.

M. Silvan O. Silvan Sindarin Ouenya L. Silvan M. Silvan Ossiriandic thluog flôg lhug hlóce dragon thlûg thluog flôg dragon sieth sêdh sîdh sére rest sîdh sieth oedh rest

2. The close diphthongs ou, ei became ô and ê: OSSIRIANDIC L. Silvan M. Silvan Ossiriandic remained close to the common Silvan tongue before goul gôl wolf-howl the division into West and East Silvan, but showed some peculiari- eig êg sharp ties of West Silvan, most notably the change of initial thr-, thl- to fr- , fl-: 3. Long open ô became close ô, merging with ô from ou. Ossiriandic M. Silvan flôg thluog dragon 4. The open diphthongs òu, èi became au, ai frosk throsk fox M. Silvan L. Silvan In Ossiriandic, long open ô < *â, and long close ô (which was uo daum dòum gloom in Mirkwood Silvan) became merged: taim tèim line tblai thlèi gossamer Ossiriandic M. Silvan rôm ruom trumpet 5. Final i, u changed to e, o: rôm rôm wing M. Silvan L. Silvan fene feni white cloud lano lanu loom

6. dh became l when it fell between vowels: M. Silvan L. Silvan ralon radhon east belo hedhu foggy

7. dh became d when it followed r: M. Silvan L. Silvan erda erdha of a seed

8. Final dh, v became th,f: M. Silvan L. Silvan ereth eredh seed olof olov branch

9. t, d became k, g when immediately preceding l: M. Silvan L. Silvan iskla istla of the moon lingla lindla of music pegla pedla of language

10. The singulars were usually reformed from the other cases: M. Silvan L. Silvan lingol lindol music pegol pedol language

LÓRIEN SILVAN The Silvan spoken in Lórien must have remained extremely close to that of common East Silvan, due both to the relatively late di- vergence between Lórien and Mirkwood Silvan, and the subsequent slowness of change due to the activity of the Lady

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A SHORT DICTIONARY OF SILVAN ano... (dan) lem...: although... nonetheless.... bel, n.: strength ELVISH anor, pl. anorin, n.: sun belde, adj.: mighty (L. beldi, O. mbeldi) An asterisk (*) marks those recent bor- ant, cj.: therefore (indicates purpose) bene, adj.: pale (L. beni, O. bani) rowings from Sindarin which are found only ant, and-, n.: bridge benn, n.: husband in Lórien and Mirkwood. Use of italics indi- ar, cj.: and ber, n.: fighting man, warrior cates that a verbal form is being discussed. aran*, n.: king (of Noldor, Sindar, or of bera-, pt. berne-, v.: protect, be brave (O. Men) bara- “protect”) Abbreviations arn, adj.: red berbrog, n.: man capable of taking bear's adj. = adjective arra-, pt. arrene-, v.: growl form adv. = adverb arth, adj.: high, lofty berch, adj.: wild, uncontrollable bere, adj.: cj. = conjunction as, n.: day festive (L. beri, O. mberi) du. = dual bere, adj.: bold (LO. beri) intj. = interjection bered, n.: feast, festival (O. L. = Lórien Silvan form of the word mbered) LO. = form of the word common to thruon, ralon bereth, berth-, n.: valor Lórien Silvan and Ossiriandic (east, backward) bess, n.: wife n. = noun bô, intj.: no! (of refusal) num. = number bóa-, v.: must O. = Ossiriandic form of the word bóna, adv.: necessarily, definitely, pi. = plural really, indeed pp. = past participle bor, adv.: ever, ever and again prep. = preposition bôr, n.: need (L. bour, O. mbaur) pron. = pronoun boron, born-, n.: trustworthy pt. = past tense v. = verb follower breth, n.: birch-tree A bril, n.: quartz crystal ab, adj.: complete brilin, adj.: crystalline ab, prep.: after, according to fure brith, n.: gravel abad, adv.: afterwards (north, right) brog, n.: bear ach, n.: cow? there brono, adj.: enduring (L. bronu, ad, cj.: or (south, left) O. bronw) adar, adr-, n.: father ado, adj.: double (L. adu O. adw) D adradar, adradr-, n.: paternal grand- dan, cj.: but (O. ndan) father nûm, nivon danda-, pt. dandene-, v.: to fall adraman, adramn-, n.: paternal (west, forward) dant, dand-, n.: fall, motion of falling grandmother dara-, pt. darne-, v.: stop adrathes, n.: aunt, father’s sister (O. adrathe- asbar, n.: crook, bend daum, n.: night-time, gloom (L. dòum les) ask, asg-, n.: bone O. doghum) adratorn, n.: uncle, father’s brother ass, n.: cooked food dê, adj.: great (L. dei O. dai) agol, agl-, n.: light-ray ast, n.: sand déda-, pt. déne-, v.: magnify, exalt (L. ala-, pt. alne-, v.: call ath, n.: neck deida- O. daida-) alch, n.: swan ath, num.: two delda-, pt. delne-, v.: be disgusted ald, adj.: large avar, avr- n.: one of the Avari dell, n.: cry of exultation am, adv.: up, upwards delo, adj.: disgusting (L. delu O. delw) aman, amn-, n.: mother B delum, delm-, n.: disgust (LO. delm) ambon, n.: hill bala-, pt. balne-, v.: be powerful, be able, can dene, adj.: lithe (LO. deni) amma, pron.: why? balas, n.: power der, n.: man (male person) (O. nder) ammal, n.: yellowhammer (bird) balna, adv.: possibly, maybe, perhaps dêr, adj.: shady; n.: shade of trees (L. deir O. amnadar, amnadr-, n.: maternal grandfather ban, adv.: probably dair) amnaman, amanamn-, n.: maternal banBa-, pt. banne-, v.: walk dile, adj.: merry (LO. dili) grandmother banga-, pt. bangene-, v.: exchange, give in dilum, dilm-, n.: friend (L. dilm O. ndilm) amnathes, n.: aunt, mother’s sister (O. am- exchange (O. mbanga-) dim, adj.: sad (O. dimb) natheles) bangor, bangr-, n.: one who exchanges ding, n.: sharp noise amnatorn, n.: uncle, mother’s brother (O. mbangr) dion, adj.: second, other (O. ndion) amor na, cj.: rather than, instead of bant, band-, n.: walk dior, n.: follower (O. ndior) amron, n.: sunrise bar, n.: dwelling-place (O. mbar) dod, adv.: down an, prep.: to, for bora-, pt. barne-, v.: abide (O. mbara-) dôl, adj.: flat ana-, pt. óne-, v.: give barn, adj.: protected dôl, n.: flat valley and, adj.: long barnas, n.: protection don, adv., prep.: against and, n.: gate barth, n.: fate dôn, n.: back, rear side (O. ndôn) anga-, pt. angene-, v.: yawn bast, n.: bread (O. mbast) dor, n.: land (O. ndor) arm, n.: gift basta-, pt. banne-, v.: bake (O. mbasta-) ano, cj.: although, (even) though, despite be, cj.: like –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 21 Other Hands –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

dôr, n.: pause fweg, adj.: thirsty (O. suig) (O. gwegh) dorn, n.: oak fwera-, pt. fwerne-, v.: gesture with the hands gwela-, pt. gwinde-, v.: be obliged, owe, should dornin, adj.: oaken fwest, n.: breeze (LO. gwedha-) dornof, n.: acorn gwelo, gwelw-, n.: air (L. gwelu O. gwelw) dovna-, pt. dovne-, v.: lie heavy G gwena-, pt. gwanne-, v.: go away (O. gwana-) dovon, adj.: gloomy gad, n.: barrier gwene, adj.: green, fresh (LO. gweni) drôg, n.: wolf galad, gald-, n.: tree (O. gald) gweth, gwel-, n.: bond (LO. gwedh) dû, n.: night galas, n.: joy gwêth, gwêl- n.: agreement (L. gwaidh, O. duil, n.: river galbreth, n.: birch-tree gwaedh) dûn, n.: sunset (O. ndûn) gald, n.: light (O. ngald) gwethling, n.: squirrel dunn, adj.: black galum, galm-, n.: good fortune (LO. galm) gwias, n.: manliness (L. gweas, O. gweghas) duom, n.: dusk, twilight (L. dûm, O. gan-: prefix used with names of animals (and gwien, n.: freshness, greenness (L. gwîn, O. dôm) sometimes people) to designate male sex gwen) ganda-, pt. gandene-, v.: to harp gwier, adj.: belonging to one E gandor, gandr-, n.: harper gwila-, pt. gwilne- v.: fly ê, cj.: if (L. ei, O. ai) gandran, n.: stag (O. gan-rann) gwin, n.: wine ê... ta...: if...then... gangol, gangl-, n.: harp (L. gandol O. gandl) êb, adj.: steep (L. eib O. aib) gano, adj.: male (L. ganu O. ganw) ében, pron.: anyone, anybody, whoever gano, ganw- n.: male animal (L. ganu O. ed, adv.: out; prep.: out from ganw) edregol, adv.: especially gara-, v.: possess, have eg, pron.: thou garm, n.: possession êg, adj.: sharp (L. eig O. aig) garm, n.: wolf (O. ngarm) êg, n.: thorn (L. eig, O. aig) garo, adj.: possessing (LO. garu) égas, n.: mountain peak (L. eigas O. garon, garn- n.: possessor, master aigas) garth, gard-, n.: region, realm, kingdom (LO. el, n.: star gardh) ele, adj.: all (LO. eli) gau, n.: mouth (L. gòu O. gou) elf, pron.: everything geb, cj.: except elin, n.: pool (L. eilin O. ailin) geg! v.: go away! gwind, n.: girl élum, adv.: anytime, whenever geladum, n.: rainbow gwinda-, pt. gwindene-, v.: blow about (as em, pron.: we gele, adj.: bright (L. geli O. gali) leaves, snow, etc.) émen, adv.: anyway, however gell, n.: sky gwine, adj.: new (LO. gwini) énad, pron.: anything, whatever gelo, adj.: sky blue (L. gelu, O. gelw) gwirulin, n.: butterfly (L. gwilurin, O. gwil- endira-, pt. endirne-, v.: seek ger, adj.: red, ruddy (L. geir O. gair) wering) ere, adj.: alone, sole (LO. eri) getha-, pt. genge-, v.: abandon, leave out erel*, n.: Sinda (L. edhel) gilum, gilm-, n.: starlight (L. gilm O. ngilm) H ereth, erd-, n.: seed (L. eredh, O. erdh) go, prep.: from, deriving from hala-, pt. hande-, v.: cleave (LO. hadha-) es, pron.: he, she, it; this go, n.: descendant of (O. ngo) hall, adj.: tall esgada-, pt. esgande-, v.: break gô, n.: wind (L. gou, O. gwau) hama-, pt. hamme-, v.: sit esgal, n.: veil, screen go-edrion, n.: cousin (of any degree or side) handa-, pt. handene-, v.: think esgar, n.: bed of reeds god, cj.: therefore, (indicates cause) hass, n.: cleft esgel, n.: skin, pelt gôd, n.: dirt, filth hasta-, pt. hanne-, v.: injure esgelon, adj.: naked góda-, pt. gange-, v.: stain hath, n.: mound esk, esg-, n.: marsh grass gôl, n.: wolf-howl (L. goul, O. ngaul) helch, adj.: icy; n.: ice ess, n.: name golo, golw-, n.: learning (L. golu O. ngolw) helo, adj.: foggy, misty (L. hedhu O. hedhw) est, adj.: first goloth*, n.: Noldo (L. golodh) hélum, adv.: later est, n.: knowledge golum, adv.: since, from (time) hêm, n.: habit (L. heim O. haim) esta-, pt. inne-, v.: name, know goma, pron.: why? for what cause? herin*, n.: lady (Galadriel) eth, n.: spear gôn, n.: wild goose hila-, pt. hilne-, v.: follow eth, pron.: you gond, n.: rock hilum, hilm-, n.: fog, mist (LO. hidhum) ethel, ethl-, n.: -well, fountain gôr, adj.: dirty hima-, pt. himme- v.: abide with ew, n.: person gôr, n.: wild wolf (L. gour, O. ngaur warg) hîn, n.: child êw, n.: bird (L. eiw O. aiw) gorm, n.: hastiness hind, n.: eye gorn, adj.: hasty hîr*, n.: lord (Celeborn) F gorth, n.: horror (O. ngorth) hira-, pt. hirne-, v.: find fene, n.: white cloud (L. feni O. fani) gorthin, adj.: horrible (O. ngorthin) hóga-, pt. bange-, v.: yawn feron, fern-, n.: beech-tree (O. feren, goss, n.: fear hon, n.: heart fern-) gui, n.: fear hui, adj.: far filig, filch-, n.: little bird find, n.: hair guol, adj.: wise (L. gûl, O. ngôl) fira-, pt. firne-, v.: breathe out fui, n.: guor, n.: heart (L. gûr, O. gôr) night gûr, n.: death (O. ngûr) fure, adj.: right, north (LO. furi) gwath, n.: shadow fwand, n.: mushroom gwe, n.: male person, man; adj.: vigorous

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––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000 I kuir, n.: coming to life loga-, pt. lunge-, v.: twist in circles ída-, v.: flash, sparkle kumb, n.: belly lôm, n.: echo ien, n.: long period of time (L. în O. ên) kuvon, adj.: empty lómin, adj.: echoing illum, adv.: always lôr, n.: gold light (L. lour O. laur) imb, prep.: between L lórin, adj.: golden (in color) in, pron.: I lad, n.: wood, grove loss, n.: blossom in-: prefix used with names of animals (and lagor, lagr-, adj.: swift loss, n.: snow sometimes people) to designate female lamb, n.: tongue, language lost, adj.: empty sex lamm, n.: sound losta-, lunne-, v.: sleep ind, n.: heart, mood, mind land, adj.: wide lû, n.: occasion indran, n.: doe (O. in-rann) lann, n.: cloth luin, adj.: pale ine, adj.: female (LO. ini) lano, lanw-, n.: loom (L. lanu, O. lanw) lûm, n.: time ing, n.: top lara-, pt. lande-, v.: laugh (LO. ladha-) lumb, n.: gloom, cloud inga-, pt. ingene-, v.: exist, be larm, n.: elm-tree (LO. lalm) lung, adj.: heavy ink, num.: six lass, n.: leaf lunt, lund-, n.: boat int, pron.: they, these lass, n.: baby luod, n.: flower (L. lûd, O. lôd) îr, n.: desire lasta-, pt. lanne-, v.: listen luodar, n.: garden (L. lúdar, O. lódar) isbin, n.: larch lau, n.: year of growth (L. lòu O. lou) luog, n.: spell (L. lûg, O. lôg) istil, iskl-, n.: moon (L. istel O. istl) lava-, pt. lambe-, v.: lick luos, n.: sleep (L. lûs, O. lôs) istor, ithr-, n.: wise person lavon, lavn-, n.: beast luth, n.: spell lê, n.: grass (L. lei O. lai) lutha-, pt. lunge-, v.: enchant K lêb, adj.: green (L. leib O. laib) luthen, adj.: enchanted kaba-, pt. kambe-, v.: jump, leap lede, n.: opening (LO. ledi) ka.Lt-, pt. kalne-, v.: shine lêf, n.: grease (L. leiv, O. laiw) M kalf, n.: vessel lêg, adj.: fresh (of vegetation), lively, keen ma, pron.: what? kalfa-, pt. kalfene-, v.: draw water (L. leig O. laig) mab, du. meb, n.: hand kalin, adj.: shining legol, adj.: active, nimble (O. legl) kamb, n.: cupped hand lela-, pt. lende-, v.: go (LO. ledha-) leld, n.: dance lem, cj.: nonetheless, still, yet lema-, pt. lamme-, v.: make sound (O. lama-) lena-, pt. lanne-, v.: weave (O. lana-) lene, n.: thread (L. leni O. lani) lêr, n.: summertime (L. leir O. lair) less, n.: finger lest, n.: limit maba-, pt. mambe-, v.: grasp kant, num.: four leth, adj.: free mada-, pt. mande-, v.: eat kara-, pt. kôre- v.: do, make, cause letha-, pt. lenge-, v.: loose, release maga-, pt. mange-, v.: strike with the hand karab, karf-, n.: crow levon, num.: five magol*, magl-, n.: sword karas, n.: moated fortress li, adj.: many, much maid, adj.: wet (L. mèid O. mêd) karm, n.: artifact lîg, n.: beeswax mail, n.: friend (O. mael) kau, n.: house (LO. kou) lilda-, pt. lilne-, v.: dance mal, n.: pollen (O. hmal) kaun, adj.: bent (LO. koun) lilum, adv.: often malad, mald-, n.: gold kéda-, pt. kéne-, v.: lie, lie down (L. limb, n.: drop maldin, adj.: golden keida- O. kaida-) limp, adj.: wet malin, adj.: yellow (O. hmalin) kelum, kelm-, n.: channel, stream (LO. lind, adj.: sweet-sounding, musical; n.: song malo, adj.: pale (L. malu, O. hmalw) kelm) lind, n.: Silvan Elf malum, pron.: when? kêm, n.: earth (L. keim O. kaim) linda-, pt. lindene-, v.: sing mamen, pron.: how kena-, pt. kcnne-, v.: see lindor, lindr-, n.: singer man, pron.: who? kene, adj.: bold (L. keni O. kani) line, n.: pool (LO. lini) man, n.: spirit of the dead kêr, num.: ten (L. keir O. kair) ling, n.: tail mane, pron.: how? (L. mani O. manã) kila-, pt. kilne-, v.: separate, sort out linga-, v.: hang manum, pron.: where? kile, n.: split, division lingol, lingl-, n.: music (L. lindol O. lindl) mêd, adj.: hungry (L. meid O. maid) kivnar, n.: potter lint, adj.: swift meda-, pt. mende-, v.: end kôl, n.: light liog, n.: snake mêg, adj.: pliant, soft; n.: dough (L. meig O. kola-, pt. kolne-, v.: bear, carry lîr, n.: song maig) kold, adj.: red or gold-colored lira-, pt. lirne-, v.: chant a song or poem megor, adj.: piercing (O. megr) koll, n.: cloak lisk, lisg-, n.: reed mêl, adj.: affectionate (L. mail O. mael) koron, korn-, n.: mound liss, adj.: sweet, n.: honey mêl, n.: lust, desire (L. meil O. mail) kôs, n.: head lîw, n.: fish mela-, pt. melne-, v.: love koth, n.: enemy lô, adv.: not, no mele, adj.: fawn-colored, fallow (LO. medhi) kû, n.: arc, arch, bow lôd, adj.: open mele, adj.: dear (LO. meli) kuif, n.: awakening (L. kuiv O. kuiw) loda-, v.: float melim, adj.: loveable kuil, n.: life lôg, adj.: warm (L. loug O. laug) kuin, adj.: alive –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 23 Other Hands ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– melin, adj.: beloved, dear nêna-, pt. nêne-, v.: lament (L. men, n.: way, path neina- O. naina-) mera-, pt. merne-, v.: wish, want nene, adj.: wet (O. neni) mest, adj.: grey nêr, n.: lament (L. neir O. nair) meth, n.: end nere, adj.: fiery (L. neri, O. nari) mi, prep.: in neth, n.: pointed projection mîd, n.: wetness nî, n.: woman mîd, n.: mist, drizzle nib, n.: snow mîg, adj.: wet nieg, adj.: pale, faint (L. nîg, O. mila-, pt. milne-, v.: long for nêg) millum, adv.: once, sometimes nieth, n.: youth (L. nîth, O. nêth) mimben, pron.: someone, somebody nif, adv.: almost, nearly min, num.: one niga-, pt. ninge-, v.: be cold mind, adj.: prominent nimp, nimb-, adj.: white mine, adj.: first (LO. mini) nind, n.: pool minin, adv.: only nîr, n.: tear osod, ost-, n.: camp protected by a fence of mink, num.: eleven nîth, n.: scent of flowers brush minnad, pron.: something nivlum, adv.: soon oss, num.: seven mint, mind-, n.: point nivon, adv.: forward, westward ossa, pt. ossene-, v.: to dream, to imagine (O. mîr, n.: jewel, gem nivra-, pt. nimbe-, v.: face, go forward olsa-) mirlene, n.: string of jewels nîw, n.: nose oth, n.: war, battle mith, adv., prep.: into (LO. midh) nôd, adj.: obliged (L. noud O. naud) ôth, adv.: away (L. oudh O. audh) móda-, pt. mange-, v.: handle, wield noda-, pt. nunde-, v.: tie othor, n.: warrior mor, adj.: dark; n.: night nold, adj.: secret, hidden ôva-, pt. ambe-, v.: forbid môr, adj.: good nolum, adv.: earlier, before morn, adj.: black non, adj.: last, previous P morth, mord-, n.: shadow (with evil associa- nôr, n.: fire pad, adv.: entirely, completely, wholly; al- tions) (LO. mordh) norda-, pt. nurne-, v.: place in a hole ready moss, adj.: soft nos, n.: family pada-, pt. pande-, v.: fill moth, n.: pool nosta-, pt. nunne-, v.: beget paga-, pt. pange-, v.: close muid, adj.: skilled nu, prep.: under pa/a-, pt. palne-, v.: open wide muil, n.: twilight, shadow nûm. n.: -west palfa-, pt. palfene-, v.: strike at (with hand or muilin, adj.: veiled, secret nuo, prep.: before (time) fist) muin, adj.: secret nuol, n.: small round hill (L. nûl, O. nôl) palon, adj.: wide mund, n.: bull nuon, pp.: born (L. nûn, O. nôn) palum, palm-, n.: surface (LO. palm) mûr, n.: mist, fog nuor, n.: tribe (L. nûr, O. nôr) panda-, pt. pandene-, v.: open murulin, n.: nightingale (L. murilin O. moril- nûr, adj.: deep pant, adj.: open ind) parch, adj.: dry O past, adj.: smooth N ô, intj.: O! path, adj.: closed na, cj.: than ô, adv.: formerly, long ago peda-, pt. pinde-, v.: speak na, prep.: to, towards, at och, n.: bird’s egg pege, adj.: little, few (LO. pegi) na-, nóne-, v.: auxiliary verb used in forming ôf, n.: fruit of any plant (includes grains, pegol, pegl-, n.: language (L. pedol, O. pedl) perfect tenses acorns, etc.) (LO. ôv) pel, prep.: beyond naga-, pt. nange-, v.: bite olch, adj.: evil pela-, pt. pelne-, v.: wane, fade, wither nalum, adv.: until old, n.: drink pele, pelle, n.: fading nand, n.: lowland watered by a river olg, adj.: hideous, horrible (O. olgh) pen, n.: person nara-, pt. name-, v.: tell olo, olw-, n.: plant, herb (L. olu, O. olw) pena-, pt. panne-, v.: set (O. pana-) narth, nard-, n.: knot (L. nardh O. hnardh) olof, olb-, n.: branch (LO. olov) pene, adj.: lacking (LO. peni) nass, n.: web olos, oss-, n.: dream (O. ols-) pera-, pt. perne-, v.: turn, revolve nasta-, pt. nanne-, v.: prick olum, olm-, n.: cup (LO. olm) perchal, n.: Hobbit, Halfling nath, n.: a bite olwar, n.: garden perin, adj.: half naugol, naugl- n.: Dwarf ond or onn, n.: child, son pern, adj.: turned naum n.: jaw (L. nòum O. naghum) onda-, pt. onne-, v.: create, beget pese, n.: sap (LO. pesi) nedor, num.: nine ondor, ondr-, n.: parent pess, n.: feathers, down nef, n.: face (LO. nev) or, prep.: over, above, on pest, n.: speech nêg, n.: pain (L. neig O. naig) ôr, adj.: of old, ancient peth, n.: word nelch, n.: tooth (O. neleg, nelch-) ôr, n.: day (L. our O. aur) pig, adj.: small neld, num.: three ôr, n.: blood piga-, pt. pinge-, v.: become less neldor, n.: beech-tree ora-, pt. orne-, v.: rise pilum, pilm-, n.: arrow (LO. pilim) nele, adj., third (O. neli) orle, adv.: too, excessively pind, n.: slope nele, n.: one of the Lindar ornar, n.: forest pindas, n.: tale nell, n.: brook oron, orn-, n.: tree pindor, pindr- n.: narrator nella-, pt. nellene-, v.: ring, chime orth, n.: mountain nellum, adv.: meanwhile ortha-, pt. ortbene-, v.: raise nen, n.: water ôs, n.: dawn, day 24 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000 ping, n.: lip rond, n.: underground cave tan, adj.: that pint, pind-, n.: story ross, n.: dew tana-, pt. tanne-, v.: show pioda-, pt. piune-, v.: spit rost, n.: plain tangol, tangl-, n.: pin piog, n.: berry roth, rol-, n.: cave (LO. rodh) tank, adj.: fixed, immovable piugwin, n.: grape rôth, rôl-, n.: climber (LO. rôdh) tann, n.: sign, indication pôg, n.: crow rugim, adj.: terrible tanum, adv.: there pold, adj.: strong ruida-, pt. ruine-, v.: pursue, hunt tarag, tarch-, n.: horn pôm, n.: sickness, plague ruidor, ruidr-, n.: hunter targ, adj.: tough pôr, n.: closed hand ruim, n.: hunt targ, adv.: hardly, barely rûma-, pt. rúmene-, v.: heave tarm, n.: tall tree-trunk rund, n.: unshaped wood tarug, n.: ox rune, n.: path, track left by a passing animal tass, n.: pin, nail or person tathlum, adv.: again ruom, n.: trumpet (L. rûm, O. rôm) tathor, tathr-, n.: willow-tree rutha-, pt. rutbene-, v.: cause fear, make taum, n.: clasp (L. tòum O. taghum) afraid tava-, pt. tambe-, v.: taste tê, n.: straight path S téda-, pt. téne-, v.: lengthen (L. teida- O. posta-, pt. punne-, v.: stop, prevent sa, cj.: that taida-) puig, adj.: clean saga-, pt. sange-, v.: rend, break tede, tedi-, adj.: second (L. tedi O. tadi) pur, n.: smear, dirt salf, n.: weed têg, adj.: deep (L. teig O. taig) salfa-, pt. salfene-, v.: sip tega-, pt. tenge-, v.: make marks (esp. on R samo, samw-, n.: thought (L. samu O. bark) rach, n.: claw samw) têl, n.: lengthening (L. teil O. tail) raf, n.: rope sarn, adj.: of stone tela-, pt. telne-, v.: finish, cease raga-, pt. range-, v.: take away sarth, sard-, n.: stone (LO. sardh) telch, adj.: swift rain, n.: edge (L. rèin O. reghon) saum, n.: cup (L. sòum O. soghum) teld, n.: end rala-, pt. rande-, v.: climb (LO. radha-) saur, adj.: bitter (L. sòur O. saghr) teld or tell, adj.: last ralon, adv.: backwards, east [LO. radhon] sêl, n.: wise (L. seil O. sail) teleg, telch-, n.: stalk rank, rang-, n.: arm seld, n.: daughter teler*, n.: Telerin Elf rann, n.: deer serch, n.: spilled blood telf, n.: silver ranor, randr-, n.: wanderer, traveller si, pron.: this telfin, adj.: of silver rant, rand-, n.: course of a river sib, adj.: such telum, telm-, n.: canopy (of leaves in a for- rass, n.: horn, antler sien, n.: child (offspring) (L. sîn O. sên) est) (LO. telm) rast, num.: twelve sieth, siel-, n.: rest, repose (L. sîdh, O. sêdh) ter, prep.: through recha-, pt. rechene-, v.: ride sigol, sigl-, n.: knife (O. sigl) teth, n.: path marker (e.g., markings on a rêg, adj.: crooked (L. reig O. raig) silum, adv.: now tree or stone to indicate which way to go) regoron, regorn-, n.: holly-tree silum, silm-, n.: starlight (LO. silm) tier, adj.: straight (L. tîr O. têr) rela-, pt. rende-, v.: sow (LO. redha-) simen, adv.: so, thus tild, n.: sharp point rena-, pt. ranne-, v.: stray (O. rana-) sin, adj.: this tim, n.: spark, star rest, n.: ravine sink, sing-, n.: hard stone, flint tind, adj.: glinting rî, n.: garland (O. rîgh) sinum, adv.: here tinda-, pt. tindene-, v.: cause to sparkle rie, n.: day (L. rî, O. rê) sîr, n.: river tindum, n.: twilight rien*, n.: queen (of Noldor, Sindar, or of sira-, pt. sirne-, v.: flow tingla-, pt. tinglene-, v.: sparkle (LO. tindla-) Men) sirdant, n.: waterfall tiog, adj.: thick, fat rif, n.: bark (LO. riv) sôf, n.: juice (LO. sôv) tira-, pt. tirne-, v.: pay attention, heed riga-, pt. ringe-, v.: twine, twist soga-, pt. sunge-, v.: drink tiss, n.: small mark rim, n.: edge, border, borderland sôm, n.: mind titha-, pt. tinge-, v.: blink rimb, n.: large crowd sûm, n.: hollow toba-, pt. tumbe-, v.: cover over rimba-, pt. rimbene-, v.: rush, flow quickly tôf, n.: taste, pleasure of sense (LO. tôv) rimdod, pl. rimdodin, n.: rapids T toga-, pt. tunge-, v.: bring rimp, adj.: hooked ta, pron.: that tola-, pt. túle-, v.: come rind, n.: circle ta, cj.: then, therefore tolch, adj.: firm, strong; n.: support ring, adj.: cold; n.: cold mountain lake taba-, pt. tambe-, v.: stop, hinder told, num.: eight rink, ring-, n.: shake taga-, pt. tange-, v.: make, construct, repair tolda-, pt. tuldene-, v.: summon, fetch rista-, pt. rinne-, v.: cut taim, n.: row, line (L. tèim O. teghum) toll, n.: island ritha-, pt. ringe-, v.: shake tal, n.: foot; tel du.: two feet tôr, n.: king roch, n.: horse tala-, pt. talne-, v.: play an instrument tôr, n.: great wood (L. tour O. taur) rod, n.: cave tald, adj.: leaning over torch, adj.: strong rôd, n.: champion talda-, pt. taldene-, v.: fall down tóril, n.: queen rôf, n.: river bank (LO. rôv) talum, adv.: then torn, n.: brother, companion roga-, pt. range-, v.: fear talum, cj.: when, at the time that tornel, n.: niece, brother’s daughter rôm, n.: wing talum, talm-, n.: floor, base (LO. talm) tornon, n.: nephew, brother’s son rôm, n.: storm (L. roum O. raum) tama-, pt. tamme-, v.: knock toss, n.: bush rôn, adj.: wandering tamor, tambr- n.: woodpecker tovon, adj.: deep

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 25 Other Hands –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– triew, adj.: fine, slender (L. trîw O. trêw) thund, n.: root already: pad trum, n.: shield thuor, adj.: coming down at great speed (L. although: ano tû, n.: muscle (O. tûgh) thûr O. thôr) always: ilium, ui tua-, pt. tuine-, v.: sprout, swell thúra-, pt. thurne-, v.: hide, conceal ancient: ôr tuil, n.: springing, spring and: ar tuilind, n.: swallow U antler: rass tuim, n.: bud û, prep. + genitive: without, lacking anybody: ében tula-, pt. tulne-, v.: stand uben, pron.: no one, nobody anyone: ében tulus, n.: poplar úgal, n.: twilight anything: énad tumb, n.: deep valley uhe, adv.: no more, no longer anytime: élum tund, adj.: tall ui, adv.: always arc: kû tung, adj.: tight, taut ui, adj.: both arch: kû tuss, n.: material of a roof (bark, leaves, uil, n.: creeping vine arm: rank branches) ula-, pt. ulne-, v.: rain (O. ola-) arrow: pilum ulgon, n.: monster (O. ulghund) artifact: karm TH ulum, adv.: never at: na tbâ-, pt. thange-, v.: press, squeeze (O. ulun, n.: flood attention, pay: tira- thagha-) umbal, n.: torment, agony aunt: adrathes, amnathes tbaga-, pt. thange-, v.: split umbar, n.: habitation, world Avari, one of: avar thall, adj.: falling steeply umboth, n.: deep pool awakening (n): kuif tham, n.: barrier ump, n.: hollow away: ôth thania-, pt. thamme-, v.: keep out ûn, adj.: lacking thand, adj.: firm, solid, trustworthy unad, pron.: nothing B thang, n.: crushing, oppression undum, n.: evening twilight baby: lass thavon, thavn-, n.: wood-worker, builder unga-, pt. ungene-, v.: excavate back: dôn theles, thess-, n.: sister (O. thels-) ungol, ungl-, n.: spider backwards: ralon thelum, thelm-, n.: firm idea (LO. thelm) ungor, adj.: dark, gloomy bake: basta- thene, adj.: regular; n.: rule (L. theni O. ungum, n.: spiderweb bank, river: rôf thani) uo, adv.: together; prep.: with (L. û, O. ô) barely: targ thera-, pt. therne-, v.: sew uola-, pt. olne-, v.: dream (L. ûla- O. ôla-) bark: rif there, adj.: south, left (L. theri O. thari) uolum, adv., cj.: during, while barrier: gad, tham thessel, n.: niece; sisters daughter uom, n.: voice (L. ûm-, O. ôm) base: talum thesson, n.: nephew; sister’s son uon, adj.: same battle: oth thimba-, pt. thimbene-, v.: pipe uon, adv.: even, equally be: inga- thimbor, thimbr-, n.: piper uor, n.: mountain (L. ûr-, O. ôr) bear (n): brog thimp, thimb-, n.: pipe ûr, n.: heat, fire bear (v): kola- thind, adj.: grey, pale urch, n.: orc bear, man capable of taking form of: thinda-, pt. thindene-, v.: fade, become grey úrin, adj.: hot, fiery berbrog thine, n.: evening (LO. thini) urun, urn-, n.: copper beast: lavon thint, thind-, adj.: short usp, n.: smoke become less: piga- thiron, thirn- n.: brow bed of reeds: esgar thlaba-, pt. thlambe-, v.: flap (O. flaba-) beech-tree: feron, neldor thlai, n.: gossamer (L. thlèi O. flegh) INDEX TO SILVAN DICTIONARY beeswax: lîg thlasa-, pt. thlanne-, v.: hear (O. flasa-) before (adv): nolum thlin, n.: cobweb (O. flin) A before (prep): nuo thlind, adj.: fine, delicate (O. flind) abandon: getha- beget, nosta-, onda- thlon, n.: sound (O. flon) abide: bara- belly: kumb thlôs, n.: ear (O. flôs) abide with: hima- belonging to one: gwier thluog, n.: dragon (L. thlûg O. flôg) above: or beloved: melin thôn, n.: pine-tree according to: ab bend: asbar thor, prep.: across across: thor bent: kaun thôr, adj.: slender active: legol berry: piog thora-, v.: swoop down, come down quickly affectionate: mêl between: imb thoron, thorn-, n.: eagle afraid, make: rutha- beyond: pel thran, adj.: hard, forceful after: ab birch-tree: breth, galbreth thraw, n.: body (O. fraw) afterwards: abad bird: êw thriw, n.: winter (O. friw) again: tathlum bird, little: filig throd, n.: underground cave (O. frod) against: don bite (v): nag- thrôf, adj.: wild (L. thrôv, O. frôv) agony: umbal bite (n): nath thrôn, adj.: stiff, hard agreement: gwêth bitter: saur throsk, throsg-, n.: fox (O. frosk) air: gwelo black: dunn, morn throssa-, pt. throssene-, v.: whisper alive: kuin blink: titha- thruon, n.: east (L. thrûn, O. frôn) all: ele blood: or tbúa-, pt. thúne-, v.: breathe (O. thûwa-) almost: nif blood, spilled: serch thûl, n.: breath, wind alone: ere

26 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000 blossom: loss child: hîn, ond, onn, sien deriving from: go blow about: gwinda- chime: nella- descendant of: go blue, sky: gelo circle: rind desire (n): îr boat: lunt clasp (n): taum despite: ano body: thraw claw: rach dew: ross bold: bere, kene clean (adj): puig dirt: gôd, pûr bond: gweth cleave: hala- dirty: gôr bone: ask cleft (n): hass disgust: delum border: rim climb (v): ratha- disgusted, be: delda- borderland: rim climber: rôth disgusting: delo born: nuon cloak: koll division: kile both: ui close: paga- do: kara- bow: kû closed: path doe: indran closed hand: pôr double: ado cloth: lann dough: mêg cloud: lumb down (adv): dod cloud, white: fene down (n): pess cobweb: thlin dragon: thluog cold: ring draw water: kalfa- cold, be: niga- dream (n): olos cold mountain lake: ring dream (v): ossa-, uola- coming down at great speed: thuor drink (n): old coming to life: kuir drink (v): soga- come: tola- drizzle: mîd come down quickly: thora- drop (n): limb companion: torn dry: parch complete: ab during: uolum completely: pad dusk: duom conceal: thúra- Dwarf: naugol construct: taga- dwelling-place: bar branch: olof cooked food: ass brave, be: bera- copper: urun E bread: bast course of a river: rant eagle: thoron break: esgada-, saga- cousin: go-edrion ear: thlôs breath: thûl cover over: toba- earlier: nolum breathe: thúa- cow: ach earth: kêm breathe out: fira- create: onda- east (adv): ralon breeze: fwest creeping vine: uil east (n): thruon bridge: ant crook: asbar eat: mada- bright: gele crooked: rêg echo: lôm bring: toga- crow (n): karab, pôg echoing: lómin brook: nell crowd, large: rimb edge: rain, rim brother: torn crushing: thang egg: och brother’s daughter: tornel cry of exultation: dell eight: told brother’s son: tornon crystal, quartz: bril eleven: mink brow: thiron crystalline: brilin Elf, Silvan: lind bud: tuim cup: olum, saum elm-tree: larm builder: thavon cupped hand: kamb empty: kuvon, lost bush: toss cut: rista- enchant: lutha- but: dan enchanted: luthen butterfly: gwirulin D end (n): meth, teld dance (n): leld end (v): meda- C dance (v): lilda- enduring: brono call: ala- dark: mor, ungor enemy: koth camp protected by a fence of brush: osod daughter: seld entirely: pad canopy of leaves: telum dawn: ôs equally: uon carry: kola- day: as, ôr, ôs, rie especially: edregol cause: kara- dead, spirit of the: man even: uon cause fear: rutha- dear: mele, melin even though: ano cause to sparkle: tinda- death: gûr evening: thine cave: rod, roth deep: nûr, têg, tovon evening twilight: undum cave, underground: rond, throd deep pool: umboth ever, ever and again: bor cease: tela- deep valley: tumb everything: elf champion: rôd deer: rann evil: olch channel: kelum definitely: bóna exalt: déda- chant a song or poem: lira- delicate: thlind excavate: unga- –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 27 Other Hands ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– except: geb follower: dior grove: lad excessively: orle follower, trustworthy: boron growl: arra- exchange: banga- food, cooked: ass growth, year of: lau exchanges, one who: bangor foot: tal exist: inga- for: an H exultation, cry of: dell forbid: ôva- habit: hêm eye: hind forceful: thran habitation: umbar forest: ornar hair: find F formerly: ô half: perin face (n): nef fortress, moated: karas Halfling: perchal face (v): nivra- fortune: galum hand: mab fade: pela-, thinda- forward: nivon hand, closed: pôr fading: pele, pelle forward, go: nivra- hand, cupped: kamb faint: nieg fountain: ethel hand, strike with the: maga- fall (n), falling: dant four: kant handle: móda- fall (v): danda- fox: throsk hands, gesture with (v): fwera- fall down: talda- free: leth hang: linga- falling steeply: thall fresh: gwene hard: thran, thrôn fallow: mele fresh (of vegetation): lêg hard stone: sink family: nos freshness: gwien hardly: targ far: hui friend: dilum, mail harp (n): gangol fat: tiog from (place): go harp (v): ganda- fate: barth from (time): golum harper: gandor father: adar fruit of any plant: ôf hastiness: gorm fawn-colored: mele hasty: gorn fear (n): goss, gui G have: gara- fear (v): roga- garden: olwar he: es fear, cause: rutha- garden, flower-: luodar head: kôs feast: bered garland: rî hear: thlasa- feathers: pess gate: and heart: guor, hon, ind female: ine gem: mîr heat: ûr festival: bered gesture with hands (v): fwera- heave: rûma- festive: bere girl: gwind heavy: lung fetch: tolda- give: ana- heavy, lie: dovna- few: pege give in exchange: banga- heed: tira- fiery: nere, úrin glinting: tind herb: olo fighting man: ber gloom: daum, lumb here: sinum fill: pada- gloomy: dovon, ungor hidden: nold filth: gôd go: lela- hide: thúra- find: hira- go away: gwena- hideous: olg fine: triew, thlind go away!: geg high: arth finger: less go forward: nivra- hill: ambon finish: tela- gold: malad hill, small round: nuol fire: nôr, ûr gold-colored: kold hinder: taba- firm: tolch, thand gold light: lôr Hobbit: perchal firm idea: thelum golden (in color): lórin hole, place in a: norda- first: est, mine golden (of material): maldin hollow (n): sûm, ump fish: lîw good: môr holly-tree: regoron five: levon good fortune: galum honey: liss fixed: tank goose, wild: gôn hooked: rimp flap: thlaba- gossamer: thlai horn: rass, tarag flasb (v): ída- grandfather: adradar (paternal), amnadar horrible: gorthin, olg flat: dôl (maternal) horror: gorth flat valley: dôl grandmother: adraman (paternal), amnaman horse: roch flint: sink (maternal) hot: úrin float: loda- grape: piugwin house: kau flood: ulun grasp; maba- how: mane, mamen floor: talum grass: lê hungry: mêd flow: sîr grass, marsh: esk hunt (n): ruim flow quickly: rimba- gravel: brith hunt (v): ruida- flower: luod grease: lêf hunter: ruidor flowers, scent of: nîth great: dê husband: benn flower-garden: luodar great wood: tôr fly: gwila- green: gwene, lêb I fog: hilum, mûr greenness: gwien I: in foggy: helo grey: mest, thind ice: helch follow: hila- grey, become: thinda- icy: helch 28 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000 idea, firm: thelum Lindar, one of: nele nearly: nif if: ê line: taim necessarily: bóna if... then...: ê... ta... lip: ping neck: ath imagine: ossa- listen: lasta- need: bôr immovable: tanka lithe: dene nephew: tornon, thesson in: mi little: pege never: ulum indeed: bóna lively: lêg new: gwine indication: tann long: and niece: tornel, thessel injure: hasta- long ago: ô night: dû, fui, mor instead of: amor na long for: mila- nightingale: murulin into: mith long period of time: ien night-time: daum island: toll loom: lano nimble: legol it: es loose: letha- nine: nedor lord: hîr no!: bô J love: mela- no, not: lô jaw: naum loveable: melim no longer: uhe jewel: mîr lowland watered by a river: nand no more: uhe jewels, string of: mirlene lust: mêl no one: uben joy: galas nobody: uben juice: sôf M noise, sharp: ding jump: kaba- magnify: déda- Noldo: goloth make: kara-, taga- nonetheless: lem K make afraid: rutha- north: fure keen: lêg make marker: tega- nose: nîw keep out: thama- make sound: lema- nothing: unad king: tôr, aran (used of non-Silvan peoples) male: gano now: silum kingdom: garth male animal: gano knife: sigol man (male person): der, gwe O knock: tama- man capable of taking bear’s form: berbrog O!: ô knot: narth manliness: gwias oak: dorn know: esta- many: li oaken: dornin knowledge: est mark, small: tiss obliged: nôd marker, path: teth obliged, be: gwela- L marks, make: tega- occasion: lû lacking (adj): pene, ûn marsh grass: esk offspring: sien lacking (prep): û master: garon of old: ôr lady: herin material of a roof: tuss often: lilum lament (n): nêr maybe: balna old, of: ôr lament (v): néna- meanwhile: nellum on: or land: dor merry: dile once: millum language: lamb, pegol mighty: belche one: min larch: isbin mind: ind, sôm only: minin large: ald mist: hilum, mîd, mûr open (adj): lôd, pant large crowd: rimb misty: helo open (v): panda- last (adj): teld, tell moated fortress: karas open wide: pala- last (=previous): non monster: ulion opening: lede later: hélum mood: ind oppression: thang laugb: lara- moon: istil or: ad leaf: lass mother: aman Orc: urch leaning over: tald motion of falling: dant other: dion leap: kaba- mound: hath, koron out: ed learning (n): golo mountain: orth, uor out from: ed leave out: getha- mountain peak: égas over: or left: there mouth: gau owe: gwela- lengthen: téda- much: li ox: tarug lengthening: têl muscle: tû less, become: piga- mushroom: fwand P lick: lava- music: lingol pain: nêg lie heavy: dovna- musical: lind pale: bene, luin, malo, nieg, thind lie (down): kéda- must: bóa- parent: ondor life: kuil path: men, rune life, coming to: kuir N path marker: teth light: gald, kôl nail: tass path, straight: tê light-ray: agol naked: esgelon pause: dôr like (cj): be name (n): ess pay attention: tira- limit: lest name (v): esta- peak, mountain: égas narrator: pindor –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 29 Other Hands ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– pelt: esgel ride: recha- small mark: tiss perhaps: balna right: fure smear: pûr period of time, long: ien ring (v): nella- smoke: usp person: ew, pen rise: ora- smooth: past piercing: megor river: duil snake: liog pin: tangol, tass river bank: rôf snow: loss, nib pine-tree: thôn river, course of a: rant so: simen pipe (n): thimp rock: gond soft: mêg, moss pipe (v): thimba- roof, material of: tuss sole: ere piper: thimbor root: thund solid: thand place in a hole: norda- rope: raf somebody: mimben plague: pôm row: taim someone: mimben plain (n): rost ruddy: gêr something: minnad plant: olo rule: thene sometimes: millum play an instrument: tala- rush (v): rimba- son: ond, onn pleasure of sense: tôf song: lind, lîr pliant: mêg S soon: nivlum point: mint sort out: kila- sad: dim point, sharp: tild sound: lamm, thlon same: uon pointed projection: neth sound, make; lema- sand: ast pollen: mal south: there sap: pese pool: élin, line, moth, nind sow (v): rela- scent of flowers: nîth pool, deep: umboth spark: tim screen: esgal poplar: tulus sparkle: ída-, tingla- second: dion, tede possess: gara- sparkle, cause to: tinda- secret: muilin, muin, nold possessing: garo speak: peda- see: kena- possession: garm spear: eth seed: ereth possessor: garon speech: pest separate: kila- possibly: balna spell: luog, luth set: pena- potter: kivnar spider: ungol seven: oss power: balas spiderweb: ungum sew: thera- powerful, be: bala- spilled blood: serch shade of trees: dêr press: thâ- spirit of the dead: man shadow-: gwath, morth, muil prevent: posta- spit (v): pioda- shady: dêr previous: non split (n): kile shake (n): rink prick: nasta- split (v): thaga- shake (v): ritha- probably: ban spring: tuil sharp: êg projection, pointed: neth springing: tuil sharp noise: ding prominent: mind sprout (v): tua- sharp point: tild protect: bera- squeeze: thâ- she: es protected: barn squirrel: gwethling shield: trum protection: barnas stag: gandran shine: kala- pursue: ruida- stain (v): góda- shining: kalin stalk (n): teleg short: thint stand: tula- Q should: gwela- star: el, tim quartz crystal: bril show: tana- starlight: gilum, silum queen: tóril, rien (used of non-Silvan peo- sickness: pôm steep: êb ples) sign: tann stiff: thrôn Silvan Elf: Lind still: lem R silver: telf stone: sarth rainbow: geladum silver, of: telfin stone, hard: sink raise: ortha- since: golum stone, of: sarth rapids: rimdod Sinda: erel stop (iv): dara- rather than: amor na sing: linda- stop (tv): posta-, taba- ravine: rest singer: lindor storm: rôm ray of light: agol sip: salfa- story: pint really: bóna sister: theles straight: tier realm: garth sister’s daughter: thessel straight path: tê rear side: dôn sister’s son: thesson stray: rena- red: arn, gêr, kold sit: hama- stream: kelum reed: lisk six: ink strength: bel reeds, bed of: esgar skilled: muid strike at (with hand or fist): palfa- region: garth skin: esgel strike with the hand: maga- regular: thene sky: gell string of jewels: mirlene release: letha- sky-blue: gelo strong: pold, tolch, torch rend: saga- sleep (n): luos such: sib repair: taga- sleep (v): losta- summertime: lêr repose: sieth slender: triew, thôr summon: tolda- rest: sieth slope: pind revolve: pera- small: piga

30 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000 sun: anor tribe: nuor way: men sunrise: amron trumpet (n): ruom we: em sunset: dûn trunk, tall tree-: tarm weave: lena- support (n): tolch trustworthy: thand web: nass surface: palum trustworthy follower: boron web (of spider): thlin, ungum swallow: tuilind turn: pera- weed: salf swan: alch turned: pern well: ethel sweet: liss twelve: rast west: nûm sweet-sounding: lind twilight: úgal west(ward): nivon swell: tua- twilight: duom, muil, tindum wet: limp, maid, mîg, nene swift: lagor, lint, telch twilight, evening: undum wetness: mîd swoop down: thora- twine (v): riga- what?: ma sword: magol twist (v): riga- whatever: énad twist in circles: loga- when (cj): talum T two: ath when?: malum tail: ling whenever: élum take away: raga- U where?: manum tale: pindas uncle: adratorn, amnatorn while: uolum tall: hall, tund uncontrollable: berch wbisper (v): throssa- tall tree-trunk: tarm under: nu white: nimp taste (n): tôf underground cave: rond, throd white cloud: fene taste (v): tava- unshaped wood: rund who?: man taut: tung until: nalum whoever: ében tear: nîr up: am wholly: pad Teler: teler upwards: am why (cause): goma tell: nara- why (purpose): amma why?: amma ten: kêr V wide: land, palon terrible: rugim valley, deep: tumb wield: móda- than: na valley, flat: dôl wife: bess that (adj): tan valor: bereth wild: berch, thrôf that (pron): ta veil: esgal wild goose: gôn that (cj): sa veiled: muilin wild -wolf: gôr then (adv): talum vessel: kalf willow-tree: tathor then (cj): ta vigorous: gwe wind: gô, thûl there: tanum vine, creeping: uil wine: gwin therefore (cause): god voice: uom therefore (purpose): ant wing: rôm these: int winter: thriw W they: int wise: guol, sêl walk (n): bant thick: tiog wise person: istor walk (v): banda- think: handa- wish: mera- wanderer: ranor third: nele with: uo wandering: rôn thirsty: fweg wither: pela- wane: pela- this (pron): es, si without: û want: mera- this (adj): sin wolf: drôg, garm war: oth thorn: êg wolf-howl: gôl warg: gaur thou: eg wolf, wild: gôr warm: lôg though: ano woman: nî warrior: ber, othor thought: samo wood: lad three: neld wood, great: tôr through: ter wood, unshaped: rund thus: simen woodpecker: tamor tie: noda- woodworker: thavon tight: tung word: peth time: lûm world: umbar time, long period of: ien to: an, na Y together: uo yawn: anga-, hóga- tongue: lamb year of growth: lau too: orle yellow: malin tooth: nelch yellowhammer: ammal top: ing yet: lem torment: umbal you: eth tough: targ youth: nieth towards: na track left by passing animal or person: rune traveller: ranor water: nen tree: galad, oron water, draw: kalfa- tree-trunk, tall: tarm waterfall: sirdant –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 31 Other Hands –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

THE HISTORY OF MOUNT GUNDABAD

Thomas Morwinsky: Klemmsberg 7, SECOND AGE the Ulûkai and after some search seizes 24340 Eckernforde, Germany c. 10 The Orkish band of Mukarg reaches the evil gem. Upon his return to the main ([email protected]) the region of Mount Gundabad. While host he finds it in confusion and disarray attempting to establish themselves in the - as it is the custom of Orcs lacking their In his 1989 campaign module Mount Gunda- mountains they are contested by leader. The power of the Ulûkai com- bad (MG), Carl Willner proposed a continual Dwarves from Mount Gundabad. After bined with a few sorcerers dispatched Orkish habitation of Mount Gundabad since the several skirmishes the Naugrim trap the from Sauron soon gave him control again end of the First Age. While being suitable for the Orcs in a cave complex at the eastern end and forms the mass of goblins into a quite time, Christopher Tolkien’s publication of the of the southern spur of the Mountains of capable and effective fighting machine. History of Middle-earth series (HoMe) had (later) Angmar and seal every entrance. The relative vicinity of Sauron wearing provided us with much additional info on all topics The Orcs die from starvation and internal the One Ring further motivates the Orcs of Middle-earth. Of special importance for Mount strife over the next years. Knowledge of to an unheard-of discipline. Seeing the Gundabad is the twelfth volume The People of the Ulûkai is lost with the death of Mu- strength of the Northman cavalry Skorg Middle-earth (HoMeXII, published 1996). karg. It does however act as a focus for also enlists the service of a sizable force of HoMe XII gives us much new information evil. Consequently, trouble with evil crea- Easterling cavalry. Prepared in this man- about the Dwarves of Durin’s folk and their re- tures never really ceases for the Dwarves ner he marches to battle with the Dwarf- lations with the Northmen from the First of Mount Gundabad in the future. Northman alliance. The latter have mus- throughout the Third Age. Here we learn that c. 10-250 The Dwarves have to fight great tered their forces as well and meet their Mount Gundabad was the Place of Awakening for numbers of fleeing Orcs of Morgoth’s foes in the field rather than waiting for Durin and therefore sacred to hit tribe. Moreover armies. Hereby they make alliance with them to come and forsaking the initiative. it tells us that the Orcs only later occupied it, locals Mannish groups (HoMe XII.302f). 1694 The first year of the campaign sees thereby founding the special enmity of the Orcs The ferocity and persistence of the Ork- only a few minor clashes while both sides with the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm. The only ish attacks upon this region is partially try to outmaneuver the other. The only chronological information is found in the state- caused by the influence of the Ulûkai. Af- major engagement is inconclusive and ment that “Mount Gundabad...and its occupation ter the defeat of the Orcs the region is doesn’t change the tactical situation. in the Third Age by the Orks of Sauron... safe again but the power of the Ulûkai is 1695 Sauron invades Eregion. Gil-galad (HoMe XII.301; my emphasis).” an underlying menace waiting to be re- sends Elrond to Eregion. In the North We also learn that “Though these four points activated at the right moment. the war becomes a stalemate. Sauron’s [the Places of Awakening of the Dwarven Fa- c. 250-1693 The alliance of Durin’s Folk forces, headquartered in the eastern Ered thers] were far sundered the Dwarves of different and their Northman allies flourishes. The Mithrin wait for their chance to crush the kindreds were in communication, and in the early Hithaeglir south to Lorinand, the Ered well-organized defense. ages often held assemblies of delegates at Mount Mithrin, Erebor and Emyn Engrin are 1696 Skorg recognizes the importance of Gundabad (Ibid).” The name ‘Gundabad’ itself Dwarf-territory whereas all adjacent intelligence and sends out scouts to pre- is thought to be of Khuzdul origin (ibid). lands (Vales of the Anduin, lands south of pare for the great assault he knows will These new insights make it necessary to revise the Ered Mithrin and west of the Emyn come. The whole year passes with the the history presented by Carl Willner. This article Engrin) are considered lands of the man- preparations. aims to rectify this discrepancy. Specifically, the nish allies (HoMe XII.323). The Men 1697 Finally Sauron is able to breach the passages quoted above seem to indicate that provide foodstuffs, husbandry, animals Elven defense in Eriador. Eregion is laid Mount Gundabad was only constantly occupied by and mounted warriors while the Dwarves waste. Death of Celebrimbor. Elrond’s Orcs in the Third Age. Earlier occupations must contribute their marvelous works of army is caught by Sauron’s forces and in have been brief (relatively speaking). This influ- craftsmanship, finished products and the danger of being overwhelmed. Just in enced my decision to let the Orcs rule Mount finest heavy infantry. The relationship this moment a Dwarven army from Gundabad only 200 years in the Second Age sometimes even grows into friendship be- Khazad-dûm accompanied by Elves from (although this occupation had far-flung conse- tween the two people (HoMe XII.303). Lorinand fall upon Sauron’s rear. Elrond quences). In SA 1693 the War of Sauron and the perceives his chance is able to extricate FIRST AGE Elves begins and Sauron dispatches a his forces from Sauron’s encirclement (al- c. 605 After the defeat of Morgoth’s hosts a considerable force of Orcs to secure the though with heavy losses). Furious, small company led by one of his Orkish northern routes over the Misty Moun- Sauron turns towards the Dwarves and generals (Mukarg) escapes the catastro- tains. Leader of this host is the brilliant defeats them in a few minor engagements. phe. With them they bring the Ulûkai, an Orkish general Skorg. While campaign- Their host is able to retreat to Khazad- evil artifact crafted by Morgoth and pos- ing with a small recon force in the vicinity dûm with only minimal losses. The gates sessing some of his foul spirit. of Mukarg’s last refuge he is attracted by of Moria are shut. Elrond retreats with 32 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Issue 28 January 2000 remnants of the Noldor and founds the MG). The old Dwarven entrance is aban- THIRD AGE refuge of Imladris. To enable this attack doned. 1-870 With the strength of Arnor waning upon Sauron’s army Durin III. of 1930 Skorg dies. He is the only Orkish after the split of the kingdom, Gondor be- Khazad-dûm is forced to thin out his ruler of Mount Gundabad to die non- ing focused on the sea and the Dwarves’ forces in the North. Skorg perceives his violently. After his death he is entombed numbers dwindling, Durin’s tribe be- chance and attacks with great strength. with the Ulûkai (see MG). Constant comes ever more centered at Moria. Because of his thorough planning, power struggles over his succession Mount Gundabad is still revered however treachery and sheer numbers he is able to weaken the Orcs’ strength. and attracts constant pilgrimages but ever overwhelm the defenders in a great battle 1932 Seeing their chance, an army from fewer Dwarves are willing to live there at the Narrows between Greenwood and Khazad-dûm marches northward, sur- (certainly because of the evil influence the Ered Mithrin. The remaining prises the Orcs and is able to breach the already mentioned). At this time Goblin- Dwarves retreat to the main citadel at defenses by the intelligence gathered gate has a capable king in Balcog, compa- Mount Gundabad with the remnants of about the Orkish installations in the past. rable even to Skorg. Having amassed a their allies’ forces while their remaining The Crypt of Skorg remains undetected great number of Orkish warriors he at- mannish allies are scattered throughout however. The remnants of the Orkish tacks Mount Gundabad in force but is the land. The siege of Gundabad is be- population retreat to Goblin-gate and unable to take it in the first place. The gun. wait for a chance to re-claim Mount few remaining defenders are hopelessly 1699 In the west Sauron overruns Eriador. Gundabad. Once again is the site of outnumbered though and know it’s only At Mount Gundabad Skorg is able to Awakening of the Longbeards is in question of time before the city will fall, gain access into the city by means of a se- Dwarvish hands. There is a price how- relief being out of reach. They fortify the cret passage revealed by a traitor (the ever. As we are told in the Silmarillion the sacred places with all the skill their best name of this Dwarf is cursed among the Seven Rings of the Dwarves influence craftsmen can muster to prevent the holy Naugrim and not known to outsiders). their wearers in a bad manner. This is halls being defiled by the Orcs. After this The valiant defenders are slain to the also true for Durin’s Ring. The power they prepare for the final battle and die man. The holy halls of the Naugrim are and wealth of Khazad-dûm reaches un- heroically in the last defense of their sa- so well protected by enchantments and heard-of heights in this time but they be- cred citadel. clever craftsmanship that the Orcs are come jealous and reclusive. Additionally 871 When news of the fall of Mount unable to enter them. Skorg appoints their number begins to dwindle. Gundabad reach Moria, desperation himself as Ruler of the North. The Ered grips the Naugrim. The king realizes that Mithrin are secured by the founding of he lacks the strength to muster a full- Orc-strongholds along all strategic loca- scale assault on a well-prepared Orkish tions. fortress and so he contends himself with 1700 Tar-Minastir sends a great navy from an oath to hunt Orcs forever. He also Númenor to Lindon. Sauron is defeated places an obligation on his descendants to at the Lune and then again at Sarn Ford re-claim Gundabad should they ever have and Tharbad. the strength to do so. From this time on- 1701 Sauron is driven out of Eriador: The ward Mount Gundabad is inhabited by Westlands have peace for a long while. the Orcs. The seals of the Dwarves in The Orcs still rule in Mount Gundabad Gundabad are so effective that the Orcs however. Skorg is able to ward off all are unable to breach them for a very long Dwarven counterattacks. The reason time. The most sacred sites are so cun- Slowly at first but it is felt nonetheless behind this is simple: Mount Gundabad ningly hidden that they remain unde- (LotR, Appendix A). From that time on- being the only conquest not lost after tected throughout the whole Orkish oc- ward Mount Gundabad is still revered as Sauron’s defeat in Eriador is strength- cupation. a sacred site but its garrison remains rela- ened by the Dark Lord with what forces tively small because of the King’s decision After TA 870 Mount Gundabad is con- are left at his disposal. The ancient alli- to use his resources primarily otherwise stantly occupied by the Goblins and the ance with the Northmen is gone beyond (clearly an effect of Durin’s ring). They revival with the destruction of most man- layouts and locations in the Mount Gundabad remain vigilant however and are able to supplement can be used. Of course one has nish settlements and the killing of their repulse any attacks the Orcs make. The to add the original Dwarvish layouts. The inhabitants (HoMe XII.305).This situa- rest of the Second Age Mount Gundabad latter can be achieved through original tion let the Dwarves constantly plot for remains in Dwarven hands though the revenge against the goblins. They start design or the use (and adaptation) of influence of Durin’s Ring in Moria and reconnaissance missions instead of fruit- Dwarven layouts from other supplements. I the Ulûkai in Gundabad undermines the less assaults. Though they suffer dire cau- found Columbia Games’ Harn World ad- Naugrim’s position in Gundabad over the salities the Dwarves are able to establish venture supplement The Lost City of Kiraz years. communication with slaves of the Goblin most appropriate for this task. In fact some 3429-3441 The War of the Last Alliance King. This gives them a quite good pic- of the ideas for the timeline above stem weakens the Orkish strength in the ture of the situation in Mount Gundabad. from this supplement. mountains seriously. Their remaining 1750 In order to show his power Skorg crack troops are killed at the disaster of orders the building of a new gate as the the Gladden Fields. The power of Durin’s main entrance into Mount Gundabad. tribe is also weakened through the losses This is later known as the Drake Gate (see in the war. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 33 Other Hands –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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Other Hands –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

MITHRIL MINIATURES Presents THE LORD OF THE RINGS COLLECTABLE SERIES

Featuring all the major and some of the minor characters from Tolkien’s classic trilogy. This is not just a new release in the Mithril range but a brand new series focusing in depth on the characters and creatures of The Lord of the Rings. These figurines contain the subtlety of detail and design for which Mithril is well known. The collection will build to form the definitive series of Middle-earth figurines. Each figure is packed in a mini-box with a full colour photo of the relevant painted figure on the front. Each box contains, the miniature (vacu-formed onto card), assembly/painting instructions, colour leaflet of the range and a certificate of authenticity. Each figure can be bought separately but if you buy a set we will give you the same serial number for all miniatures. For the first release, at a retail value of £4.99 UK Sterling each or $7.99 US dollars each or 7.40 Euro has been set. Each miniature kit will be produced in a strictly limited run of 2500 pieces. Each figure will have a relevant certificate of authenticity. We anticipate a very high demand for the lower serial numbers so orders will be served on a ‘first come first served’ basis on the Mithril web site. Numbers 50 to 100 will be allocated on a Pro Rata basis to distributors and only sold as complete sets.

THE NINE NAZGÛL

LR11 The Witch-king LR16 Hoarmûrath LR12 Khamûl the Easterling LR17 Indûr Dawndeath LR13 Adûnaphel LR18 Ren the Unclean LR14 Akhôrahil LR19 Ûvatha the horseman LR15 Dwaw of Waw LR20 Ring-wraith

For further details please contact Mithril Miniatures, Macroom, Ireland on 00353 26 40222 or [email protected]. For more pictures of the new miniatures please visit http://www.iol.ie/mithril. Fine Print

Other Hands is an international gaming journal devoted to fantasy role playing set in J.R.R, Tolkien’s secondary world of Middle-earth. It is a quarterly, nonprofit publication welcoming submissions dealing with any aspect of gaming in the context of Tolkien’s world: scenario ideas, rule suggestions, gaming product reviews, gamemastering aids, bibliographic resources, essays on Middle-earth, and whatever else our readership would like to see in print. In a word, Other Hands aims to be the definitive Tolkien-related gaming journal for a worldwide role playing communitiy. Within the pages of Other Hands, the interested gamer may publish materials with reference to any game mechanics he or she chooses (including Rolemaster and Middle-earth Role Playing). Such gaming material may deal with any time period of Tolkien’s world, and need not be bound to what has already seen print in Iron Crown’s modules. Other Hands provides this freedom because it is a nonprofit publication. Subscription rates are as follows: USA/Canada ($6/Issue), Latin Amerca ($6.50), Europe ($7), Africa/ Asia ($7.25), Pacific Rim ($7.50). For other zones, contact Chris Seeman. Payment should be made to Chris Seeman: PO Box 1213 Novato, CA 94948, USA. No Eurochecks, please! Submissions are welcome in any from (preferably legible), but we prefer if you can to send a file. We use Word for Windows. If there is any question as to the readability of your file, please save it in ASCII or text-only format and include a hard copy. All submissions must be sent to Chris Seeman: PO Box 1213, Novato, CA 94948 [USA]. Please write me or call if you have any difficulties. My phone number is [415] 892-9066. Please note also that I may be reached on-line at: [email protected]. Check out our website at: http://otherhands.com/

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