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PAMAPLA 21 Papers from the 21 st Annual Meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association Mount Saint Vincent University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 7-8 November 1997 AC ALP A 21 Actes du 21ième Colloque annuel de l’Association de Linguistique des Provinces Atlantiques Mount Saint Vincent University Halifax, Nouvelle-Ecosse, Canada 7-8 Novembre 1997 Printed and bound by / Impression et reliure: Print Shop Services, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, N.S., Canada Papers from the 21th Annual Meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association Actes du 21ième Colloque annuel de l’Association de Linguistique des Provinces Atlantiques v.21(1997) Legal Deposit / Dépôt légal: 1998 National Library of Canada Bibliothèque Nationale du Canada PAMAPLA 21 Papers from the 21st Annual Meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association Mount Saint Vincent University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 7-8 November 1997 ACALPA 21 Actes du 21ième Colloque annuel de l’Association de Linguistique des Provinces Atlantiques Mount Saint Vincent University Halifax, Nouvelle-Écosse, Canada 7-8 Novembre 1997 Printed and bound by / Impression et reliure: Print Shop Services, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, N.S., Canada Papers from the 21th Annual Meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association Actes du 21ième Colloque annuel de l’Association de Linguistique des Provinces Atlantiques v.21(1997) Legal Deposit / Dépôt légal: 1998 National Library of Canada Bibliothèque Nationale du Canada APLA / ALPA 21st Annual Meeting / 21ième Colloque Annuel Sponsored by the Halifax Interuniversity Linguistics Program Committee Organizing Committee Ronald COSPER, Saint Mary‘s University Michelle DA VELU Y, Saint Mary‘s University Margaret HARRY, Saint Mary‘s University Marie-Lucie TARPENT, Mount Saint Vincent University (Chair / Présidente) The Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association would like to thank the following for their contribution to the Twenty-First Annual Conference and the publication of this volume. L’Association de Linguistique des Provinces Atlantiques tient à remercier les personnes et organismes suivants pour leur appui financier et moral. Sheila Brown, President, Mount Saint Vincent University Judith Woodsworth, Vice-President (Academic), Mount Saint Vincent University David Furrow, Dean of Humanities and Science, Mount Saint Vincent University Department of Modern Languages, Mount Saint Vincent University Department of Anthropology, Saint Mary‘s University Department of English, Saint Mary‘s University Department of Sociology, Saint Mary‘s University OTHER PAPERS PRESENTED/AUTRES COMMUNICATIONS PRÉSENTÉES ....................... vi AUTHORS4ADDR ESSES/AD R ESSES DES A U T E U R -E -S ........................................................................ vii LANGUAGE DIVERSITY ET LANGUAGE ORIGINS/LA DIVERSITÉ DES LANGUES ET LEUR ORIGINE Ronald COSPER The Evolution of Language and Linguistic Theory ................................................... 3 Raymond MOPOHO Origines et Définition du West African Pidgin English.............................................. 11 Robert RANKIN (guest speaker) Grammatical evidence for Genetic Relationship and the Macro-Siouan Problem ...................................................................................... 20 PAPERS ON OTHER TOPICS/COMMUNICATIONS SUR D’AUTRES THÈMES Walcir CARDOSO The domain of Gliding in French: An Optimality Theoretic A pproach.............................................................................. 47 Christopher CULY Takelma Interrogative ti ................................................................................................ 63 Lilian FALK The Use of Immigrant Dialect in Israel Zangwill‘s Children o f the Ghetto .................................................................... 80 Michael GREGORY Doing Forensic Linguistics: Endangered People in the Com m unity......................................................................... 89 Lise LAPIERRE La diversité des discours: VIntroduction à l ’étude de la médecine expérimentale de Claude Bernard et «le roman expérimental» d’Émile Z o la .................................................................... 96 Pierre LARRIVÉE De la polarité négative à la concession: l’histoire naturelle d’un parcours interprétatif............................................................ 107 Donna LILLIAN Transitivity as an Ideological Tool: The Discourse of William J. Gairdner Anthony LISTER An Analysis of jiang and ba in a Hong Kong Chinese newspaper....................... 132 Virginia MOTAPANYANE Topicalization: A Marked Parametric Option.......................................................... 139 Lewis POTEET Dialect Diversity and Dialect Origins in Nautical and Aviation S lang................................................................................... 146 Carol STANLEY-THORNE Compounds in T ik a r..................................................................................................... 154 Noni WARNER, Elizabeth DOULL, Diane FALVEY, Richard MARTELL, Jim McDERMOTT, Elliot RICHMAN The Survival of Maritime Sign Language.................................................................. 170 OTHER PAPERS PRESENTED /AUTRES COMMUNICATIONS PRÉSENTÉES Elissa ASP (Saint Mary’s University) Forensic Linguistics: Interactional and Organizational Functions in Police Gist Statements—The case of Regina vs. Jane Bones Louise BEAULIEU and Patricia BALCOM (Université de Moncton) Les pronoms personnels sujets dans le parler acadien du nord-est du Nouveau- Brunswick. Wladyslaw CICHOCKJ (University of New Brunswick), Louise PÉRONNET et Rose Mary BABITCH (Université de Moncton) A Preview of the Atlas linguistique du vocabulaire maritime acadien Sandra CLARKE (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Historical Origins, Habitual Aspect and Newfoundland Vernacular English Edward GESNER (Dalhousie University) Etiemble bis, ou parle-t-on encore franglais dans l’Hexagone? W. Terrence GORDON (Dalhousie University) Peircean Text and Subtext in Ogden & Richards: The Meaning o f Meaning and Beyond... Ruth KING (York University) and Terry NADASDI (University of Alberta) The Expression of Evidentiality in French-English Bilingual Discourse Cheng LUO (Brock University) The Parametric Properties of High-Digit Numerical Expressions Jane SMITH (University of Maine) Le français parlé dans la vallée du Haut-St-Jean du Maine: est-ce une langue analytique ou synthétique? Lâszlô SZABO (University of New Brunswick) Comparing one Maliseet and one Kola-Lapp Story: Contents, Grammar and Vocabulary Alain THÉRIAULT (Université de Montréal) Le mot comme domaine en phonologie AUTHORS’ ADDRESSES/ADRESSES DES AUTEURS-E-S Ronald Cosper Pierre Larrivée Department of Sociology Secteurs Arts et Lettres St. Mary’s University Université de Moncton à Edmundston Halifax, NS B3H 3A1 165, boulevard Hébert Edmundston, NB E3V 2S8 Raymond Mopoho Donna L. Lillian Department of French Languages, Literatures & Linguistics Dalhousie University South 561 Ross Bldg. Halifax, NS B3H 3J5 York University North York, ON M3J 1P3 Robert L. Rankin Anthony C. Lister Department of Linguistics Département d’études françaises University of Kansas Université du Nouveau-Brunswick Lawrence, KS 66045-2140 Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3 Walcir Cardoso Virginia Motapanyane McGill University Division of Humanities and Languages 1 - 804 Tupper University of New Brunswick Montréal, PQ H3H 1N4 Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Christopher Culy Lewis J. Poteet Linguistics Department 604 les Erables University of Iowa Laval, PQ H7R 1B6 Iowa City, IA 52242 Michael Gregory Carol Stanley-Thome RR #1 71 Gibson Road Mount Uniacke, NS BON 1Z0 Moncton, NB E1E 2K4 Lise Lapierre Noni Warner Department of French Nova Scotia Community College Dalhousie University 1825 Bell Road Halifax, NS B3H 3J5 Halifax, NS B3H 2Z4 Language Diversity and Language Origins La diversité des langues et leur origine THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC THEORY Ronald Cosper Saint Mary's University Introduction Where does language come from? Granted that it is a distinctive and perhaps defining human attribute, how did it arise? Was it given to us as a fait accompli, or does it have a history? Earlier in the history of linguistics, these issues were discussed, but the unproductiveness of these efforts, together with the development of synchronic structuralism after Saussure, led to a virtual taboo on consideration of questions of language origin. Recent times, however, have seen a resurgence of interest; archaeology has taught us much about human evolution, and linguists have reintroduced biological considerations into linguistic theory. Language is now seen as a species characteristic, and we have thoroughly investigated the anatomy, physiology, and neurology of speech production. Generative linguists take for granted that language is an intrinsic human attribute and have proceeded to study its universal psychological underpinnings. However, there are odd omissions in our current view of language. For one, although biologists have provided much additional data and theoretical work, linguists have failed to study language in the broader perspective of comparative animal communication as a species characteristic and as an evolutionary product. Second, although linguistic researchers have called attention to the omnipresence of language change, in linguistic theory the study of language change remains isolated from mainstream theory, which is still generally synchronic. The Ritualization of Communication
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