Konfliktanalysen Als Grundlage Für Die Entwicklung Von Umweltgerechten Managementstrategien in Erholungsgebieten

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Konfliktanalysen Als Grundlage Für Die Entwicklung Von Umweltgerechten Managementstrategien in Erholungsgebieten Forschungsbericht FZKA-BWPLUS Konfliktanalysen als Grundlage für die Entwicklung von umweltgerechten Managementstrategien in Erholungsgebieten Eine Untersuchung zur sozialen Tragfähigkeit am Beispiel des Naturparks Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord von Prof. Dr. Karl-Reinhard Volz (Projektleitung) Dr. Carsten Mann (Projektbearbeitung) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau Institut für Forst- und Umweltpolitik Förderkennzeichen: BWI 22007 Die Arbeiten des Programms Lebensgrundlage Umwelt und ihre Sicherung werden mit Mitteln des Landes Baden-Württemberg gefördert Juli 2006 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung und Problemstellung______________________________________________ 7 2 Stand des Wissens und Ableitung der Untersuchungsziele________________________ 10 2.1 Gesellschaftlicher Wandel und das „neue“ Freizeitverständnis_____________________ 10 2.1.1 Die Veränderung der Arbeit und der Arbeitszeit _______________________________________ 10 2.1.2 Die Wohlstandswende ___________________________________________________________ 12 2.1.3 Neue Formen der Identitätsbildung _________________________________________________ 13 2.1.4 Soziostruktureller Wandel ________________________________________________________ 14 2.1.5 Resümee der gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen _______________________________________ 15 2.2 Naturbezogene Erholung ____________________________________________________ 17 2.3 Entwicklungen im Natursportbereich__________________________________________ 19 2.3.1 Die Zunahme aktiver Natursportler _________________________________________________ 19 2.3.2 Die Ausdifferenzierung der Natursportaktivitäten ______________________________________ 20 2.4 Konflikte und Kapazitäten___________________________________________________ 22 2.4.1 Das Problemfeld der Naturbelastung ________________________________________________ 23 2.4.2 Das Problemfeld der Nutzungskonflikte______________________________________________ 24 2.4.3 Erholungsräumliche Kapazitäten ___________________________________________________ 26 2.5 Zielsetzung der Untersuchung ________________________________________________ 28 2.5.1 Konfliktanalyse und Übertragungsmöglichkeiten des Analysemodells ______________________ 29 2.5.2 Das Modell der Sozialen Tragfähigkeit – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen ______________________ 30 2.5.3 Ableitung von Empfehlungen für die Erholungsplanung _________________________________ 31 3 Theoretische Orientierung _________________________________________________ 32 3.1 Klärung verwendeter Definitionen ____________________________________________ 32 3.2 Die Motivation beim Erholen_________________________________________________ 34 3.2.1 Werte und Motive_______________________________________________________________ 35 3.2.2 Einstellungen und Verhalten_______________________________________________________ 39 3.3 Das Erholungssystem _______________________________________________________ 41 3.4 Die Erholungskonflikttheorie_________________________________________________ 44 3.4.1 Die Konfliktfaktoren_____________________________________________________________ 45 3.4.2 Konfliktursachen _______________________________________________________________ 47 3.4.3 Reaktionen auf Störungen ________________________________________________________ 52 3.4.4 Ableitung eines neuen Konfliktanalysemodells ________________________________________ 54 3.5 Das Modell der Sozialen Tragfähigkeit_________________________________________ 56 3.6 Ableitungen zentraler Forschungshypothesen ___________________________________ 61 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4 Methodische Vorgehensweise _______________________________________________ 63 4.1 Forschungstheoretischer Hintergrund _________________________________________ 63 4.2 Forschungsdesign und Methodenwahl _________________________________________ 66 4.2.1 Der Naturpark als Untersuchungsraum_______________________________________________ 67 4.2.2 Die Befragung von Natursportgruppen_______________________________________________ 69 4.2.3 Die qualitative Erweiterung _______________________________________________________ 86 4.2.4 Die „Ideenwerkstatt Erholungsplanung“ _____________________________________________ 93 4.3 Diskussion des methodischen Vorgehens _______________________________________ 97 4.3.1 Diskussion des quantitativen Untersuchungsschrittes ___________________________________ 97 4.3.2 Diskussion des qualitativen Untersuchungsschrittes ___________________________________ 103 4.3.3 Zusammenfassende Betrachtung des methodischen Vorgehens___________________________ 106 5 Konfliktanalytische Betrachtung der Natursportgruppen________________________ 110 5.1 Das soziale Profil der sechs untersuchten Natursportgruppen_____________________ 110 5.1.1 Die soziodemografische Struktur des Befragungskollektivs _____________________________ 110 5.1.2 Die Aktivitätsausübung _________________________________________________________ 113 5.1.3 Charakteristika des letzten Erholungsaufenthaltes _____________________________________ 116 5.1.4 Der Unterschied von organisierten zu nicht-organisierten Natursportlern ___________________ 119 5.2 Darstellungen der untersuchten Konfliktfelder im Naturpark ____________________ 121 5.2.1 Störungen durch Erholungseinrichtungen ___________________________________________ 121 5.2.2 Störungen durch die Waldbewirtschaftung___________________________________________ 123 5.2.3 Störungen durch andere Besuchergruppen (soziale Störungen) ___________________________ 125 5.2.4 Das Konfliktfeld crowding _______________________________________________________ 130 5.2.5 Reaktionen auf Störungen _______________________________________________________ 134 5.2.6 Managementmaßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Erholungssituation _______________________ 135 5.3 Untersuchung der Faktoren und Motive als Grundlage der Konfliktanalyse_________ 137 5.3.1 Die Ausprägung der fünf Konfliktfaktoren __________________________________________ 137 5.3.2 Der Einfluss der Erholungsorientierung und Motivgruppen______________________________ 145 5.3.3 Konfliktanalyse und der Einfluss von Konflikten auf die Zufriedenheit ____________________ 150 5.3.4 Der Einfluss von Konflikten auf Reaktionen und Managementpräferenzen _________________ 155 5.3.5 Zusammenfassende Darstellung der Aktivitätsgruppen _________________________________ 161 6 Möglichkeiten für die Erholungsplanung ____________________________________ 163 6.1 Simulation der Sozialen Targfähigkeitsbestimmung im Naturpark ________________ 163 6.1.1 Das Festlegen von Erholungszielen ________________________________________________ 164 6.1.2 Indikatoren zur Beschreibung der Erholungsqualität ___________________________________ 168 6.1.3 Die Ableitung von Standards zur Beschreibung der Erholungsqualität _____________________ 170 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6.2 Handlungsempfehlungen für den Naturpark Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord_____________ 177 6.2.1 Bewertung des Tragfähigkeitskonzeptes durch die Planungsexperten ______________________ 177 6.2.2 Lösungsansätze zur Konfliktreduzierung im Naturpark _________________________________ 184 6.2.3 Ergebnisse der „Ideenwerkstatt Erholungsplanung“ ___________________________________ 197 7 Diskussion der Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen____________________________ 201 7.1 Das Befragungskollektiv als Spiegelbild gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen __________ 201 7.2 Konfliktpotenziale: Eine Frage der Bedürfnisse? _______________________________ 207 7.3 Ergebnisse und Eignung des Konfliktanalysemodells ____________________________ 213 7.4 Soziale Tragfähigkeit in der Diskussion _______________________________________ 222 8 Ausblick _______________________________________________________________ 230 8.1 Anforderungen und Chancen für Forstbetriebe ________________________________ 232 8.2 Konfliktmanagement als kontinuierlicher Prozess ______________________________ 235 9 Zusammenfassung_______________________________________________________ 237 10 Literaturübersicht ______________________________________________________ 244 11 Anhang_______________________________________________________________ 262 Anhang 1: Der Fragebogen des quantitativen Untersuchungsteils__________________ 263 Anhang 2: Der Weg zu den Konfliktfaktoren: Determinanten und Indizes ___________ 271 Anhang 3: Die Verteilung der befragten Vereine im Naturpark ____________________ 272 Anhang 4: Ergebnisse der Faktorenanalyse____________________________________ 274 Anhang 5: Der deskriptive Ergebnisteil: das soziale Profil ________________________ 275 Anhang 6: Offene Frage nach störendem Besucherverhalten _____________________ 281 Anhang 7: Der analytische Ergebnisteil: Faktoren und Motivgruppen ______________ 282 Anhang 8: Der analytische Ergebnisteil: die Konfliktanalyse ______________________ 284 Anhang 9: Übersicht potenzieller Managementkategorien und Einzelmaßnahmen ____ 291 Anhang 10: Erholungsklassen nach ROS _____________________________________ 292 Anhang 11: Die Einbindung der Natursportgruppen in die Planung ________________ 295 Anhang 12: Programm und Impulspapier des Workshops ________________________ 300 3 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Modell eines Erholungssystems......................................................................... 42 Abbildung 2: Das neue Konfliktanalysemodell ....................................................................... 55 Abbildung 3: Modell der Sozialen Tragfähigkeit .................................................................... 56 Abbildung 4: Ansätze der Sozialen Tragfähigkeit im Planungsprozess
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  • Foliicolous Lichens in the Black Forest, Southwest-Germany 23-31 ©Staatl
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