Review of Selected Literature

Growth of advanced European beech trees in the transformation phase in the southern Black Forest Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Forstwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Brsg. vorgelegt von Andrew Haywood Freiburg im Breisgau 2002 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Karl-Reinhard Volz Referent: Prof. Dr. Heinrich Spiecker Korreferent:Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Gero Becker ii Acknowledgements Funds for this research were provided by the German state-funded Bundes Ministerium Forstung (BMBF) project entitled "Zukunftsorientierte Waldwirtschaft, Projektverbund südlicher Schwarzwald". I would like to thank Drs. Kynast, Sauter, Mehlin and Rieger for their assistance in identifying and locating specific study sites and permission to carry out this research in state forest sites. I would also like to thank Peter Epp, Sebastian Hein and Dr. Hans-Peter Kahle for their patience and help throughout my time at the Institute for Forest Growth. In addition I thank the secretaries, Regina Lauer and Isabella Katz at the Institute for Forest Growth for dealing with all the administrative details over the last 3 years. I am grateful to Katja Bleile from the Institute of Forest Utilization and Work Study, Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Freiburg for her cooperation in the data collection. I thank Professor Dr. Dr. Gero Becker for being my co-examiner. I also express special thanks to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Heinrich Spiecker, who has provided a wonderful balance of guidance and independence throughout my studies at the Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Freiburg. Finally, I would like to thank my parents Dr. Eric and Shirley Haywood for their support. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction and Statement of the Problem....................................................................1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................2 1.3 Purpose and Objectives ..........................................................................................2 1.4 Rationale of the Study............................................................................................3 1.5 Definitions of Terms ..............................................................................................7 1.6 Limitations of the Study.........................................................................................7 1.7 Delimitations of the Study......................................................................................8 1.8 Overview of the Study............................................................................................8 2 Review of Selected Literature ........................................................................................9 2.1 Overview of Close-To-Nature Forestry in the Black forest ...................................9 2.2 Research into Transformation in Central Europe.................................................21 2.3 The Importance of Advanced European Beech Trees in the Transformation Process .............................................................................................................................25 2.4 The Quantification of Growth Responses to Release...........................................29 2.5 Data Collection Methodologies Appropriate to Transformation Research ..........37 2.6 Summary and Implications of Literature Analysis...............................................40 3 Methods and Materials.................................................................................................42 3.1 Null-Hypotheses...................................................................................................42 3.2 Description of the Material...................................................................................42 3.3 Description of the Field Methods.........................................................................45 3.4 Description of the Laboratory Methods ...............................................................53 3.5 Description of the Data Preparation .....................................................................57 3.6 Description of Data Analysis ...............................................................................62 4 Results..........................................................................................................................80 4.1 Basal Area Increment Release Response .............................................................80 4.2 Height Increment Release Response ....................................................................89 4.3 Crown Expansion .................................................................................................94 4.4 Gap Closure Simulations......................................................................................99 4.5 Summary of Results ...........................................................................................101 5 Discussion ..................................................................................................................102 5.1 Material and Methods.........................................................................................102 5.2 Results................................................................................................................105 5.3 Practical Implications.........................................................................................112 5.4 Limitations of the Study.....................................................................................112 5.5 Suggestions for Future Research........................................................................114 6 Summary ....................................................................................................................116 7 Zusammenfassung......................................................................................................120 8 Resumé.......................................................................................................................124 9 References..................................................................................................................128 iv TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Price of different species in Baden Württemberg State Forest from 1965 to 1999 (MLR (MINISTERIUM FÜR LÄNDLICHEN RAUM) 1965-1999)..........................16 Figure 2: Change in main species proportions in Baden Württemberg State Forests since 1850 (MLR (MINISTERIUM FÜR LÄNDLICHEN RAUM) 1994a) ........................17 Figure 3: Comparison of current vegetation versus potential natural vegetation for Black Forest (adapted from MÜLLER & OBERDORFER (1994a) and MINISTERIUM FÜR LÄNDLICHEN RAUM (1974)) ..................................................................................18 Figure 4: Schematic representation of the effect on the diameter distribution of even-aged forests when transferring to a selection forests (Adapted from BUONGIORNO (2001))..........................................................................................................................22 Figure 5: Age class distribution of European beech in the Black Forest (MLR (MINISTERIUM FÜR LÄNDLICHEN RAUM) 1994a) ............................................26 Figure 6: Price and dimension relationship for European beech in Baden Württemberg from 1994-1998 (MLR (MINISTERIUM FÜR LÄNDLICHEN RAUM) 1994b-1998)......27 Figure 7: Schematic diagram showing changes in vertical structure clear-cut and selection forestry systems through time (adapted from KERR (1999)) ......................................28 Figure 8: Schematic diagram representing a positive release response over time................30 Figure 9: Schematic diagram of Area Potentially Available index ......................................34 Figure 10: Location of the four study sites in the southern Black Forest.............................43 Figure 11: Comparisons of initial trees sampled (300 Trees) with trees actually selected for measurement (50 Trees) in Bad Säckingen..................................................................47 Figure 12: Comparisons of initial trees sampled (300 Trees) with trees actually selected for measurement (50 Trees) in Schopfheim.......................................................................48 Figure 13: Comparisons of initial trees sampled (300 Trees) with actual trees selected for measurement (50 Trees) in St. Märgen ........................................................................49 Figure 14: Comparisons of initial trees sampled (300 Trees) with trees actually selected for measurement (50 Trees) in Todtmoos..........................................................................50 Figure 15: Schematic showing tree crown with free-to-grow quadrants. This tree crown has three sides that have an unrestricted perimeter.............................................................52 Figure 16: Branch angle correction for branch internode OA to horizontal cardinal OA' using the formula OA' = (OA)(cos a)(cos b)................................................................54 Figure 17: Bias in the estimation of the number of height internodes versus the number of year rings counted ........................................................................................................55 Figure 18: Bias in the estimation of the number of branch internodes versus the number of year rings

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