Translations in Print and Many-Headed Hydras: a Study of Rewriting in ‘Sepan Cuantos…’ (1959-2013)

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Translations in Print and Many-Headed Hydras: a Study of Rewriting in ‘Sepan Cuantos…’ (1959-2013) TRANSLATIONS IN PRINT AND MANY-HEADED HYDRAS: A STUDY OF REWRITING IN ‘SEPAN CUANTOS…’ (1959-2013) LILI ATALA GARCIA Thesis submitted to the University of Ottawa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. in Translation Studies School of Translation and Interpretation Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa Ó Lili Atala Garcia, Ottawa, Canada, 2021 Abstract Book series are large and dynamic structures that allow us to reflect on concepts such as systems, rewriting, agency and materiality, while offering rich data to advance the history of translation. This research focuses on an emblematic Mexican paperback series called Sepan Cuantos… (SC, hereafter), initiated in 1959 and still ongoing. My overarching aim was to understand the transformation of translation practices in the series throughout time in view of the context in which it was developed and the agents that were involved in it. The development of SC goes hand in hand with the development of the publishing industry in Mexico. Throughout its lifespan, national book production has greatly expanded, affecting the demands of the market where this series has circulated. Additionally, SC’s history is inscribed in the broader dynamics of the Hispanic publishing industry, where Spain has maintained hegemony over the production of translations, and the language and ideology represented in them. In order to understand how SC related to this context, archaeological work was required. The questions What was translated? By whom? and How were translations presented? guided the analysis. My findings reveal a wide spectrum of approaches to translation in SC. On one side of the spectrum there is the series as a commercial endeavour, unconcerned with producing terse, ad hoc rewritings of foreign literature for a Mexican audience by favouring the repurposing of pre-existing Spanish translations and paratexts. This is translation in the age of mass production. On the other side of the spectrum, there are the sporadic cases of assumed agency, where the limits of the repertoire are challenged and where the opportunity to produce original translations and prefaces is highly exploited. There is no overarching translation policy in SC, and this gives rise to a basic tension between the homogeneity expressed by the series’ format and the heterogeneity of the translation ii and prefatory practices observed in the volumes. Focused on the disorder hidden behind the uniformity of these books' covers, this thesis explores the transgressive bodies in which translations can reach their readers. Translation in 20th and 21st century Mexico has been thus far studied from the angle of its most dignified and ideologically coherent products and translators. However, the less terse translation practices in SC, a highly heterogeneous product that embodies a lot of discoursive tensions, cannot be overlooked. SC’s impossible combinations reflect how the hybridity that is characteristic of Latin American culture has touched translation too. Keywords: materiality, rewritings, translation history, translation in the Hispanic world, translation in book series iii Résumé Les collections éditoriales sont des structures vastes et dynamiques qui nous permettent de réfléchir à des concepts tels que les systèmes, la réécriture, l'agentivité et la matérialité, tout en offrant des données pertinentes pour faire avancer l'histoire de la traduction. Cette recherche se concentre sur une collection mexicaine emblématique de livres bon marché appelée Sepan Cuantos... (SC, ci-après), lancée en 1959 et qui existe toujours. Mon objectif principal était de comprendre la transformation des pratiques de traduction dans cette collection au fil du temps, compte tenu du contexte dans lequel elle s’est développée et des agents qui y ont participé. Le développement de SC va de pair avec celui de l'industrie de l'édition au Mexique : tout au long de son existence, la production nationale de livres a considérablement évolué et la demande du marché où cette collection a circulé a changé. En outre, l'histoire de SC s'inscrit dans la dynamique plus large de l'industrie de l'édition hispanique, où l'Espagne a maintenu son hégémonie sur la production de traductions, ainsi que sur la langue et l'idéologie qui y sont représentées. Afin de comprendre comment SC s'inscrit dans ce contexte, un travail archéologique a été nécessaire. Les questions Qu'est-ce qui a été traduit ?, Par qui ? et Comment les traductions ont-elles été présentées ? ont guidé l'analyse. Mes conclusions ont révélé un large éventail d'approches à la traduction. D'un côté, cette collection apparaît comme une entreprise commerciale peu soucieuse de produire des réécritures ad hoc de la littérature étrangère pour un public mexicain et préfère recycler des traductions et des paratextes espagnols préexistants. C'est la traduction à l'ère de la production de masse. De l'autre côté du spectre, on observe des cas sporadiques d'agentivité présumée, où les limites du répertoire sont remises en question et où la possibilité de produire des traductions et des préfaces originales est fortement exploitée. En l’absence d’une politique globale de traduction, surgit une tension fondamentale entre iv l'homogénéité exprimée par le format de la collection et l'hétérogénéité des pratiques de traduction et de discours préfaciels observées dans les volumes. Centrée sur le désordre qui se cache derrière l'uniformité des couvertures, cette thèse explore les corps transgressifs dans lesquels les traductions peuvent atteindre leurs lecteurs. La traduction au Mexique au XXe et XXIe siècles a jusqu'à présent été étudiée sous l'angle de ses produits et de ses traducteurs les plus cohérents idéologiquement. Cependant, on ne peut passer sous silence des pratiques de traduction qui s’avèrent significatives dans SC, un produit remarquablement hétérogène dans lequel affleurent de nombreuses tensions discursives. En cela, les impossibles assemblages contenus dans SC reflètent la manière dont l’hybridité caractéristique de la culture latino- américaine a également touché la traduction. Mots-clés: matérialité, réécriture, histoire de la traduction, traduction dans le monde hispanique, traduction dans les collections éditoriales v Acknowledgements This thesis project would not have been possible without the funding provided by the Mexican Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) and the University of Ottawa. I also would not have come to Ottawa if it had not been for the previous guidance and encouragement of Danielle Zaslavsky, Patricia Willson and Gertrudis Payàs, whose work I admire and whose steps I have tried to follow. Le debo muchísimo a Clara Foz, por su buen ánimo, generosidad y compromiso con el trabajo. Esta tesis le pertenece tanto a ella como a mí. Le agradezco por enseñarme a mirar las cosas con mayor detenimiento y por mostrarme las virtudes de los largos diálogos. Trabajar bajo su dirección ha sido un verdadero regalo. I am really thankful to my examiners Ryan Fraser, Rainier Grutman, Elena Madrigal and Jorge Carlos Guerrero for all their wise suggestions. They were great interlocutors in this dialogue. De entre todos los amigos que me han acompañado en este proceso, le debo especialmente las gracias a Trish Van Bolderen y a Daniela Ríos, con quienes intercambié ideas y muchos buenos ratos a lo largo de los años. Ambas son ejemplo de generosidad y paciencia, y les agradezco muchísimo por toda la ayuda emocional e intelectual que me brindaron. I owe a huge thank you to Claudia, Scott, Rosalie and Julia Levac, my family in Ottawa. Y también a Andrés, Rafael, Tomás y Cuqui por haberme recibido tantas veces en su casa. Su hospitalidad fue mi ancla aquí en Ottawa. Needless to say, these years of hard work would have been unimaginable without my dear friends Elizabeth, Travis, Garazi, Maggie, Sue, June, Grant, Ian, Marilyn, Anne, Stephen, Argelia, Juan, Victoria, Jon, Gypsy, Laura, Dulce, Ariadna, and Luis. I really need to acknowledge and thank Samantha Burton in particular for helping me overcome the hurdles I encountered during the last couple of years. And big thanks also to Dave Burt, who has a special ability to lighten my days. Finally, a heartfelt thank you to my brother Héctor who always offered to help in any way he could. And to my parents, who have been the greatest supporters of my academic endeavors. Miles de gracias a mi mamá, por todas las porras y por insistir en que este doctorado fuera mi prioridad a pesar de que las circunstancias requirieran lo contrario. Muchísimas gracias también a mi papá, quien de muchos modos apoyó mi gusto por los libros y las lenguas. Sé que lo hubiera hecho muy feliz verme concluir este proyecto. vi Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................ ii Résumé ............................................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................................
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