Abundances Calc, in Moon and Earth, 29, 30 of Involatile Elements, 577 of Trace Elements, 32 Accretion, Competitive, 35-37 From

[ 601 ]

INDEX

Abundances calc, in Moon and Earth, dating of highland rocks, 97 highland, age, 9, 12, 56, 99, 146-149 29, 30 dating of mare basalts, 98 ancient clasts in, 13-15 of involatile elements, 577 in feldspar, olivine-pyroxene and lithium and halogens in, 49 of trace elements, 32 glass, 386 Pb-U age, 16-19 Accretion, competitive, 35-37 solar wind 36Ar, 385 petrochemistry, 105 from circumsolar nebula, 574 Aristarchus crater, alpha particle acti Rb-Sr isochron, 57 of Moon, 41, 61, 63, 97, 175, 555 vity, 325, 327 recrystallization ages, 19 of solids in space, 69-95 earthshine albedo, 326 hornfelsed, 122 planetary, 557 lava flow shapes, 227, 231 lunar and meteoritic, 587-592 Accretionary particles, 436 rays from, 298, 299 magnetization, 412, 413 Accumulation, cold, 558 Ti concentration, 157 metamorphosed, 272 Acetylides, in lunar fines, 374 transient phenomena, 479 petrologic data, 115, 119 Achondrite parent body, 55-58, 65, 66 Armalcolite, 486 244Pu gas excesses, 591 Achondrites, halogens in, 50 in basalts, 160-167 terra, 106 Ibitira, age, 57 zirconium, 110 thermal and shock history, 115 Passamonte, 57 Asteroidal jetstreams, 89 Stannern, 57 Asteroids, 363 Carbide, ionic, 374 see also Juvinas polarization, 401 meteoritic, 373 Age dating, 137-142, 549, 552, 558 Auger spectroscopy, 365, 427-430 Carbon, CO and C 0 2 in lunar fines, 374 highland rocks, 145-150 Augite, transition metals in, 249 cycle, 370 interpretation, 119 hydrolysable 13C, 375 of basalts, 151-158 Barium, Ba/La ratio, 203, 204 in regolith, 369-377 U-Pb dating validity, 331 cone, in meteorite and lunar samples, in solid solution in iron, 373 see also Isotopic systems 350 outgassed from basalts, 370 Agglutinates, Fe metal spheres in, 363, Barringer meteor crater, 261 primordial, 370 366 Basalts, composition, 31, 32 solar wind implanted, 273, 375 formation, 87, 273, 363, 366, 436 crystallization temperatures, 424 trapped hydrocarbons, 373 fractionation, 392 felspathic, age of, 12 Cataclysm, terminal lunar, 9, 21, 56, magnetism of, 366 flooding, 21 97, 101, 102, 271 Aggregates, radial, 211 formation, 24 Cayley-type light plains, 116, 122, 146 Aggregation, time of, 20 highland, age of, 13, 16-19 formation, 267, 269-272 Albategnius crater, light plains, 269 mare, 7, 293 Centre of symmetry of Moon, 567 Albedo, earthshine, 326 age, 138-142 Charge transfer, metal-metal, 251 of lunar surface, 363, 366 40Ar/39Ar age, 12, 98 Charged particle, environment of Earth, relation to chemistry, 427-432 chemical differentiation in, 177-192 70-80 relation to luminescence, 403 compositions, 160, 174 environment of meteorites, 75-80,87 relation to polarization, 397 cooling history, 214 environment of Moon, 75-80 Allende inclusions, 44, 48 gravitational separation of crys track analysis, 309-317 lithium in, 50, 52 tals, 177-192 Charged particles, energy spectra, 73, Alpha particle, activity, 325-327 lithium and halogens in, 49 74 spectrum, 71, 331, 332 model age, 12 Chondrites, bronzite and hypersthene, Alphonsus, transient phenomena, 479 palaeogravity, 509 83 Amorphous coatings, 70, 423 Pb-U-Th age, 16-20 carbonaceous, 419 solar wind, 435, 436, 590 petrogenesis, 159-167, 577-586 ‘exotic component’ in, 438 Anorthite—fosterite-enstatite, 62 petrology, 113 fractionation, 24-26 Anorthosite—norite-troctolite, 62 picritic, 184 lithium and halogens in, 49 Anorthosites, 194 Rb-Sr internal isochrons, 55-56 Chondrules, in regolith, 273, 276, 277 age, 7, 17, 98 source regions, 577 Chronology, Earth, 58, 59 fractionation, 46 87Sr/86Sr age, 12 lunar, 7-22, 59, 97-103 gabbroic, 105 time of formation, 151-158 from radiometric ages, 137-142 gabbroic poikiloblastic, 111 two stage generation, 169-176 Clearwater Lake Crater, 260-262 in crust, 169, 175 non-mare, 7 Clinopyroxene, 195 lithium and halogens in, 49 terra, age of, 12, 17 crystallization, 580-586 trace-element poor, 199 Basins, far-side ring, 219 inclusions, 193 Apennine front, 116, 146 multi-ring, formation, 137, 139-142, zoning in, 113, 212 breccias, 105 549 Cohenite, 373 clasts, 106 formation and filling, 151-158 Composition, chemical, of Earth, 23-40 gravity, 219, 222 Beryllium, Li/Be ratio, 52 of eucrite, 23—40 soils, 107, 114, 296 Bombardment, 97, 549 of Moon, 23—40 Apollonius Mountains, 146 textures produced, 112 lunar bulk, 23, 41-48, 577, 584 Archimedes, ‘exotic component5 from, time scale, 9, 21 lithium in, 49, 52 132, 133 Bombardment rate, 21 Compositions, model, 23,27-31,578,579 Argon, 40Ar/36Ar in soil, 386 Breccias, 294 Condensates, high temperature, 41, 52 40Ar excess in soil, 385-390, 392 complex, 7 Condensation, of solar gas, 25—27 40Ar outgassed from interior, 392 formation, 411 sequence, 48 602 INDEX

Conductivity, thermal, 200, 469 processes, 464 Dynamics, internal of Moon, 507 of lunar soil, 309, 472 solid state, 524 Dynamo process, in core, 242, 507, see also electrical subsolidus, 523, 531 508, 545 Cone crater, ejecta, 120 Crisium, impact, 99-101, 142, 146 photo, 118 in stratigraphic sequence, 551 Earth-Moon system, fission, 569, 575 Convection, 169, 174, 461, 466, 507, mascon, 220 origin, 417, 418 508, 571, 582 Crust, lunar, 21, 169 Effusion rates, of crater lavas, 232 affecting shape of Moon, 510 electrical conductivity, 537 of lunar lavas, 227-234 models, solid state, 523-536 formation, 552, 580 Ejecta deposits, 116, 118 subsolidus, 524-531 global radioactive, 127-136 Elastic moduli, effect of cracks, 470 within cumulates, 580 highlands, 166, 175 pressure dependence, 469, 470 Cooling, Graetz-Nusselt, 228 seismic data, 451 Electric field, at lunar surface, 364 of lava flow, 228 siderophile deficiency, 569 Electrical conductivity, laboratory Copernicus crater, ‘exotic component5 structure, 452, 469-473 analyses, 519 from, 133 thickness, 224 models, 541 gravity, 219-222 trace-element rich, 199—205 of crust, 537 gravity profile, 221 Crustal evolution, 259-266 of the interior, 537 lava flow shapes, 227, 231 Crystallization, cotectic, 211 of the Moon, 517-521 photo, 118 equilibrium, sequence, 161-167 profile of bulk, 539, 542 rays from, 298 fractional, see fractionation Electrical properties, of Mars, 441 Core, detection of, 545 in skeletal forms, 207 of Mercury, 441 dynamo process in, 242, 507 sequence, 66, 193, 194 of planetary surfaces, 441-450 formation, 41, 569, 582 Cumulates, anorthosite, 63, 194 of Venus, 441 iron, 225, 243 convection in, 580 Electromagnetic phenomena, low fre iron, solidity of, 534 dunitic, 63 quency, 517 metallic, 572 formation, 177 Eratosthenes, photo, 118 olivine, 580 olivine-enriched, 215 Erbium, Er-Rb concentrations, 61, 62 refractory, 46 olivine-pyroxenite, 166 Erosion, crater, 303-308 seismic data, 451 ortho, upper mantle, 169-176 lifetimes, 305 structure, 453 partial melting, 579 modelling, 304 Correlated elements, 41 plagioclase-bearing, 191 E.s.c.a. studies of lunar fines, 365 lithium, 50 remelting hypothesis, 582 Etching anisotropic, of crystals, 309 Cosmic dust, impact history, 309 trace-element distribution, 199 of tracks, 311 incidence, 315 zone of, 580 Eucrite parent body, composition, 23, particle flux, 309 37-39 Cosmic radiation, ancient galactic, 587, Demagnetization, alternating field, 410, Rb-Sr isochron, 57 590 413 Eucrites, 65 high energy, 337 shock, 409 Europium, anomaly, 63-66, 169-176, solar and galactic, 70 thermal, 410 196-199, 204, 582, 583 solar and galactic, spectra, 78 Density variations, regional, 223 distribution, 194, 199 Cosmic rays, composition, 593-599 Descartes, age dating, 119, 122, 146 Evolution, lunar, 7-22, 55-67, 127-136 Cr/Fe abundance, 594 Deuterium, 419 Rb-Sr ages, 15, 16 effect on lunar surface, 69, 309 Deuterium-enriched hydrogen, 417, of Earth, 66 elemental abundance ratios, 311 419 of lunar surface, 551 space weathering, 433 Diamagnetism, 542 planetary, 26 Cosmogenic xenon, 337-363 Dielectric constant, of lunar surface, Excitation functions, of BamXe, 337-363 Cracks, effect on elastic properties, 470 441-445 ‘Exotic component5, in carbonaceous porosity, 469 Differentiation, chemical, 61, 97, 556, chondrites, 438 Crater erosion, 303-308 565 in lunar soils, 127-136 Cratering, chronology, 267-272 by sinking, 188-190 in rays, 298 model, 117 in basalts, 177-192 source of, 293, 297 rate, 267 lunar, 8, 23, 63, 555 Exposure ages, 81-89 Craters, ages, 152, 153 evidence for, 14, 20, 21 effusion rates of lavas, 232 trace elements in, 199-205 Fault systems, cylindrical, 507 formation, 87, 549 of molten moon, 580-582 Fecunditatis Basin, 146 gravity anomaly, 219-226 planetary, 8, 23, 552 basalt age, 152 impact, 98, 259-266 processes in mantle, 152 in stratigraphic sequence, 551 lava flow shapes, 231 Diffusion coefficients, of melt compon Feldspar, amorphous coating on, 435 moonquake epicentres, 485 ents, 214 enrichment, 438 on Mars and Mercury, 259 Diffusion of solar wind, 393, 394 track data, 593 quasi-static movement, 463 Diogenites, 65 Felspathic liquids, origin of, 193-198 size distribution, 156 Distributions, of chemical components, Figure of the Moon, 507, 571 size-frequency distribution, 267-269 285, 288-290 Fission, of Earth-Moon system; 574 structure, 262-264 Dunite, in crust, 175 track dating method, 591 terrestrial impact, 259 lunar, age of, 14, 15, 56 Flow, shapes, 229 terrestrial, structure of, 260-262 Dust, disturbances, 326-328 see also Lava Creep, behaviour of rocks, 523 polarization image system, 328 Forsterite-anorthite-silica system, 63 diffusion, 531 interplanetary, 363, 379 Fractionation, chemical, 60, 66, 157, Newtonian, 532 interstellar, 587 159-167, 581 INDEX 603

age evidence, 20, 55 far side, 223 hypervelocity, 304 of the mantle, 59 Gravity anomalies, in Moon and Mars, -induced phase transitions, 285-292 crystal, 169-177, 261 508 melts, 12, 259 due to sputtering, 365 regional, 219-226 melting, 55, 62, 175, 188, 287 isotopic, 392, 393 Grimaldi, alpha particle activity, 325, metamorphism, 7, 13, 105, 139 of rare earths, 20 327 evidence for, 18 of refractory elements, 43 mascon, 220 textures, 114 olivine, 159 mixing, 175 processes, nebular, 23-25, 31, 35 Hadley Rille, lava flow thicknesses, 185 processes, 259-266 planetary, 31, 35 Hafnium, Hf/Yb ratios, 203 remelting, 197 to form basalts, 113 Halogens, concentrations, 49-54 Induction, solar wind, 537-547 trace element, 200 Heat flow, data, 199-205, 472, 534, Interior, lunar, 21 Fra Mauro formation, 99, 100, 116, 571, 572 composition, 577-586 145, 146 determinations, 534 Ion whistlers, 537 age dating, 119 Heat flux, outward lunar, 323 Iron, core, 225 age of rock, 157 Heat transport mechanism, 523 effect on electrical conductivity, 517, basalt, 106 Helium, 4He concentration profile, 394 518 breccias, 105 Hevelius formation, 116, 122 group nuclei, kinetic energy spectra, ‘exotic component5, 127, 130 Highland rocks, argon dating, 97, 99, 73 frequency, 270 101 impurity Fe3+ cations, 238 in stratigraphic sequence, 551 composition, 41, 45, 196 in lunar soil, 427-430 photogeology, 120 halogen concentrations, 50 in regolith, 235 trace element ratios, 130 K-Ar ages, 142 leaching by, 569 Pb-U-Th age, 16-19 metal spheres in glass, 363, 366 Gabbro, 7, 113 primary matter, 46, 47 metallic, 373, 409 Galactic radiation, 587-592 stratigraphy, 145-150 superparamagnetic, 235 Gamma-counting, 337 see also Breccias, highland Irradiation, of solids in space, 69-95 Garnet, 108 Highlands, gravity anomaly, 222 Isostatic adjustment, 219, 222, 225 fractionation of r.e.e., 66 History, chemical, of Earth-Moon- Isotopes, 70, 71 pyroxenite, 105, 108, 114 achondrites, 55-67 spallogenic, 392 Geomagnetic tail, 490, 491, 538 early, of Sun and Moon, 587—592 Isotopic disequilibrium, 56 Geothermometer, crystallization tem thermal, models, 140, 152 Isotopic fractionation, 388,392,393,417 perature of basalt, 424 Horizon glow effect, 326, 327 Isotopic systems, 7-22 mineral, 105, 110 Howardites, 65 39Ar-40Ar ages, 151-158 olivine-clinopyroxene, 113 Humorum, impact, 100, 157 hydrogen, oxygen and silicon, 417— oxygen isotope, 417, 418, 424 age, 142 426 pyroxene, 113 mascon, 220 40K-40Ar, 7, 139 using Mossbauer spectra, 237 Hybridization, between magmas, 580 Nd-Sm, 55-67 Glass, 207 Hydrocarbons, trapped in fines, 373 Pb-U evolution diagram, 17 chemical components, 275 Hydrogen, deuterium rich, 417, 419 87Rb-87Sr, 7-21, 129, 139 Fe spheres in, 363 isotope abundance, 418 ages, methodology, 10, 11 formation by condensation, 285 isotope systematics, 417-426 evolution diagram, 10-12 green, 165, 289 isochron, 55-67, 151-158 howarditic, 259, 263 Igneous activity, lunar, 7, 8 Sr, evolution of mantle, 59 impact-melted basalt, 184 Ilmenite, amorphous coating on, 435 U-Th-206Pb-207Pb-208Pb, 7,16-21,139 microcraters in, 309, 316 content of minerals, 235 orange, crystallization, 213, 289 crystallization, 582 Jupiter’s satellites, polarization, 401 picritic, 188 cumulates, 174 Juvinas, halogen concentrations, 50 Shorty crater orange, 392 4He concentration profile, 394 Li/P ratio, 53 ultramafic green, 259 in basalts, 161-167 luminescence spectra, 404 Glass spherules, compositions, 106, 107 Imbrium, basalt age, 138-142, 151- Nd-Sm isochron, 57 enrichment of K, 388 158 formation, 279-284 ‘exotic component5 from, 134 Kimberlite pipes, 486 4He concentration profile, 394 flowshapes, 227 Kreep, basalts, 294 homogeneity, 282 formation of basin, 263 distribution, 133, 134, 199 impact craters, 280 high radioactivity areas, 130 generation, 62, 134, 174, 175 isotopic age, 12 impact, 9, 99, 100 in Apollo 12 soils, 127 mare-like, 107 age, 115-126 in highland rocks, 46, 47 orange, crystallization, 211 processes, 259 particle size, 279 lava flows, 227, 231 Langrenus crater, gravity, 219, 222 porosity, 281 light plains, 269 rays from, 298 red, 160-167 material from, 127 Laser rangings, 561, 566 Gravitational field, 565 stratigraphy, 105-114, 145, 146 Lava flow, 555, 559 interpretation of, 507-516 Impact, basin chronology, 99, 151-158 consolidation model, 178 see also palaeogravity comminution by, 273 cooling, 228 Gravitational separation, of quenching craters, 98, 552 of Mare Imbrium, 227, 231 crystals, 177-192 ejecta temperature, 115, 118 shapes, 230 Gravity, centre of, 224 erosion, 303-308 theory, 228 determinations, lunar, 219-226 events, 99 thicknesses at Hadley Rille, 185 604 INDEX photogeology, 549 relation with viscosity, 463 Lavas, effusion rates and rheology, polarization curve, 401 tide generated, 465 227-234 Mascons, 8, 507 Mossbauer spectra, 235-240, 365, 518 mare, petrogenesis, 190 formation, 153, 558, 583 porphyritic, 207 gravity data, 219—226, 508 Nectaris, 146 Lherzolite, melting of, 195 Massifs, 146 age, 124, 141, 142 Libration, physical, 561-564 north and south, photogeology, 124 impact, 99-101, 151, 157 Limb disturbances, 502, 503 soils, 294-296 in stratigraphic sequence, 551 Lithification, degree of, 469 Melting, high pressure experiments, mascon, 220 Lithium, concentrations, 49-54 159-167 Neutron activation, Li and halogen Li-La correlation, 201 impact, see Impact melting det., 49 Lithosphere, thickness, 465 of cumulates, 579 Nickel, alloyed with iron, 409 Luminescence, efficiencies, 403 of the Moon, 561-568 content from Mossbauer spectra, 236 in plagioclase, 403—408 partial, 60-66, 170, 193, 199-205, deficiency of, 569 photography, 403, 407 261, 577, 579, 584 extraction of, 572 Lutetium, Lu/Dy ratio, 203 shock, 285 oxidation and reduction, 573 to form lavas, 234 Nitrogen, 15N/14N ratio, 590 Magma, cooling history, 178,184,188 two stage, 169-176 solar wind implanted, 273, 590 Magmatic activity, 97 Mercury, electrical properties, 441, 446 Noble gases, abundances, 33-35 Magnetic anomalies, 507, 515 magnetosphere, 90 in soil, 331, 385 local, 512 photogeology, 549 Norite, composition, 109 Magnetic dipole and quadrupole, 537 polarization curves, 401 cumulates, 193, 194, 197 Magnetic field, ancient lunar, 9, 69, similarity to Moon, 559 in crust, 169, 175 70, 89-92, 241-248, 451, 508 Metal, amount and distribution in plutonic, 105, 114 intensity of, 243, 245, 413 Moon, 571 shocked, 286 origin of, 242 core, 572 North Ray crater, 101 dipole moment of permanent, 500 enrichment of grain surface, 437 Nectaris ejecta at, 141 history of, 388 leaching by, 573, 575 Nuclear fission, record of, 309 induced lunar, 538 Metamorphism, contact, 112 intensity/age plot, 415 impact, see Impact metamorphism Olivine, absorption spectra, 253 interplanetary, 537, 538 low grade thermal, 98 crystallization, 577—582 interpretation of, 507-516 shock, 9, 92, 259 fractionation, 159, 175 lunar dipole, 507, 587 Meteorites, Ba and Ge cones, 350 in basalts, 160-167 permanent, 538 chondritic, 277 in crystallization sequence, 194 primeval solar system, 507 gas rich, 69, 70, 591 in nucleation, 214 relation to electrical conductivity, irradiation and evolution, 80-89 Mg/Fe ratio, 186, 187 517 Orgueil, 433, 438 Mossbauer spectra, 238 remanent, 489—506 Meteoritic flux, 433 porphyries, 179-192 solar wind, 242, 500 Meteoroids, impacts of, 273 skeletal crystallization, 209-216 surface, 243 Micro cratering, 309-318 skeletal phenocrysts, 177, 208 trapping Ar, 385, 389 Micro craters, erosion, 307 supercooled, 208 Magnetization, effect of shock, 409— in glass, 316 transition metals in, 249 416 size distribution, 379 Olivine-diopsidic pyroxene-anorthite- natural remanent, 409-416, 512 Micrometeorite, erosion, 70 silica, 62 of agglutinates, 366 flux, 81, 309, 316, 587, 590 Olivine-pyroxenite mantle, 159, 165, of breccias, 412, 413 impacts, 280, 588 166 partial thermo-remanence, 411 effects of, 363-368 Ophilites, 66 remanent, 387 implanted carbon and hydrogen, Orgueil meteorite, Ne-rich fraction, shock induced remanent, 246, 409 369-377 433, 438 source of permanent, 545 vapour deposition, 364 Orientale, 146 thermo-remanent, 409-416, 512 Micro meteoroid, flux and distribution, gravity anomaly, 221, 558 Magnetosheath, 490 379-384 impact, 100 plasma, 538 flux estimates, 381 age, 115-126, 142 Manicougan crater, 260-262, 264 velocity distribution, 381 light plains, 269 Mantle, clasts from, 108 Microparticle, flux, 306 structure of, 263 formation of, 169, 172 effect of comets, 307 Origin of Moon, 418, 425, 569-571, lunar outer, 21 Middle Crescent crater, 298 574, 577 lunar upper, 105 Mie scattering, 537 Outgassing, 8, 325, 326, 486 olivine-pyroxenite, 159, 165, 166 Mistastin Lake crater, 260 effect on () values, 477 pyroxene, 225 Model age, isotopic, 10, 11 of lunar interior, 364, 366, 393 seismic data, 451 Molecular orbital calculations, 249 Oxygen, isotope geo thermometry, 417 structure, 452 Moments of inertia, of Moon, 561, 564, isotope systematics, 417-426 temperature and viscosity, 533 565 lsO enrichment, 417, 422 uplift in basins, 259 Mons La Hire, lava flows, 230 Mare basalts, see Basalts Moonquakes, 325, 326, 451, 507 Palaeogravity, 509 Mare, age of surface, 98 epicentres, 455, 461, 571 Palaeomagnetism, lunar, 241—248 time of formation, 151—158 foci, 451 Pallasites, 65 volcanism, 549, 555 occurrence characteristics, 454 Palus Putredinus, basalt, 107, 113, 177 Mars, electrical properties, 441-446 relation with transient phenomena, Phase transitions, impact induced, gravitational anomalies, 508 483-485 285-292 INDEX 605

shock melting, 286 mantle, 225 Samarium, Sm/La ratio, 204 shock vaporization, 287 Mossbauer spectra, 237 Scattering, microwave from Moon, 445 subsolidus, 285 reflectance, 255 Schroters Valley, transient phenomena, Photometry, 397-402 skeletal phenocrysts, 177-192 486 Picritic basalt, 184 track data, 593 Seismic activity, discontinuity, 452 Picritic glass and liquids, 188 transition metals in, 249 lunar, 326, 451-461 Pigeonite, 105 zoned, 207 shear wave data, 544 in crystallization sequence, 194 Pyroxenite, garnet, 105, 114 Seismic data, for core, 572 porphyries, 179-192 olivine, 159, 165, 166 Seismic evidence, of lunar surface, 556 transition metals in, 249 spinel, 105, 107, 108 Seismic profiles, 469, 471 Plagioclase, absorption spectra, 254 Pyroxferroite, absorption spectra, 252 Seismic Q values, 465, 466, 475 age of ancient, 13, 15, 19 transition metals in, 249 Seismic signals, high frequency tele- age of concentrates, 152-158 seismic, 455, 483-485 anorthitic, 105 Q values, of lunar rocks, 475-481 polarities, 456 e.s.r. measurements, 254 Quenching crystals, 177-192 Serenitatis, 146 flotation, 193-198 age of basalts, 138-142, 151-158 formation, 62, 175, 285 Radar, evidence of lunar surface, 556 age of impact, 115-126 in basalts, 161-167 Radiation, annealing, 436 gravity profile, 221 in clasts, 108 damage effects, 70 impact, 99-102 in crust, 169 history of regolith, 309 in stratigraphic sequence, 551 in crystallization sequence, 194 solar and galactic, 587-592 light plains, 269 in cumulates, 191 Radioactive heating, 175 mascon, 220 luminescence, 403—408 Radionuclides, solar flare produced, reflectance, 256 melts, formation of, 285, 287 72 Shape, of the Moon, 509, 511, 561, 565 morphology, 209 Radon, accumulation and circulation Shear waves, 571 separation, 194, 203, 204 in regolith, 331-336 Shock, effect on magnetism, 409-416 zoned, 207 Rare earth elements, abundances, 55, Shock compression, 411 Plasma flow, 537, 542 62, 64 Shock, condensation, 290 flow field, 538 fractionation, 66 Shock demagnetization, 409 magnetosheath, 538 in achondrites, 65 Shock induced heating, 115, 118 Plutonium, 244Pu gas excesses in Rare gas, concentration profiles, 391, Shock induced remanent magnetism, breccias, 591 393 246 Polarimetry, 397-402 in lunar soils, 391-396 Shock melting, partial, 285 Polarization, of scattered light, 397 mass spectroscopy, 337 Shock metamorphism, 9, 259 Polarization curves, for lunar fines, Rays, ‘exotic component’ in, 298 Shock vaporization, 285 398 Reflectance, effect of pyroxene, 255 Shock welding, 411 for Asteroids and Jupiter’s satellites, spectra, 255 Shorty crater, endogenic activity, 391 401 Reflectivity, diffuse, 325 orange glass, 392 for Mars and Mercury, 401 Refractory elements, 41-48 Siderophile elements, deficiency of, Polonium-radon ratios, 326 Regolith, see also Soil 569-575 Popigay crater, 262 accumulation time, 273 Silicate structure, effect on electrical Porphyritic rocks, 207—216 carbon in, 369-377 cond., 517 Porphyritic textures, 210-216 distribution of iron, 235 Silicates, transition metals in, 249-251 Potassium, abundances, 200 dynamics, 80-89, 273-278, 293 Silicon, isotope systematics, 417-426 enrichment on glass spheres, 388 effects of solar wind bombardment, 30Si enrichment, 417, 422 ionization, 389 363-368 Sinuous rifles, formation, 227, 232-234 K -36Ar correlation, 387 evolution of, 69, 293-301 turbulent flow in, 233 K/La ratio, 201 ‘exotic component’ in, 127 Skeletal crystallization, 207-216 transient in soil, 388 formation of, 180 Skeletal crystals, 177 Potential fields, lunar, 507-516 grain size analyses, 274, 275 Skeletal phenocrysts of olivine and Procellarum, 99 growth/mixing, 84 pyroxene, 177 age of rocks, 151-158 physical characteristics, 273-278 Soil, see also Regolith, basalts, 177 radiation history, 309 40Ar excess in, 385-390 ‘exotic component’ from 134 radon circulation, 331-336 mare, halogens in, 50 high radioactivity areas, 130 record of solar and galactic radia mechanics, 327 in stratigraphic sequence, 551 tions, 387-592 model age, 13 material from, 127 similarity to shock products, 409 orange, lsO and 30Si, 424 seismic discontinuity, 452 thermal properties, 312, 472 origin of, 557 Protons, 70, 73 thickness, 179, 185 radar evidence, 556 high energy galactic, 74 types of particles in, 274 rare gas in, 391-396 solar, 75 Relaxation times, 463, 464 surface chemistry and albedo, 427- spectra, 76 Rheology, Bingham, 227-234 432 Pyrohydrolysis, 49 of lunar lavas, 227—234 surface exposure, 557 Pyroxene, absorption spectra, 251 Rhyolite, age, 13, 14 transportation, 555 composition, 109, 111 Ries crater, as cratering model, 117, 123 Solar flare, 70, 75, 587 crystallization, 577—586 dating, 120 argon from, 387 distribution of iron, 235 Rubidium, abundances, 200 effects of, 588 fractionation, 175 ionization, 389 energy spectrum, 381, 383 in basalt, 161-167 Rb/Sr ratios in lavas, 187, 188 induced radio activity and tracks, 82 606 INDEX

particle irradiation, 70, 310 Supercooling, on lunar surface, 207 heavy ion, 309 particles, 363 Surface, lunar, albedo, 363 length distributions, 597 rare gas from, 391 evolution, 303-308 production rates, 77, 379, 382 space weathering, 433 heights of, 511 radiation and temperature effects, track dating, 306 movements, 325-330 310 Solar photo electron emission, 369 origin and evolution, 555-559 Tracks, solar flare produced, 82, 92 Solar radiation, 687-592 transportation, 558 Tranquillitatis, basalt age, 138-142, Solar system, collisional history, 97-103 Synneusis, aggregation by, 210 151-158 origin and evolution, 69 System Ca0-Mg0-Al20 3-Si02, 195 in stratigraphic sequence, 551 Solar wind, 490, 587 Mg2Si04-Fe2Si04-Si02, 163 Transient phenomena, 8, 325-328, composition, 70 Systematics, see Isotope systems 485-487, 507 diffusion of, 393 distribution, 461 effects in regolith, 363-368, 588 Taurus Littrow, 101 observation, 481-483 energy spectra, 395 age, 150 Transient metals, in silicates, 249-251 erosion, 304 frequency, 270 oxidation states and coordinations, flux, 75 Tectonics, lunar, 451-461 249, 254 gas, 87 Temperature, in mantle, 533 Transportation, lateral, in regolith, implanted carbon and hydrogen, lunar, estimates of, 543 293-301 369-377 internal, 523, 536 of soil, 555, 556 implanted carbon and nitrogen, 273 profile, 517, 529 surface, 558 implanted species, 437 microwave brightness, 445 Troctolites, 193 induction, 537—547 subsolidus convection, 526 age, 56, 97, 139, 140 magnetic field, 242 Textures, glomeroporphyritic, 210 cumulates, 194, 197 nitrogen, 590 groundmass, 211 in crust, 169, 175 pressure, 542 hornfelsed, 121 Pb-U age, 16-19 protons implanted from, 417 ophitic, subophitic, intersertal, 212 Rb-Sr age, 7, 15 rare gas from, 391 poikilitic, 112 spinel, 207, 209 reduction of Fe2+, 238 poikiloblastic, 114 Tycho, lava flow shapes, 227, 231 space weathering, 433 porphyritic, 210-216 structure, 262 Solar wind/solar flare flux, 88 surface, 397 Solar wind sputtering, 70, 303-308 Thales crater, transient phenomena, 481 Uranium, distribution, 171, 172, 199 cleaning, 363 Theophilus crater, age, 124 U-Pb dating validity, 331 effects of, 363-368, 428 gravity, 219 rate, 307, 364 rays from, 298 Valley Floor, soils, 294, 295 Solid state recrystallization, 105 Thermal conductivity, see also Con Van de Graaff region, magnetic source, Spallation reactions, 417, 419 ductivity 499, 503, 505 Spallogenic gases, 82 and wavelength of soil, 309 Vaporization, from grain surfaces, 423 ages, 83 of lunar rock, 324 Venus, electrical properties, 441, 446 Spectra, electronic absorption, 249-258 Thermal gradient, 472, 544 Viscosity, in mantle, 533 far infrared, 319—324 Thermal history, 571, 572 lunar models, 463-467 absorption, 319 Thermal models, of the Moon, 523-536 of deep lunar interior, 523-536 reflexion, 323 Thermal properties, of regolith, 312 of lavas, 177, 179, 210, 229 scattering, 322 Thermal strain release, 326 related to seismic (Rvalues, 465 lunar emission, 403-408 Thermal stress, 392 Viscosity-dependent subsolidus con lunar excitation, 403-408 Thermocline, of the Moon, 517-521 vection temperatures, 526 Spinel, compositions, 110 Thermoluminescence, 70, 309-318, 588 Viscosity-depth models, 464, 465 in basalts, 160-167 Thorium, Th-U concentration, 61 Vitello crater, transient phenomena, in crystallization sequence, 194, 582 Tidal deformation, of lithosphere, 451 484 phenocrysts, 177-192 Tidal energy, of Moon, 457 Vitrophyres, basalt, 12 pyroxenite, 105, 107, 108 Tidal phases, moonquake correlation, Volatile elements, abundances, 33 troctolite, 207, 209 451 Volcanic vent, 393 Spur crater, breccias, 105,106, 114 Tidal stress, 451 Volcanism, absence at present time, 559 Sputter deposition and redeposition, 430 Tides, affecting shape of Moon, 510 chronology of lunar, 8, 137-139, 552 Sputtering, see Solar wind sputtering Trace elements, abundances, 32, 59, mare, 7, 549, 555 Strain energy, tidal, 451, 457, 458 199-205 rate of, 21 Stratigraphic sequence, 550 ‘exotic component’, 127-136 Stratigraphy, lunar, 549-553 fractionation, 61, 200 Water, absence of, 559 Stress, thermal, 392 Track, analysis, 309-318 in lunar samples, 417, 421 tidal, 451, 458 anisotropic etching, 311 Weathering, space, in dust grains, 433- yield, 228-232 annealing, 86, 310 441 Structure, lunar, 451-461 data from pyroxenes and felspars, isotopic age evidence, 20, 21 593 Xenon, cosmogenic, 337-363 of differentiated lunar models, 580, densities, 77, 273, 589 mass spectra, 337 581 etching rate, 594, 598 presence, 58 Strontium, distribution, 194, 199 fission, dating method, 591 131Xe/126Xe ratio, 157 radiogenic 87Sr in soil, 388 formation, 70—72 87Sr/86Sr ratios in basalts, 187, 188 fossil, 309 Yield stress, 228-232 Subsolidus creep, 523, 531 ages, 83 Suevite, from Ries crater, 118 cosmic ray, 593-599 THE CONTRIBUTION OF PHYSICAL METALLURGY TO ENGINEERING PRACTICE

ROSENHAIN CENTENARY CONFERENCE A Joint Symposium of The Metals Society, The National Physical Laboratory, and The Royal Society held on 22-24 September 1975

The Proceedings of an international conference held in London, 22-24 September 1975 to pay honour to the memory of Walter Rosenhain, F.R.S., one of the great metallurgists of this century. Practising engineers and metallurgists discussed in detail the application of physical metallurgy to the design and functioning of bridges, pipelines, offshore structures, airframes, aero engines and undercarriages. The conference was uniquely successful in showing the relation between the control of metallurgical structure and its influence on engineering design. Copious examples are given and many guidelines produced for the future. The development of physical metallurgy as a university discipline was discussed against this background. The meeting took the form of six sessions, each consisting of a number of papers under the following headings:

1. ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS

2. design Implications for materials selection

3. MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT PRESENT AND FUTURE

4. THE FUTURE ROLE OF PHYSICAL METALLURGY IN RELATION TO ENGINEERING PRACTICE

5. THE TASK FOR THE EDUCATOR

6. SUMMARY AND CLOSING REMARKS

(First published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Series A Volume 282)

484 pages 29 plates clothbound 297 x 210 mm

ISBN 0 85403 081 6

Price: £32.00 (United Kingdom) £32.80 (Overseas addresses)

The Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG QUANTITIES, UNITS, AND SYMBOLS Second edition 1975 When the 1971 edition of this handbook was issued it was boldly suggested that it was likely to be of interestto all whose business it wasto 'order all things by measure, by number, and by weight'. The rapid disposal of that edition and the encourage ment of much informed comment gives confidence that it is justifiable to repeat the remark on the occasion of the publication of a new edition. The general arrangement of the handbook is substantially unchanged; the sections appear in the same sequence as previously, but they are now presented in a clearer style to facilitate easier reference. With the incorporation of additions and altera tions resulting from recent decisions of the relevant international bodies the hand book has been updated to the end of 1974. The adoption of helpful suggestions by members of the Royal Society Symbols Committee and others has resulted in further improvements, in particular the addition of a new section entitled 'Sources' which gives concisely the authority for statements made throughout the handbook. In consequence the new edition of Quantities, units, and symbols can be confidently recommended to all members of the scientific community. The contents include: Physical quantities and symbols for physical quantities Units and symbols for units Numbers Recommended mathematical symbols Chemical elements, nuclides, and particles Quantum states Nuclear physics Thermodynamic results Galvanic cells Some common abbreviations Recommended values of physical constants Sources Bibliography

250 x 176 mm Paper cover only ISBN 0 85403 071 9 Overseas U.K. addresses Price £1.00 £1.05 T 10 copies £9.00 £9.25 25 copies £20.00 £20.50 50 copies £38.00 £39.00

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