Lunar 1000 Challenge
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
Planetary Surfaces
Chapter 4 PLANETARY SURFACES 4.1 The Absence of Bedrock A striking and obvious observation is that at full Moon, the lunar surface is bright from limb to limb, with only limited darkening toward the edges. Since this effect is not consistent with the intensity of light reflected from a smooth sphere, pre-Apollo observers concluded that the upper surface was porous on a centimeter scale and had the properties of dust. The thickness of the dust layer was a critical question for landing on the surface. The general view was that a layer a few meters thick of rubble and dust from the meteorite bombardment covered the surface. Alternative views called for kilometer thicknesses of fine dust, filling the maria. The unmanned missions, notably Surveyor, resolved questions about the nature and bearing strength of the surface. However, a somewhat surprising feature of the lunar surface was the completeness of the mantle or blanket of debris. Bedrock exposures are extremely rare, the occurrence in the wall of Hadley Rille (Fig. 6.6) being the only one which was observed closely during the Apollo missions. Fragments of rock excavated during meteorite impact are, of course, common, and provided both samples and evidence of co,mpetent rock layers at shallow levels in the mare basins. Freshly exposed surface material (e.g., bright rays from craters such as Tycho) darken with time due mainly to the production of glass during micro- meteorite impacts. Since some magnetic anomalies correlate with unusually bright regions, the solar wind bombardment (which is strongly deflected by the magnetic anomalies) may also be responsible for darkening the surface [I]. -
General Index
General Index Italicized page numbers indicate figures and tables. Color plates are in- cussed; full listings of authors’ works as cited in this volume may be dicated as “pl.” Color plates 1– 40 are in part 1 and plates 41–80 are found in the bibliographical index. in part 2. Authors are listed only when their ideas or works are dis- Aa, Pieter van der (1659–1733), 1338 of military cartography, 971 934 –39; Genoa, 864 –65; Low Coun- Aa River, pl.61, 1523 of nautical charts, 1069, 1424 tries, 1257 Aachen, 1241 printing’s impact on, 607–8 of Dutch hamlets, 1264 Abate, Agostino, 857–58, 864 –65 role of sources in, 66 –67 ecclesiastical subdivisions in, 1090, 1091 Abbeys. See also Cartularies; Monasteries of Russian maps, 1873 of forests, 50 maps: property, 50–51; water system, 43 standards of, 7 German maps in context of, 1224, 1225 plans: juridical uses of, pl.61, 1523–24, studies of, 505–8, 1258 n.53 map consciousness in, 636, 661–62 1525; Wildmore Fen (in psalter), 43– 44 of surveys, 505–8, 708, 1435–36 maps in: cadastral (See Cadastral maps); Abbreviations, 1897, 1899 of town models, 489 central Italy, 909–15; characteristics of, Abreu, Lisuarte de, 1019 Acequia Imperial de Aragón, 507 874 –75, 880 –82; coloring of, 1499, Abruzzi River, 547, 570 Acerra, 951 1588; East-Central Europe, 1806, 1808; Absolutism, 831, 833, 835–36 Ackerman, James S., 427 n.2 England, 50 –51, 1595, 1599, 1603, See also Sovereigns and monarchs Aconcio, Jacopo (d. 1566), 1611 1615, 1629, 1720; France, 1497–1500, Abstraction Acosta, José de (1539–1600), 1235 1501; humanism linked to, 909–10; in- in bird’s-eye views, 688 Acquaviva, Andrea Matteo (d. -
Optics, Basra, Cairo, Spectacles
International Journal of Optics and Applications 2014, 4(4): 110-113 DOI: 10.5923/j.optics.20140404.02 Alhazen, the Founder of Physiological Optics and Spectacles Nāsir pūyān (Nasser Pouyan) Tehran, 16616-18893, Iran Abstract Alhazen (c. 965 – c. 1039), Arabian mathematician and physicist with an unknown actual life who laid the foundation of physiological optics and came within an ace of discovery of the use of eyeglasses. He wrote extensively on algebra, geometry, and astronomy. Just the Beginnings of the 13th century, in Europe eyeglasses were used as an aid to vision, but Alhazen’s book “Kitab al – Manazir” (Book of Optics) included theories on refraction, reflection and the study of lenses and gave the first account of vision. It had great influence during the Middle Ages. In it, he explained that twilight was the result of the refraction of the sun’s rays in the earth’s atmosphere. The first Latin translation of Alhazen’s mathematical works was written in 1210 by a clergyman from Sussex, in England, Robert Grosseteste (1175 – 1253). His treatise on astrology was printed in Latin at Basle in 1572. Alhazen who was from Basra died in Cairo at the age of 73 (c. 1039). Keywords Optics, Basra, Cairo, Spectacles Ibn al-Haytham (c. 965 – c. 1038), known in the West who had pretended insane, once more was released from the Alhazen, and Avenna than1, who is considered as the father prison and received his belongings, and never applied for any of modern optics. He was from Basra [1] (in Iraq) and position. received his education in this city and Baghdad, but nothing is known about his actual life and teachers. -
Special Catalogue Milestones of Lunar Mapping and Photography Four Centuries of Selenography on the Occasion of the 50Th Anniversary of Apollo 11 Moon Landing
Special Catalogue Milestones of Lunar Mapping and Photography Four Centuries of Selenography On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 moon landing Please note: A specific item in this catalogue may be sold or is on hold if the provided link to our online inventory (by clicking on the blue-highlighted author name) doesn't work! Milestones of Science Books phone +49 (0) 177 – 2 41 0006 www.milestone-books.de [email protected] Member of ILAB and VDA Catalogue 07-2019 Copyright © 2019 Milestones of Science Books. All rights reserved Page 2 of 71 Authors in Chronological Order Author Year No. Author Year No. BIRT, William 1869 7 SCHEINER, Christoph 1614 72 PROCTOR, Richard 1873 66 WILKINS, John 1640 87 NASMYTH, James 1874 58, 59, 60, 61 SCHYRLEUS DE RHEITA, Anton 1645 77 NEISON, Edmund 1876 62, 63 HEVELIUS, Johannes 1647 29 LOHRMANN, Wilhelm 1878 42, 43, 44 RICCIOLI, Giambattista 1651 67 SCHMIDT, Johann 1878 75 GALILEI, Galileo 1653 22 WEINEK, Ladislaus 1885 84 KIRCHER, Athanasius 1660 31 PRINZ, Wilhelm 1894 65 CHERUBIN D'ORLEANS, Capuchin 1671 8 ELGER, Thomas Gwyn 1895 15 EIMMART, Georg Christoph 1696 14 FAUTH, Philipp 1895 17 KEILL, John 1718 30 KRIEGER, Johann 1898 33 BIANCHINI, Francesco 1728 6 LOEWY, Maurice 1899 39, 40 DOPPELMAYR, Johann Gabriel 1730 11 FRANZ, Julius Heinrich 1901 21 MAUPERTUIS, Pierre Louis 1741 50 PICKERING, William 1904 64 WOLFF, Christian von 1747 88 FAUTH, Philipp 1907 18 CLAIRAUT, Alexis-Claude 1765 9 GOODACRE, Walter 1910 23 MAYER, Johann Tobias 1770 51 KRIEGER, Johann 1912 34 SAVOY, Gaspare 1770 71 LE MORVAN, Charles 1914 37 EULER, Leonhard 1772 16 WEGENER, Alfred 1921 83 MAYER, Johann Tobias 1775 52 GOODACRE, Walter 1931 24 SCHRÖTER, Johann Hieronymus 1791 76 FAUTH, Philipp 1932 19 GRUITHUISEN, Franz von Paula 1825 25 WILKINS, Hugh Percy 1937 86 LOHRMANN, Wilhelm Gotthelf 1824 41 USSR ACADEMY 1959 1 BEER, Wilhelm 1834 4 ARTHUR, David 1960 3 BEER, Wilhelm 1837 5 HACKMAN, Robert 1960 27 MÄDLER, Johann Heinrich 1837 49 KUIPER Gerard P. -
0 Lunar and Planetary Institute Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System LAVA FLOODING of EARLY PLANETARY CRUSTS
LAVA FLOODING OF EARLY PLANETARY CRUSTS: GEOMETRY, THICKNESS, AND VOLUMES CF FLOODED LUNAR HIGHLAND TERRA IN. James W. Head, Dept. of Geol og ica I Sciences, Brown Univ., Providence, RI 02912. Recognition of the volcanic origin of surface deposits on ancient cra- tered planetary surfaces provides important information on the presence and significance of melting in the interior. Establishment of the composition, age, and volume of such deposits provides additional clues concerning the characteristics of the thermal history of the planet.' In addition, the Thickness, geometry, and volumes of volcanic deposits provide important data for understanding tectonics and I i thospheric deformation. Once deposits have been recognized as of volcanic origin, it has often been difficult to estab- , . , I sh thicknesses and volumes because in the processes of emp lacement, l avas cover the initial crustal surface, obscuring the geometry of the pre-volcanic terrain. In addition to geophysical analyses, attempts to establish thick- nesses and volumes have concentrated on four approaches: I ) measuring diam- eters and sxposed rim heights of impact craters protruding through the depos- i TS; ' 2 l @cati ng craters in vo l can ic deposits that have excavated sub-vo l- can i c material ;" 3) using stratigraphic techniques; 7 and 4) using the geom- etry of co~parableunflooded regions as models for the initial topography. 2 P<lihouyh these approaches have provided significant advances in the under- stand ing of the emp lacement of the l unar maria,' there are sti l l basic uncer- ta inties concerning thicknesses and vol umes in many areas. -
March 21–25, 2016
FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk, -
Testing Hypotheses for the Origin of Steep Slope of Lunar Size-Frequency Distribution for Small Craters
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Earth Planets Space, 55, 39–51, 2003 Testing hypotheses for the origin of steep slope of lunar size-frequency distribution for small craters Noriyuki Namiki1 and Chikatoshi Honda2 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan 2The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Yoshinodai 3-1-1, Sagamihara 229-8510, Japan (Received June 13, 2001; Revised June 24, 2002; Accepted January 6, 2003) The crater size-frequency distribution of lunar maria is characterized by the change in slope of the population between 0.3 and 4 km in crater diameter. The origin of the steep segment in the distribution is not well understood. Nonetheless, craters smaller than a few km in diameter are widely used to estimate the crater retention age for areas so small that the number of larger craters is statistically insufficient. Future missions to the moon, which will obtain high resolution images, will provide a new, large data set of small craters. Thus it is important to review current hypotheses for their distributions before future missions are launched. We examine previous and new arguments and data bearing on the admixture of endogenic and secondary craters, horizontal heterogeneity of the substratum, and the size-frequency distribution of the primary production function. The endogenic crater and heterogeneous substratum hypotheses are seen to have little evidence in their favor, and can be eliminated. The primary production hypothesis fails to explain a wide variation of the size-frequency distribution of Apollo panoramic photographs. -
DMAAC – February 1973
LUNAR TOPOGRAPHIC ORTHOPHOTOMAP (LTO) AND LUNAR ORTHOPHOTMAP (LO) SERIES (Published by DMATC) Lunar Topographic Orthophotmaps and Lunar Orthophotomaps Scale: 1:250,000 Projection: Transverse Mercator Sheet Size: 25.5”x 26.5” The Lunar Topographic Orthophotmaps and Lunar Orthophotomaps Series are the first comprehensive and continuous mapping to be accomplished from Apollo Mission 15-17 mapping photographs. This series is also the first major effort to apply recent advances in orthophotography to lunar mapping. Presently developed maps of this series were designed to support initial lunar scientific investigations primarily employing results of Apollo Mission 15-17 data. Individual maps of this series cover 4 degrees of lunar latitude and 5 degrees of lunar longitude consisting of 1/16 of the area of a 1:1,000,000 scale Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) (Section 4.2.1). Their apha-numeric identification (example – LTO38B1) consists of the designator LTO for topographic orthophoto editions or LO for orthophoto editions followed by the LAC number in which they fall, followed by an A, B, C or D designator defining the pertinent LAC quadrant and a 1, 2, 3, or 4 designator defining the specific sub-quadrant actually covered. The following designation (250) identifies the sheets as being at 1:250,000 scale. The LTO editions display 100-meter contours, 50-meter supplemental contours and spot elevations in a red overprint to the base, which is lithographed in black and white. LO editions are identical except that all relief information is omitted and selenographic graticule is restricted to border ticks, presenting an umencumbered view of lunar features imaged by the photographic base. -
October 2006
OCTOBER 2 0 0 6 �������������� http://www.universetoday.com �������������� TAMMY PLOTNER WITH JEFF BARBOUR 283 SUNDAY, OCTOBER 1 In 1897, the world’s largest refractor (40”) debuted at the University of Chica- go’s Yerkes Observatory. Also today in 1958, NASA was established by an act of Congress. More? In 1962, the 300-foot radio telescope of the National Ra- dio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) went live at Green Bank, West Virginia. It held place as the world’s second largest radio scope until it collapsed in 1988. Tonight let’s visit with an old lunar favorite. Easily seen in binoculars, the hexagonal walled plain of Albategnius ap- pears near the terminator about one-third the way north of the south limb. Look north of Albategnius for even larger and more ancient Hipparchus giving an almost “figure 8” view in binoculars. Between Hipparchus and Albategnius to the east are mid-sized craters Halley and Hind. Note the curious ALBATEGNIUS AND HIPPARCHUS ON THE relationship between impact crater Klein on Albategnius’ southwestern wall and TERMINATOR CREDIT: ROGER WARNER that of crater Horrocks on the northeastern wall of Hipparchus. Now let’s power up and “crater hop”... Just northwest of Hipparchus’ wall are the beginnings of the Sinus Medii area. Look for the deep imprint of Seeliger - named for a Dutch astronomer. Due north of Hipparchus is Rhaeticus, and here’s where things really get interesting. If the terminator has progressed far enough, you might spot tiny Blagg and Bruce to its west, the rough location of the Surveyor 4 and Surveyor 6 landing area. -
Compositional and Mineralogical Characteristics of Archimedes Crater Region Using Chandrayaan – 1 M3 Data
50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132) 1040.pdf COMPOSITIONAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHIMEDES CRATER REGION USING CHANDRAYAAN – 1 M3 DATA. P. R. Kumaresan1 and J. Saravanavel2, 1Research Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, Department of Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-23, Tamil Nadu, India, email: [email protected], [email protected] Introduction: The Earth’s natural satellite the tometry corrected reflectance data captured during the moon is nearest celestial body appears brightest object OP1B optical period. in our night sky. Moon surfaces are composed of dark and light areas. The dark areas are called Maria which is made up of basaltic terrain and light areas are high- lands mostly made up of Anorthositic rocks. The moon surface is littered with craters, which are formed when meteors hit its surface. To understand the evolution, geological process of the moon it is important to study the surface composition and minerals present in crustal surface. In this regard, in our study, we have attempted to map the minerals and surface composition of Archi- medes crater region. Study area: Archimedes crater is a large impact crater located on the eastern edges of the Mare Imbri- um of near side moon (29.7° N, 4.0° W). The diameter of the crater is 83 km with smooth floor flooded (1) with mare basalt and lack of a central peak. The rim (2) has a significant outer rampart brightened with ejecta (3) and the some portion of a terraced inner wall. Ar- chimedes Crater is named for the Greek mathematician Archimedes, who made many mathematical discoveries in the 200 B.C [1, 2]. -
The Agatharchides Plateau (60 X 45Km) Is Classified As an Intrusive Lunar Mega Plateau, Similar to the Gardner Mega Plateau
The Agatharchides Plateau (60 x 45km) is classified as an intrusive lunar Mega Plateau, similar to the Gardner Mega Plateau. The composition of the rocks is similar to the Gruithuisen domes and the mountain Mons Hansteen. On the eastern edge of the plateau is an extremely narrow - unnamed - rille. Unofficially this structure is named "The Helmet" because its shape is reminiscent of the helmets of the famous Star Wars movies. The Hortensius Domes are a classic small-scale lunar field of 7 lunar effusive shield volcanoes with diameters of 10 to 15 kilometers and small summit calderas. In this region between Kepler in the west and Copernicus in the east are around 2 dozen other domes, e.g. west of Milichius the great Dome Milichius Phi. Heinzel (68 x 19km) has, due to its shape, the nickname "Peanut crater". It is the result of a superposition of 3 impacts over a total length of nearly 70 km. Hesiodus A (14 km) is the largest and most easily observable double concentric crater on the front of the moon. Copernicus measures roughly 100 kilometers in diameter and is the prototype of a very young, complex crater. He has clearly terraced crater walls and the central mountains are divided into two parts. The crater floor is partially smooth and flat (covered with molten ejecta), on the opposite side there is a hilly region. The crater floor is 3.8 kilometers beneath the crater walls which rises less than 1 km above the surrounding landscape. The longest rays of the young ray system can be tracked up to a distance of 800 km.