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CORE https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750010068Metadata, citation 2020-03-22T22:26:24+00:00Z and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NASA Technical Reports Server USER GUIDE TO 1:250,000 SCALE LUNAR MAPS (NASA-CF-136753) USE? GJIDE TO l:i>,, :LC h75- lu1+3 SCALE LUNAR YAPS (Lumoalcs Feseclrch Ltu., Ottewa (Ontario) .) 24 p KC 53.25 CSCL ,33 'JIACA~S G3/31 11111 DANNY C, KINSLER Lunar Science Instltute 3303 NASA Road $1 Houston, TX 77058 Telephone: 7131488-5200 Cable Address: LUtiSI USER GUIDE TO 1: 250,000 SCALE LUNAR MAPS GENERAL In 1972 the NASA Lunar Programs Office initiated the Apollo Photographic Data Analysis Program. The principal point of this program was a detailed scientific analysis of the orbital and surface experiments data derived from Apollo missions 15, 16, and 17. One of the requirements of this program was the production of detailed photo base maps at a useable scale. NASA in conjunction with the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) commenced a mapping program in early 1973 that would lead to the production of the necessary maps based on the need for certain areas. This paper is designed to present in outline form the neces- sary background informatiox or users to become familiar with the program. MAP FORMAT * The scale chosen for the project was 1:250,000 . The re- search being done required a scale that Principal Investigators (PI'S) using orbital photography could use, but would also serve PI'S doing surface photographic investigations. Each map sheet covers an area four degrees north/south by five degrees east/west. The base is compiled from vertical Metric photography from Apollo missions 15, 16, and 17. In isolated instances the Apollo oblique metric, Apollo panoramic, and Lunar Orbiter photography were used to fill small gaps or to extend imagery to include features that were the basis for sheet names. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the area covered by the vertical metric photography. The numbering system for the series is based on the existing 1:1,000,000 Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC). Each LAC Region is divided into four provinces lettered A, B, C, or D. Each province is then divided lnto quarters numbered 1, 2, 3, or 4. The sheet number for each 1:250,000 scale map consists of the LAC number, a province letter, and the number of the quarter. The following "Sheet Numbering Guide" illustrates LAC 58 subdivided into its corresponding 1:250,000 scale map sheets. * A scale statement like this simply means 1 unit of measure on the map equals 250,000 of the same units on the moon. (1" on the map equals 250,000" on the moon). FAR SIDE SHEET NUMBERING GUIDE Figures 3 and 4 locate the 1:250,000 scale maps published through January 1975. Table 1 gives map name in numerical order, and Table 2 gives map name in alphabetical order. Each 1:250,000 scale map sheet is available in two forms: 1. Lunar Topographic Orthophotomap (LTO) 2. Lunar Oxthophotomap (LO) The basic photographic coverage for the LTO and LO maps is the orthophotomosaic. The LTO contains the grid, names data, and relief represented by contours, elevations, and other relief symbolization as required. The LO contains only the orthophoto- mosaic base with exterior grid ticks and values. Map sheets published after 1 May 1974 have lines of longitude numbered 0' to 360' east. Latitude will still be measured in degrees North or South of the equator. A "conversion tablew (Table 3) is included to illustrate the new procedure. 1 f n * f k b k 8 1 I11 1111 Ill1 Ill I k i 525:;ggononon- - - -.-.-*-. zj;;z:gg 8 f 1- - non 83;; iif - . --.- . - - i f 398: k k nnnn o c U 5553 rtm - . 0, - .-.- . - E'b 3 $;:s !! Y og k. --m E' k onon -?_O-O 2ggs 2:: ;- g - 4-s - .-1- - 0 0 x" :.;.!is r C'"y ' - P k ono .-. *Z + .@ *UU... : 3.2$- - - &"" 2 - .-* " 55"o ZUV. c. U b - t Oh " $Zs,u.! 5 0 fz z" EX5 .. n us - - . - - a gsz 0 fz "I°+ g 5 d t. %+ 0.s 8 .-. x f ii S mgz - - a i r r. r. 9. 0 o W.1";: b, a a z 5u2u=TI mu d - -. - 0 3 2 .E a a s - h h i i Y - - - I i Y 8 e. a ,. 8 B - Z 2 - i;i P . P - i-. i i i 8. a - - i2. j2 I 111 IIII Ill1 1 I I z z b n 3 k 2 j, FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 LUNAR TOPO- .ORTHOPHOTOMAPS - 1: 2 50,000 SCALE Humason Deseilligny Curtis Nielsen Clerke Shapley Freud Dawes Tebbu t t Zinner Brackett Fahrenheit Krieger Hornsby Condorce t Angst rtjm Bessel Krogh Pr inz Menelaus Auzou t Vaisala Sulpicius Gallus Firmicus Fedorov Dubyago Delisle Pomortsev Diophantus Condon Artsimovich Hill Proclus Abbot Caven tou Carmichael aaly McDonald Ameghino Lanibe r t Littrow Smi thson LaHire Franck Theophras tus Knox- Shaw Sampson Vitruvius Tachinni Lands teiner Peek Kovalevsk i j Ecker t Schubert He inrich Pe irce Boe thius Daubree Nobili Auwers Respighi Spurr Beer 60B-1 Plinius 64D-1 Nunn 60B-2 Jansen 640-2 Erro JOY 64D-3 Fox Hadley 61A-1 Ca jal 64D-4 McAdie 61A-2 Lucian Conon 61A-3 Cauchy 65A-3 Guyot Galen Bowen 61B-1 Lye11 65B-4 Recht angel ' 618-2 Glaisher 61B-3 Watts 65C-1 King Wallace 61B-4 DaVinci 65C-4 Zanstra Huxley 61C-1 Lawrence 65D-2 Katchalsky Bant ing 61C- 2 Cameron 65D-3 Abul Wafa ~innd 61C-3 Anville 61C-4 Secchi 66A-3 Rutherford Very Sarabhai 62A-1 Yerkes 668-4 Glauber TABLE 1 Fischer Morley 102B-2 Isaev mclaurin 102B-3 Andronov Bergman Acos ta 102D-1 Stark Scheele Somerville Norman 103A-1 Grave ~l-Marrakushi 103A-4 Raspletin Win throp Rank ine Bonpland Gilbert Guericke Haldane Eppinger Runge Kuiper Widmannstatten Kiess Albatengnius Ha 1ley Kreiken Hou tennans Davy Ammonius purkynZ Wyld Alfraganus Ludwig Hirayarna Torricelli Hypa t i T. Brunner Ganski j Kan t Mh'dler Dan jon Dobrovolski j And61 Delporte Descartes Sherrington Leakey V0l)cov Capella Isidorus Lubbock Litke Messier Tsiolkovskij Amon tons Borealis Gu tenberg Ts iolkovsk i j Australis Daguerre Babak in Gaudibert Neu jmin Geikie Waterman Webb Bilharz Pa tsaev Lindbergh Fesenkov LUNAR TOPO-ORTHOPHOTOMAPS - 1:250,000 Abbot DavY Abul Wafa Dawes Acos ta Delisle Alba tegn ius Delporte Alfranganus Descartes Al-Marrakushi Deseilligny Ameghino Diophan tus Amrnonius Dobrovolskij Amontons Dubyago ~nd&l Andronov Ecker t Angs trom Erro Anville Eppinger Artsimovich Auwers Fahrenheit Auzou t Fedorov Fesenkov Babak in Firmi&s Banting Fischer Beer Fox Bessel Franck Bergman Freud Bilharz Boe thius Galen Fonpland Ganski j Bwen Gaudibert Bracke tt Geikie Brunner Gilbert Glaisher Ca jal Glauber Cameron Grave Capella Guericke Carmichael Gutenberg Cauchy Guyot Caven tou Clerke Hadley Condon Haldane Condorce t Halley Conon Heinrich Curtis Hill Hirayama Daguerre Hornsby Daly Hou termans Dan jon Humason Daubree Huxley DaVinci Hypa t ia TABLE 2 Isaev Prinz Is idorus Proclus Pupin Jansen ~urkynd JOY Rank ine Kant Rasplet in Katchalsky Recht Kiess Respighi King Runge i<nox-Shaw Rutherford Kovalevski j Kre iken Sampson Krieger Sarabhai Krogh Scheele Kuiper Schubert Secchi LaHire Shapley Lambert Sherrington Landsteiner Smi thson Lawrence Somerville Leakey Spurr leMonnier Stark Lindbergh Sulpicius Gallu ~innd Litke Tachinni Littrow Tebbu t t Lubbock Theophrastus Lucian Titius Ludwig Torricelli Lyell Ts iolkovskij Australis Maclaur in Borealis Mgdler McAdie V8isSlS McDonald Very Menelaus Vitruvius Messier Volkov Morley Wallace Neujnin Wa terman Nielsen Watts Nobili Webb Norman Widm8nns tatten Nunn Winthrop Wyld Patsaev Peek Yangel ' Peirce Yerkes Plinius Pomortsev Zanstra Zinner Example : 1% is now 359' 2OW is now 358', etc. The medium scale (1:250,000) Lunar Orthophotomaps (LO) and Lunar Topographic Orthophotomaps (LTO) contain two grids: (1) Geographic Coordinate System and (2) Lunar Transverse Mercator (LTM) Grid Sys tem. 1. Geographic Coordinate System The origin of the system is referenced to the center cf (1 crater Mesting A (3'10'47" S latitude, 355'09'50" longitude) . Lines of longitude are numbered 0' to 360' east as referenced to the origin of longitude (NASA adopted this procedure for maps published after 1 May 1974); lines of latitude are numbered 0' to 90' progressively north and south from the lunar equator. On the face of t' map each lointerval is shown as a black line extend- ing across the map, and labeled in the margin with its value. The southwest corner of each sheet is appropriately labeled with cardinal directions. 2. Lunar Transverse Mercator Grid System (LTM) The LTM system consists of equally spaced paxallel lines intersecting at right angles to form 10,000- xeter souares . The (l)M6sting A is the fundamental crater for sel3nographic measures. It is a %:mallbright crater located closest to the center of the disk. CONVERSION TABLE TABLE 3 north-south grid lines are designated as ''Easting" (E) lines and the east-west grid lines as "Northing" (N) lines. The primary value of the LTM system is that it enables a user to reference a discrete point on a map without plotting degrees, minutes, and seconds as with the Geographic Coordinate System. The LTM grid system was developed by dividing the moon in 5' zones nunibered consecutively 1 through 72 starting with Zone 1 at 180'-18S0, Zone 2 at 185'-190°, etc. (Figure 5). The central meridian for each zone is assigned the coordinate value of 100,000 meters easting. Example : - The central meridian for Zone 1 is located midway between 180' and 185' or 182'30' and has a coordinate value of lOO,OOO meters easting.
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  • Viscosity from Newton to Modern Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics

    Viscosity from Newton to Modern Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics

    Viscosity from Newton to Modern Non-equilibrium Statistical Mechanics S´ebastien Viscardy Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, 3, Avenue Circulaire, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium Abstract In the second half of the 19th century, the kinetic theory of gases has probably raised one of the most impassioned de- bates in the history of science. The so-called reversibility paradox around which intense polemics occurred reveals the apparent incompatibility between the microscopic and macroscopic levels. While classical mechanics describes the motionof bodies such as atoms and moleculesby means of time reversible equations, thermodynamics emphasizes the irreversible character of macroscopic phenomena such as viscosity. Aiming at reconciling both levels of description, Boltzmann proposed a probabilistic explanation. Nevertheless, such an interpretation has not totally convinced gen- erations of physicists, so that this question has constantly animated the scientific community since his seminal work. In this context, an important breakthrough in dynamical systems theory has shown that the hypothesis of microscopic chaos played a key role and provided a dynamical interpretation of the emergence of irreversibility. Using viscosity as a leading concept, we sketch the historical development of the concepts related to this fundamental issue up to recent advances. Following the analysis of the Liouville equation introducing the concept of Pollicott-Ruelle resonances, two successful approaches — the escape-rate formalism and the hydrodynamic-mode method — establish remarkable relationships between transport processes and chaotic properties of the underlying Hamiltonian dynamics. Keywords: statistical mechanics, viscosity, reversibility paradox, chaos, dynamical systems theory Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Irreversibility 3 2.1 Mechanics. Energyconservationand reversibility . ........................ 3 2.2 Thermodynamics.