L. I .RK )GRAPHICAL

MONADNOCK

THE UNIVERSITY SOCIETY Vol. June, XLV 1971 - THE

Editor, Volume Aaooite

Photoqzapher, ypists

MQNADNOCK

XIN

Edwin

James Kirsten

David Ronnie

Phyllis

Editor5

Ernie

T. FOnSeOa

Seairøn

323812 Mason

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ALUMNI

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MONADNOCK STUDY .

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Appalachian environments: missionaries only they their remarks enterprise. European of governing carried environments.

examined and Nature/Grace

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Canada read focus these

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The reader served

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environmental (2, each

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solicit

that Jesuit views System 6). philosophical—theological THE of tenets are within

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This Nature/Grace the within

the p.

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a year yearly JESUITS

as investigated

any consistantly with to is

The Nature/Grace, to EIP.ONNENTAL purpose 91).

greater play the to interested educated

is and explorations Laurentian and reports author scientist. and support acquaint

chaotic any

the

antinomies. the

beginning purpose France

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first

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crucial the relation

cultural In given

central was Quebec IN

value

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carried environment

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fallen ranged

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to usually the ideals. relations European

Lakes

ANERICA: to of

However, splits

1610,

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Aay and

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French to of

extent

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consideration

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on might background out,

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environmental the by a consisted rendering

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Canadian area, achievements American

was Canadian nor the

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Corpus environment; prevailing IN missionary held they

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decadence

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desire Lawsuits, evil New seen p. for immigration

lives the and p. from simpler 255).

of live Quebec Canada, and great light Solicitors Savages free leagues’

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to Catholic 39). who

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The theocratic ideal of the Corpus christianum thus gives a vticular expression to the Grace side of the Nature—Grace tension wd in the preceding section. put as Scientist

An undercurrent of objectivity, of careful description, of oaeding logically from one step to another runs throughout the entizu Lations. Nature is viewed calmly end systematically; description is €r end dispassionate, accurately detailed and carefully organized. criptions of Indian mores read like case studies in social anthro pgy; those of fauna end flora are exact and detailed. The itaissance romantic is certainly not to be found in these missionary Zorers; rather they are children of the age of reason (2, preface). ight at discovering new flora and fauna, and aesthetic sensitivity tha landscape are kept to a minimum.

These attitudes may be explained on the one hand by the nature the missionary enterprise, and on the other by the educational cground of the Jesuits. With regard to the former, the physical isu was regarded as an obstacle to be overcome, a barrier limiting effectiveness of the missionary enterprise. Moreover, the explorer— .ronment encounter was harsh affording little aesthetic appreciation. respect to the latter, the Jesuit explorers were highly trained in physical sciences of their day as well as in theology and philosophy. ation was their specialty; many had coma to the New World from uhing positions at French schools. Scholarly description and I.ysis, and a certain detachment from objects of reference necessary science were trademarks of their vocation and are in evidence ughout the relations.

Before treating environmental perception and behavior specifically, -s important that the cultural/philosophical perspective from which .ndzvxdual or group views Nature be identified. In the case of the ;it explorers it is asserted that these macro—views form the back md for the understanding of the explorer—environment encounter.

LITERATURE CITED Glacken, C.J., p-aces on the Rhodian Shore, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. Ksnnedy, J.II, Jesuit and Savage in New France, New Mayan: Yale University Press, 1950. Than Yi-.-Fu. “Discrepancies between environmental attitude examples and behavior from Europe and China’ Canadian Geographer 12 (i968) 176—191. Twaitea Reuben Gold. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Dcuments: S!f.Yl!nd explorations of the French Missionaries in New Franca, .f

:‘ •. ..,.

--:

:.

5.

6.

Vrieze,

Whyte,

1610—1791.

for

155

L.

M.

Reformed

(1967),

‘The

The

Community

Historical (72

1203—07.

Scientific

volumes)

Idea

Roots

Studies,

New

in

York:

of

Canada.

our

1966.

Pageant

Ecologic

Hamilton:

Books,

Crisis.’

Association

1959.

Science,

8 STRUCTURE IN TRANSACTION SYSTEMS

By Christopher Clayton

The following research note will explore some interrelationships en the structural characteristics of a system as exemplified and ptrated by two different modes of analysis. The system to be used in Inalysis is made up of the major urban centers of Massachusetts and rent parts of neighboring New England states. The linkages between places in the regional system are measured by means of the number of phone message units passing between them, and their associated trade $, during a sample period. Regionalization. The concept of regionalization has been, is, and most Ly will continue to constitute one of the major concerns of geography. poncept has changed its appearance over the years but one overriding bcteristic remains: internal consistency or homogeneity. This may be d in terms of the “natural region,” the “urban region,” the central “trade area” or “hinterland,” the “social area” or the “economic an.” All these characterizations of the concept of region (with the ation of the “social area” as early defined by Shevky and Bell, but iinly not its latter connotations) have this criterion of internal eneity and functional wholeness: the units contained within the a are more like any other member which is also contained within the Is as measured on certain characteristics or on their degree of relatedness, than like any unit which is outside the bounds of the on” or “group.” And to this definition the constraint of spatial guity of group members and one has one of the basic units of concern a geographers: the region. Thus the regional concept is one mode of afication of units, a classification which possesses as a major constit— the ingredient of space. nt will be seen later, however, that this al component is in many cases more implicit than explicit and only .y does space enter the texonomic process as an independent variable in Mn right.

Technique and Data Source. The methods of regionalization utilized as examples will be the graph——theoretic definition of nodality as used by Nystuen and Dacey (1) and a grouping or cluster technique oped by Veldman (2). The results from both techniques will be compared search for conseon underlying structural components present within the action system.

Briefly, the system to be regionalized is the organizational structure a telephonic cosysunication system in part of New England. The five nglard states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts and leland are part of the national Bell Telephone system and ion constitute (as defined by them) known as the New England Telephone end raph Company. This sub—system is further structured. The main forms a Organizatio structure which will concern us here are designated Centersnj5 and “Rate Points.” C C

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The Centers are major switching positions, high level interchange points all have the ability to coisnunicate directly with the other nationwide toll tars. Rate points are of a more localized nature end any communication Øide their immediate neighborhood must be channeled through their regional t center. The exchange is an even lower level organizational unit and Ftitutes an entity with a maximum of 10,000 telephones. The Rate Point exchange need not be coincident, but in non—urban areas they usually are further, are usually designated according to a “community of interest” tenon. The system arbitrarily delineated here is made up of 36 Toll Centers: all Rn places. They are considered es a point — phenomenon but actually they bees areal characteristic since they are the major centers that serve and must fill up space. Moreover, each is fed by e number of Rate Points, bh also have an areal definition. Graph—Theoretic Nodality: Let us first consider the toll center date, ph are in the form of a 36 x 36 non—symmetrical matrix of transactions, ,, number of telephone message units passing between places. We shall i apply to these data the graph—theoretic technique of nodality detection xemp1ified in the work of Nystuen and Oacy. Nodality is taken here to b the structure of dominance end sub-dominance exhibited by e set of Iroonmected entities. The “functional region” is thus defined. In prac— fl terms this cam be translated ae follows: node i is sub—dominant to node d has what is celled a “Nodal Flow” to point j if, and only if, the flow i to j is the greatest outflow of point i, and the mess (somehow defined) he terminating point j is greater than that of the originator point i. .owing Nystuen and flacy, mess is here defined as the total number of in— Mg flows to a point, i.e., its importance as a sink in the system. Thus Ike flow matrix is , the nodal flow designated nij of point k is to a , [ t i.s., nkm x if and only if xkm = max xkj, j=l...k...N (where’N Ike total number of points in the system) and If in the = x N N Xik( im. .ysie xk’msx xkj = l...k...N butC x x then point k is i=l ik i=l im’ sified as a “terminal point.” There may well be several such points in matrix but the most obvious one will usually be the nods which constitutee focal point of the entire system. Thus this arbitrary rule (although trary, reasonably realistic) defines dominance in terms of size such e small place mey be subordinete to a large one, but a large one cay not Ubordinate to a smeller one. The results of such a nodal analysis ere shown in figure 1, and it is ent that the set of isolated points (toll centers) and their flow metrix here shown) possess an associated graph (set of points and interconnect- lines) which illustrates the gross structural composition of the system t consideration truct Given such a nodal structure, it is quite simple to a dominance/subdominance hierarchy of relationships. This is shown igurs 2. The etructure in thus delineated is not surprising, or previously unknown, fact it is well supported by previous work the Whole in ares. Basically, easte part of Massachusetts is dominated totally by Boston which

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analysis

was end

the

subservient

matrix.

spatial

This

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attempt

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it

with

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for the

plus

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“weight”

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repeated.

system

and

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structure

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translated

to

illustrated it

from

most

end some the

point

Boston

system

approach.

to

the

can to

its

structure

the

assigned

141

a dependent,

of

one.

lies Boston

between

stands

of

structure

the

sets.

might

was the

it Springfield

overlapping

of

spatial

as

smaller

This

point

Springfield

be

extent,

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effectiveness

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dominant

end

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the

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in

places.

are

(Northampton,

illustrated

in

east,

the

made

organizational illustrated

Thus,

set

remains

the

new

comparisons

to

the The

out

have

dominance, place

is

regional

into

the

i places

by

It

being

considered

being

See by

translation

structure

scale.

be

to

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to

of

entire

of

satellite

matrix

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node

Worcester.

can

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as

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by

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the

“shadow”

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is

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figure

all

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analyze

of

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having

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definition,

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the

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i.

set—theoretic

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on

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Greenfield,

automatically

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take

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relatively

structure

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some

this points)

in

the

The

2.

data

weighted

follows

structure

complex

communities

64

of

carve

much

of

the

appear

and

of

Fig.

such several

the

higher

earlier

made

points

that

It

by

64 a

of

x

metropolitan

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e

size

time

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dominance. if

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64

would more

non-spatial

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154

e

out

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1).

each

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isolation

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with

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to

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64

adjusted

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end

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Pittsfield,

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the point

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Boston.

system

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(13

of

in

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than

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5.

4_,,,

5

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-.

I

..•

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method in 9 to 9 would these

system.

tration group inquiry of more a integration end level

simple hence concerned relationships which more was

aids became tionships politan Moreover,

terms dynamic not structural variety this

more name node

states within groupings

(over at population, could of the having smaller between

entiation the

here.

The

to complex two

appear

the a It

of areal traditional is

in of

Cluster “functional” 36 observational of detailed is 14); analysis

We of graph—theoretic time, of (Refer appears node

the a

is major be

applied sub—sets,

the providing

aggregation nodes picture; or clusters.

same x

maximal of more HGROJP.

series

mean boundaries

with the

enumeration

these themselves. and

felt such units. 36

after of terminal

in urban not

results.

clustering 2, purpose set but

over

to data, conclusion nature or Analysis: among regional

concerned

linkages an exchanged such by

the as

picture which

yields

to that

common

to of

of urban one Fig.

employment homogeneous,

commonality weighting

area regions. one

a

each a

HGROUP ‘score a

be

regionalization

The view it.

variables), sub—systems

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analyzed set whole these units of more point

using for

evidence and of

in

way viewed a

1

units

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techniques known program, interconnected system techniques: The of this between

factor for number

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regionalization which places.

profile’ barriers. to

is useful

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well—defined

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provided

group standpoint with

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differentiated into interaction progressively of available in presented nodal

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parts

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analysis

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such nodal states, on from differentiation instance,

whole. telephone and and

approach

What, with seen

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criteria. of

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than the

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(with

data, set

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estimate

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associate hence be nodal

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utilizes towns, with to

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author, this thought

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here

elements

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structure of is the

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rather These

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nodal density, is

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variation score system. the spatial of

areal 14),

to of we over

segregation,

criteria an

to

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of and of into to number approach, linkage into lowest size whether utilizing have similar

of of

of

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group by hence profiles a and metro i.e.,

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rural set groups the

(2)

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om o

er to- ist Is

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0

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tute Other

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Previousiy

only

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Points

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the

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at

heads

isolated

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group

At

Boston

as

At

Boston

Structure

decision

The

large

the

of

likely which

research

in like

groups; was

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were

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group)

eorraapondad

metropolis.

second

leset

contained

the

the

s

interrelatedness.

of

the

classed

example.

three

the

if

that

one

positions

36

sub-system

device

total

of

and

a

the

for

isolated

each

many

diverse

group

more

remeins

second

(a)

each

and

stage

grouping

x

large has

are

nodal

a

one

points

the

Pair-group

joio

north

large

based

the

the

(iii)

36

the

variations place

members

of

as

bears

10

other

had number

such

as a

the

alike

point

areal

nf

6

whole

regional

]oins

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a

of

results

most

separate

increase

greatest

highly

the

“Optimal”

analysis

out

group

aundominants

Springfield

as

to end

regionalization

group, classificaton’

Of

of

no

one

constitute

upon

places

in

and

ten

some techniguea.

were

than

an magnitude.

are

“Northshore”

contained

its unit

of

the

subordinate

places

of

Boston:

and

meaningful

a

the

functions

group

remains;

this

groups

a

previous

standing

isolated

individualistic

places

in

its

striking

before

carried

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subdominants

they

This

S

7

largest

act

in

groups,

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nodal

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grouping

their

pair

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place

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9

of

the

be

measured.

Boston

of

data

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the

method

components

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of

profiles,

the

in

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its placed

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system

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objective

pair—group on

between

classification

“error

point.

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outflow

to

device

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resemblances

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Springfield

group

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the

based

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“Northahora”

mbtrix

time,

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point

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an

reasons

level,

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(b)

observed

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directly

points;

steps

pair—groups

population

as

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N

in we

although

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term”

profile

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upon

all

In since

Springfield,

S

the

profiles.

x

as

Two

i.e.,

earlier

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points

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increasingly

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are

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debiaiona,

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nine,

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outside

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them

occurred:

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elude

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had

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“Northshore”

transaction

additional

a

and

associated

analyzed

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in

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over

the

nodal

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the

constituted

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ware

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or

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only

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and

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the

members

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isolated

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group

case

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comparing

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five element:

least

groups.

According

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analysis.

directly

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remain

nodal

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—

one

mainly

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later

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of

author,

the

variables

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five

using

group

1

of

addition

procedure

with

alike

points

individual

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It

three

or

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variables,

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4

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was

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One

points;

identified

atructure.

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occurred

places, exterior

cluster.

its

south

HGROIJP

In

Boston

made places

hence

a

member

Boston

dependent

the

Springfield

matrix,

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are to

observation

12

the

to

The group

second

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(previously

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ware

the

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the

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into

22

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etroctun.

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seemingly

10

than

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Pittsfield

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oesponding

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springfield

gt

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ean

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Figure

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spatially

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directly

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all

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together

“eignificant”

this

are the

will

The

14

blocks

aub—system

place.

concentration

now

14

No.

ie

of

conglomerate,

level

five to

about

as

i.e.,

level

the

clusters, were

directly

operational

higher

hierarchical

groupings

are

are

Springfield

points

groups,

and

First,

matrix

illustrated

the follow

contain

that

a

4

and

well—defined

(including

which

single

illustrates

directly

indirectly

dependent

upon

of

identified

separated

each

into

lastly

Springfield

of

constituent

one

just

levels of

three

that

there

is

as

enumeration an

dependent

13

Pittsfield.

three

9 in

higher breaks

are

configuration

a

at

entered

wall

entity

of evaluation

described

contain

contain

Texonomic

the

lower

the

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are isolated

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different

cluster

groups

entered

is

of

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upon

the

groups:

dependent

nodal

earlier

7

as

the

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directly

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indirectly

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the

or

organization.

and not

pefls:

group

central

since

cluster

on

into

the

trend

Springfield.

six

5

places

distribution

units,

point

(not

Pittsfield

included

graph

points

above.

Boston,

Pittsfield,

or

Units

into

of

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groups

units

nodal

upon

or stages

as

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Pittsfield

ones

fewer

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of

taken

(in

order

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attributable

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at

at

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dependent

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either

fewer

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clustaring)

of

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Springfield

and

the

roups

1,

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in

(Fig.

them.

and

points

analysis

0.T.us. 1

six points

their to

greater

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are

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figure

points.

2,

the

of

The

the

and

cases

are groups

the

be

is

Springfield

members)

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the

5)

analysis

14

thus

terminal places

2

analysis).

lest

own

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“rest

groups

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(groups

definitely

nodal

succession

and

and

and groups

of

3)

to

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generality

3

modules

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groupings

of

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“optimal”

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with

sub—set

right

The

contsin

of

these

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the illustrates

3

5,

a

in

the

of

subsequently

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contain

join

5,

this

with

few

there

points

8

6,

clusters

exist

the

more

the

Springfield

remain

structure

or

64

which

and

6,

or

points

ones

7,

comments

The

less

of

of

to

members

total

the

appear

Springfield—

x

Pittsfield

world”

grouping,

and

7,

basic

occur upon

members

illustrates

9).

10

than

but

members

64

groupings

clusters,

form

sys—system

that

are

the

8,

nodal

complex

the

and

fall

matrix

of

the

are

is

9,10

at

to

several

group:

same

are

11)

the 17 t 4. %•frr

..

;

Rate point 1emter of one of 13 small groUt’s Nem’er of one o 6 small roiios Nodal Flow Out of System

— — State Line I / I

I-, I LIST OF PLACES IN SPRINGFIELD—PITTSFIELD 19 SUB-SYSTEM

Springfield 91 Dalton p Pittsfield 92 Hioadale G Greenfield 93 Lee N Northampton 94 Lenox p. ii Westfield 95 Otis 22 Jacksonville (Vt.) 96 Richmond I Orange 97 Stockbridge G 54 58 Greenfield 98 West Stockbridge 59 Ashfield 99 Sandie foei d 60 Bernerdeton 100 Sheffield 6). Charlenont 101 Houaetonic 62 Colrain 102 Great Barrington 63 Conway 103 Hancock 64 Millers Fells 104 Springfield I.: 66 Shelburne Falls 105 Belchert own 67 South Deerfield 106 Blandford 68 Turners Falls 107 Brinfield 69 Montague 108 Chicopee 72 South Halifax (Vt.) 109 East Longneadow 74 North Adams 110 Granby 75 Adams 111 Granville 76 Monroe Bridge 112 Hampden 77 Williametown 113 Holyoke 78 Pownel (Vt.) 114 Huntington N 80 Stemford (Vt.) 115 Ludlow 81 Northampton 116 Moneoo 82 Amherst 117 Wilbraham 83 Chesterfield 118 Palmer 84 Easthemp ton 119 Rue sell 85 Hatfield 120 Southwick 86 Williamsburg W 121 Weetfield 87 Worthington 122 Ware 88 Pittsfield 123 Warren 89 Becket 124 Longme ad ow 90 Cummington 125 Cheater I

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structures 16 la’ei. 7—group retic Operating eiaileritiea level of eted re or another, that components remeab at of artifacts fications,

corridors tw0 structure Itmiler trate

1. 2.

Figure taet.ly jt

The nodal

which In gaining The

expressing level

huge

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different

Vejcj, Nystuer,, Nodal bolt,

Pittsfield

will bind

to

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of

conclusion,

the

which

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author

fact

in

level by

to

interesting heterogeneous

as of

independent centers social

by contributes of

is

of 5 Figure

both

be the

of and similarities

Rinehart Regions”,

hierarchy.

the

cluster isolated of devices

the a

lower

well

a and which

ehows

viewing that

remains

investigation,

high themselves would

that

better learned

John epatial

Donald

one—member

parts of prefers

what methods a such

structure

in

“functional”

Pittsfield,

organization.

degree

(when

the

4

clustering of

regionalization

levels

a

are cohesion: the exist

space

0.

shows techniques appear

or at a

and

varying composite by

ereal into

understanding

that

J.:

P.R.5.A.,

to

group spatial

to of

system

interaction

and

it to associated applicability

one of constructs

There group,

each

that of

WTndton

note

between act this of a and

Fortran

constitutes group the

of a think

by analysis,

Dscey,

to

higher units

relatedness time

members

coherent constitute socio—economic

an procedure. the as each degrees by through

is using exist regional

LITzRATURE

places that

be structure shows interreletedness

the view

has

Vol.

minor up These area HGRDUP of the

and

(P167).

region, a the or

M.F.:

Programming

with

surrounded of in

may level

to as highly lsst hopefully

of a

in data,

in up of

regions

one linkages:

level

7

which

filled of of time. outcomes the

functioning any “region’1

organizational and one clustering

same

well the the approach,

(1961),

the well the and the part

or

“A

group of

attraction analyzing

of

similar

CITED

i.e., human which

form

of

including

significant of complexities

structures interaction

Graph

points three the human grouping act Springfield

be organizations. 13

with

a

as

of It

by

been five

inquiry

For

of

as the are is seem made “peripheral

pp.

region: they as mind possess of the is

functional

its

we

to

Theory

single continues lowest separate organization a merely system.

The

groups). places bonds nodal are illustrated flow isolated felt

29—42.

to have 10 the socio-economic up system

procedure. the group

form

in

points

may

so

Behavioral

be relationship also are

between of

two

that sub-system.

its systems the of

“formula,”

Interpretation

membership

order

6—group or

of been one

identified.

the

quite and

at compartments

of Zone” stages human identified It under sub—systems,

Springfield organizational nodal What step at identified varying groping

inherent

at one

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sub—dominant

centers areas, is

able

places,

the

and and places,

subsequent

by lower

many striking.

between by

Thus, stage, of

one felt study. actions

Sciences,

centers and

graph—theo

is system 14—group the to

between is step the the efforts strengths

must one

quality classi

of it levels that at The contrib.

illus

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and other in

of

as remained major

each

towards

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immigration

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AGRICUIIrURE

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scientists. of mass

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farming the exception, businessman. the the Midwest,

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farmer discussion German German-speaking

strong,

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farming ON

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of TUE

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groups

arriving

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precarious AMERICAN his him from vast German cmutuzy the than posed

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surveys

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mind a numbers: 215,000 the century. mechanization immigrant, especially in

available Europe sociologists provide . differences of Americans (22, attempting was to

theories set western

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FRONTIER —

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VI, of

one, farmers. to to farm

Dr. locational been to to

in problem

environments

cultural a society, studies percentage In

the make in pp. agriculture, writers In running

Wisconsin these for and the 1854; case

Benjamin and and during a scholars,

as

large to studied the existed Germany

in was fact have United

142—144) was

hypotheses. analysis a a (20) United attained

especially that find

cultural in have

quantity ideas farm permanent early following of

values looking

and have part very the behavior from that concerned point.

one Rush As the some of on and States

between the agreed has he

for State5 cult

latter

in and l85O’

made these limited the Illinoj5 Joseph was a of

an group,

former must bought which heritag5 farmer that rej.. le and definitj mind,

a for

the

].a, ‘j home, more a all.

j new

laxgelf home,

van, with

Gerea half the fj

fin

Gex ScMt wouf F

iE h ex

a w

i t

ai 23 past to the American, the apostle of the rapidly moving frontier, who laitad the land for rapid economic gain. (22, VI pp. 142—144) land to German was a sacred trust. “Family traditions were largely built up was lint! the land belonging to the family.” (11) The patriarchal farm [goal of the immigrant. (8, pp. 61—62) The most exaggerated view of the rests states, “the German, with his tender home feeling, whose farm had won by hard toil from an unbroken wilderness, patted it as a mother d her child. His only object was to improve his homeland, and leave it umbarad to his posterity.” (10, p. 146; see also 6, v. II, p. 30; 1, pp. 7 9, pp. 31—32; 18, p. 498; 12, p. 40) Very littla in the way of hard evidence has bean submittad to sub— kstiata these claims. Only one measure has been used, and that infrequent It has bean reasoned that under such a system, the farmer would be ax— ted to obtain most of his labor from the family, but little from the farm r market. Jordan points out that Germans in Austin and Waller Counties Waxas paid lower total wages par year for labor, on the average, than did fricans, but ha ignores the fact, which he reported earlier, that Germans less land, less improved land, and generally fewer numbers of livestock, would therefore have needed less ‘outside labor. He attributes the differ— 0 to greeter German dependence on family labor. (15, p. 112; see also 4, 145—149)

In any event, writers usually concede that the German was closer to ‘land than the American. Additional evidence is indirect. It logically wows that the German would tend to establish a permanant farm on which he his family would live for many years. Under a stable situation the patri— hal farm would be able to prosper. (21, pp. 87—89; 8, pp. 61—62) Two 1ars have mat this problem head on with statistics, though these relate V to foreign—born farmers and are not broken down by nativity groups to 1a1 the position of the German with respect to the American or to other ign-born parsons. Bogue and Curti maintain that on the Wisconsin and frontiers immigrant farmers were no more persistent, indeed often less insd to stay on one farm from one census year to the next, than ware the ricans. (2, pp. 25—26; 4, pp. 67—75) But the specific question of the mans has still not been satisfactorily met and solved.

A corollary of the idea of greater German persistence is that the Un farmer replaced the speculative native farmer when the latter moved on 0 flew frontier The area surrounding the German farmer was slowly bought by him to provide land for his sons and the basis of the patriarchy was ablishad (11, pp. 315—316; 22, VI, pp. 143—144, 277; see also 17, p. 283) The third expression of German agricultural distinctiveness resulted L supposed high persistence rate. Because the German planned to be e land for a long period of time, he was more concerned with conserving Boil Sfld protecting the land. The German farmer, it has bean asserted, I*re cs re u in clearing ground for his farm, not being content to “girdle” rse by cutting a ring of bark around the tronk and allowing the tree to Ut by cutting the trees and burting the branches and stumps, a much mora flent arrangement was and indicated the German’s intended I which neater Btenca (7, pp. 207—208; 19, pp. 218—219; 22, VI pp. 143—144, 275) The 4.

German erosion, selective soil ia. generally 207; than

reflection economy argument

their commercialized omy their den sity implication

able during plot of of with into ble; wheat,

highly VI, completely

residents. farming smeller related mained preferences.

mately grants 15,

ed therefore, Germans case facts.

life. fertility ten of Americans. 24; for (6,

has

farmer’s to

pp. would needs family business. pursuing to this

pp.

the

One among his the v.

or home 23,

the as The get clearing dependent is

held

explain not

Jordan far were the 143—144) Several operations

primarily amount of

97—101, As II, twenty as frontier,

enabled his particular

that extensive first pp. suff by

writer is

reasoning started on farm

use, always

the the behind he and

a same assumption is They

concern

than p. sometimes themselves.

a obvious. effort (7,

impressionistic

ice 46-47, separate

has The was the

mixed business, Being scale of patriarchal

of year German the operation 29; respected years. a

on 167—169; level pp. have was him

their while

timber been

to land, wooded with the results suggested Germans familiar

the on

markets use fact 16,

would aspect with is

on

53—54) and less to 202—2U7) not in

the

the generally

native (7, immigrants,

as farming group. that German explicitly

that a American of a P. he The terms machinery, put

that

plot is he attempting

immigrant’s conservation small land, new 4, While allowed native scholars concerned frontier pp. allow. have were lime slowly 416,

of farm and with

Yankee, confused Germans cleared as because that pp.

Only

farmer farm tobacco information

raised for of this (4, 198—199;

on

much

been the commercial acreage less and

the 420—421;

found idea

80—81, neighbors Americans. a

economic

the

a them pp. cleared Gagliardo

related farm

according

(15, to system have with

conservative livestock use manure,

smaller American with on were as explanation land mixed. the

in in

by small

was economic opposite provide was

80—81,

that has

to the needs, much

pp. 12, of scale. in need 180—200,

the regard studied

German

12, more establishing under

a while not the of diversify

to status, been

the activity, because stone

other fields the p. more 101.103,

growing scale, has

fact land

In to of p. intensive Both concentrated 180—200,

and greater

his grown

rest careful and

34; status, was West.

(2, to

immigrant cultivation, was many related some markets hard 34; the seriously

at land diversified retaining

210) hand, that productions, in

he family

of an not native

22,

pp. true their but of

all, more of in and 15, question

as

cases 169—174, but studies

data and many

orchard. self—sufficiency, use

lie

his most 210; a stewards culture. VI, not

211—212; clover more Curti tillage, colonial was

short

to

— and produce P.

way but

he diversified, with could conservation Jordan

and did attitude

that was on land questioned crops,

p. to the walls crop

175; writers 24) impatient

relied therefore often

of was particularly

agricu1tura to

found the of foreign—born a start his 276; 194)

the to available.

but

immigrant the clear

over Though of tine life

rotation, date. 3, worked this most 7 The scale

merely In

repleni to

wheat had

cultural

on necessitiei PP. the

this 24) and pp. almost that German

have with at

retd

a evidence, than

as

10 of approxi small the to a

he

less and 202, period

of dje leod a least

3234; with eco.

posat., the report

is aoxe

imsi. 24 get

atterç a a

re

(22,

was

oa r

any

willing

American

all

as but

conshOn, was

west.

he end.

scaleS the

the

ament,

wilds

the

138)

65-66, spending

ness

German

clearing;

West

went.

the

semi—subsistence

two:

spirit.

German

grant

Germans

ha

moved

agajn,

distance

of

the

American

lost

frontier

rmans

wilderness;

and

spread

wanted

Nothing,

generally

the

his

farmers,

The

but

(22, 74) had

Hawgooci. 5 whether

the

hut

Partly

gamble

cultural

ablished to

uneventful

“(the)

Ger’nsn

The

Thus

Hanse

American

frontier are

west

forever,

their

primitive

The

they

the

American

wait

life,

native—born

preferred

en

prevent

nineteenth

y

VI,

American

According

agreed

the

from

to where

essential

faced the

of

consequence

to

Germans

‘!innate

on

developad

immigrant’s

was

he

first

alone

by

states

until

be

p.

according

drifted

word

markets,

an and

heritage.

the

establish

American

reasoning

the

must

“civilization.” farm

while

believed,

attitudes

choice

more

near

undertaking.

possible

the

135)

that

mode

him

was

area

he

sudden was

winter

“the

possess

to

future

transportation

to

aversion that

seemed

century

have

economy,

to

German farmer

was

hardy,

from

markets.

transportation

cautious.

the

back

of

their

to before

For

iitued

Hawgood,

or

of

to

. an

with

comforts

a

life.”

goes

the

virgin

optimistic

while

been thrust

.

could

failure and

frontier

on

by

having

of

generations

him,

the

understanding

larger

to

the

to believed

.

feared

German

friends aggressive

.

his

the

to

circumstance, advice

his

a casting

the

with the

civilization

start

like

bewildering.

cautiousness proponents

For

specialized

district,

the

This

supposedly,

stop

the

the

He

land,

Having

of

speculative

of

prairie

Those

a

American

refusal

ways

farm

on

networks

the

to

the

should

this:

place

immigrant

wanted

the

German

civilized

wilderness

German

settling

in

of

about

position

his

facilities the

that

his

go,

for of

where

German

in

feeling

Germans

those

Germany,

and

German

lived

of

march

old

with

“It

on

to

expansion

lot

which

. of

a

according

be

the

to was

settlement

sought

was

as

technique.”

a

were

accustomed

in

the the

.

good

the

speculate

Being

ha the

farm

spirit

left

in was

pioneer.”

is who

wai.t

there.

is

such . in

life.”

little

soon

continued

caught

into

locating

of

that

not

with

who

his

move would

could distribution

they

quite

a

“let

furthest

available

a

stated

above

farm

had

not

to

due improvement

to

territory

for

conservative,

action

stable

a

as

tried

preference

in

the

to

was

the

its

establish

to

relate

(22,

the

frontiersman

fuel

the

(9, settled

essentially, up

.

arrive

grow

to

site

possible.

remarkable

to

North

in settlement

discussion

the

near

. dynamism

succinctly the

(9,

willing

frontier

He

solitude

expansion

in

low

p.

Americans.

to

Americans

making

vi,

frontier

. was

agricultural

land

and

before

wheat

argument. once

pp.

claims

could

the

to

frontier

24;

malta

in

America

to

prices

in of

in

pp.

highly

toward

no

or

for

a

those

large

23—23)

est

passed frontier

due the

to

22,

the

he a

of

conservative,

would

on

After

livestock,

how, it

and

not to to

he

133,

of

by

that

of

home

by

settle

start

was

the

time,

a immi

or

VI,

in

American

(8,

prove

moved were

was

the

unlikely

the

of

temper

numbers

loneli

settle

Hawgood: When

larger

again

142—

system

yields,

up

never

the

the

in

the

pp.

pp.

a

the

on 25 i

-,

H:

r

only

logic. the from (9, per five over United

that markets they pp.

to was and

in imply itely ercial. Perhaps omy.

more inability their VI, area

tions.

Germans. and in pp. miles German

frontier Illinois into cent found markets

to when markets may examples needed. 1820 89, per

6000 more providing

state concentrated

several

pp.

Cedar discern States, inclined 22—23) with great Ohio,

less

be, Raney savings and

many 92; has cent This German

it

from on, the enough by Those subsistence—oriented settlement

Therefore 138, There Hildegerd

Germans Bogue

More to is was

for if was small commercial transportation quite been 22,

They the Counties

of which

self—sufficiency, but prairie frontier of equation

locations agrees the

contradictory the a cope he for He

139,

stock who

to about nearly his in well VI the native are year

general examples,

the indicates

overemphasized. established

elaborates nearest looks along initial

frequently.

Germans nearly replace neighboring were became

pp.

maintain with

goods.

278; Johnson the population two

was with

to large counties by

in 1816. to

was

of

every

than

Americans 125-145)

in

long the so the Germans major

1900. tendency Nebraska, the become in

see

frontier

all these settlers. German a

not

however, were Michigan Americans concerned that routes. influx

New Naturally,

the shore west state

emphasizes Thus that to hardships kind this and also

homes

of

that at scholars

that

but lands

Re of

the “Yet not or conclusions Him, American Germans should

his hard

settlement of to all

in of Germans of argument of of in states, 14, Cincinnati avoidance

Stearus had

the

it

directly (19, the are the idea and

the

sell the one a activity, Minnesota, who as family’s with Lake them 1803,

(12, incompatible

enough. p. was

part of

argument diversification just have who

the not pioneers.” Wisconsin. Americans. was

settled p. population state.

that of

were

wheat 120) out.”

avoided frontier pp. accessibility Michigan came utterly “So

and

with received 218; disagree num1r the of sufficient mentioned become became in

—. had

with on

in

heading Germans needs, 25,

rapidly

however the Pierz A his

farmers, later

the most

(2, established some on is see The less 1830,

more

concern the

40;

with impossible of population.

life a prairie more that study to (9,

p. of frontier The If

large also with Germans

Counties, “German” he state extremely

concern in Hi

frontier were

frontier west. systematic earlier. 13) take di but Cincinnati 21) when the pp. unrepresentative

does

the

best—known would state to the who the “German”

of

5, the over

numbers

the this

immigrant less 24—26) of the advantage sections market

one Wisconsin. by not were Germans pp. constituted century,

in The

with for above

cities that have the

immigrants

settlements accessibility Minnesota, because

Germans market colorful

rose

is Hall, One conmterciajj5

necessarily In 315—318,

appraisal Germans with totally them

Unjonn of markets. ‘as

and

attempting frontier Germans no this

generalize.

can

were

in to

of

farmer

of when Gerna.

alrea Pierce

intest that time.

to that

of many

Iowa 40 the

they find way the

En

inveete defj5. move cos. 21, have

and their

by

were

is

di,k

58

and (,

F

I 27 t4any of the central features of the above explanations of the con- between German end American raactions to the west may be summarized 1).

1

Figure 1 ,_..I,

1

expansion, optimistic farm

wheat likely large manner. to

than order

while a

the cause

fans.

will ation sufficient

agreed have inconsistency here.

tax in

ive

long

speculate

1.

2. from

3. maintenance

4. the a

5. scale and 6.

7. records, gradually to resources to

avoiding he been

which In

dynamic tenure,

Ray Part The Allan

Allan with When

Merle There nineteenth accessible Kate do take As will being Albert

.:Tohn general,

and is

Rinehart

and of in

History, Allen made,

Study family German, University Element,” has so, v.

of in means surrounded Pennsylvania (New

major the

hardy. G. Asaphina up Chicago be order G.

Curti, has

G. manuscript society Iowa he 12: within the speculative,

this better

expand. for he been

Bernhardt of

Bogus,

Bogus, residence

on York: soil they Billington, of Gagliardo,

buys

not the

that farm must

pp. portions frontier

soil

and century on markets. Prairies such to the

conservation

Gemocracy

indicated,

st. LVI,

His

Collections, Press,

were the fertility yet land. diagram the Press, Evarest, and

make land 299—334.

Winston, is by Front the

remain

land The “Pioneer fertility,

a

al., Magazine collections, optimism

Faust, pp. model

been a the other culture, study. on

not

United immigrant

himself. of from rapid the

Steuben great “Germans Prairie

in 1963)

America’s for

1959. Because the

The 1-36. indicates in frontier

on

the attempts a

REFERENCES the “How there

itself. American is

1966). hand,

Americans

The Farmers many

approach a suitable

the frontier gains

Making

of deal States. makes

State model

which thereby

Frontier wishes Nineteenth

Society

Wisconsin to

German

and History can he have land He years

periodicals being

Frontier of spirit. Corn

on

to that him

Historical is

also and of uses Even enables Agriculture of

“make

analysis and diversity CITED to where who his been for

exhausted, answer Manuscript

speculative

of Element immigrant and An County, accustomed Belt apt

Innovation,”

the and establish

uses though the

a

Came Century, a are investment. America, American

it”

several this

Heritage, result Because to he long

him American, Biography

—

land the

and

moving better

of Farming on by will speculation Society

in

in

(Stauford:

conservation some to in

time.

behavior he questions

German census newspapers a

Its

the in

of the to a and

scholars

1927), (Chiàago: Colonial Community: remain

of small

raise

will

family on

Iowa objective land an the

a Large (New

United

being Lxxxiii, agricultural this on hardy of

Raising

stable Because

to exploitive

farming data,

be basically

Wisconsin, the farm wheat Journal and practices 2 on York:

in

the

being

Stamford ha German farm. who

V.,

forced Pennsylvania,” used provide he University

States, results the

Illinois land

there

deed which rather is

frontier, only

A studies

pp.

he have on is

Holt, behavior

posed Case same to

of

p1 ir a

and self.. 192-219. Oper

be is

mass he

28 d.is.. in

14. ii

a

17 19 19 2C 2)

Terry

twaiter

Joseph

Dseph

!, Richard Naidwyn

William

William

Ot.

Hildegard

James

Hildegard

August

W.

Marcus

rhn

Rlabama,n Allen

Aqricu1ture

39—54•

State

148-171.

of

19:

the

Prentice—Hall,

Middle

History 41:

1967).

of

(Madison:

Islands

dissertation,

Southeastern

A

pp.

of BeTi]5Iflifl

Hense—Jensen,

Putnam’s

united

Harvard

Study

Pennsylvania,”

C.

Texas

A.

U.

Schafer,

Schafer,

39—57.

the

German

1—41.

H.

H.

Allen

de

Francis 144—147.

Vipond

Tower

Lee

Historical

Hahn,

Jordan,

Hewgood,

Binder

W 0 st,”

Kollmorgen,

Binder

Shryock,

Belmont

State

with

States

in

of

of

Press,

University Hansen,

Hush,

Sons:

Geoyrephical

Jones,

Pioneer

University

the

and

Ecological

History,

pooley,

Four

“The

Haney,

Addenda

The

Nebraska

Historical

Johnson,

Johnson,

German

University

Miss

1940).

Annals

“Influence

during

South,” The

Walter

Hollingshead,

“An

New

1966).

“British

Society

Grassland

The

American

yankee Wisconsin

ed.

Population

Tragedy

“A

Account Wisconsin:

The

York

press,

VI,

Sf

and

Seed

Inunigrant

by

of

the

of

Reconnaisance

Wolf,

Communities,

and

“Factors

“The

Review,

Settlement

Economic

and

of

125—145,

Society

I. Wisconsin,

the 1940.)

Postscript,

of

versus

of

Nineteenth

in

Valley

Institutional

Immigration,

of

of

1940.)

Wisconsin,

Counties:

of

Daniel

Location

Nebraska,

“Ethnic

the

the

Association

Texas

“Trends

in

North

German—America:

the

A

in

V.

Influencing

German

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Minnesota,” of

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Geography,

Historical

261—279,

American

33,

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of

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1854—1934,”

Wisconsin,

America:

1905).

of

Groupa

Century

of

(Gloucester,

in

Illinois

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1935.

1927). Prairie

of

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in

(Chicago

German

Processes Community

in

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(Austin:

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27b—285.

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386—402,

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in

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the

V.

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-

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and

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from

The

and

17,

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unpublished

Distribution

Press,

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Mass:

University

in

Development,

in

Porest,

after,

pp.

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VII,

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1830

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26,

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3—19,

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Proceedings

to

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Peter

to

in

(G.P.

Meeting,

History,

(MadisOn: in

PhD.

PP

1850.

of

its

the

the

Smith, 29 V

?

I

have tions, Harvey

experimental analysis, analysis, approaches

between geography,

general temporal environment i.e., spatial

be running in

spatial spatial

been

different time,

spatial Monte and

Recently

Geographic

theory indigenous

studies

process.”

introduced

and spectral

on In

theory King forms

can

according

i.e.,

system

Carlo

stage,

Figure

the

trend

THE

form,

contribute

can from

(3,

a

in is

t1, previously

is

PROBABILISTIC

number

simulation analysis,

— Theory

theories

be presented terms in

7),

but surface

The 1 S2. thus temporal

in

to t2, Ij/

/

the extended space.”

Fi.

these geography.

geographers

Harvey

links

The and to of of

to

and

spatial

Kang—tsung I

analysis.

of

existing explain process. new

1 spatial spatial

t3; differences process,

graphically approaches techniques,

probability

run

spatial With to

(4,

APPROACH

approaches

by

1

form, the in

p.

Having

have

may

and/or the

autocorrelation,

theory at both Chang at spatial

129),

total and

Many

form

5, t] be ta concepts

t3 include

already

TO

result

Markov

(Figure

Theory.

directions,

linkage, been

different

predict is

to

of or

SPATIAL

and

complexity

will pattern.

sampled

studying

these geographic

generally

derivative from

probability Chain

asked

in 1).

explore

A

the an

THEORY

Harvey’s

are

general process from

Q—mode

at and

abstract models,

how

A evolution of TIME spatial pioc

still

different main

discussed

theory.

S2, the therefore the

these

theories

distribu—

factor

theory

discussion,

(and

links objective and

“man—

fourier in

model

form

of

the

time) 53

points

by

of in a

may

of

in

Nhere

!

&vsry af

iay

PPmoach

$hst

PtObabilit

pOatuistes

of

the

having

whet

example,

coin? probability between

Figure

(2)

o55

.s.,

l5trIboti 0

uncertainty——has

consecutive

other,

phenomenon. consists

t

3

having

having

be

experiments

first

proce

not

the

in

equal

is

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best

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be

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probability

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continuous

the

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form

3

probability

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31

L

j3

I I •p

d

-

I

postulates an classified derivative psychological and geometry The political other entrop;i raphic

theory Location a

examination thenry an Isard

short, qeographic, system. should

to

introduction

the classification

emphasis

partial

concepts

Geographic thinking

used

latter

concept and

Compared

(location,

into

be location theory

postulates

of

and the

A

his

to brought

general

probability

and

analyses

a of on basic

rather indigenous include

from

be

to and colleagues general

serves

the with some

sociological

Implications

theory confined

is general

distance,

only existing the

activities spatial the of

would forces... concepts location to other irrational theory dictated existing may

decision—making (processes).

than

useful

examines Harvey’s subject concepts and sees abstracting temporal in relationships. of the

both

as an

sciences political—social—economic contagious

be

partial

At

theory

should concepts; order

the

unique embellish an aggregate an psychological

abstraction equilibrium,

objects (6) in

at

as organization one economic

but

location

theory example. for economic (A patterns constraints, “nearness,” spatial

is partial

postulates,

the important recently at of is,

classification, in behavior, processes, to

stage with geographic not

not of insights,

nature; seen

“an

closer Probabilistic

geography.

from see aggregate

process) at

the for

physics

be existing by level

at

process and geographic

adequate

theory system.

he any

in analysis

overall Thus location and on

limited taking thier Pred, former individual

all stated:

extended

variables,

of as

range, noneconomic but its (the

imperfect pattern,

subsequent

time,

to

region and and constructs

for

location

general

economic complete. and economic

level provides

also own at at generic cope

(economic) (10,

location

Harvey geographic patterns physical into include

Bramhall the

the

to of the

theory,

biology the meaning Postulates. so different other

partial

peculiarity

and

equilibrium contribute

economic with aberrations the pp. will impace and

that ‘real’

account knowledge, scope

and socially

product

theory)

patterns

concepts,

nature,

hierarchy, of (4,

times

spatial 4—5) economic

morphology).

Por analyst)

a and postulates, partial be argued

each (1,

first (e.g.,

equilibrium

of pp. complex theory”

of

levels.

complementary example,

concepts

in p.

he geographic

to To

116—127)

theory requires

system. favor that 474)

and the

concepts,

geog explaj5

and

spatial into

mar,

In

in

but

of

with

his

32

1

I I I ( Of Outside Point of to ceuee for 5—10 on and/or probebilistic aggregate

the a, stetieticel geography. surface employ having interactions en thewords”rendom” in milee, new end end eggregete

Figure the predict place Random. in It highly effect ecreeses e level, new 4/10 20—mile a is regularity, A 3. epetiel epproech the clerificetion as among place the of within simplified relationships heving A As that understanding radius. numerous, in relative equilibrium stochastic complements. competitors, explained individtial is context. both makes end 10—15 to highest a which probability spatial “independence” deterministic directions; These probabilistic position of miles, interacting mey previously, (9, (random) this Suppose approaches Firr. factors in but of p. probabilities be form. the a 2/10 essential statement 232) trensformed need of of they third model thet is e models within factors. which 1/10 postulates are new the for scant, are a zone may place model not within word will a are with used imply 15—20 general state into from it If be random often to is predefined as is meaningful 5 miles, that the made a the miles, needed the en meaningless a probability theory, used knowledge surrogste existing implies the existing location specifically and to in 2/10 chance at in 1/11) explain the place, within the of 33 F

--

-i1

diffusion

generated surface, one in reference

the otherwise. by Although For used minimum or location

psychological, biased

phenomena. specific

individual possible interdependence)

the imagine grids tion probabilities. than

by simulation, of

Type in differentiate

independence the (8). successfully larvae

the are ships the factors. spatial

central of

probability

a

the dependence a as

same

clarification

many simulation is probabilistic the based outcome A nonsimulation The

one closer

Independence.

Litters a

and

cost.

of A location distribution) it by theory, study of that

located, to dependency

solution. substitute probability

other Summary.

geographic

theory probabilistic

places)

because possible

the dependency, Statistical cannot

drawing the the

the

With on

for

a

to

of

applied is But physical, (2).

conplex of the and

are the distribution

same study grids. concept

in model

the On

of the may its this is

at

however,

a be

is there this

aggregate

independence

probability of first which

random outcomes; A the will approach the approach certain now This for the The litter. origin

location previous be theory confirmed

region of dependent

summary

“Independence” understanding,

for this

to is

spatial dependence and

dependency

Dependence of other

first justified. needed. mean—information a approach

same receiving are and cause

distributed is the the settlement

describing complex

numbers the randomness.

an

statement

of

can event

demonstrated

is of many political.

is of

to

distribution The time

of this idea hand, of receiver experiment(s), aggregate

probability

innovation problems

system,

in of divided upon points

aimed numerous, operating no spatial

the the

The was

origin—offspring

other

in any is System hypothesized finding

an when in that is is

longer

independence

principles theory discussions

the second an in

probabilistic an the randomly. he successfully

innovation. the difficult at expressed

spatial

and (receivers from

into applied dependencies the

in probability experiment of important form may

overall The

probabilistic

spread of in field Monte having

interacting, be at

larvae of

surface

the the

dependencies

real

(5). receiver the

Hgexstrand’s interdependent again equal

undue

built different and in

points

phenomenon,

probabilistic explanation

represents in of to Carlo to

in Neyman’s same of Their

world higher patterns can is

“dependence”

in of

operational

used principle refer the grids, maximum As the is emphasis the comprehend

on is approach larvae

implied theory

a

information) be e.g.,

(industrial origin. is

method. soon changed,

the not

locations distribution study

real represents

differential approach interdependent levels

in made probabilities

not

to (may

model

each

and

basis

influenced around diffusion it Hdgerstrand’s a as profit

social, of means

phenomena.

world

on (economic) in influenced

provides region. probability has

as postulates

be may

the without relation geographic

The means is concept.

grid with

Implicj a each

(Neyman

follows:

to of called then

sites

been that also

litter be

innova and is, only isa

idea

of having the of

model:

one

But

found

34 35

LITERATURE CITED

1. aramhall, D. F. “An Introduction to Spatial General Equilibrium,” Locational Analysis for Manufacturing. Editad by G. J. Karaska and D. F. Bramhall. Cambridga: The M.I.T. Press, 1969, pp. 467—476. 2. uugerstrand, T. Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process. Trans lated by A. Prad. University of Chicago Press, 1967.

3. Harvey, Ds W. “Models of the Evolution of Spatial Patterns in Human Geography,” Models in Geography. Edited by R. J. fl Chorley and P. Haggett. London: Methuen, 1967, pp. 549—608.

4, Harvey, D. W. Explanation in Geography. New york: St. Martin’s Press, 1970.

5. Hudson, J.C. “A location Theory for Rural Settlement,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 59 (1969), pp. 365—381.

6. Isard, W., T. E. Smith, P. Isard, T. H. Thng and M. F. Decoy. General Theory, Sociel, Political, Economic, and Regional. Cambridge: The M.I.T. Press, 1969. 7. King, L. J. “The Analysis of Spatial Form end Its Relation to Geog*aphic Theory,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 59 (1969), pp. 573—595. . Neyman, J. “On e New Class of ‘Contegious’ Distributions, Applicable in Entomology end Bacteriology,” Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 10 (1939), pp. 35—57.

. Olseon, G. and S. Gale. “Spatial Theory end Human Behavior,” Papers of the Regional Science Association, 21 (1968), pp. 229—242. 10. Pred, A. The Spatial Dynamics of U.S. Urban—Industrial Growth, 1800—1914. Cambridge: The M.I.T. Press, 1966. 4

and geographers cently. came and

to graphic—descriptive nature. tures ly of assumption restraints mental somehow implication

ideographic—descriptive problem—solving ing hance

lems. ture undertaken architecture. architectural

raphers conjure (1) psychology. concern the

(3) has interested in

in sample

and

were

Despite a

the

the at region Traditionally

Even the been our deterministic

supplementary derived The

Both The

informative,

the

have There back up are used are: historical ARCHITECTURE that The imposed architecture-geography progress the

*No then, particularly deserves former

by second

photographs of regional under some

in currently

dealt landscape-ecological type door to geographers such history (1) attempt from are these

man-land format

as

give early

mode studies

the traditional discussion. and four via of toward

dwellings the the relatively assumption in elaboration geography

but or

liabilities, level

research the landscape-ecological AND has in at many it using is other

use attempts pictorial studies, broad cultural active of

without relations

meaningful, best, of understanding remains and reader and GEOGRAPHICAL been

dwellings Stephen are of

of

elements

architecture disciplines,

were

was areas

school, others role architecture

little has the being in

fortunately At

made an

at

to may reference matrix by intez’face;

a

role most using sterile, together worst, a school, implication as been other the Hobart

of “typical” incorporate

of

have result to

carried in

theory—based interested with manifested in

and architecture

in concern prevelant, hands

STUDIES: cite proved architecture the of regional

the new

been this regional

in primarily

defined to (4) and the architecture with school, now of has

rather world

an lendscape out. interests their of example

either

the approach the that where does region. (and overly being been the exhaustive

the the

in A

in textbooks

or and

geosophical physical geographical REVIEW broadly studies, an research.

spatial indeed in study (2) the the relatively history, improper regional relegated some geographers to solving of corrected

effort most simplistic,

geography,

of in the made

While architecture until cultural

the

further

of

kind a geography,

still list as of where regional phenomena environmental or non—theoretical

architecture an architect5

has geographic anthropology uses geographer.

made Those the us fairly

school. to in of little

in implicit studies of

is) been landscape, and can our the

that geography theory environ the (2) of studios

all up

areas school,

interest.. was re-. understand non—gog pic readi.. it archite.. via-a-via of jdec. made to latter

of

research

prob..

those or en

of

to S

37

environment (11). Some, such as the authors in Kates and Wohl :‘ g p.an’s special issue On “Mans Response to the Physical Environment’ in the jpxnslØ of Social Issues, are engaged in the behavorial and environmental lications of architecture/geography (9; 6), while others such as r)apologist Kevin Lynch and the architectural critic Allan Temko, have concentrated on delimiting problem areas and needs, especially bf the urban ‘ 0 28; 2), and are progressing toward meeting those needs (25). The cne l5; landscape school has also witnessed a continuation of studies previously jed solely to description with the important addition of setting these stuthes within a theoretical or quantitative framework (10). A fresh infu of ew tools and skills such as infra—red photography as explained by nd Green (3; 5), has added demonstratively to the value of these tys of øtudies, resulting in the pos;g and testing of diffusion models (4 and the measuring of innovation acceptance/rejection rates, among other

The eaclogical side of the landscape school has witnessed a consid eration of architecture by anthropologists like Rapoport and Hall (24; 7) hc are concerned with the inter—relations between man the culture bearer sad the physical environment as studied through the artifacts of buildings o sU types, particularly so-called primitive” and ancient buildings. The ecological school as exemplified by Tunnard, Pushkarev and Nairn (2; 20) is Currently concerned with the spatial dimensions and problems of uncontrolled urban growth resulting in a fresh perspective on man as an agent of change. Thus the landscape-ecological school has, through the inclusion of architec— tura as a part of the real—world reality and through the perception of that Ee*3tt enabled geography to expend significantly the understanding of the enuironment.

The regional school has not yet utilized the potential inherent in EChiteotural studies, with a few conspicuous exceptions. Some, such as Glaeie (4) have used architecture as a means of finding and delimiting oul— tUE6 hearthe, then measured diffusion outward from the hearths. A delight- BC- fully CBW approach to the study of a micro-region is evidenced in Swain and Mather’s book on the St. Croix border country (27). On halance, however, SUCh Potential remeins for the regional school to use architecture as both an eieIfleflt of a cultural matrix making up a given region and/or as a defining tt5rion for delimiting regions themselves. The historical geographers were fairly quick to adopt architecture especially architectural history as a basis for delving more deeply into t sa past by landscape. Architecture lends itself especially well,as shown Price end Wilson (23; 30), to this area of study as buildings tend to offer i1y permanent records of SUCh cultural—spatial activities within the landscape. !fl5terial artifacts have been approached from both the ‘groat man’ or Point of view as in the Prairie School Review and the Journal of the lrchitet,,,j Historians (22; 8) and from the folk traditionsTh B ne%jJoDrnal, Pioneer nerica (21). iiI The h .etorical geography school merges into the geosophical side of 8phy vis—a_vis architecture in that the latter is a reflection of how d What we feel eaClUsively), about our environment, particularly (though by no rnens in the past (12; 31). Geosnphy, as concerned with all aspects •

N

,

,

N

-:

I

1

man’s and

Nature; environment exemplified attempt result modified, teracting research Appleyard ogical

of Conclusion: ly

and architecture phers, two

* in *These

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

7.

8. 9.

urban) architecture the

this

possibilities disparate

Appleyard,

Asbell, subjective

Bowden,

Glassie,

Green, Hall, Nail, JOurnal

Kates, of

school) totality

to an will

works

interface

in

no.

to (Cambridge: with an

United desecrated,

of (1970), et. and 1966.

1959.

vol. live

endless

in (26;

geosophy

Edward

Edward

take Inventory architect N. the

Bernard. The 4 Leonard in

Robert have

al.

arriving

of fields the Henry. a

now

with

22, (1969),

D. as of

geography, 17) (conscious client, States.

city,’ “Aerial

intention the pp. note

(13; now particularly Pueblos and

being T. T. a geographical

row

no.

Lynch,. be

Nature; and

major M.I.T. (which

W. Society - 17—21. or

recognized a and Pattern ptsue

The (formally 14; The at pp. of “Can it geography 4

Wohlwill,

Geographic

resulting enhanced pursued Photographic Photograzmnetry

“Remote

(1966).

(Philadelphia: solutions an crackerbox

avail of

Hidden K., factor 1) and Silent of hut 29—33.

qui.e

We Press),

or

urban of

the

it

of LITERATURE

this

in

and

unconscious) Survive

rather a good

knowledge,

Architectural

themselves or even

by

“spatial

Sensing in and Southwest. successful the natural naturally Dimension. in Language.

Joachim

Meyer, (for

article skyline Region,’ informally,

scholars

toward 1964.

a

bibliographies.

understanding

houses

architecture. Materal further.

Interpretation

to particularly

the

better

Engineering,

University

CITED

point of

J.R. landscape. esthetics”

(eds).

offers Madding was spatial—esthetic connoting

of

merges

geographical Southern attempt in

(Garden Proceedings All

such

Historians. (Garden

the Folk or

not out slurburbia

directly

The

Journal

of

for

an

work

as with

the Crowd,’ to viable some

of Culture

View

at these It

vol. and

— City: opportunity man’s California:

worse), Lowenthal One City:

denigrate

Penn.

the environment

already is living

the

of

or the

from

feelings of of

23 fruitful

hoped connoting interface

feelings

esthetic

Think,

dominance the

of indirectly) landscape-eco]._

prubl.ms Doubleday

Social the

Press), Social

Doubleday

(1957),

in

the

in the

many

accomplished

and

past

RAG, that

a

to

Nature

Road. vol. An toward

Eastern

changed,

line

(particu)_ Issues, are Prince, Structure

awarenes5

ecplore

between new a

pp. 1968.

uses Attempt vol. over geogra (16;

&

feeble

&

35,

in a

of

Co.),

uses

as

89-99.

Co.),

the

18; of

2

38

1g

Zr

I, 1

25.

13.

22,

18.

21,

20,

17.

19.

16.

15.

14.

13.

Wright,

Wilson,

?unnard,

Temko,

Swain,

Sullivan,

Studer,

Rapoport,

Price,

Prairie

Numford,

Pioneer Nairn,

Mumford,

Mumford,

Moholy-Nagy,

lqnch,

Lowenthal,

lawenthal,

Landscape:

Lowenthal,

xiin,

GeOgraphy,”

9or

,Prentjce—afl),

Wittenborn

(Prescott,

!ne, Seat,”

.1952.

House),

Environment.

Geographical

1967.

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The

(1968),

al

Allan.

Harry

John

Eugene

Edward..

Arthur.

Ian.

Kevin.

R.G.

Christopher School

America.

lewis.

Z’ionadnock,

lewis.

lewis.

Louis.

Amos.

The David

K.

David.

(London),

Control?

David

1965.

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vol.

vol.

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“On

M.

Wis.:

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&

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Geographical

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Schultz),

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39 II Jr

countries parities a smaller tion,

Other One ments. employment

be policies it the a

subsidies

peated versus regional ing duction

on growth French to by that of ated

ection initions

of no geographic cation.

more

temporary

is sacrificed

which problems

a Perroux; or

the monumental

location; regions

there

on given usually urban

obrious

equitable

two

the The attempts pole school

scale,

of

two Given

The

from

Even by in

To A

that in This are

planners has

regional

of

from

usually very

or growth

rest

existence

is economic others. topic and provide

a

problem school. Schools respite and

his of idea

a

designed

Paris,

a

peripheral that underemployment, ‘.ong geographical that

support definition, in

the

of

much there

growth

problems

developed

regional cursory

raw industrial

have of curb

distribution

obscure

order

has space

have

pole

latter

in

been development

central

optimal a

France

confusion

some sometimes

of

of during

with

As growth

is

country The

that

been several

been of

pole

growth

to

led

AN is

growth to how

economists recognized,

glance a a

that

unequal underdevelopment.

style,

firm

that

former stimulate regions.

little

growing

result,

regions ESSAY promote a though

of

made is

taken

to regions may sprawl,

space, national

which

to

rates

complex

seeks

overdevelopment developed countries (3, a D.

of his

surrounding

ground contradictory

pole

they

simultaneously

strategies at

be

declining

by classic

lack

ON

argues

up long—term David economic global

p.

lacking they

the work concern growth of have quoted: between

regional

the has

have

over—taxed

to

GROWTH

theorists, are At the

by but

of 22). economic

by

of different

from

literature

maximize

have

the

French Miller developed other

being

low economic

physical that

growth

regions example for

wealth the

very formal

pole

in industries,

may growth

with the

which

which

POLE

same

success.

growth

economic the

many

question

hypotheses.

precision,

growth

countries

high

extensively

growth

has

stimulate to be

concept.

theory basic

the of

definitions, the yemains regions

THEORY the

opportunity time, has

of

to

elements, exist

objects

years.

decentralize based. a rates

on

developing created.

growth

rates,

functional

over—concentration.

framework,

afialogous

start, welfare poles

engaged

growth

services,

growth. in

Recently,

of

is, and

developed

certain

wishing between

unanswered,

of

combines the

the

how

The

having

The

More

interpreted as rates, depopulation, disfigured are

the

one

concentrated

pole

of short-run to the grrwth

to yet, and seminal

regions

case

growth

problem

abstract school

Di

factors recently,

of sane

elements and

its

solve however,

to bring different

a

regions attention

poor theory

over-popula. the

other

merely

the

definite

of

find

pollution,

inhabitants,

of

country.

pole

work

On

viewpoints and environ

using some

Paris

develosqn about many and of

has

develop..

of

and words,

solutie indicates a

are un

Re

the the

a dj

the

pro

theory, was

elabor

to

of

of

coil. def

have

10

give

I E

41

Two types of growth pole are recognized, natural growth poles and induced growth poles. A natural growth pole is an historic settlement which continues to grow spontaneously. One of the basic arguments of growth pole tbeory is that if the variables responsible for the emergence of e natural growth pole can be discovered then, by means of policy, these variables can be juxtaposed elsewhere, end a growth pole induced. This is the second type of growth pole, which eventually also becomes a self—sustaining settlement. Diesatisfied with the static classical models produced to explain economic growth, Perroux proposed an alternative dynamic model based on a simple observation (2, p. 309):

.growth does not appear everxwhere at the same time; it shows itself at points or poles de croissance, with variable intensities; it spreads itself by several channels and with variable terminal affects for the economy as a whole. iii Perroux claims that innovations are the smell beginnings in which a growth pole has its origins. New firms replace old firms, new industries replace Did. In turn, a new firm is itself replaced when an innovative firm produoes the same good at a lower cost, a better good at the same cost, or an alternative good as cheap as, or cheaper than, its competitor.

This model is dynamic, for it explains, in part, the process of econ— • asic growth. it is also cyclic, for an innovation promotes the growth of the firm, which, in turn, promotes the growth of the industry end the industry can then finance future innovations. The model is also cumulative, because the magnitudes involved in each cycle are larger that those of the previous • cycle; this is because of the general growth of the industry and the fact that eeoondary innovations are generated via forward and backward linkages. Hence, innovative firms and industries, the firms and industries linked to them, and the places at which they are located, grow at a faster rate than their counter Parts elsewhere. Eventually, an economic complex is built up, to be susteined, in part by economies of agglomeration.

Twc elements are missing from the model: firstly, criteria for deter— slicing the location of the growth pole; secondly, a mechanism to encourage innovative industries to locate at certain points. The latter is not an in soluble problem. A natural location can be made undesirable, even illegal by legislation conversely, legislation can make an unattractive alternative location more attractive. Grants, interest-free loans, end reduced taxes can be offered; land, feetories, and machinery supplied; communications facilities, end enargy supplies built. Although inducements encourage firms to locate in 5 given place, they do not guarantee that the firm will be innovative. It can Only be supposed that if the firm is willing to take the chance of locating in developing region in the first place, it will be enterprising enough to inno vate, g1ve the chance.

The urbsj single biggest flaw of growth pole theory is that it assumes an 1istics. Place yet gives no indication of the place’s sire or economic character As Jansan says (1, p. 70): The explanation of the location of economic activities lies for a major part outside for (Sic) the growth pole theory. The theory rather takes economic growth as a point of departure and states that it stimulates

• ,- other economic activities. studies available and from the observation of theo From the few empirical region requires unique •f:• put into practice, it seems as if each developing sOl.U.. problems. The most that growth pole theory can attempt to do j tions to its choosing of growth poles and for to offer some rather general rules for the their economic composition.

A model of economic growth (after Perroux)

LITERA!EuPE CITED

Value, of the Growth Pole Theory for. Kcononiic 1. Jansen, A.C.M. “The Geografie, Geography,” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale LXI (March-April, 1970), pp. 67-76. “Note sur la Notion de ‘Pale de Croissance’,” 2. Perroux, Fran9ois 307—320. Economie Applique, VIII (January-June, 1955), pp. en de Regionai1—Econoinische 3. Vanneste, Oliver “Met Groiepoolconcept Ph.D. politiek, Toepassing op de Westvaamse Economie” (unpublished dissertation, University of Antwerp, 1967). I

teflges

these

S

need

flition

than

on

iddividuaj,

ity

a

etes

PSychological City.

environments

need

the

•conomic Climates.

part

conceptualize physical

past.

Yet,

separate,

that

example,

varying

place

to

inents cannot

man

the

impact

ogy

This is

tedly,

eIsdiiied.

of

and

answered.

need

polarities,

The

be

is

from

for

an of

of

If which

implications

way

the even on

the

On

essentially

continuum the Introduction.

for

In

exist

commonly

main

environmental

the

ignore

the

the

on

and

the

the

and

roots degrees

abode

the

ultimate

city to

levels city

Bread

a

As

the

physical

dimensions.

human

is

nature

Because

human

hunting—gathering

problem

become city

natural

opportunity massive

think

social

thrust

other

and

costs

our

eBsentially

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the

is

most

to

and

is

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and

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Alone.

experienced,

of

of

habitation?

can

is are

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technological

satisfy

environment.

a

problem.

most is

belongiugness

PSYCHOLOGICAL for

about

a

designed

relationship.

hand,

have

greater.

sober

I

naturalness

the activity

technological

of doomsday

environment

retreat

man’s

that

milieu

and

need

be

connected

only

future

can

issue

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urban

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I

individual

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MIND,

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suggest

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Ernest

ecologically

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MEANING,

development,

experience.

concern, major But,

man one

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irresponsible

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up and/or

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agricultural

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to

forecast grows

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not

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alienation.

this

and

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operate be

intellectual

landscape

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environment,

issue

this

think

exists

for

MILIEU

climate, than

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natural. an

Jr.

consider

larger

can be proportions.

densely

in

the case

with

intervention

mode

needs

examination

in

Because

point, that

more

ENVIRONMENTS

the

two for

and

possibilities.

perhaps

of would

of

it to

concerning

land

is

in and

in

achieving

is

our

is

natural

of

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a

harmonize

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the

questions populated

are,

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all

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Neither

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continuum needs

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existence,

what

and

population, readily

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tension relating

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land

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improved

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less

individuals

human

and

village

However,

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systems, built

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moat for

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in adventure personal dreams. tially becomes explorations on the need, of

polar alienation

before qualities and environmental in

one’s

built a

spatial—behavioral

our

stronger Before

states rootedness privacy familiarity orientation permanence security obviousness

surrender organization smallness inextricability womb-like predictability friendliness friendliness

responsiveness regularity comprehensibility it independence simplicity lists The connectedness continuity

a

Belongingnese

more

we

list. head.

histories. It temporal

environments

is

is

environment

as

being

discuss

is

we

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to

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behavioral for

spatial,

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new

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with

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design

of

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other

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is

places

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desirability

obvious

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less actual

clearer

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made a

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expand

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world

an design

world

and

spatial

which

dreamlike.

that

opportunity

are

focus

design

spatial

search

picture

and

in

on

where

horizontal

issue.

cultural

give these

perhaps

which journey

eettinga. Psychological the

and

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problems

for

imagery form

“real”

concepts of

probability

trips

It concern.

this

The or

novelty disorientation unfamiliarity anxiety

ambiguity iiuperauanence insecurity hostility resistance largeness

separateness randomness a unresponsiveness unpredictability uncertainty tenseness

puzzlingness victimization meaninglessness chaotic disconnectedness surprisingness the we

and

that

is

to dimension sense

Alienation setting

means

should

take

continuum in cities

problem. The relating

political

as

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of

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States

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of

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ideas

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two

and -

44 45 Ii t is well documented in the psychological literature that organisms: 1. explore their environment from positions and states of security.

2. seek new experience as the result of a “natural” tendency.

3. display exploratory behavior to a greater extent when the environment is more complex than when it is simple. t 4. display strong attachments to pieces of territory. 5. in moving through environments, tend to favor certain routes over others.

Using these assumptions as a framework, let us examine their implications in human psycho—environmental terms. It is difficult to argue safely that exploratory behavior is motivated by some mechanism leading to the survival of the individual. Yet, I suppose one could argue that environmental explo ration increases the probability of survival in that there is a greater tLkewiood of the individual finding food. There is also a greater proba bility of the individual’s subjecting himself to more danger. So, this line of reasoning does not clearly support the “food hypothesis.” Another, more appealing, possibility is that the more exploration engaged in by the indi vidual, the larger the territory he renders familiar, thereby increasing survival probability by reducing uncertainty. The well publicized sense—dsp— ttvation experiments strongly suggest that a stimulus—rich environment is crucial to mental and emotional health and development. Environmental exploration tends to increase the absolute amount and variation of sense aqerience Therefore, in arguing from a negative position, we might be safe is suggesting that exploratory behavior has survival value io that when it does not occur, we can witness negative and undesirable behaviors. It is Only nessery, however, for this discussion to assume that for possibly no reason” et all, people must explore their environments, and to have no °PPortunity to do so wilFind to certain pathological conditions of the tedividual, if not a marked arrestation of his total development.

The amount of environmental exploration that will occur seems to be a fUnction of at least three variables: 1. the degree of eovironaental cost PlOzity VtthI (opportunity for arousal); 2. degree of security of the individual 0 the environment; and 3. the propensity of the individual to explore. The whole idea of a cubby—hole, a niche within the milieu that one tAD total cell hoae, is a very The need have such a Size important one. to place that te strongly identify with seems to be an essential characteristic of eli People. Sometimes ° the period of occupancy is brief, and what occurs is !Pe of hoes niches. Nevertheless, these home places serve as safety Points from which engage the individual can range out into the larger territory to in exploratjo and new experience. Perhaps what we are talking about 5 main headquarters (home and a of environment base), series safety pisces within the from which we carry on our explorations. I

-4-

by journeys exploration and which ence, order in even Because are we historical—biographical excureions of is further be heads explorations extant or for graphical tracings based environmental within beat are The the aggregate psychological from of environmental designing create cultural must

aware important trips their then can

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or questions

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into

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articulated constitute implicationa,

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explorations I

a

for we the

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adluating

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and interaction

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environment concerning mean

reason

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order

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to

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tracings

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assumptions terms

occura a

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dimension, as well sounds,

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tske

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of to identified form

historical—biographical

and

why safety involves

is

him, reach remains

provides

defined

large

of

events

they within

sense

this life

of

environment. regards

it

our improve

historical

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of

as

the

which place.

psychological

internalizing

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there

of

of

this this nor this

serves.

of

of

backward.

his take

and

arguments theories.

urban “real”

discussion

experience, places,

journeys

historical—biographical of

alienation.

narration

quality

that

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by needs, to

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experience

experience

kind largely

then

to

can about

us

parts

up existential

realm

sights

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in

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psyaically

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47

l I perceive rocks rate

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In that surroundings mercy, individual

arises. provide

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48

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how classical will

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SPATIAL

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DYNAMICS

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53

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pull

111

the

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being

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and which

in

apace,

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53

iI I J 54 1 the angle a between force Once angle l in figure 2 is known, 112 and l at equilibrium can be determined (180—91). From tha equation it can be seen that for any specific value of the location forces M, 111, and 112 in p which one force is greater than the sum of the other two, one and only one exists (OceCl8O). This means one end only one angle s exists (a=lBo..9l) andl is determined irrespective of the location of the resources. Similarly b is equal to 180—92 degrees end c is equal to 180—93 degrees. The information on the angles between the locational forces at equj rium is extremely helpful in determining whether the production location p will be within a locational figure or at the corners of it. Let the angles 11MR in figure 1 be labelled x. A comparison can now be made between a 21 P and change in the value of x and the constant £ a formed by the location of the resources. When P is within the locational figures formed in figure 1, £ x must be smaller than a, since both angles stand on the same base Rj,R2, yet one has a higher vertex N, forming a smaller angle than the other, P. Therefore, for e least cost transport location P to exist in a locational figure, L a, must be greater than £ x. But if £ x(/ a the angular relation ships between the forces on P cennot be formed within the confines of the locational figure and P moves to the corner of the largest attractive force. Thus the critical angular deviation of Rl from a straight line figure occurs when £ x is equal to £ a. As £ x becomes smeller then £ e, the location of P slowly moves towards R2. When 1R reaches 112, P also reaches 112, see figure 3.

N d

4,

a Fig. 3

The critical angle, or rather the angular quantum, needed to pull the production location P sway from the market location is dependent upon vartoui factors, one of which is the locational weights involved. In the example discussed above, if we uubstitute the weight values intu the cosine formula and solve for l’ we find that the critical angle is 7530’ (l80—l40°309. Thus movement of P away from the market location N does not occur till Nj is displaced 104°30’ counterclockwise from Any angular displacement of

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of past been A.A.G., Society behavior and JEREMY of Geographic Jeffrey ROBERT respectively. in of Budapest, JOHN sensing LEONARD is Expeditions. invitations of JAMES articles Images year childhood publications districts MARTYN David summer

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WILLIAM he programs midwestern DIANE 1) 6) also 11) the the 16) publications East get Society the mass 21) LAWRENCE

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Wilson,

Mi1i9Z THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY 1970—71

I I GEORGE McCLEARy, Assistant professor, hes, in addition to the Herculean task of guiding Clark’s Cartography Program, been able to journey beck end forth across the country from one professional meeting to another, have a third child, and maintain his sanity.?!

RAYMONDE. MURPHY, Professor Emeritus of Economic Geography, “I have juat ‘-‘ finished reading the copyedited proof of my book, The Central Business District Inquiry, which is being published by Aldine—Atherton. AII7 ‘t: F. I em at work on a new edition of The American City; An Urban These two hooks represent my activities —— current end for a couple of years to coma.

RICFThRD PEET, Assistant Professor, edited an issue of Antipode on the Geography of American Poverty in December and was the coordinator of A session at the Boston AAG meetings on the same topic. His paper, “Poor, Hungry America” appeared in The Professional Geographer, April 1971,

HUGH PRINCE, Visiting professor, Semester 2, 1971. “I relinquished the editorship of AREA, published by the Institute of British Geographers, before coming to Clark in February. During my trief visit I was able to gain a great deal from a discussion of a forthcoming article on “Real imagined and abstract worlds of the past” to he published in Progress in Geography III later this year. Clearly, some new ideas will have to be taken into account in any future writing on the ‘method of historical geography. Above all, I enjoyed many informal talks and exchanges of views with graduate students and faculty about deeper issues of academic enquiry. For those free discussions I am truly r’ grateful.” DAVID STEA, Visiting Associate Professor, was on academic leave from Clark during the period Mid—January to Mid—April, 1971. “I spent a most interesting and proviteble period teaching in the School of Architecture end Urban Planning at U.C.L.A., and in the Faculte’ de I L’Amenagement at L’Universite de Montreal.” Dr. Stee has elso busied himself with attendance at meetings in the U.S. and Canada and delivery of lectures in U.S., Canada, England and France. He has numerous articles in press; and is currently working with Roger Downs of Penn State University on a Book about Cognitive Mopping to be publish& by Aldine in December 1971. on HENRY J. WARNAN, Professor of Geography, has published two articles major concepts of Geography. In the Journal of Geography, “Globelism — Transforma-’ A Concept end Its Development” (January 1970) end “Perpetual He has also tion — a Concept of Change end Choice” (December 1970). completed a manuscript for a Rend—McNally peperbeck Human Resource! the United States (for senior high school). Dr. Werman reports thet he is “looking forward to June when I will have the priviledge of working with the N.D.E.A. Institute at Appalachia State university, North Caroline. Also, I hope to complete the revised, expanded, version of an Education textbook — Geography- Beckgrcunds, Technipies end Prospects (for Teachers).”

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and

‘My

neglected.

the

I

interest

The

At

“The

to

a

am

to

of

job

and

in of

of

As

of 61 4

DAVID trying DAN

noxious DARRELL under

system distribution and Massachusetts,

JIM the systems TOM Management. RIRSTEN

proportions

MELSETA adherents

psychology involved ROGER cognition, dissertation Continuing ALFRED environmental development

presentation One

work Regional

tions of psycho—geography GORDON

STEVE attend tunnel” sponsorship

GERRY course a

DWORKIN

milieu environment, decision—making

HAI4KIMS FONSECA

the

was

DRONSIUC

way

load

HART one.

—

of

HOBART

R. HYLAJID public

HECHT

way,

theory

A. RARING HARRISON while an

the

the

with

in

—

Forrester’s Science

by

FERGUSON of

HINZMANN, this

eleven — — both

and or

to

—

—

across

Then Urban

of case of passing

I

the has and Most vague

on

—

of “I First

— — only

- finishing in behavior, push facilities,

and

and

can —

compulsively

political gao—psychology,

“This

sunnier

Steve “The

with

is exploratory

a

am a

Cognitive

will — day. again, survived.

conceptualization

of

Conference,

bag.

week

Social of

paper case Idaho. now Cubs.”

his

the comes — “trudging specificity in for working year

U.S.

of

JR.

1970—71

Interests the the year’s

Urban

asserts “I

return

an

start and

landscape

dissertation seminar

the study

the

Too

his 1969—70

but

in

student

— had

Geography. to year help

behavior urban and

b.

next

“Nothing anthropology

department

Ph.D. Area in conjunction

bad

writing Clark

dissertation. behavior

we

activities

on

an academic in happily

system

Latin

of

called

that

spent

of

political

in

this and political psycho—geography,

can’t

year.” the

was they enjoyable

the

6th Model.’

in

of

Gary

Oral

Yugoslavia

from

within

he

rigid

America, stage;

dissertation worth human the

nothing

fall to year: a continuing surplus

grade

‘Conceptual moved

onward

even and

year “sees

Moore. paper becoming

examinations

finish. South

with

contained Ph.D.

continues

geography.

to

flexibility.”

topographic context,

a

With

noting,

geography; and

decide students

it has

a. system, (1)

New light

to through on energy

c.

Peggy

this Carolina.

program

just

productive

Presently

location

all

write proven

a Passing even the cognative

He Hampshire

which

and

horizontal

behavioral

upon

two

except

at to summer

d. Lentz

the

has as

development

e. flows

and in

the

more

Parametric

Current

spread the collecting home

learning highlights the

in I

to

a Puerto group preliminaries will

been

orals; decisions

the

was

Ph.D. She preparing

title!

at my Environmental

under end January be

vital —

representations spatial

to about.”

outside

second, be the jump jumping

selected in

is a move

perception geography,

interests

of

teach

Rico,

program long

in

(2)

my

epidemic AAG currently

of

through Northeast Modifica

more

the

for

into

study

into

children. on

main

Work Ph.D. spatial

one

and

the

the

in.”

me.

out

to

the

in

are

pej4,l

or the o

62

rays

reedy

ttemptIed

enVironfl.ntal

urvival

flAVto AVSHALOM

80

Core

BRUCE

GRAH

RICHARD

anticipation.

Diane year

DICK

North

W?I2IER

RK

ROERRT

geographic

NORTh

JOE

in

Machine

D,

KEN

attacking

PERRY

geography

as

p,T.N

ZAO-IZE

SOLOMON ,iiee

in

,7N

Ix.T,

Of

felt

to

the

Course,

DAVID

SEAMON of

MINER

POND

to

RYDER

Guayafla.

NcGINTY

R.

and

light

Dakota.

ROWLsS

SMILNAIC

MORALES

kit

LEE

continue

MURPHY

I,EZAMA

W.

JAES

MASSEY

REID

growth

Vinyards

SCHMUELI

avoid

to

he

MUJWAHUZI

a

gambling

I —“this,

LIAW

MILLER

little

-“As M0RRILL

MUS

packed,

—

will

assess

a

education.

are

and

—“I’m

can

proficiency

—

cognition:’

still

—

M.A.

—

as

—

no

—

—

—

is

a

resources.

awaiiirig

be

my

comes

do

is

under

plans

my

of

—

much

news

like

new

my

—

a

the in

working —

—

thesis

mine

reports

seen

tour

here.

field

getting

Clark

own

the

first—year

Graduate

“Personal

second

Southern

grad

K.?. to

strategies

an

—

pressure

eventually

personal

Graduate

detector of

shining

paper,

but,then,

the

Clark work

on

army

B.A.

on

student

duty that

duty

ready

year

social

birth

N.A.

Student

on

Maryland

recruit. Growth

1970,

graduate

from,

and

from

he

through

with

as

growth

at

activated, School

his

and

“to

to

thesis:

that

in

of

is

possible),

too’

space.

Clark,

the

return

Geography.

of

rigor M.A.

philosophies go

from

through

the

our

enjoying

——

is

and

student

the of

all

back

Having

requirements)

Selective

Clark

first

A

thesis

Tanzania

good

has

Geography.

and

The

to

the

maze

places,

and

study

to

interaction

I

Colombia

proved

his

insight.

abolition

completed

Geography news.

child growth Interests

interested

compass

where

feel

ahead.”

on

of

in

Service

fourth

—

the

the

political

that

H.

the

with

to

and I

of

in

University

Cassava belong

Africa.

in

be

With

of

ranking

basic

and

Department,

are

our

year

I

having

System

the

joyous

hand, in

a

em

legalized

meditation.”

both

family.

fantastic

my

field

of

now geography.

training

(Venezuela),”

farm

a

officers

Ph.D.

is

labouring

physical

of

few

of

system

I

slot

63

Ir1

I I N?

:1

S

.1

MARGARET

JOE his TED

a

the IRIS ERNIE with BOBBY problems research

Environmental areas. STEVE

Neighborhood about

ERVIN BOB

is

dissertation

THORNTON

WEISS,

a family,

Inter—&aarican

WRIGHT

WHEATLEY

pride

Ph.D.

WIGHT,

WILSON

WILSON

water

ZUBE

STEPHENSON

of

interest

this

that

—

— candidate and

social quality

who

—

—

Government.

“gifts is —

Management.

in

is

is

year more

will

ha

on

took

the

interested involves

finishing

has University

space

leave

on

are has

or

laave

in

field

the

been

environmental

lass

easier

the adited

encountered

of

photographs

Clark

Black

His

of

“passive

a

Resource absence

cleared

in

in

one—year

historical

dissertation

to

the

social

this

San

migration

give

Monadnock,

from

German, the

and

by

decision—making.

Managamant

semester

for

urban

science than

Black

academic

obedient”

the

urban

this

to

work

to

Puerto

geography;

University

rural large

added

for

year’s

faculty

do

geography.

Program.

is

decks

justice.”

a

this

Rico.

migrants urban

on

a year

Monadnock,

second

NSF

effect

for

year. more

of

of

centers,

Fellowship

Massachusetts. the

teaching

to spacifically,j5

Kotlar,

daughter

of

start

urban

repon5

attitudes

and

of

at

in

to

the

64J

g

:1

I ( I ( I MLJMNI NEWS

Sherman It. Abrahamson (Ph.D. 1949), of the William R. Anderson (M.A. 1963) is Deputy Director Office of Ex now district sales manager for a port Control of the Depertnent of farm machinery and irrigation equip Cosmerce has recently written “Conput— ment firm and is living in Central er Manufacturing in Japan A Brief Nebraska. Survey” for the Foreign Service Insti tute of Departnent of the State. Wallace W. Atwood,Jr. (M.A. 1927; Ph.D. 1930) is the Special Assistant Suton W. Adkinson (Ph.D. 1942) is to the President of the National sow Director of the American Geogra Academy of Sciences. He and Mrs. phical Society in New York. He has Atwood (M.A. 1932) invite us to served on a Unesco all joint ICSU Commi them marina ttee on the visit at their resort Feasibility of a World at Windmill Point, Virginia. Information System. He has also taken business trips to Polend, Yugo— slavic, Simon Baker (Ph.D. 1965), Associate Israel, India and Austrslia. Professor of Geography et Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Levis Alexander (M.A. 1948, Ph.D. 1949) worked Henry W. is Professor and Florida has with Dill Chairman of the De on two Airphoto Atlases of Rural Un partment of Geography and Director of the Master ited States, one of the Far West and of Marine Affairs Pro— one of the North Central U.S. area • gram at the University of Rhode Island. published as Agricultural Handbooks Re is also Executive Director of the 11372 and #384 by the Government Print Las of the Sea Institute, Coma— Program ing Office. An earlier article on lttee Chairman the AAG for 1971 Ad Hoc “Tea in Ceylon” has been ILI Coirittee on Marine Production Geography. reprinted in Sourceboolu World Resources: Eastern Hanisphere by Ginn and Company. *es Morgan Allen (M.A. 1934; Ph.D. 1937) is a Professor of Geography at Northern Nicholas Bariss (Ph.D. 1967) of the Arizona University and has published Served on the University of Nebraska has National Board of the “Gully Formation in the Loesses of American Association of University men sioce Central Nebraska” which will appear 1966. During the sumner in the Mountain Social Science Di 1969 she vacationed in Western Cana !sgb da end in 1970 she Journal. Caneds. visited Eastern I Mildred Berman (M.A. 1950; Ph.D. 1963) “A New Look Maya Low David L. Ames published at the (Ph.D. 1969) is currently Middle America” in the Journal Director of Long lands of ; r. Range Planning and of Geography. Her study of the loca Research for the Ohio—Kentucky—Indiana $egio Planning tion of the diamond—cutting industry ati. Authority in Cincinn is scheduled for publication in the He has recently presented papers H! at the Public Affairs June issue of the AAAG. :‘ •? ence Council’s Confer on Land Use in Washington and the International Building Robert E. Black (M.A. 1960) is con Congress Exposition end tinuing to work on his dissertation in Louisville He states that topic dealing with citizen input into •, ‘Greduats training in geography, in t’t spite of the municipal decision making process 4 is 5it less—than—cohesive nature, concentrating on spatial behavior and the best background for metropolitan fling and, hopefully, individual perception at the neighbor 1big.” problem solv— hood level. He is employed as Deputy Director and Director of Planning 1

I; -

::-

-1

I

I-

I

j.

ment. by

Psul

water after as Clyde the heat at ducting cycle Bowling Adelbert trends. Green, 1934) versity Leonard been ate He M. ef

Donald sabatical the Morgan Associate Maryland. Morgsn, membership in has and Urban David the Chicago, world a is

devised feature Officer R.J.E.

the an

the permanent

plsns Remote

South

Army Grand

director

Professor

American

A.

attended has type

balance

appointed

J. Assistant four

State

theory

is

Worcester

University D.

Investment

Ohio. resources

G.

State Blsckford

research

Brown W. Green

of

he hss

served Bellinger,

K. by Professor innovative

of

Wales

to

of Bahsma

Brodeur and

Sensing

Professor Brandnn leave years

Bowden California,

He

in has College,

Buckminister Botts

the

go

spent life of as exposition and

Society

College

Advisor their

Stste

of

(Ph.D.

has

the

editor

to in

Professor as returned New

related

National

next Model

and resesrch

on

monitoring climatic

Geography

lived

of (1967) and

(M.A.

Australia, (M.A. the to (Ph.D.

been

part faculty

a (1946—1947)

of

Product meetings.

housing Suntide—rsdistion University,

of Nassau member Emeritus Bridgewater, Oklahoma,

1961) be

of year.

in

Development

to Geography

University of

Cities

Riverside,

Geogrsphy elected by of

1960; to

in 1931;

Photogrammetry. published

Baltimore, writes

to

Environment

Fuller. Research

The 1965),

work

st

cycles

senate last the

terrestial Chicago

is at

of “nbserving Analysis teaching

and system

Bridge—

Manual

for

Depart

Ph.D. professor

Ph.D.

Research

the

with nstives”, is

CONGA

is

to summer that

the Bowling at Associ

and

of s

st at Mass.

Co. con

has Uni

by

to

1963)

and

for

Inc.,

of

northern he research Council

University Terence working herst. ate next of studying I Guy is in Robert at cently

living in Thets He arships land the Loan Barry 1970—71. Be of 1951) Atlas on the Idaho Professor Robert Nan— ersity the he

Russell L.

the cerning

expect

is

the

Tatnuck. retired

Charleston, the

is

Professor the is the

completed B. Schlesinger

“Leisure

University

Public

summer.”

final

from

Fund

currently

Environment

proud Upsilon H.

is and Batholith editor

Nationsl

Burkham

Eastern Guy retired

in

Department of

Burke D. “Environmentsi of in “1

in

and Canada.

18th to B. the

Professor Caldwell

Lsguna a

nears Be

Canada.

is New of spent of Campbell the

draft

and Buzzard

Geography

Land

continue Capelle,Jr.

retirement

of

travels

Impact

World,”

points

of Massachusetts conducting in Geography

a Century (1954—1955)

gave

Mexico. Manuscript

continues

as Illinois Illinois. (A.B.

the

engsged of

Library

and study,

$100,000.

the

Land part Review Geography

of

Beach,

Interaction,

President

of Idaho (B.A.

in three (Ph.D. lie and

his B. of (Ph.D.

out

Idaho every

this 1916;

which seven

Geography

Uses”

of estate

his

reports

Import Planning

Schuchman.

village Snow-making

Acting

in

Commission. Last at of has

thesis University

Celifornis.

1941, that

a in

summer

to

cash

is

research Collection

He 1925) name

year permafrost Economic

study at 1949). Ireland

the A.M.

miles

Gamma

Noacow.

for at

submitted garden Emeritus

Associ

spring records.

is

their

in the

Schol

Read Ph.D. thst Am with Univ

con

called

for

at to 1969

the 1922)

re

is

in

66

Hf

$ I I

City

tired

fleer

the

State Professor

Harold

Bepporo.

Berlin,

around

In Fitchburg

eiatazmt C5thetjne

last Re

Provost the

Thomas

1946)

1972 of aing

onto, Ceography

and Bans

cation.

syLvania

o11ege, In

sapby Nernan is

Analytic Vsrial4es Networic

parch

tation lots

f

f

the

tration $ki.

prom United

cbnologY and

i Geography

future

University

L97].

Professor

from P.

Director

College, September.

a Pittsburgh.

at

the

Carol

P.

is

sner

the

1966 towns. Canada.

his

of baby

V.

Department

Budapest,

the

Cunningham

Professor

25,

and

York

Carla

topic of

Creveling

he a

Southern

State

IGU E.

Density

States.

luck

Council Chamberlain world

to Shippenberg,

pproach.”

at

he

wife

special Urban

and

in

Geography Professor 1970.

(1958—1960) girl,

is

Cox

study

University. for

on

of

symposium York

of plans

Ada,

Re

and

Pittsburgh:

(M.A.

on

“The

of

President

re

Es

College,

toured visiting

Southern 1970

Graduate

(M.A.

Mass

has Ljobljana

the of

to his

Minnesota

Kiniberlee

for Russell

at Chairman

University

Illinois is

(Ph.D. Oklahoma.

She

assistant at

(Ph.D.

Relationship

to

1934;

recently

Geography

Socio—Economic

Shippenberg received

IGU

she at

tentative

at Geography of

Transit

the

(M.A.

1942) wishes

travel

the

Pennsylvania.

on

is

Massachusetts. work

East Geography of

New Helsinki,

Congress

traveled

Programs 1930)

1951)

is University Ph.D.

the A

Professor

U.S.S.R.

of

and

Uniter—

Mars

in

the

1937;

Factor—

is

to the

England

retired

organi—

in

within

her

In Central

Adminis

a

the

Theory

at

Duluth.

re As

disser

Penn

Edu

is

the

grant

1935)

Tor

of

born

the

father

State

daddy

Ph.D.

Geog—

in

in

at

ed Observations

John

1967)

Boston.

the planning Master’s working

versal spring Thomas

Re

urban setts Robert

Instructor

York.

quent Puerto

Programs,

at

is

Sigismond

Clark.

a Warman Vineyard

Veva

in ing

is

original onto:

section for Spacecraft ment

is Nadine his

330 mapped

rest

unemployed

Kentucky

ing

from

finished

Christmas

spring

the

Coordinator

U.

retirement

now

is chairman and

Girls, and

State

K. 13th,

acres trips

of Associates

Professor

Engineering

at

Dornback P.

of Rico.

on

Interamerican

An

a

Assistant and

Boston Thesis

teaching)

operating

A.B.

Dean

out

1970.

position

and

community the

Donnell

says

1971 my

the Federal research Urban

de

of

University

Division

a

College

Dr.

14th

of to

Toronto, Center letter life.”

to but

map

R. year’s Bishop

Geography Deacon

of His

(N.A.

final

hello at

AAG

Washington land

area and

of

Murphy

(1950—1952,

keep Presently

Diettrich

of

the

and

I

in

in

Chief

Edgartown

(M.A. job

homemaking

Granta University

Corporation

as

a

Meetings have done

assisted Geography

in planning

at for

while

1940;

field

draft

Boston the

at

Strachan internship

Geography farm.

to

15th

(1944—45, He me

University

Distinguished

Ontario.

requires in

are

Houston.

Framiugham.

and

NASA’s

her of

at pending) Dr.

is quite

enough

in new

and

1970.

books.

Ph.D. working

trips and

of he

based

the Massachu (Ph.D.

sends

tending

1941. in

Ph.D. friends

Van,

on

in

book

in

at

his

Projects and is

Special

at

School

New busy the

Mann and

Earth Depart

Martha’s 1962)

work fre

Uni

A

in

1949)

for of

Western on

This “I

along Dr. &s

runn

Tor

1931)

on

She to the

her

am

visit

at

67

yI 1 68 past year he delivered papers on William Belden Fairchild (M.A. • 1937) .• NASA’s Earth Resource Program in the is the Editor of Geographical Review United States, Me*ico and Paris. Brad Fish is Professor of Geog John R. Dunkle (Ph.D. 1955) is Assist raphy at Cape Cod Community College ant Dean and Professor of Physical in West Barostable, Mass. Sciences and Geography at the Univer— aity of Florida in Gainsville. Roy J. Fletcher (Ph.D. 1960) is an associate professor at the Universi½ Farouk M. El Gammel (M.A. 1963, Ph.D. of Lethbridge, in Alberta. last 1966) is director of the Geography summer his family visited Japanese Department at the University of Puerto relatives in Osohe. Their third Rico in Rio Piendras. He is currently child (third son) was born in Novem.. involved in two research projects, one ber. of which deals with the spatial/econ— om..c analysis of San Juan Area’s water Edwin J. Fcscue (Ph.D. 1931) Prof.. needs. The other is entitled “Psycho- essor Emeritus of Geography at South.. Spatial Analysis of the Behavioral en Methodist University, reports Patterns of the Puerto Rican Public that he and Mrs. Foscue made a trip Towards Recreational Areas.” In the by ship around South Ameirca during drawing stage are two more projects, the autumn of 1969; in the spring of one of which aims at the study of the 1970 they travelled by bus and train urban evolution of San Juan from Col across the Sierra Madre Occidental umbus to the present, and the other of Mexico. aims at producing a “National Atlas of Puerto Rico.” J. Keith Fraser (Ph.D. 1964) as its Executive Secretary has been spend Richard Ellefsen (M.A. 1958) helped ing most of the past year organizing host the August 1970 meeting of the the 22nd International Geographical r A.A.G. in San Francisco and has been Congress to be held in Montreal in cluing research on California. He is 1972. He also attended the AAG Professor of Geography and Department Meeting held lest August in Sen

al Graduate Coordinator at San Jose Francisco. - State College, California. Robert French (1967—1969) is Assist Helen Balk Elwell (M.A. 1944) Profess ant Professor of Geography at the or of Geography and Anthropology at University of Maine in Gerham. Stephens College, Columbia, Mo., spent about six weeks in South America last 1lid J. Fuchs (M.A. 1957, Ph.D. summer. She plans to conduct a semi 1959) is Professor and Chairmen of nar in India end Japan in the summer the Dept. of Geography at the Uni of 1971. versity of Hawaii. He was Cheirman of the Faculty Senate at the Did William Emerson (1968—70) would appre versity in 1969—70. last March and ciate hearing from anyone who has in April he travelled in East and South formation or experience concerning the east Asia. economics and ecology of either con temporary or 19th century communes. Mahammad Hassan Ganji (Ph.D. 1954) is Professor end Chairman of the Bart J. Epstein (Ph.D. 1956) is Pro Dept. of Geography at Tehran Univer fessor of Geography and Research Ass sity, Tehran, Iran. He is presently ociate at the Center for Urban Region revising the Climatic Atlas of Iran, alism, Kent State University, Kent first published in 1968. last Ohio.

t4’’44.,

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SoOiate

Iby

WMoh

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laren

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°05p1e Peter

braazda Jai*t

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Professor

a

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(Pa 1 )

sew

ashurb’mization

lCphy EMtb

can finishing

o

qai4aUOn

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er trip

to

Gr1C5JI PaSt

tober

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Glasgow

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jq

York

u1d

attend

I1lioi 5 .

Glen

No.

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to

f

Wa))ç

and

session

three

about

Professor

Griffin

and

of

itself.”

Qollege

Work

he

the

1973

heen Gill3nan

as Toronto,

a

Great

Metropolitan

miles,

of

of

127.

of

for of

of

He

his

Institutional

Process World

(1960—1964)

(A.B.

visited

florida

University

Conferen

the

College

result (M.A.

Girgis

Geography

Geography

Mediterranean

Institutional Chicago.

of

years. with

he

Crafts

Geography

and

along

the

University

dissertation

of

Britain

(.A.

in

(Ph.D.

Meetings

geography

chaired

State of

1953,

also

Meteorological

(Ph.D.

his

of

1959)

first

1550

the

the

New

Japan

of

oiiiiife

offices

in

(Ph.D.

the

is

for

Geography

He

1964)

wife

went

Growth

West

elderly

has

region.

College

1968

1963) M.A.

Pelts,

at

Research

of

and

to

working

His

at

in

candidate)

is

levee

tine

visited

the

an

Studies

to

of

at

State

Chicago

1900:

Edinboro

at

have

1957)

1970.

visited

out

to

Assistant

Re

Africa.

book,

is

lakes

Urban

and

in on

1959)

partici

the

Elderly,

Macomb.

is

is

search

the

last

New

see for

over Assist—

the

the

at in

on

on

s

took

a

Uni

Or

at

is

is

Clarke

September.

the

based

study

is

as

Arts,

iation,

Rocky Oklahoma past

Associate

Oklahoma

Richard

time

fires.

able

Supervisor

Defen.

Ph.D.

Dorothea

ucation.

cities

group

sity traveled

College

is

Sister

England.

historical

engaged

Hull,

Reader

Alan

many’s World

tinuing

sity

Andreas

fessor Africa

currently publishing

plans

Meetings

tjnivarsity,

birth

President

year

of

recreation. to

on

Sciences,

Mountain

and

?.

1949)

Harris

from

of

and

Yorkshire,

to

War

3.

Mazy

visit

the

latent

to

in

Academy

State

Hess foreign

in

of

of

traveling

Burton in

he met

his

widely

Professor

Missouri—Columbia

Grotewold

She

discuss

Hecock

held

for

spend

the

Geography

Southern

II

Cresson,

a

Geography

Santa

geography

project

research

is

presented

Ursual

several

with

research

(1952)

of

son,

(M.A.

Los

reports

DelcaIb.

Social

University.

expansion

demand

the

and

Michigan

Intelligence

Hawley

at

of

trade.

Mount

in

six

He Ana

Angeles

(Ph.fl.

England.

post—secondary

educators

Doug,

and

Department

Letters, Northern

Sciences,

of

Europe

1948)

Hank

leader

(M.A.

is

Illinois

Pa.

also

weeks

articles.

concerning

at

Science

at

and

that

for

of

papers

Aloysius

into

Geography

doing

Next

presently

(M.A.

Academy

the

of

the

1966)

last

northern

(Ph.D.

is

She

reports resulting

water- 1951)

during

with

for she

in

West

the

In

is

Research

He University

as summer

Illinois

in

Chair-

Univer

research.

Assoc

1947;

the

to

Univer

recently

East

of

the

is

con

was

a

well

is

eight post-

Junior

a

1958) Pro

He

the

of

the

Ger

at

a

ed

study

he

69

I,

I

I I 70 man of the Department of Counseling the local Rotary Club and is prepa.. and Rehabilitation et Marshall Uni ing an address on “Evangt.lical Ecol versity, Huntington, West Virgina. ogy,” inspired by e recent camping trip to the shores of lake Huron. Joseph E. Hickey,Jr. (M.A. 1960, Ph.D. in progress) is State Open Space end M. Aminul Islam (Ph.D. 1964) ie a Recreation Planner for the Department Reader in the Department of Geogra of Agriculture and Natural Resources phy, University of Dacca, Eaat Paki in Connecticut. He writes “My major tan. He is currently engaged in5.. cy.. occupational preocupation is with the clone Hazard research in East Pakis.. translation of planning recoimsendations tan, sponsored by the I.G.U. Comm-. into action in a fast—growing part ission on Man and the Enviornment of Megalopolis— a real challenge or (in collaboration with G.F. White, e study in frustration, take your I. Burton, and R.W. Mates). He is pick” Secretary of the East Pakistan Geog.. raphical Society and Editor of The Franklin Hodges (H.A. lg66) is an Oriental Geographer. He recentlr Assistant Professor of Geography at completed a paper on “Ni’.man Adjust the University of Maine at Gorham. ment to Coastal Hazards: A Case Presently he is helping put together Study of Char Jabber.” a new university in southern Maine. Geography and Anthropology will be Albert H. Jackman (Ph.D. 1953) will merged in the new system. His fatly give up lhe Meadship of the Departa is enjoying life on their “exurhan” ment of Geography at Western Michigan farm. University in January of 1972. He expects to spend the next eight months Gerry H. Hones (M.A. 1953) is lecturer in Alaska and Canada studying attempts in Education at Beth University in of government and private interests to England. This year he has written reconcile seemingly incompatible ob “The Geography of Education” dealing jectives of the Conservationists and with curriculum developments for the developers of natural resources in the teaching of geography in schools. Arctic end Sub—Arctic.

Joseph B. Hoyt (Ph.D. 1954) ie Pro Preston James (Ph.D. 1923) is Maxwell fessor of Geography and Chairman of Professor Emeritus at Syracuse Uni the Social Science Oivision of South versity. Me is teaching a graduate ern Connecticut State. Crllege in New seminar there in the history of geog Haven. The Geography Department here raphic ideas the first semester of has eight full—time and two part—time 1970—71; he will teach a similar members and averages 15 to 20 majors course at the University of Puerto a year. Me also has been working on Rico in the second semester. He has the 3rd edition of Man and the Earth just completed the manuscript of e which will be published in January. new book, All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographic Ideas. It will Burt Hudgins (Ph.D. 1930) is retired be published by Bobb-Merrill in late end is living in Detroit, Michigan. 1971. Gilbert J. Hunter, (M.A. 1959) is J. anville Jenson (Ph.D. 1946) is deliveryman for an appliance dealer currently at Oregon State University. end builder of water conditioning equipment near Pottstown, Pa. He has Jessie M. (Thornton) Jesseman (ILA. recently prepared a symposium on “rur retired) spent two months touring al—urban relations and the fatly” for 71

pwpe, visiting Paris, Rome, Lucerne, Instead of spending this winter in Amsterdam and london. Florida as she has since 1961, she is sticking out the cold winter jliiam C. jeyasinghaxn (M.A. 1952; months at her home in Manticoke, ‘ *.D.) is the President of Jaffna Pennsylvania. College in Vaddvkoddai, Ceylon. t addition to his administrative Clarence E. Koeppe (A.M. 1927; Ph.D. woz9c, he teaches courses in clima— 1929) is retired and has traveled tology, political geography, and this past year to Central Europe, economic geography. He is also the Iberia, Morocco, and Thailand. His editor of Religious and social Issues new book is Tink of Nunda, a “true Whleh is published by the Christian account of the events and situations Institute for the Study of Religion which I experience as a lad at the turn and St.ciety. of the century——humorous, sad, end unsophisticated.” Allah Wynne Jonas (1962—1963) is %rector of Marketing for the Wales Mary MacDonald (M.A. 1941) expects Tourist Board after a December, 1970 to receive her MBA from the Univer pranotion from Public Relations Mana sity of Dallas in Irving, Texas this get. fle has represented Wales in year. travel prosotiona in the USA, Canada, (nany, Holland and Sweden. Recent— Richard J. Kopec (Ph.D. 1965) Assoc Ly he stopped by Clark to look up iate Professor at the University of old friends while on a suimuer tour North Carolina at Chapel Hill has Of H.!. United States and S.E. Canada. published ‘Further Observations of the Urban Heat Island in a Small William F. Kanes, Jr. (M.A. 1954) is City” in the Bulletin of the Ameri General Manager of the Worcester can Meteorological Society. He is Area axasiber of Commerce. In 1970 currently doing research on the So he was najed a Fellow of the American cial and Physical Effects of Maximum Uustriai Development Council. Sea Level and a Bioclimatic Model for Southeastern U.S.” Lois fl. Keller (M.A. 1929) is now retired. She reports that she toured Theodnre 3. laird (H.A. 1948) is SOuthern New England last August. Chief of the Geographic and Toponymic Branch of the Geographic Names Divis Lillian w. Kant (M.A. 1964) is Assist ion, U.S. Army Engineering Topographic ant Professor of the Evening Under Command, Washington, 0. C. graduate School d Fitchburg State ! College in Massachusetts. J. Alan Leach (M.A. 1969) is a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force. He !dwara Kersch (M.A4 ia principal city is an aircraft maintenance officer Planner for the Detroit City Plan currently assigned to Davis-Monthan CoTl8fliaaion AFE, Tucson, Arizona. 4 Harry a. Kircher (Ph.D. 1961) is Han Soon Lee (1965) Professor of :1 Aseociate Professor, SIV—Edwardsville. Geography at Kyung Hee University He has co-authored in a high school text in Korea is researching a paper en consez.vation entitled our Natural titled “Internal Migration of Popu -_ lation in Korea.” Me is also Eval of Five Year Economic ESther uation Professor L. Kietler (M.A. 1938) is re Planning for Korea and a pert-time tired from high school teaching. Research Planner under the Ministry of Construction. I

Atmospheric meetings tired three tha working Mount Louis duced Minnie ion iark the on Department work Thomas Environmental six—year 1970 N.Y.C. Sally arrangements 1935) ervisory for awarded He Information recent is Richard Community Chief and birth Miriam “The Spanish Dana Studies. of Bulletin Geography, Professor In is

(M.A.

working the addition,

Historical self—employed is

Editorial of

“distinguished has U.S.

he with

Ecology

A.

at

E. years.”

Molyoke from Diseases——Cases is Lamaire

completing of of

1957)

E. the

lest

Lewis articles L.

by part received

has Rutgers

Little

speaking left

period

performance of Leipold end Professor

the of Development

Lamaire the of College

snd

his National

the of

as

Science

Administration

the and

chapter

the

left

Worcester, committee time of

her Miriam she Lockhart’e Geography

(1966—1967)

Commerce. Branch Action College. Spealter’s a

Studies

Richard

(1968—70)

position

Department

(M.A.

A.A.G. member Documentation

end

Connecticut and in Infectious

the

his

the as is adults job

(M.A.

in in

(M.A.

editor:hip of the Education,

oceanic of for has doing

a is

of New Bronze

Coalition Connecticut. dissertation for BRA Services as

1951,

A. consultant. studies Geography

and

her 1946) of Journal for

at awaiting

Mass,” This Scientific as

published superior Bureau 1932,

teacher third in is

the

In

to is York Lockhart

volunteer of the Manchester The

Chief working the of thesis,

Drug 1955—56) Boston.

July,

Medal Assistant and

become

League

has

year pest Congress

the over Divis Ph.D. City.

of local

child for Social

of Boston of

of

and et

In of the

re

of

sup

the she

a

Edinboro Jerusalem, with the H.A. Namib Nay during Richard vania. Arthur UClA. John Nillersville Manuel Direotor Harriet Command Hartford. Robert and 1937) babies Service). Pa. Geography land, ity. nan Canadian the ant 1955) of the iate Emanuel Metropolitan study and Renewal of University ional sabbatical

camping Bridgewater,

Cambridge

pest continued of Professor 1970 Housing

Geography

their

C. Professor 1960)

They is the

is Desert

and

Science

the He and

the C. to H.

F.

Ruth

Naier Lowe Program.

(formerly

State Professor

from of Professor year Rockies.”

was West

at Lord the Lopez do

visited two

Summer during Logan Aleta

coming Dept. in

in

Market Planning Robert

Long the of State

Miami, research

(Ph.D.

visiting he the Redevelopment

Washington,

of field at

at Pacific a

(Ph.D.

girls.

Crllege,

of Indies,

(M.A.

VW South

Massachusetts.

(A.B.)

Hebrew Looker

of contributed

the Geography George

(B.A.

of the the up U.S.

Geography

“Enj

(M.A.

Miriam’s

of is College, of

camper Study

research

Florida

1969)

Earth

that

for in 1959)

State

1961)

West

Spring Army

Geography still Geography at Northwest oyed

Army Professor this 1936,

retired

Washington Edinboro,

University, 1941;

1971,

(M.A.

the

the

for

year.

with D.

is

Sciences

Africa

Map

College is

6½ end

is

Author home

Topo

sunnier Pennsyl at Deputy

Cossnunity

2.LA.

of City Max work in the C. Assist

Assoc Ph.D. weeks l96o he 1hsit

Reg two in

the With at at 1970, end -

of will

Pleuch In

to

of

72

1

WE%

WRflnmnth

$

nd Port

ifl

Health Venesuele,

al

of

tion

bean

American

in

He

stmd

Chairmen,

Michael

Professor

nOrtheasten

Chennel

ef

Science.

He

ant

Nathan

Rfrioe

Wallace

Newfoundland.

federal 4

1951) sity Shannon

spent

or research

Benzy

1970)

Qeography,

1951),

N.fl.jgnal

of was

at

assistant

pnald

men

ing

is

Institute

Won,

Migration

National

Pittsburgh.

latin received

stripaining

is

Utiation

of

Geology,

1970.

Shippensburg

Professor,

particularly

for with

Area

Season

groups

the

of

currently

on

is

travelling

the

Geography

is

a.

Meleen

during

Chairman

u.

34.

form

?4a5s

the

government.

American B.

Studies Newfoundland,

McCune

territorial

presently

“Family work

and

in

McCutcheon

of currently

Department

Park

Oral

sumner

Mensoian

Profesaor

McCall

.Science

McIntyre

in

a

university

1

to

Mass.

He

in

the

Boston

Geography

Oklahoma.

changes

Venezuela

certificate

Park

of

early

Munich,

on

(M.A.

Service

Roberts

political

Department

is

the

He

on

studying

(Ph.D.

Ryukyu

at

from

of

State

Medical

Health

in interested

a

Studies,

of

completing

Dept.

visited

(M.A.

Naturalist

-Foundation

sedimentation

working

State

study

Memorial

Assistant

the

State

(A.B.

1964)

South

1970.

1970

of

(M.A.

on

of

(M.A.

behavior

He

the

Germany.

St.

of

1939;

and

in

College.

university.

in

Islands

Department

Geography

a

Geography

1963)

coverage

of

spent

the

geogrpphy.

Resources

of

of

Center

Florida,

in

college. conducting

the

1949)

strewn

of

is

and

John’s,

conjunc

the

1947;

University

1966;

acting

Public

for

i

Merida,

“Intern

univer

latin

IL.D.

effects

Assist

Natural

a

Profess

Sunnier

for

ia

East

of

a

Carib

Grant.

re relat

the

under

He

Ph.D.

in

Ph.D.

He

and

in

hu

the

of

the

man

Richard

tario.

in Intheran

dissertation

Russell

in

his

College,

of

John

er

did

College

of

Benjamin mapping,

fessor

exclusively

Walter

Survey

associated

school

Mitra

against

She

Mahroo

is

in

two—year Andrew

President

mas

a. be

Higher

Franco—Jusericans

has

in

an

Claira

Waddell

1946)

yrederick

the

progress)

Geography

of

Geography

university

of

wife

a

Tons

field

travelling

Manchester,

Instructor

currently

Moulton

and

been

Worcester

1969.

the

Geography

(4)

and

H.

in

Institute,

K.

He

W.

is

Tavakolian

S.

in

Education

Pirozzi

University phosphate

Hastings,

spent

River,

to

Moulton

surveying

and

work

community

Murphy

Geography North

awarded

Morrison

is

and

Muncaster

Registered

Moreland

of

Hastings,

Chairman

with

S.

Europe

with

while

is

and

and

(1958—1959)

an

Reed,

Ocean

of

Ralph

has

Merriam

last

in

to

at

still heusewife

New

&serican

Assistant New

the Monier

Department.

Geology

Geology

New

the

(A.B.

(Ph.D.

Alaska

Florida

Act,

under

New

possibly a

teaching water

two

Nebraska. Morgan

at

and

in

Inc.

May

Jersey.

college

County

(H.A.

of

grant-to

Hampshire.

Department

(M.A.

Novia

(2).

Nebraska.

(M.A.

Mexico

subjects

working Representative

the

Waterloo, Hampshire

children,

(A.B.

the

photogressnetry.’

1939)

1965.

in (M.A,

Title

1957)

New

pollution.

at

is

at

in

that

1952)

working

1951)

end

(M.A.

for

Professor Scotia

Europe.

1968,

College,

Department

the

at

Hastings

Professor

located

the

Hastings

recently

York

1939;

is

work

1965)

on

He

Christ

of

She

I

deals

Chair— of

Waterloo

is

at

only

1964)

is

He

summ

of

She

College

Pro

Anna

On his

Ph.D.

and

Janu

land

City.

will

with

M.A.

the

is

a

of

73

LI -c_.

.

I

1

1 1 - •1

74 presented a paper on “Regions of Er of Secondary Teaching at Central osional and Depositional Landforms” Connecticut State College. at an AAG meeting in Dallas. He has 4 also bean a visiting geographical lialph E. Olson (Ph.D. 1946) Profess.. scientist for the AAG at two Texas or of Geography at the University of state colleges and a consultant for Oklahoma has published A ph Harold D. Drummond’s Our World Today of Water and two articles which ha Series. worked on related to a recent sab batical in the Netherlands. Dr. 01— W.G. Hyatt (Ph.D.) Professor Emeritus son also notes the marriage of his after his 1969 retirement from Oregon daughter Karen. State at Corvallis is enjoying geog raphy firsthand in sunny Southern Frederick E. Oxtoby (M.A. 1968) ia California. a PhD. student at Monash University in Clayton, Australia. Salvatore j. Natoli (M.A. 1957; Ph.D. 1967) is the Educational Affairs Robert A. Paul (M.A. 1966) is an ,- Director for the AAG in Washington, Associate Professor at Northern Essex - .--- :4 coordinating various educational pro Community College in Haverhill, Iiasa jects including residual functions of achusetts, where he has been working the highschonl Geography Project. He hard at planning and ordering equip I: has been busy writing, and his work ment and maps for the laboratories in for the year includes: “Environment the new college campus. al Education: Geographical Phoenix,” Maryland Geographer, October 1970; G. Etzel Pearcy (M.A. 1932; Ph.D. “Geography,” Encyclopedia Britannica 1940) Professor and Chairman of ths Yearbook 1970; Dictionary of Basic Department of Geography, California Geography, April 1970 with Chatham, State College, Los Angeles, travelled Griffin, and Schisieder. He also has during the aummer of 1970 in the outer a forthcoming article in Eoonomic Hawaiian Islands, Soviet Central Asia Geography. and Western Europe. He co—authored It with George Stevens, An Introduction Mrs. J.W. Neff (Bobbie Newman) (M.A. to Geography, and ia currently work 1965) is in the final stages of her ing on a monograph dealing with an dissertation research at the Univer overall survey of the world’s 276 sity of Tennessee. international boundaries.

Herman L. Nelson (Ph.D. 1954) is Robert F. Perry,Jr. (Ph.D. 1957) ia Professor of Geography at Wisconsin Chairman of the Dept. of Geography I State University in LaCrosse, Wis— at the Massachusetts State College conain. in Worcester. He has been conducting research on the development of Florida P Norton Nichols, Jr. (M.A. 1950) is east coast and notes that his depart Assistant Superintendent Educational ment has expanded to ten men and over Services, Antelope valley Union High 100 majors, twenty-five percent of School District, Lancaster, Calif. whom go on to graduate school.

Howard L. Dhman (M.A. 1949) worka as Rafael Pico (H.A. 1934; Ph.D. 1938, a Physical Geographer for the U.S. LL.D. 1962) is Vice Chairman of the Army Natick Laboratories in Natick, Board Banco popular de Puerto Rico Massachusetts. and he writes that he was elected International Does of the Year 1970 Kenneth Olson (1963—64) is Supervisor by the National Secretaries A5sooistiCfl

Mental

Pending)

Geography

‘entra1ity

George Wet•”

of

Place

“Work

wrote

t asue

before

ian

National

£lforia:

fld

in

Franciac 0

Loe

sion

an

in Rorthridge,

Fernando

many

Professor Richard

“Snug

ruination through

area

miles

in

martian

vation

well

topographic

Esgions,

in

include

Be ogist

to

Richard

published

book

lation

(lnt 1 l).

Southern

the

Centrality’

Association

September,

Prospects,

Angeles” surface

1965”

Studies,

writes:

invited

of

System

Continues

of

a

through

cars,

Studies,

as

B.

Nueva

in

the

on

Form

with

guest

of

the

is

B.

the

into

the

inultivariate

Press.

craters.”

terrestial),

in

Priddle

Valley

J.

Paradise,

a

and

is

of

of

andcentral

1970

homogeneous

Assistant

Preston Be

in

and

three

geometry

California

Its

the

His

1970

and

paper, the

Califcra.

“Current Pike

in

Albertan

Geografia

western

being

before

descriptions

U.S.

Geography

English

editorial

over-population,

the

age-dependent

has

1971

and

University

the

and

on

high—rise

of

meeting

edited

People,

Division “Urban

Structure

Branch

State

published

He

AAG

(N.A.

San

week

(N.A.

Geological

the

Geographers started

sadly

reprinted

by

on

Pacific

fo1ks”

presented

He

(Ph.D.

Recent

the

U.S.

of

meetings

research

Professor

of

Geographer. Francisco

Place

numerical

analysis

the

College

Aldine

Measurement

de

by

covered

camping

topographic

Between

Development

of

1964,

1963)

at

in

of

lunar

Its

opening

his

reports

of

He

P.R.

and

construction,

Robert

of

Astrogeolog

of

the

Central

(lunar

the

the

1964)

the

by

Changes

North

Patterns,”

variations

Problems,

Environ

read

latest

Waterloo,

in

Survey.

Greater

Ph.D.

is

Canada &

the

a

and

topics

in

in to

San

trans

and too

1970 Canad

trip

6000

of

1940

of

.

Bay

paer,

deri

ses

Geol—

is

the

as

San

be

Edward

has

Ann

living penance.”

to

college

ications

the

students

also

for

gress

(6 of

again

the

manager

Richard

ington

geography

a

year

a

at

John

College,

.ersity

of

Etha

grasslands.

fessor

tinues

south,

Professor

A1umi

Merle

published

Anthology

ticle,

and

He ment:

eration

Achieved

research

Ontario.

new

dissertation

be

and

Photogrammetry

Volimex

no

York

Washington,

Geography

second

convention

has

establish

Found

is

P.

a

H.

on

be

Risley

news

course

in

4)

office.

C.

youth.

and

“rewarding

and

and of

research

Foundation

of

R.

being

co—edited

University

“How

Redford

between

in Pruser

Surveying

in

Arroyo

of

and

Pennsylvania.

Prunty

at

on

from

successive

of

Georgia,

the

Randall

to

True

in

entitled

Reizer

Chairman

Identification

en He

on

charge

the

York.”

in

Geography

one

(A.B.

at

“Satisfaction

Geography

the

report

taken

effort

a

is

remote

of

Rand—McNally’s

and

His the

D.C.

This

(M.A.

Happiness,”

urban

Grande,

Relevant

ACSM/ASP

East

convention

on

(1968—70)

boy

(Ph.D.

presently

American

and

Ontario

with

educational

(1968—70)

and

Distinguished

of

with

1946;

in

Wilderness

(Ph.D.

family

Athens;

land

Crisis;

up

of

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1• I 76 is associated with the Executive Geographical Review. Staff, Division of Earth Sciences, National Research Council of the Larissa (Manvszczak) Sacovitch (l964_ S National Academy Sciences, Washington. 1965) is a social studies teacher at Burncoat Migh School in Wcester. Walter W. Ristow (Ph.D. 1937) is She is still working on her thesis Chief of the Geography and Map Divis and has travelled to Eastern Ch’de ion of the Library of Congress in recently. Washington, D. C. In August through September he attended a conference of Ronald R. St.Onge (1955—56) is Chair the International Federation of Li man of the Foreign language Department 4 brary Associations in Moscow. While of Smithfield (R.I.) High School. Ha in the Soviet Union he visited travelled in Europe during the susspar Irkutsk, Movosibirsk, Teshkent, Buk of 1970. hare, end Samarkend. i V. (N.A. 1950—51) A Paul Salley is ma Cullom Robertson (M.A. ) is Chairman of the Geography Dept. at retired and lives in Port Charlotte, the Massachusetts State College in Florida. Salem. Mis family has groWn to seven children — four girls and three 3. Lewis Robinson (Ph.D. 1946) Pro boys. fessor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, has added yet Frederick S. Sanford (1948—50) is em. another book to his publication list. ployed as Senior Systems Analyst for Me also reports that his wife, Jo, Sikorsky Aircraft in Strstford, Conn. (M.A. 1943) has now recovered from a sev,,re auto accident in June 1970. Anthony Sea (Ph.D. 1955) is Associate Professor of Geography at the Univer He I Candida R. Ramirez de Roman (1946—47) sity of South Carolina. has pub is Associate Professor in Geography lished articles concerning military - -- - and acting chairman of the department and naval matters in the Professional at the University of Puerto Rico. Geogrepher and Military Affairs. He is currently researching a militery John ((err Rose (1932) is Senior Spe geogrephy of World War II. cialist in Natural Resources and Conservation for the Congressional Christine Krause Schultz (1925—26) Research Service of the Library of has just retired after 30½ years Congress in Washington, D. C. Me teaching Junior High School Geography writes: “We are somewhat excited and General Science. shout the New Congressional Reorgani zation Act, the first since 1946. Harvey E. Scott (M.A. 1963) is am There is a new committee print, by instructor of geography at Chicago The Joint Economic Committee: “The State College. w - Economy, Energy and the Environment” of which I am co—author.” David Sharon (Ph.D. 1968) Senior Lecturer at the Hebrew University Lewis 0. Rosenthal (1966-69) Assist of Jerusalem visited Clark in Decem ant Professor of Geography at the ber of 1970 and gave a short course University of Nerylsnd, hes jointly in climatology. (! is currently authored an article with Saul B. Cohen working on problems of micro-scale entitled “Political Action Ares and features of rainfall. Political Process: A Model for Pol itical Systems Analysis” which appear Earl B. Shew (Ph.D. 1933) is Professor ed in the January 1971 issue of iegree.” Worcester. ,Iune JBme geography ed end coasts aisount State Sensing Professor kda Afle1iIca JUUC setts 55ny, era of 5Huah pecting at Suk.jla fessor light research I emeritus eeeor .ast Of in C1ud Univereit reejd09 topic Professor Li 1970 ‘V Plen University 1970) SIbbatj051 1fldo0, viefted the n Georgia. the retfl4 the Vol. N. Northern for enviromaenal August 3.970, and of of College onorary State teaching A. Vechta H. Nigeria to of of of Shawkey ?.AG N. University of liar Department at an Shin to Canada. III January 1969—70 at Shear his on Sievers Shipman in Visit the Mexico, of research. of at Geography Geography Sun meetings Assumption undergraduate Berkeley. Niedersachsen, of finish recent in Aseum5itiOfl College and water “I Southern of from South Geography He Framingham.” dissertation Branch. Geography (H.A. American at Western England (M.A. (1970) continue Doctor load the Illustr. (1947—48) (Ph.D. a is was 1971, Cheney a He (M.A. workshop Central work balance publiations of quality of merica. continuing 1967) journey Soviet at and in at at is hopes 1957)is During devoted Vermont. Pittsburgh. and Geography College of 1952) She Ontario in Mrs. Mediterranean College Framingham. at the San at retired for Pedagogical 1936) with a and Welt major Science is is “South 1971—72. America, Massachu and small Eastern West has is in to Union his in University Francisco She to Associate Shaw Assist December is is Chairman a last to to Pittsburgh. be is (Zurich, Remote his gave drought. South recent- in in Pro ex attend Ph.D. and ifl Ger— at plann— mess— in Pro— Asia” and on and The the nt He Williams Albert Nation; try possibly Maratha He the returned for and establishing Sue of dissertation ing John the is Dept. fessor Geography. Endia, iate David Govind Frank Samuel Mexico Assistant of ersity. iate report Dept. “the Karl and of convention Last sity, last sity, Insurance has, presently Pittsburgh. Geography Geography working my C. the Liberal of summer daughter past Professor may. A. Professor summer Stacey A. at J. of Memphis, Mahattan, W. published Saran southeastern thesis W. and and Simonds the prior A Boston Geo—Politics Sobol Mainland the College, from Smith Geography Sparicio year Political Smith Smith Secretary oup, Ec Chairman of arrival in Arts on he (Ph.D. a Singh University and a to through at at on nomic India 1971. San (t.A. has AAG the geography at Mellon travelled Tennessee. at (1968—70) (A.B. He Memphis attending Kansas. Kansas (A.B. (B.A. hopes three the Division Hartford, Providence, China Boston Francisco. Indiana (M.A. Woman’s meeting.” been is at of 1955) (Ph.D. Massachusetts, and and of Geography 1949) of cranberry and He 1966, Colorado working Fellow the 1943) Brian 1949) books the to the State is Commercial spent of shortly. is State 1963) branch writes the State with is Last at 1962) finish State University is the program N.A. now proud Geography Colorado. Hartford Connecticut. is Barlow is Professor Roger in Indian Professor Univer in of R.I., finish on his AAG is Univer and summer Assoc indus College. Pro Assoc has that of the India: 1969) Univ his by to New wife 77

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4*: & 11’ he Vincent he Assistant National prospectively Bryan months. book. will McLaughlin Me a article Bridgewater. residence Reed and interest at tion Toponyny.” at She Margaret is information. He Robert Coppin twin university Ontario. ice, and as fessor raphy G. readers Geography 1971—72 Ireland She Influencing Settlement 1971) long travelled Massachusetts plans has Tatham and teaching Scott Scientific plans has manuals attended F. be boys Officer “some Thompson and is his of Bryan supervised series CL State may J. published Steward and sabbatical in recently Air to geographers.” Anne university Instructor Afro-Asierice to at Stone 1968—70) Geography Professor on (Ph.D. Journal Talsrico,Jr. has College of family in visit in of Residential in inquire in Force College also York for the travel October He which titled, and Tindal of urban the written the Brewster, (M.A. Great (1931-32) (M.A. has State Technical Conference Air completed 1934) plan Japan notes the Technical university in Air Base, of sussner and is leave through would and Areas: this of of at Weather a the 1965; in 22, (M.A. publication Assistant Britain Geography, 1963, “Linguistic Weather forthcoming College Wayne Professor to Cuzco, is in Geography “Immigrant Anthropology Choice” for the Baltimore. Interested (M.A. New at summer NCGE Illinois. 1970. Atlanta. Master probably of continues spend her pending, Ph.D. reports Factors two him the doctoral birth Informa for York. 1971 Service State in Year and Peru. 1966) at Serv thesis his Pro which in for Geog of of at 1971) of of Western William the pert Margie position with Eugene year. articles Mexico ment Research Clsef land. grsphy the the Charles that Fernando an on Carolyn Chinese of Bulletin, Ohio search. at last Paterson Stats Geography a university Paul states of fifty fessor ssee department Southern 1963) fessor ing book, Environmental article, Clark such Geography Caribbean. same summer in he of State State for P. Geography” suimner years also is university Van project Carolyn end the Emeritus, 0. from She and Vouras projects Europe. resigned Van Cities C. university B. 1971 positicn Asia, now State related the during Office, of State vol. Tyson seminar plans Varney Weiss, gave Cartographic Cleef university, university, at of is of interim he Royen 2 of Director “My AAG — Professor in working years Carbondsie. 1970 Geography illustrating College encountered did College: in uSSR, Geography.” Geology 1, (M.-A. the Reminiscences retired an for 1968-70 to to and Durham, now Sciences as in last (Ph.D. Action, fl and a no. (A.N. (Ph.D. he address Chairman of field her Virgin the Whitewater. teaching spend a research retired an Southern of Scandanavia 1951) on July Mong color returned faculty 1. has Nashville at in in thesis currently Research the animated at 1926) from Geographjc 1953; work North several 1928) “The Wayne, Wisconsin the a of Br. Willism published before and She Kong some from is Islands map Indian Division of large Tenne assootate the at from VaaJ Ph.D. Conced Illinois in of Pro— Dept. last Pro to written the Carolina. is writes re hazards via the the supple Lab Army csrto N.J. and Greeoe, San last In holds wo*’ the the and 78 79 of the profession when an Exacto Administration in Rockville, Nd. )a4fe cut required eight stitches. She is also teaching a course on Marion I. Wright (N.A. 1946) Pro emote sensing. fessor of Geography and Chairman of the Social Science Department at I Niels West (M.A. ) is a Research Rhode Island College toured India i Assistant at Barnard College and at and Europe for four months during II! Notgers university. sabbatical leave. I’ Si Nest (H.A. 1941) is Contact Spe lao J. tuber (1948—49) has been cialist for the U.S. Government in appointed Director of the Planning $iiladelphia. His son is a sophomore Division of the Progrsm Coordination at Clark. and Services Office under HUE for the eight Southeastern States. His offices Picrenoe H. Wheeler (138, 1940 summers) are located in Atlanta. is retired from teaching elementary and junior high school. She resides in Nutland, Mass. ry Whiteford (M.A. 1968) is Assist ant Professor at West Texas State University in Canyon, Texas. Present ly he is working on his dissertation at the U. of Oklahoma. In the past year he has travelled to Mexico and to hie home “state” of Canada. r Narut I,. Wills (1942—43) continues *5 Professor at the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. David C. Winslow (Ph.D. 1948) is Profeseor of Geography, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pannsylvanj, and Editor of The Patina lvania Geographer. He continues B containerization study, and visited Potts in Texas, Lower California, Ca1iforni, and the Great lakes Area.

Dania and Ingrid (Hansen) Wood(1967- 69) Ingrid is a ter bank teller in Worces after working for the US Census last sUmmer. his Denis, who has completed Master’s thesis after a stint at )*yif)q railroad track back Ct is studying Clark. His MA will be g.canted in June. ‘1 A.j. Wright (Ph.n. 1951) is now Chief OBographer of vey, the National Ocean Sur Natiopl Oceanic and Aeronautics -

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The Monadnock’s

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