The Ethnology of . Part I. The of Nether Author(s): H. H. Howorth Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of and Ireland, Vol. 6 (1877), pp. 364-378 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2841091 . Accessed: 10/06/2014 08:06

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This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 364 H. H. HOWORTH.-l7he Saxons of NetherSacxony.

DISCUSSION. Dr. CAMPBELL, R.N., said he considered the age referredto of maternityto be too low, though it mightbe correctto say the women did sometimesmarry as young as stated. It is generallyadmitted that conceptio-ndoes not take place till afterthe appearance of the menses; and fromstatistics he collected with referenceto a neigh- bouring country(" Edin. Med. Journal,"1862), such would seldom occur before11k years. In describing the propagationof trees by slips, the author had omitted to state that the firstact of the process is to removea narrowcircular part of the bark of the branch over which the soil is attached,and that generallythe mass is regularlywatered for a time,either by hand or any contrivance permittinga drop falling occasionallyon it. The PRESIDENTalso made some observationson the paper,and the Directorthen read the followingpaper, in the absenceof the author:-

The ETHNOLOGYof GERMANY. Part I. TlheSAXONS of NETHER SAXONY. By H. H. HOWORTH. AT the accessionof Charlemagnethe were mastersof all Germany,except that portion inhabited by theirold and invete- rate enemiesthe Saxons. For 300 yearsthis sisterconfederacy, which had remainedfree fromthe Romanyoke, and freealso fromChristian influences, had carried on an almost ceaseless and, veryoften, aggressive war against the Franks; and it was only the perseveringeffort of the grealKarl himselfthat eventu- ally crushedand incorporatedthe Saxons. The Saxon countrysouth of the , at this time comprised the three provincesof ,Engern, and Ostphalia. It was bounded on the west by a seriesof Frankish gaus which separated it from the and fromLake Flevo; and its boundariesmay be admirablystudied in the 3rd map of the seriesGermany in Spruner'snew Atlas. Let us now limitour- selves, fora short tiine,to Westphalia,which was, apparently, not an old possessionof the Saxons,but one which theycon- quered fromthe Franks. The western boundary of Westphalia followed almost in detail the presentwestern boundary of the Prussianprovinces of Westphalia and Hanover. It was separatedfrom the by certainFriesian gaus, now formingpart of Hanover and Oldenburgh. On the east it was bounded by the Hunte, a tributaryof the as faras its sources,and thenceroughly by the presentboundary of Westphalia,with whose southern limits it was also more or less conterminous.It was therefore wateredby the , the , and the .

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. III HOWORTH.-TheSaxons of Nether-Saxony. 365

The nameWestphalia does not appear,so faras I know,before Carlovingiantimes. Its etymologyhas been analysedby Zeuss, who tells us Falahl,with the terminationah, is derivedfrom Fal, i.e.,plain or field,and is the same as the Slavic poliak or polian, whencePoland and Poloutsi,and Rubruquisand othersgive us Valwae or Valania as the equivalentof Poloutzia. Therewas a in Ostphaliacalled Falaha, and we are told that the Gau Leri was in the Duchy of Falhorn(Zeuss " Die Deutsche,"&c., 390, note). Westphalia, therefore,merely means the western plains as distinguishedfrom Ostphalia, the easternplains, the two districtsbeing separatedby the intermediateAngraria or Engern. The name,therefore, has no ethnologicalimport. As I have said, Westphaliawas not an land,but a con- quest, and the people who were ejectedwere the ,or Boruktuarii,a famous old stock of the Franks,and amongthe Frankishtribes the last to discardits distinctname. The Bructerigave its name to one of the Westphaliangaus, boundedon the northby the Lippe and on the southby the so- called Southwodior Southwoods,men who were doubtlesstheir frontagerson the side of the Franks. This gau generallyre- ferredto in the chroniclesas the pagus Borahtra,Bortergo, Boroctra,&c., we are told in severalauthorities, comprised the townsof Castorp,Perricbeci, Holthemi, Hamarichi, Mulmhuson Ismereleke,Anadopa, Geiske, &c., situated betweenthe Lippe and the Ruhr (Zeuss, op. cit. 353). In Spruner'smaps we find the Lippe given as the southern boundaryof the Saxons in Merovingianand earlyCarlovingian times; and it would seem that has preservedfor us a noticeof the conquestof the districtto the south. He tells us that Bishop Suidbert,having left Britain,went amongthe Bo- ructuarii,many of whom he converted. But not long afterthe Boructuariiwere dispersed by the old Saxons, upon which Suidbertwas given an island on the Rhine by Pepin,where he built a monastery. This island was called Werda (" Mon. Hist. Britt.,"259). Suidbertwas ordainedBishop in 693, and died in 713-715 (id.). Dr. Latham (" EnglishLanguage," 35 and 36) questionsthe factof the Bructerihaving been Franks,for, as he says,they were still Pagans in the 8th century,and arguesthat theywere moreSaxon than anythingelse, and this,too, in the face of the passage fromBede just cited,which is conclusive that they were not Saxons, while they are frequentlymade Franksin otheraccounts, Franks who lived on the Saxon march or frontier,and who were at this data probablymore or less mixed,but yet Franks,and beingfrontier men, there was nothiug veryodd in theirhaving been also Pagans. Zeuss tells us that northof theLippe and as faras Hamalanl.

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 366 H. H. HoWoRTH.-TheSaxons of NetherSaxouy. thereis no gau,and he infersthat the Khamavi and theBrueteri wereonce here in contact,the latterstretching out to the north. (" Die Deutsche,&c.," 353,note.) I agreewith his inference,but not forthe same reason. The factis, the area he mentionswas occupied by a gau, which is definedin Spruner'sAtlas, and is there called Nordgo, occupyingthe north-westprojection of Westphalia,and bounded on two sides by the Lippe and the Issel, but it is veryprobable that a gau withsuch a name was only a recent creation. From Carlovingiantimes we have to make a greatleap to the timeof the Classical authors. Among these the two who give us the best informationon this area are and Ptolemy. The latter,although writing at a later date,seems, in his accountof Germany,to have constructedhis narrativeoccasionally from earlier materials. His narrative, therefore,sometimes represents not the stateof thingscontempo- raneouswith him,but one older. I believe this to be notably trueof the Bructeri. Tacitustells us thatthe Bructeriformerly dweltnear the . "1Now," he adds, " it is reportedthat the Khamavi and Angrivariihave displaced them. The Bructeri being defeatedand almost exterminated,with the approbation of theirneighbours, either from the hatredof theirpride or the delightof plundering,or the favour of our gods. For they favouredus with the spectacle of the fight,in which 40,000 perished,not by the Roman arms,but more magnificentlyand beforeour eyes " (). Here, then,we have a noticeof the dispersalof the Bructeriand the occupationof theirland by their neighbourson eitherside, the Khamavi and Angrivarii; what thatland was we gatherfrom same author. Thus he says, 'Coasar * * * (:acinam cumquadraginta cohortibus Romanis * * per Bructerosad flumenAmisiam mittit" ("Annales" I, 60). Again, "Ductum inde agmen ad ultimos Bructerorum, quantumqueAmisiam et Lupiam amnesinter, vastatum " (id. T, 60). These passages clearlyplace themin the countrybetween the Ems and the Lippe. Ptolemydivides them into two sec- tions. The greaterand lesser Bructeri; and I have no doubt, myself,that theywere in fact the originaloccupants of West- phalia. Hence theywere thrust out by theirneighbours. It is clear thatthe mentionof their extinctionby Tacitusis a gross exaggeration,and theirname appears very frequently afterwards; but it is also clear thatthey evacuated the greaterpart of their originalcountry; a largerportion, no doubt,joined their brethren, the otherFranks, and passed across the Rhine,while the re- mainder found refugeacross the Lippe in the gan which re- ceived its name fromthem. Let us now considerwho the immigrantswere. Tacitus tells us theywere theKhamavi and Angrivarii. It maybe thatwe have

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. H. HOWORTIL.-TheSaxoonq of NetherSaxony. 367 in the town of Hamm in Westphalia,which Mr. Latham con- sidersto markthe ancienthabitat of the Khamavi,some traceof one set of these immigrants.Dr. Latham's words are: " The presenttown of Hamm,in Westphalia,probably preserves the name and fixes the originallocality of the,Khamavi " (" Ger- mania of Tacitus,"112), but this is clearlywrong; the old land of the Khamavi is no doubtHamalant in Holland. Nor does Hamm seem to be a veryold town. I cannotfind it mentioned on Spruner's mediseval maps, which are so accurately and minutelydrawn. And Hamm,which means merelysettlement, may have as little to do withthe Khamavi as Ham in Surrey. At all events,it is clear that if therewere someKhamavi among thosewho thrustout the originalBructeri, that theydid not altereither the blood or language,for both Khamavi and Bructeri were Frankishtribes. Putting aside, then,the Khamavi and the remains of the Bructeri,we have to considerwho the main body of the West- phalians are descendedfrom, and here one must agree very cordiallywith Zeuss, that theyare in part descendedfrom the FriesianKhauki, who boundedthe Bructerion the north,and partlyfrom the Angriansor Angrivarii,from the valley of the Weser. The presenceof a large elementof Friesiansis shownby two factors,namely, the names of men and ofplaces. In regard to the former,Zeuss has collectedseveral examples. The great featureof triesian names is the terminationin " a." Now in some fragmentaryrecords of the Chanceryof Bishop Meinwerk, of Paderborn,1009-1036, we find mentioned"Ekkica comes, Decanus Haica, Wermza presbiter.Ekkica comes,Geba et flii ejus, Bennaca et fraterejus Tiaza, Tiamma comes et fraterejus Esic, Benna comeset Ekkica comeset Eilbrachtet Tada milites." Also in the chartersof Junnodines,bishop of Paderborn,of the year 1054, we find"Godeka, Gela et fraterejus Eiza, Araka, Waza, Tamma,Hamaka," &c., &c. (Zeuss, 392). We will now turn to the topography,which we can best studyin Spruner'smaps, which give the old formsof thenames. Here again the terminationin "a" is a characteristicFriesic one,and we have numbersof names withthat endingscattered over Westphalia, as Fliedarloa,Withula, Hriasforda,Elmloa, Scagahorna,Anadopa, Werla, Bracla,Sitnia, Alladna, Frethenna. It seemsclear, therefore, that there was a considerablesprinkling of Friesians among the elementswhich went to make up the Westphalians,and Zeuss identifiesit with the Khauki. The remainingelement which greatly preponderated was theAngrian. We have a numerousseries of names endingin " husun," which is such a favouritetermination in the Weser valley,as for ex- ample, Wihaldeshusen,Alfhluson, Bovinkhusun, Sevinhuson,

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 368 H. H. HOWORTH.-The Saxons of NetherSacxony. Stohchusun,Folkgeldinghuson, Hoianhusun, Bennenhusen, Mu- linhuson,Ludinchusun. I may add that a districtof SouthernWestphalia is called Hengaren,or Angeron,in Spruner'smap, and is probablycon- nected with the Angrian immigrants. These names, when comparedwith those found in thevalley of theWeser, or Weser- thal,the old land of the Angrians.makes it veryprobable that Westphaliawas largelyre-peopled by emigrantsfrom that dis- trict,when its old inhabitantsthe Bructerileft it. That Engern was the real centreand focus of the later Saxon land, we may also concludefrom the factthat all the importantSaxon strong- holds and fortresses,such as Ehresburgh,were there. There,too, was the homelandof Witikind,if we are to believe the inscrip- tion on his tombin Engern,which tells us he ruled in , in 785 (" Hampson's Geographyof King Alfred,'26"). My conclusion,therefore, in regardto the originof the old West- phali is, that whenthe Bructeriwere ejectedor retiredfrom the district,it was overrunand peopledby emigrantsfrom Friesia and fromEngern. Let us now turnto the latterprovince. Engern,or Angraria,which formed the centraldivision of , included the countrywatered by the Weser and its tributaries,from Fulda to its mouth. On the north-eastit was boundedby the Elbe; on the east,by Ostphalia; on thewest, by Westphalia; on the north,by the Friesians; and on the south, by Thuringia,and the land of the Franks. The districthas borne the name in variousforms, as Engern,Angaria, Angraria pagus Angeri,from very early times. It was divided into two parts,by the Weser " Ostengern,or Angeri,in orientaliregione ;" and " Westengern,or Angeri, in occidentaliregione" (Zeuss, 391). Grimm tells us that south-westof Minden,and not far from Herford,there is a small village,called Enger,or Angeri,which was probablythe chief townof Engern,and the very kernel of all Saxonia (Grimm,op. cit.,438). It is not unlikelythat the provincetook its name fromthis town,which is the supposed site of the defeatof Varus (Latham's "'Germania,"113). It is morecertain that the provincegave its name to the inhabitants, who are called Angarii,by the Poeta Saxo, in the year 772 (Zeuss, 391). But the name is much olderthan Carlovingian times,and occursin the authorsof Roman days,under the form Angrivarii,i.e., Engernware(like Cantware,&c.), the men of Engern; and Tacitus mentionsthem both in his " Annals,"and in the " Germania;"and as Tacitus does notname the Saxons at all, while Ptolemymentions them as livingbeyond the Elbe, it seems clear that in the Angarii,or men of Angern,we have a proofthat one of the factorswhich went to make up the old Saxons was present in its later habitatlong beforethe Saxon

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. H. HOWORTH.-TheSaxoms of NetherSaxony. 369 confederacywas formed. It is not only the Angarii to which this remarkapplies, we shall findit is equally true of the Ost- phali,to whomwe mustnow turn. The name Ostphali,like Westphali, is of late date. It also occursfor the firsttime in Carlovingiantimes, and in the narra- tive of the Poeta Saxo, in 772. They were also called Austre- leudi ("Annales Laurrisenses,"Pertz I, 154; Zeuss, 389). The name Ostphali is the correlativeof Westphali. It corresponds, as Dr. Latham has said, to the EnglishEssex, as distinguished fromthe EnglishWessex, Engern answering to the intermediate countyof Middlesex. Ostfala was bounded on the northand east by the Elbe; on the southby Thuringia,and on the west by Engern. It formed the buttressof the Saxon land againstthe Slavic nationson the east. We have here a cornerso enclosedby the Angrivarii,that it is hardlylikely that there has been a great displacementof race in the one area and not in the other; and as we have seen, the people of Engernstill occupythe land of their fore- fathers,so we may concludethat probably the Ostphali do also. Zeuss says that they are undoubtedlydescended from the Kheruski,so famousin Romanhistory, as thesubjects of (Zeuss, 391). This view seems very reasonable. Thus Tacitus speaksof them as theneighbours of theAngrivarii. Thus, also, in his accountof the campaignof against the Kheruski, he tells us the latterwere posted in frontof a thickwood, backed by a marsh,one side of which was enclosed by a rampart, whichhad formerlybeen thrownup by the Angrivarians,as a barrierbetween themselvesand the Kheruski, "latus meum Angrivariilato aggere extulerant,quo a Kheruskis dirime- rentur"("Annales " II, 119; Zeuss, 107). The site of this battle it has been supposed is on the rightbank of the Weser,and the wood to be the so-calledSchaumburger, in the principality of SchaumburghLippe ("Murphy's Tacitus," I, 394). , This wood was formerlycalled Scapevelden,see Spruner'smap of the GermanGaus, 3. If this be the true site, then we must concludethat the boundariesof theAngrivarii and the Kheruski wereby no meansthose of the later Saxon provincesof West- phalia and Angaria,for this is in the veryheart of Engern. But it would appearthat the name Kheruskiwas used frequentlyin a genericsense, and that the Angrivariiand Kheruskanswere veryclosely allied, and both of them subject to Ariminius. At all eventsthe greatcampaign, of which the battle just quoted was only an incident,no doubttook place in the neighbourhood of Minden,and the siteof a secondbattle, which Tacitus fixesat a place called the Idistavisianvalley, has been identifiedby La Bletterie,d'Anville and others,with a place now called Hasten-

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 370 H. H. HOWORTH. The Satxonsof NetherSaxony. bech,near Hameln,east of the Weser. While the greatdefeat of Varus, a fewyears before, was close by, as I have said, on the otherside of the river,and thesesites are in the veryheart of Engern. Again, Tacitus unmistakablymakes the Angrivarii close neighboursof the Khauki,and tells us how theyreturned a considerablenumber of captives,whom they had ransomedfrom theirmaritime neighbours (" Annales," II, 15). On turningto anotherpassage in the " Germania,"we findhim speaking of the Tracti ruina Kheruskorumet contermina gens, adversarumrerum ex aequo socii (" Germania,"Latham's edition,129). Both Zeuss and. Grimmconnect these Fosi with the riverFuse, a tributaryof the Aler,which falls into thatriver at Celle,just on theborders of Engernand Ostfalen,and theywere thereforefrontages of both the Angrivariiand the Kheruski,the latterbeing to the southof them. So thatwe have the Kheruski boundedon the northby the Angrivariiand the Fosi. Now on turningto the map,we findthat the southernpart of Engern and of Ostfalen,answering to thisdescription, coincides with the mountainousdistrict of Brunswick,and notablywith the well known Hartz mountains,the ancient frontierof the Thurin- gians and Saxons. Hertz or Hartz, or Hart, for all three are formsof one word,means merelywood, or forest,and we have a gau immediatelynorth of the Hertz,which is called Hardago; while furtherwest, but still in thismountain district, and in the gau of Hassia, we have the districtof Hersi. These names point to a connectionwith the etymologyof the name Kheruski. Grimmsays Kheruskis connectedwith a swordand a swordgod. He tells us that Kheru is the Frank formof the old Saxon heru; the Gothic,hairus, Anglo-Saxon, heoro, Norse hiorr; and he connectsit withthe Lithuaniankardas, and theGypsey Kharo, all of whichmean a sword. He tells us the terminationsk is merelya personal one, and compares mannisks,formed from manna,and thiudisks,from thiuda, and concludesthat in Gothic, hairviskswould mean swordly,and would make out that it was derived froma swordgod, Hairus; or fromthe god of war, Ero, or Er, the eponymosof the . This derivationfits in with Grimmn'stheory, that the name Saxon is derived fromseax, a knife,and that the Saxons are descendedfrom the Kheruski; but as the latterconclusion is entirelymistaken, so I believe is this temptingetymology a very unsound one, and that Kheruski means merelythe woodmen,and is as much and no more a propername than our backwoodsmen. The view of Grimmand his school has been combated with skill and learning in a pamphletby Mosler,entitled " De primordisFrancorum," pub- lished at Dusseldorf,in 1857. As he says,Ptolemy, who is the only one of the earlyclassic authorswho mentionsthe Saxons,

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 11. H. HOWORTH.-TheSaxoons of NetherSaxony. 371 places them north of the Elbe, and not only so, but he also names the Kheruski as a separate people, and locates the two tribesfar asunder. This is absolutelyconclusive, for on such a pointit would be merewantonness to reject the testimonyof Ptolemy. Nor does the descriptionof the Kheruski at all suit what we know of the Saxons; theywere not " boni aequique," nor " inertesac stulti,"like the Kheruski (op. cit.,12). Mosler adds thataccording to the laws of etymology,the nameKheruski is connectedwith haTt, hare, haruc, or haruz, wood, as it has been accustomedto connectit, and not fromheru, a sword,and the god of swords,as Grimmargues; and with Ledebur,he con- nectsthe name with the (id., 13). The name Kheruski, therefore,is an appellative,and not a propername, and it was, perhaps,not indigenouswith the tribe,but givenit by its neigh- bours. The indigenousname was probablyAngarii, or Angrivarii, which probablyconnoted the same people. We thus have the Ostphali and Westphali as outliers of the central kernel of Engern,and a verygreat probability that a homogeneousrace, as thereis a homogeneousdialect, occupying the broad area of old Saxony. And it is easy to see how the specificand local name Xheruski,as the name Highlanders,Poloutsi, or Lowlanders, became genericin some writers. Angrivariiand Kheruski and iFosibeing merely local designations,and not denotingany dif- ferencesof race,language, or custom. The name whichfor the timebeing was mostfamous, gave its name to the whole con- federacyor bund,and thus we have no difficultyin understand- ing how the Kheruskiare at one time said to have borderedon both the Katti and the Khauki, a statementquite inconsistent with others,if we do notgive the nameKheruski a greaterexten- sion. As I have said,Grimm's theory about Saxon being a new name forthe old Kheruski,will not hold waterat all; but one may go further,not only do the names denote differenttribes, but also tribeswho are only distantlyconnected, and which belong to distinct sections of the German race. The followinglist of Kheruskanchiefs' names has no resemblanceto the names of Saxons, , Segimer, Inguiomer,Actumer, Segumund, ,Aritrampius, Thumelic, Sesithac, Flavus, Rhamis, Italicus, Chariomer(Grimm, o. cit., 428). These names have interestingaffinities, but theyare far otherthan Saxon. When we come down to Carlovingiantimes, things are different.We thenmeet with such names as Egbert,Witikind, Osmund, names whichmight have been culledfrom the " AngloSaxon Chronicle," and whichare purelySaxon. Again,the earliestnotices of the Saxons in the Roman authors, nmakethem a seafaringpeople, who attacked not the interiorof

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Germany,but the coasts of Gaul and of Britain,showing that theycould not well have come fromthe internalparts of North Germany,the old Saxon land; and those who have preserved forus the traditionsof the conquestof by the Saxons, similarlybring them not fromold Saxony,but fromthe country about the Lower Elbe. If we turnfrom these to the nativetraditions of old Saxony,as preservedfor us by the monksof Corvey, and to whichthey gave fuli credit,as Lappenbergsays, we shall findthem exceedingly interesting,as illustratingour position.They tell us thatSaxons havingcome to theirneighbourhood in ships,and firstlanding in Hadeln, drovethe Thuringiansthence by craftand violence. I will quote Lappenberg'scommentary on this. He says Witte- kind does not informus whencethese Saxons came who landed in Hadeln, and there is no ground for controverting,but, in accordancewith other narrativesand with the ordinarymarch of nations fromnorth to south, for supposingthat theywere fromthe northshore of the Elbe, or NordalbingianSaxons, who took possession of the southernshore of that river,and soon spreadthemselves over those tractsas far as the Weser and the Rhine, until, in the time of ,they were in pos- sessionof the territoryforming the eight bishopricsfounded by him,or of the gaus or districtsof the later Upper and and Westphalia. In the account which makes the Saxons to have passed fromBritain to Hadeln, a later inversion of the traditionis to be recognised,originating, perhaps, in the returnof some bodies of Saxons fromEngland (Lappenberg's " Anglo-Saxons,"I, 87 and 88). Again, we findin the heartof Westphalia, near Frekkenhorst,a place called Sassenberg, Latham's "English Language,"66, i.e, the Saxon mountain. Is it probable that such a name would have been given to a site in the midstof an old Saxon country,or does it not rather,like insularnames elsewhere,mark a colonyof Saxons in the midst of strangers? All thesefacts point in the same direction,namely, that the Saxons were not the old indigenes,but a race of invaders,as much invadersin old Saxony as in Britain,except that in the one case theyoccupied a countrypeopled by a differentrace, while in the other,the race was moreor less allied. But these a priori argumentsare reduced to certaintywhen we examine the question from another side, and apply the methodwhich was firstapplied so successfullyby Kemble, and in later times by Mr. Isaac Taylor, namely,examine the topographyof the country. The greatdistinguishing feature of Saxon topography as we meet withit in England and elsewhere,is the presenceof the patronymicending in, ing. Ing was the usual Anglo-

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Saxon patronymic,says Mr. Taylor,and thus we read in the " Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,"A.D. 547. Ida was Eopping. Eoppa was Esing. Esa was Inguing. Ingui Angenwiting,i.e., Ida was Eoppa's son,Eoppa was Esa's son,Esa was Ingwy'sson, Ingwy Angenwit'sson. In fact,the suffixing in the names of persons had very much the same significanceas the prefixMac in Scotland, 0 in Ireland,or Beni among the Arabs. A whole clan or tribeclaiming to be descended froma real or mythic progenitor,or a body of adventurersattaching themselves to the standardof some chief,were thus distinguishedby a common patronymicor clan name (" Words and Places," 133). "The Saxon immigrationwas, doubtless,an immigrationof clans,the head of the familybuilt or bought a ship,and embarkedin it with his children,his freedmen,and his neighbours,and esta- blisheda familycolony on any shoreto whichthe windsmight carryhim" (id.). "These familysettlements are denoted by the syllable ing." Now, althoughthis use of the patronymic ing is not confinedto the Saxons, it is comparativelyrare amongother German tribes, and seems to have been introduced elsewhereby them or by theirrelatives. We accordinglyfind an immensedevelopment of names so compoundedin England. Kemble mentions 1,329 English names with this root, but Mr. Taylorthinks the total numbermight be raised to 2,200,as he has notedmany omissions in Kemble's lists (id., 132, note3). With these preliminaryremarks, let me draw attentionto a passage of Mr. Taylor's, who, arguing from entirelyinde- pendentpremises, and with otherobjects in view, so singularly confirmsthe view here argued for. He says: "It has been generallyass-umed that the originalhome ofthe Saxons is to be soughtin the modernkingdom of Hanover,between the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser. I have made a carefulsearch in this region for names identical or analogous with those which are found in Saxon England. In Westphalia, a small groupof patronymicswas discovered(vide infra). But, on the whole,the investigationwas remarkablybarren of results; the namesfor themost part provingto be of an altogetherdissimilar type,"4c., 4-. In an appendix,Mr. Taylorgives a list of the small groupsof these patronymicswhich he found in Westphalia and its neighbourhood,which I abstract: Oevinghausen,Erflinghausen, Oelinghausen,Imminghausen, Uninghausen, Eppingkofen, Eb- binghausen,Erringhausen, Assinghausen, Bigginghausen, Bet- inghof, Betlinghausen,B6inghausen, Billinghausen, Benning- hausen,Berlinghausen, Berninghausen, Beisinghausen, Kedding- hausen, Kottinghausen, Kellinghausen, Gellinghausen,Ger- linghausen, Kirthinghausen,Dedinghausen, Dudinghausen,

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 374 H. H. HOWORTwi-.TheSacxons of NetherSxony.

Frilinghausen,Heddinghausen, Hellinghausen,Hemminghaun sen, Henninghausen,Heringhausen, Lutringhausen, Levering- hausen, Lollinghausen,Mecklinghausen, Millinghausen, Mes- singhausen,-Nichtinghausen, Puttlingen, Recklinghausen, Rodd- inghausen, Ratlinghausen, Rielingshausen, Rellinghausen, Siedlinghausen,Weckinghausen, Vellinghausen, Waltringhausen, Wissinghausen,Oestinghausen. These are all the names which Mr. Isaac Taylorcould findto comparewith the Saxon patrony- micsof England in the wide countryof Nether-Saxony,hardly a titheof the similarnames foundin the small districtof Artois alone. I have been over Spruner'smap of the Saxon gaus, and could add a fewmore to this list,but only a few. Not only are such names scarce,but theyare distributedvery sporadically, the greatestnumber, as mightbe expected,from the course of migra- tion,being foundin the northernportion of Engernand,in West- phalia, but theyare a mere handfulcompared with the crowds of names of an entirelydifferent character, and not only so, but here the patronymicvery often occurs not in its virgin form,but corrupted. Eddink, Rikilden,Bodinc, Hadden, &c., even in the old formson Spruner'smaps, while the particles they are compoundedwith are not the familiarton and ham of the Saxons,but nearlyalways the GermanHusen or Hausen. These facts are conclusive that the Saxons who*left these names behind were not the indigenousstock of the country to whom it owes the greaterpart of its topographicalnomen- clature, but a race of invaders who planted themselveshere and there,like the iDanes did afterwards;who became the aristocracyof the country,and gave it its name, and that the people of old Saxony were,in later times,as much entitled to the name of Saxons as the people of Normandyto that of ,and no more. This conclusionis a valuable one for other reasons than those merelyethnological, and helps to explain some difficulties.Thus, it has always been a puzzle to make out why if the old Saxons and the Saxons of England were,in fact,the same race,how it is that their dialects were so differentwhen we comparethe earliestmonuments of either? Why, for instance,King Alfred's "Pastoral Care" should be so differentto the " Heliand ? " Differentnot merelyin the few wordswhich the English Saxon borrowedfrom the Britons,or fromLatin, but also in the formsof manywords and phrases entirelyTeutonic, and in whichthe continentalSaxon approaches the other German dialects. Thus, Dr. Bosworth,in his verv valuable work on the " Origin of German and Scandinavian Languages,&c.," page 75, after having beforeshown that the Friesic dialectsare the mostallied to theEnglish form of Saxon, goes on to say, " Low Saxon has all the appearance of German

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. H. HOWORTH.-TheSaxons of NetherSasoony. 375 graftedon an Anglo-Friesictree. The wordsare Anglo-Friesic withGerman vowels, as if the Friesians,in adoptingthe German, retainedthe consonantsof the old language. This observation may,with still greaterpropriety, be applied to the syntax and phraseology,that is, to the mentalpart or-soulof the language. They continuedto think in Anglo-Friesicforms, while their organsadopted the vowels and some othermechanical parts of the German." This testimonyis not the less valuable because Dr. Bosworth was not writingin supportof the view here advocated,but held very differentviews. He believed the old Saxons and the English Saxons to have been the sarne race,and speaks of the latter havingwritten and maturedtheir language in England: hence,he says, it differsfrom the tongue of their continental ancestors(id., 81). In the language of the old Saxons, there- fore,we have ample evidenceby itself of the ingraftingof the Saxon language properupon an old indigenousdialect, and a proof that the old Saxons are a mixed race. The linguistic evidence,in fact,points to much the same result as that of the Norman conquest of England, when the language was so greatlymodified, only thatin the case of the old Saxons it was not the graftingof an entirelyforeign tongue, like the Romance of the Normansupon the TeutonicAnglo-Saxon, but that of one Germandialect on another. As yet we have consideredonly the three divisions of the Saxons south of the Elbe. Let us now cross that river. In doingso, if we enterHolstein we shall be in anotherold Saxon locality. In Carlovingiantimes the Elbe divided the Saxons into two greatbranches, and thoseto the northof it were called the Nordalbingiansor Nord Liudi. Like the Saxons southof the Elbe, theyalso fell into threedivisions, namely, the Thiat- marsgior Thiedmarsi,the inhabitantsof Ditmarsh,the Holsati, Holzati or Holsatas,from whom the presentDuchy of takes its name,and the Stormariior people of Stormar,of whom Hamburghwas the capital (Latham's" English Language,"33). It has been verygenerally supposed that in these Nord Albin- gian Saxons we have undoubteddescendants of the same ances- tors as our English Saxons. I believe this to be an entirely mistakenview, and that these Saxons northof the Elbe were as much, and no more, Saxons than those of old Saxony, that theywere in facta colonyfrom the south. This appearsfrom severalconsiderations. ln the firstplace the language is the same. Here as in old Saxony we have Platt Deutsch spoken, and not Saxon proper; and in factthe purestPlatt Deutsch is spokenin Holsteinand Schleswig. Secondly,the topographical evidence adduced fromMr. Isaac Taylor as to the distribution

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 376 H. H. HOWORTH.-TlwheSaxonts of NetherSaxony. Saxon patronymicsin old Saxony south of the Elbe, applies equaRlyto Holstein,where we have an equal scarcityof names compoundedwith Saxon patronymicsamidst a profusionof foreignand distinctforms. Thirdly,the threenames, Holsati, Dietmarsi,and Stormarii,are clearlynew names in this district, and are not found in the classical authors,where the tribal nomenclatureof the Danish isthmus is given in some detail. Again, the name Transalbingianapplied to this sectionof the Saxons,is clearlythe name of a separatedfragment of a colony who have gone beyondthe river,and is not a substantiveappel- lationlike an old settledtribe would possess. Again,we have in the north central part of Engerna gau called Sturmia,and anotherrunning along the leftbank of the Weser called Steo- ringa,the formerof which at least pointsto the mothercountry of the Sturmarii. The name Holsati or Holtsati simplymeans the settlersin the wood. Now this term satas or settasis an interestingone, as it generallymarks elsewhere a frontier,an abandoneddistrict, or else a conqueredone on the bordersof the enemyor thewilderness, and impliesan immigration.Thus we have in England and along the Marchesof the west the several names Dorswtas, Defnsoetas, Somersaetas,Magaseetas, and Scrobsmetas,the. last markingthe colonizationof a districtonly conqueredin the days of the Mercian hero Offa. On the bor- ders of France we have the Alsaetasin Alsace. While close to the verydistrict we are now examiningwe have in NorthEn- gerna gau called Waldsati; and this last a veryinteresting case, for it apparentlymarks an encroachmentmade upon the old land of the Khauki. Thiatmarsgoi,i.e., the dwellersin the gau of Thiatmars,the modern Dithmarsh,also bore a name not knownto the classical authors. That the old Saxons pushedthemselves northwards as well as southwards,and thrustout the iFriesianKhauki we have every reason to believe; the Khauki are put on either bank of the Weser and as faras the Elbe by the classical authors. They have been classed as Friesians by the best authors,and the buttressof old Saxons,which now separatesthe South Friesians fromthe NorthFriesians, was probablynot therein earlytimes, when I believe the Friesian area was continuous. Thus Dr. Latham,who is almost fanaticallyopposed to postulatingany race-changes,says, " The evidenceof the NorthFriesian having once been continuouswith the Friesianof Frieslandand West- phalia is satisfactory,the displacementof it havingtaken place within the historicalperiod, and its historyis to be foundin that of East Friesland,Oldenburgh, Delmenhorst, and Bremen" (" Germania,"125). Again,he tells us thatFriesian was spoken withinthe historicperiod in lEyderstedand Ditmarsh(id. 124).

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Discussion. 377

Whatever evidencewe take,therefore, we arriveat the same conclusion,namely, that the Saxons north of the Elbe, or the Holsteiners,as we may rathercall them,are not descendedfrom the Saxons proper,but are a colony from Nether-Saxony,a colonyof the same mixedrace whichpeopled that area, and in no sense indigenesof the districtwhere they are now found. If I am asked where thenare the descendantsof the real old Saxons,I can only answerby a similarquestion, where are the descendantsof the ,of theBurgundians, of theWarini, and of the ? They are not to be foundin theirold land at all, but scatteredfar and wide overEurope. They migrated bodilyfrom their old homes, and their old homes were left waste like Anglen was, which,in the words of Bede, "De eo tempore(i.e., from the migrationof the Angli) usque hodie manere desertusinter provincias Jutarum et Saxonum perhi- betur." It was over these waste and desertedlands that the Slaves spread fromthe east,and the so-calledold Saxons from the west. In limitingthe Saxon elementamong the old Saxons to its upper caste and to the descendantsof its conquerors,we clear awaya greatdeal ofdifficulty and confusion,and we prepare ourselvesto attackthe problemswhich are connectedwith the ethnologyof the early Germanraces with gTeatereffect. In another paper I hope to trace the migrationof the Saxons properin detail. In the discussionwhich took place on the above-

DISCUSSION. Mr. HYDE CLARKEcongratulated the Institute thatthe subject of the Germanicrace was being investigatedwith such labour and research by one who had formerlybestowed care and thoughtupon it. He was not, however,prepared to concur with the suggestion that the Saxonswent fromthe south to thenorth. It was there was the greatseat of the Suevi of Tacitus,that important division institutedby that author in the Germanic race, and which had not been sufficientlyregarded. Mr. Clarke would rather look to the distinctionof Suevi, than to the separate tribes as they were cor- sidered, but in reality military and political confederationsof Suevi more or less permanent. English and Warings (Angli et Varini), , Saxons, Langobards, , Goths, Rugians (? the Russian Warings of Nestor) really consistedof the same people and families. The pursuit of the subject as furnished by Mr. Howorth would bring him to this point. Mr. Clarke had in his paper, published in the " Transactions of the Ethnological Society (25th Feb., 1868) and the Institute," dealt with the history which he had discovered and establishedof the Warings, that re- markable people conjoined with the English (Angli et Varini). MIr.Howorth would have to recount the confirmationof the laws VOL. VI. E E

This content downloaded from 195.78.109.149 on Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:06:12 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 378 List of Presents. of the Angli et Werrmiiby Charlemagne. With regard to the Frisiansand their share in these migrations,Mr. Clarkewould referto his paper read on the 15th Febraary,1849, before the Societyof Antiquaries,in rectificationof the 15th chapterof the firstbook of Bede's "Ecclesiastical History,"and of the 9th chapterof thefifth book. The Hunniof Bede were the Hunsing, one of the chiefbranches of the Frisians,and the were also referredto. The statementabout Jutlandremaining waste was also corrected. With regardto Ing he did notconsider it as distinctivelySaxon or as simplytribal. He had definedit as the Englishcollective, or collectivecapable of admittinga singularor plural form,which was preservedto this day by the working- classes,though it had passedunrecognised by the grammarians. In consideringthe snbjectof the Suevianmigrations, and particularly in referenceto Britain,two routes were to be examined,one across the NorthSea to Kent,the East Saxons,the Easat English, Bernicia and Deira, and one by Nether-Saxonyand Flandersto the South Saxons,Wight, the West Saxons,and perhapsto themidcdle Saxons, and to Mercia. The President made some remarks,and the meetingthen separated.

JANUARY9TH, 1877. ColonelA. LANE Fox, F.R.S.,President, in theChair. The minutesof the previousmeeting were read and con- firmed. The followingnew memberwas announced:Rev. A. G: GEEKIE,of Bathurst, New SouthWales. The followingpresents were announced,and thankswere orderedto be returnedto therespective donors for the same:

FoR THE LIBRARY. Fromthe SOCIETY.-Bulletinde la Societed'Anthropologie de Paris. Vol. XI, No. 3. Fromthe SOCIETY.-Proceedingsof the Societyof Antiquariesof London. Vol. VII, No. 1. From the SocIiTY.-Bulletin de la Societe Imperialedes Natu- ralistesde Moscow. No. 2. 1876. Fromthe ACADEMy.-BibliographischeBerichte iiber die publica- tionender Akademie der Wissenschaften. Fromthe SoCIErY.-Proceedingsof the Royal Society. Vol. XXV, No. 175. FEromthe SOCIETYOF ARTS AND SCIENCES,BATAVIA.-Tijdschrift.

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