The Birth Report Genre in the Hebrew Bible

Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2. Reihe

Herausgegeben von Bernd Janowski (Tübingen) • Mark S. Smith (New York) Hermann Spieckermann (Göttingen) 12

Timothy D. Finlay The Birth Report Genre in the Hebrew Bible

Mohr Siebeck TIMOTHY D. FINLAY, born 1964; 1986 B.S. in Mathematics; 1990 B.A. in Theology; 1996 M.A.R. in Biblical Studies; 2005 Ph.D. in Hebrew Bible; is currently Adjunct Professor of Biblical Studies at Azusa Pacific University, California.

ISBN 3-16-148745-1 ISSN 1611-4914 (Forschungen zum Alten Testament, 2. Reihe) Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de.

© 2005 by Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Guide-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Held in Rottenburg. Printed in Germany. Preface

This book is a revision of my doctoral dissertation at Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, 2005. The subject arose out of a weekly informal meeting, conducted by Tammi Schneider, in which Hebrew Bible students would read and discuss Genesis. When we came to Gen 21:1-3, we puzzled over the expressions narrating that YHWH "visited" Sarah, that Sarah conceived and bore a son in his old age, and especially the tortuous expression, "And Abraham called the name of his son, the one born to him, the one which Sarah bore to him, 'Isaac'" (Gen 21:3). I volunteered to examine what the standard formulae for these expressions were, and when I reported my initial findings the next week, it was agreed I had a dissertation topic. With regard to the dissertation itself, the research librarian Betty Clements was invaluable, as she had been throughout my studies at Claremont, but my biggest debt of gratitude is to my doctoral committee - Tammi Schneider, Kristin De Troyer, and above all my advisor, Marvin Sweeney - for their help and encouragement throughout. Dr. Sweeney was especially generous with his time for each chapter of my dissertation. I also wish to take this opportunity to thank certain other college instructors at Ambassador College, Azusa Pacific University and at Claremont for their role in my intellectual development: James Herst, Mark Kaplan, Herman Hoeh, David Wainwright, K. J. Stavrinides, Lynn Losie, John Hartley, Leslie Bergson, James Sanders, Stephen Davis, D. Z. Phillips, Zayn Kassam, and James Barr. At Claremont, I have been fortunate to count as classmates and friends Ahuva Ho, Brad Reed, Kevin Mellish, Matt Thomas, David Frisk, and Andrew Purvis, among many others. Claremont Graduate University has been exceptionally generous in awarding me fellowship money; and I have been blessed by the support of the Worldwide Church of G-d, especially the Glendora congregation. Particular thanks are due the Leesons, Hanways, Earles, and Joneses, as well as my sister Cherie and the Fox family. Beyond this, I am most deeply indebted to my first Bible instructors, my mother, Jean Finlay, and my father, David Finlay. In this book, I have used the consonantal forms YHWH, 'LHYM and G-d instead of vocalizing the divine name, even in quotations by other people. As a Christian in Claremont, I have gained immensely from attending the Hillel synagogue and this is one way I can show respect to my Jewish colleagues. I am very grateful to Hermann Spieckermann and Henning Ziebritzki for accepting this work as a volume in the Forschungen zum Alien Testament series. The publishing team at Mohr Siebeck have been wonderful to work with, and I VI Preface especially want to thank Mark Smith who read an earlier manuscript and made numerous valuable comments to improve the work. Last, and most importantly, I wish to thank my long-suffering wife, Eileen, first for her many sacrifices enabling me to complete my dissertation in a timely manner, and second for her enormous help in reformatting the pages of the revised work to produce a camera-ready copy. This book is dedicated to you, my darling.

Claremont, 14 August, 2005

Timothy D. Finlay Contents

Preface V Contents vn

1. Introduction l

1. Introduction to Birth Reports 1 2. The Form-Critical Problem: Determining a Text-Type 3 The Understanding of Gattung by Gunkel and Other Early Form Critics 3 Alter's Concept of Type-Scene 8 The Program of R. Knierim and the FOTL Series 10 The Approach in This Study 13 3. Interaction with Newer Approaches 16 Synchronic Approaches to the Text - Especially Narrative Criticism 16 Ideological and Feminist Approaches to the Text 19 4. Defining the Method 21

2. Cataloguing the Birth Reports and Their Constituent Elements 23

1. Compiling a List of Birth Notices and Birth Reports 23 2. Previous Studies Relevant to Birth Reports 24 H. Gunkel 24 J. Fichtner 25 B. Long 26 R. Wilson 29 3. Our Analysis of Birth Notices 31 4. Our Analysis of Birth Reports 32 Introduction 32 The Elements of the Birth Reports Proper 33 The Conception Element; The Birth Element; The Naming Element; The Etiological Element The Introductory Settings to the Birth Reports 37 Introduction; The Acquisition Element; The Intercourse Element; The Divine Removal of Infertility Element 5. Conclusions 40

3. Birth Notices and Reports in Genealogies 43

1. Introduction to Biblical Genealogies 43 Definitions 43 Previous Scholarship on Genealogies 44 M. Noth; M. Johnson; M. Kartveit; R. Wilson; VIII Contents

W. Osborne; Y. Levin 2. Genealogies Containing Birth Reports 51 3. Birth Notices in Which a Man Has Descendants by Multiple Wives 53 Genesis 4:19-22 53 Translation; Structure; Setting Genesis 36:2-5 55 Translation; Structure; Setting First Chronicles 2:2-4 56 Translation; Structure; Setting First Chronicles 2:18-24 57 Translation (Literal Translation of the MT); Structure; Setting First Chronicles 4:5-7 60 Translation; Structure; Setting First Chronicles 4:17b-18 (Reconstructed) 60 Translation; Structure; Setting Second Chronicles 11:18-20 61 Translation; Structure; Setting 4. Birth Notices in Which a Sister Bears an Important Son 63 First Chronicles 2:16-17 63 Translation; Structure; Setting First Chronicles 7:14-19 64 Translation; Structure; Setting 5. Birth Notices in Which a Concubine Bears an Important Son 66 Genesis 22:24 66 Translation; Structure; Setting Genesis 36:12a 67 Translation; Structure; Setting First Chronicles 1:32a 69 Translation; Structure; Setting First Chronicles 2:46-49a 70 Translation; Structure; Setting First Chronicles 7:14 71 Translation; Structure; Setting 6. Birth Notices in Which a Daughter Carries on the Family Line 72 First Chronicles 2:34-35 72 Translation; Structure; Setting 7. Birth Notices Which Convey Additional Heritage Information 73 Genesis 41:50-52 73 Translation; Structure; Setting Genesis 46:19-32 74 Translation; Structure; Setting Exodus 6:16-25 74 Translation; Structure; Setting 8. More Complicated Birth Reports in Genealogies 77 Genesis 4 77 Translation of Genesis 4:l-2a; Translation of Genesis 4:17; Translation of Genesis 4:25; Structure of Genesis 4:l-2a; Structure of Genesis 4:17, Structure of Genesis 4:25; Setting First Chronicles 7:23 79 Translation; Structure; Setting 9. Conclusions 82 Contents IX

4. Birth Reports in Annunciation Type-Scenes 85

1. Annunciation Type-Scenes in General 85 2. Genesis 16:1-16 96 Translation (Gen 16:15-16) 96 Structure 97 Setting 99 3. Genesis 21:1-7 104 Translation 104 Structure 105 Setting 107 4. Genesis 25:20-26 110 Translation 110 Structure Ill Setting 113 5. Genesis 29:31-30:24 115 Translation 115 Structure 119 Setting 126 6. Judges 13:2-25 132 Translation (Judg 13:24-25) 132 Structure 132 Setting 135 7. First Samuel 1:1-2:21 138 Translation 138 Translation (1 Sam l:19b-20); Translation (1 Sam 2:21) Structure 139 Setting 143 8. Second Kings 4:11-17 146 Translation (2 Kgs 4:17) 146 Structure 146 Setting 148 9. The "Minor" Annunciation Type-Scenes 151 Genesis 35:16-18 151 Translation; Structure; Setting First Samuel 4:19-22 155 Translation; Structure; Setting 10. Conclusions 159

5. Birth Reports in Narratives about Prophetic Symbolic Actions 162

1. Discussion of Prophetic Symbolic Actions in General 162 2. Isaiah 8:1-4 167 Translation 167 Structure 168 Setting 170 3. Hosea l:2b-2:2 182 Translation 182 Structure 183 Setting 186 4. Conclusions 193 X Contents

6. Miscellaneous Birth Reports 196

1. Introduction 196 2. Genesis 19:30-38 197 Translation 197 Structure 198 Setting 200 3. Genesis 38:1-30 203 Translation 203 Translation of Genesis 38:1-5; Translation of Genesis 38:27-30 Structure 204 Setting 207 4. Ruth 4:13-17 209 Translation 209 Structure 210 Setting 213 Excursus: Birth Reports and the "Ruth-Corpus" 216 5. The Birth Reports in 2 Samuel 11:1-12:25 219 Translation 219 Translation of Second Samuel 11:27; Translation of Second Samuel 12:24-25 Structure 219 Structure of Second Samuel 11:27; Structure of Second Samuel 12:24-25 Setting 220 6. Exodus 2:1-10 230 Translation 230 Structure 232 Setting 234 7. Exodus 2:2 lb-22 239 Translation 239 Structure 239 Setting 239 8. Conclusions 241

7. Conclusions 243

1. Comments on Methodology 243 2. The Form-Critical Task: Establishing the Typical Hebrew Bible Birth Report 244 3. How Birth Reports Are Modified by the Larger Text-Types Containing Them 245 Genealogical Lists 245 Annunciation Type-Scenes 245 Narratives concerning Prophetic Symbolic Actions 246 4. The Narrative-Critical Task: Analyzing the Individual Texts 247 5. Relevance for Feminist Criticism 248 The Standard Pattern 248 Birth Reports in Genealogical Lists 248 Annunciation Type-Scenes 249 Accounts of Prophetic Symbolic Actions 250 Individual Narratives 250

Abbreviations and Signs 251 Contents XI

Bibliography 254

Source Index 281

Author Index 289

Subject Index 291

Chapter One

Introduction

1. Introduction to Birth Reports

In a 1983 article that proposes "type-scene" as an alternative to the standard form-critical notion of Gattung (usually translated "genre") as the basic approach to recurrent pattern in Biblical narrative, R. Alter illustrates his idea by analyzing what he calls "the annunciation type-scene."1 According to Alter, the annunciation type-scene is a literary convention of the ancient Hebrews to narrate the birth of a hero through a fixed sequence of three motifs: initial barrenness, divine promise, and the birth of a son.2 Alter then analyzes the individual annunciation type-scenes that culminate in the births of Isaac, Esau and Jacob, Joseph, Samson, Samuel, and the unnamed son of the Shunammite woman, paying special attention to how the variations in the way these three motifs are worded helps further the narratological aims of that particular type- scene. Alter's article successfully demonstrates how a simple literary pattern can be used in inventive ways to produce narratives with a variety of distinct styles and interests. Yet, compared with his discussion of the other two motifs, Alter devotes little attention to how the birth-of-a-son motif is narrated and his analysis is much the poorer for it. Nor is Alter unusual in this respect - indeed, despite considerable scholarly attention to the announcement of birth,3 there has been a dearth of scholarship regarding the brief reports concerning the births themselves. In this monograph, we shall conduct the first thorough analysis of these "birth reports," as the units are called in form-critical circles. Because birth reports occur not only in annunciation type-scenes but in other genres also, we shall also examine the relationship of birth reports to the larger literary complexes containing them, thereby addressing the original problem tackled by Alter - that of recurrent pattern in biblical narrative. The term "birth report" itself has not been adequately defined within form criticism, and includes units with different levels of complexity. For example, S. De Vries labels as birth reports both "And Epha, the concubine of Caleb, bore Haran, Moza, and Gazez" (1 Chr 2:46a) and "And he went into his wife; and she

1 R. Alter, "How Convention Helps Us Read: The Case of the Bible's Annunciation Type- Scene," Proof3 (1983): 115-130. 2 Ibid., 118-120. 3 For a list of scholarship on this subject, see chapter 5 where the topic is discussed at length. 2 Chapter 1: Introduction conceived and bore a son. And he called his name, 'Beriah,' because disaster was on his house" (1 Chr 7:23).4 De Vries defines "notice" as a "very brief report similar to a simple statement."5 Under this definition, it is better to give 1 Chr 2:46a the more precise label "birth notice" and reserve the term "birth report" for more complicated narratives, such as 1 Chr 7:23. We shall compile all the units narrating births in the Hebrew Bible and categorize them into birth notices and birth reports. Then we shall examine these birth notices and birth reports to establish frequent formulations and patterns of these narrative units. Anticipating some of our results, we shall see that the birth notice is usually some variant of one of the following two formulae6: watteled (PN) (Jo or lePN)

'et-Prf-J or wePN] yaleda 'et-PN2 . Furthermore, we shall see that the birth report typically consists of an introductory setting and a birth report proper, which in turn consists of a conception element, a birth element, a naming element, and an etiological element. These elements are frequently "notices" but sometimes two elements are combined into one notice. On other occasions, an element may take considerably expanded form. The patterns and standard formulae for each of these elements will also be discussed in the next chapter. The remainder of our study is devoted to examining the relationship between individual birth notices/reports and the larger narrative text-types in which they are embedded. This task lies at the heart of the form-critical enterprise: "Language does not merely consist of an innumerable series of literary types with a clear division between each. . . . There are component literary types, which build up into complex literary types. Formulas in particular, which are the smallest units of speech, are nearly always linked to or are part of greater literary types. . . . Each exegesis must therefore not only define the literary type, but also discover whether this literary type is associated with other, perhaps complex, literary types."9

4 S. De Vries, 1 and 2 Chronicles, (FOTL 11; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989), 37, 79. The first report contains only one finite verb, but the second uses four verbs to describe various actions taken by two different people. 5 De Vries, 432. 6 O. Steck defines a formula as "a short, fixed word association" and gives as one of his examples the clause "I am YHWH (your G-d)" which appears on numerous occasions for the self-presentation of YHWH (Old Testament Exegesis: A Guide to the Methodology [tr. J. Nogalski; SBLRBS 33; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998], 101). This example shows that there can be a limited amount of variation (the presence or absence of "your G-d") even in a formula. We shall use the term "formula" the way Steck does, and use the term "formulation" for the precise wording of a given instance of a formula. A particular notice, then, can be expressed with one of a number of different formulae, and each of these formulae can vary in the precise formulation. Steck also distinguishes genre from formula, although it is not clear if this is on the grounds of fixity or of size. 7 Here, (PN) refers to the mother if mentioned, (lePN) refers to the father if mentioned, and 'et-Pfrf refers to the child or children born. 8 Here, PN] refers to the mother and PN2 refers to the child or children born. 9 K. Koch, The Growth of the Biblical Tradition: The Form-Critical Method (trans. S. M. Cupitt; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969), 23-24. Note that Koch, unlike Steck, sees "formula" as the most basic level of a genre. Our approach regards "notice" as the most basic level of a narrative genre and that a particular notice may be expressed by using a formula. 2. The Form-Critical Problem: Determining a Text-Type 3

Birth reports can be found in several different genres such as genealogies, narratives discussing prophetic symbolic actions, and annunciation type-scenes. The precise form of any particular birth report is shaped by at least three factors: the basic pattern of the birth report genre, modifications to that pattern caused by the genre of the literary complex within which the birth report is embedded, and the specific concerns of that literary complex itself.10 It is the second factor - the ways in which a complex genre modifies the form of one of its component genres - that provides a key link between form-criticism and narrative-criticism. Again, we anticipate some of our results: In a genealogical list, a birth report is typically a simple birth notice that combines the birth and naming elements into one formula; in an annunciation type-scene, it typically has an introductory setting in which the deity intervenes to enable a childless woman to conceive; and in a narrative that discusses prophetic symbolic actions, it typically has a birth element in which G-d commands that the child be given a certain name (rather than the mother naming the child) and an etiological element in the form of a prophetic oracle that involves a word play on the child's name.11 Because our enterprise revolves around the concept of genre or text-type, our first task is to define our approach to this problem.

2. The Form-Critical Problem: Determining a Text-Type

The Understanding of Gattung by Gunkel and Other Early Form Critics J. Barton gives a good working definition of how Gattung has been understood by form critics:

"A Gattung or genre is a conventional pattern recognizable by certain formal criteria (style, shape, tone, particular syntactic or even grammatical structures, recurring formulaic patterns) which is used in a particular society in social contexts which are governed by certain formal conventions."12

10 Of course, there is a fourth factor than can affect the precise wording of any given birth report: random variations. Even as we "press" the text for maximal meaning by interpreting marked deviations from the standard pattern of birth reports as indicating deliberate authorial shaping of the narrative, we remain aware of the dangers of over interpretation. On some occasions, we shall conclude that a slight deviation from a standard pattern is just random; on other occasions, we shall qualify our contention of authorial shaping with comments expressing the appropriate degree of caution. " Chapters 3, 4, and 5 will be devoted to birth reports in genealogies, annunciation type-scenes, and narratives concerning prophetic symbolic actions, respectively. The birth reports in chapter 6 appear in a variety of larger text-types so that we do not have sufficient data to analyze how those text-types affect the pattern of the birth report. In this chapter, we shall primarily employ narrative criticism, although we shall also use intertextuality and structuralism as methods of approaching certain texts. 12 J. Barton, Reading the Old Testament: Method in Biblical Study, (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1996), 32. 4 Chapter I: Introduction

A Gattung can refer to oral or literary modes of communication.13 And it can also refer to patterns that occur in large or small units of communication. For example, G. Lohfink writes: "There are the four Gospels, there are letters and collections of letters, there are books of prophecy and documents of revelation, instructional writings and books of wisdom; there is a whole hymnal - namely, a collection of 150 psalms - and finally there are the so-called historical books. . . . These, in essence, are the genres [Gattungen, throughout] of the books of the Bible. But it is very important to note that these large genres contain within themselves the most varied smaller genres. Thus modern exegesis distinguishes in the Bible between historical account, saga, myth, fairy tale, fable, paradigm, homily, admonition, confession, instructive narrative, similitude, parable, illustrative saying, prophetic utterance, juridical saying, wise saying, proverb, riddle, speech, contract, list, prayer, song."'4 In practice, early form critics focused on these smaller text units. The discipline of form criticism in biblical studies begins15 with H. Gunkel.16 In his commentary on Genesis, Gunkel presupposed J. Wellhausen's literary source division of the Pentateuch into J, E, D, and P,17 but sought insight into the pre- literary stages of the biblical material.18 Gunkel isolated short, self-contained units that he felt would most closely resemble the oral forms of the individual

13 The term "genre" in literary studies usually refers to written works, beginning with Aristotle's discussion of epic, drama, and lyric as the three basic genres. W. Doty observes that New Testament scholars distinguish Gattungen, which are literary types, from Formen, which are pre-literary ("The Concept of Genre in Literary Analysis," SBL Proceedings 2 (1972): 418. 14 G. Lohfink, The Bible: Now I Get It! (Garden City: Doubleday, 1979), 64. 15 For a survey of work done from Aristotle onwards regarding genres, and of Gunkel's special contribution to the subject of biblical genres, see M. Buss, "The Study of Forms," in Old Testament Form Criticism (ed. J. Hayes; San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 1974), 1- 56. See also M. Buss, Biblical Form Criticism in its Context (JSOTSup 274; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999). 16 W. Klatt divides Gunkel's career into three stages (Hermann Gunkel: Suseiner Theologie der Religionsgeschichte und zur Entstehung der formgeschichtlichen Methode [FRLANT 100; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1969]). In the early period, much of Gunkel's work was tilted toward the New Testament with work on the effects of the Holy Spirit and the significance of apocalyptic literature. This was followed by a religiongeschichtliche period. In Gunkel's major work of this period, Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1977), he argues that the protological accounts in Genesis 1-3 and the eschatological visions in Revelation both rely on Babylonian mythical traditions that had a long period of oral transmission. Klatt dates the beginning of the literaturgeschichtliche period to Gunkel's commentary on Genesis, and certainly this is where Gunkel develops more consistently his form-critical methodology. However, the emphasis in Schöpfung on the earlier oral transmission was clearly a step in this direction. 17 J. Wellhausen gave the classic formulation of the "documentary hypothesis" (Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels [Berlin: G. Reimer, 1886]; Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Bücher des alten Testaments [Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1899]), but he built on the earlier work of J. Eichhorn, W. Leberecht, M. De Wette, K. Graf, and others. For a summary of the history of source criticism, see P. Viviano, "Source Criticism," in To Each Its Own Meaning: An Introduction to Biblical Criticisms and Their Application (eds. S. McKensie and S. Haynes; Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 1999), 35-57. We give our own approach to source criticism later in this chapter. 18 H. Gunkel, Genesis (tr. Mark E. Biddle; Macon: Mercer University Press, 1997). 2. The Form-Critical Problem: Determining a Text-Type 5 stories that circulated among the people before being joined together in longer narrative cycles. Gunkel began categorizing these units into different Gattungen. According to Gunkel, the most important category in Genesis was the Sage, which has been translated in English as both "saga" and "legend."19 The Sage was transmitted orally, frequently included the miraculous and improbable in its subject matter, and its purpose was inspiration and entertainment. Gunkel subdivided the category of Sage into mythological (mainly in Genesis 1-11), patriarchal (mainly in Genesis 12-36), and heroic (mainly in later books). The patriarchal Sage was further subdivided into historical, ethnographic, and etiological types. Individual Sagen became grouped together at the oral level into chains, such as the Abraham-Lot chain or the Jacob-Laban chain, and later written collections added further Sagen or other Gattungen20 (again mainly originally oral genres) so that there was a full-scale saga-cycle around the major figures of Abraham and Jacob. Gunkel's final aim was a history of Israelite literature that would essentially be a history of the genres that were used in ancient Israel.21 It was at this later

19 For a discussion of the debate concerning this term, see R. Neff, "Saga," Saga, Legend, Fable, Tale, Novella: Narrative forms in Old Testament Literature (ed. G. Coats; JSOTSup. 35; Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1985) 17-32. 20 Other genres include the legend (German Legende, as opposed to Sage, which was translated "legend," in the translation of Gunkel's introduction to Genesis) and the novella. The legend originally refers to a story about a saint that was read on the saint's day. Gunkel uses the term a bit more loosely and classifies Abram's rescue of Lot in Genesis 14 as a legend. The term in Old Testament form-criticism is usually connected with a narrative about a person who performs a deed that is both wonderful and exemplary. The Legende is therefore more oriented toward edification whereas the Sage is oriented toward entertainment. See R. Hals, "Legend," Saga, legend, fable, tale, novella: narrative forms in Old Testament literature, (ed. G. Coats; JSOTSup 35; Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1985) 45-55. The novella - which is primarily exemplified in Genesis by the Joseph narrative - is a longer and more sophisticated genre than the Sage, and Gunkel believed that this genre belonged to a later stage in Israel's history. 21 H. Gunkel, "Die israelitische Literatur," in Die orientalischen Literaturen (ed. P. Hinneberg; Kultur der Gegenwart 1/7; Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1906), 51-102. See also Klatt, 166-191. For a discussion of the subject of genre within literature in general, see K. Hempfer, Gattungstheorie: Information und Synthese (UTB 133; Munich: W. Fink, 1973); A. Fowler, "The Life and Death of Literary Forms," New Literary History 2 (1971): 199-216; idem, Kinds of Literature: An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Models (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982); idem, A History of English Literature: Forms and Kinds from the Middle Ages to the Present (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); H. Dubrow, Genre (London: Methuen, 1982); J.-M. Schaeffer, "Literary Genre and Textual Genericity," in The Future of Literary Theory (ed. R. Cohen; New York: Routledge, 1989); M. Gerhart, "The Dilemma of the Text: How to 'Belong' to a genre" Poetics 18 (1989): 355-373; T. Beebee, The Ideology of Genre: A Comparative Study of Generic Instability (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004). Hempfer discusses genre models as reading or writing conventions within a framework of linguistic competence and performance; Fowler notes, among other things, that literature itself is considered a genre, and that the concept of genre is quite fuzzy; Dubrow gives a brief critical history of the subject; Gerhart tries a non-deconstructive method of avoiding prescriptivism; Schaeffer gives a structural model, as opposed to an essentialist one, of how to determine a text's genre; and Beebee argues that literary genres are merely ways of using texts. 6 Chapter I: Introduction stage in his career that Gunkel coined the term Sitz im Leben (setting in life).22 J. Barton comments, "Form critics discovered that there were Gattungen embedded within the written form of the text that must originally have had a Sitz im Leben in which they would have been spoken. And the form critics contention was that we could not understand such portions of the text properly if we tried to read them within literary conventions; for the conventions within which they were able to have meaning were essentially the conventions of the social life of ancient Israel, with its great variety of speech-forms appropriate to different public occasions, both formal and informal."23

Gunkel also employed his form-critical methodology, analyzing genre and setting, in the areas of prophetic literature24 and psalms.25 He then reworked his Genesis commentary and discussed the folktale in the Old Testament.26 Gunkel's students, S. Mowinckel27 and A. Alt,28 emphasized the concept of Sitz im Leben in their work and later generations of form-critical scholars continued this trend, so that in the 1960s, K. Koch was able to proclaim,

In this work, we mainly limit our inquiry into understandings of genre within the field of biblical studies. 22 For discussions of the concept of Sitz im Leben, see Koch, 3-5; G. Tucker, Form Criticism of the Old Testament (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971), 1-9; A. Campbell, I Samuel (FOTL 7; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003), 5-9. 23 Barton, 33. 24 H. Gunkel, "The Prophets as Writers and Poets," in Prophecy in Israel (ed. D. Petersen; Philadelphia: Fortress Press; London: SCM, 1987), 22-73. As in his commentary on Genesis, Gunkel argues for an evolution from short units to extended ones. The oldest units of prophetic style are short enigmatic sayings, the next stage has prophetic statements of a few lines, only later did the prophets learn to compose speeches of about a chapter in length, and coherent organization at the book level begins with Ezekiel. 25 H. Gunkel, Die Psalmen, (HKAT II/2; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1926); Herman Gunkel and Joachim Begrich, Einleitung in die Psalmen, (HKAT supplement; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1933). 26 H. Gunkel, The Folktale in the Old Testament (tr. M. Rutter; Historic Texts and Interpreters in Biblical Scholarship; Sheffield: Almond Press, 1987). See also J. Wilcoxen, "Narrative," in Old Testament Form Criticism (ed. J. Hayes; San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 1974), 57-98 for a discussion of Gunkel's developing understanding of Sage, and of the relationship of Märchen (folk tale) to Sage, in Genesis. 27 S. Mowinckel, Psalmenstudien I-VI (Kristiania: J. Dybwad, 1921-1924); idem, The Psalms in Israel's Worship, 2 vols., (trans. D. W. Ap-Thomas; Nashville: Abingdon, 1962). In volume II of Psalmenstudien and in volume 1 of Psalms in Israel's Worship, Mowinckel argues for a large number of "enthronement psalms" that have their setting in the pre-exilic Autumn festival, drawing parallels initially from the Akkadian literature concerning the Akitu festival and later from the Ugaritic literature concerning similar motifs regarding Baal. 28 A. Alt, "The Origins of Israelite Law," in Essays on Old Testament History and Religion, (trans. R. Wilson; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967), 101-171, Alt distinguished two main types of laws, each of which had a different setting. Apodictic law, consisting of categorical commands and prohibitions, was part of the unique religious heritage of the ancient Israelite tribes from their desert origins. Casuistic law, formulated with a protasis stating the nature of the infraction and an apodosis stating the penalty incurred, was common to numerous Ancient Near Eastern societies and had its setting in the secular courts after the Israelites had entered the land of Canaan. 2. The Form-Critical Problem: Determining a Text-Type 7

"Form criticism is only a few decades old, but already it has made its impact: no biblical text can be adequately understood without a consideration of the setting in life of its literary type. And vice versa: no way of life in ancient Israel and in the early Christian community can be exhaustively detailed without a thorough study of all literary types relating to it."29

Nor was Koch limiting his comments to biblical literature. Koch argues that "all literature falls into groups with fixed characteristics of form," with each group performing a particular function within a particular setting.30 Koch further argues that although a genre can persist for a short while after its original life- setting has disappeared, "no literary type remains in existence for long after it has been entirely severed from its point of origin."31 Another way in which form-criticism developed after Gunkel is in the extension of the method from small isolated units to large-scale narratives. G. von Rad began by arguing that Deut 26:5b—9; 6:20-24; and Josh 24:2b-13 were early creedal statements of YHWH's actions on Israel's behalf; then he described how the J author, in a setting in the Davidic court, supposedly expanded the content of these creeds into a fully-fledged narrative; and finally he described the further literary development culminating in the "Hexateuch."32 Similarly, M. Noth developed his theory that the books of Deuteronomy through Kings formed a single unit - which he titled the "Deuteronomistic History" - from an examination of several short, self-contained units with similar style and function.33 Noth also continued Gunkel's attempts to uncover early pre-literary tradition in the Pentateuch. He argued that in a Grundlage,

29 Koch, Growth of the Biblical Tradition, 33. 30 Ibid., 26-27. Koch discusses the advertising circular as having a setting in the commercial realm of modern civilization and whose function is to establish a market for a company. 31 Ibid., 33. A similar view is taken by Fowler: "Genres, like biological species, have a relatively circumscribed existence in space and time" ("Life and Death," 207). 32 G. von Rad, "The Form-Critical Problem of the Hexateuch," The Problem of the Hexateuch and Other Essays, (trans. E. Trueman Dicken; London: SCM, 1984), 1-78. Von Rad's original article appeared in 1938. The "Hexateuch" is a term for the books of Genesis- Joshua. In his later Old Testament Theology (trans. D. Stalker; 2 vols.; New York: Harper & Row, 1962-1965), von Rad extends his concept of salvation history, Heilsgeschichte, still further so that in effect it becomes the most important principle in understanding Old Testament theology. This is in contrast to W. Eichrodt, who had made "covenant" the center of his two- volume Theology of the Old Testament (trans. J. Baker; 2 vols.; OTL; Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961). 33 M. Noth, The Deuteronomistic History, (trans. E. W. Nicholson; 2"d ed.; JSOTSup 15; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1981). The original German edition appeared in 1943. Noth, 17-26, observed that at key junctures in this portrayal of Israel's history, an important figure gives a speech which summarizes the history (Joshua 1, 23; 1 Samuel 12; 2 Kings 8) and that the narrator directly gives summaries in Joshua 13, Judg 2:11-23 and 2 Kings 17. These passages contain vocabulary, diction and theological viewpoint reminiscent of Deuteronomy, and Noth postulated that the books of Deuteronomy through Kings formed a united whole. The purpose of this history was to explain why Israel and Judah had been exiled: disobedience to the Deuteronomic law, especially regarding the commands to avoid the Canaanites and their religious practices, to worship only YHWH, and to worship at the one site that YHWH chose (Noth, 134-145). 8 Chapter 1: Introduction upon which J and E drew independently (and which may have been oral), the five major themes of the Pentateuch - for Noth, these were the promise to the patriarchs, the Exodus, the revelation at Sinai, the guidance in the wilderness, and the guidance into the land - had already been united.34 But each theme within the Grundlage also contained traditions which developed over time. As Gunkel had developed criteria for determining the Gattung of a unit, Noth now developed criteria for distinguishing early traditions from later ones.35 In The Promises to the Fathers,36 C. Westermann builds on the work of Gunkel, von Rad and Noth, and examines the interaction between concern or intention and genre by examining the many narratives in Genesis whose main concern is some type of promise - promise of a son, promise of numerous descendants, promise of land, or a combination of these - and raises the question of whether there is a genre of "promise narrative." The form-critical Genesis commentaries of Gunkel, von Rad,37 and Westermann38 all provide insights that will inform our study.

Alter's Concept of Type-Scene In contrast to the notion of Gattung, Alter's concept of "type-scene" is specifically a literary convention. Alter takes this term from Homeric scholarship where it refers to "certain fixed situations which the poet is expected to include in his narrative and which he must perform according to a set order of motifs - situations like the arrival, the message, the voyage, the assembly, the oracle, the arming of the hero, and some half-dozen others."39 Alter then describes the pattern of the visit type-scene in Homer's works: "a guest approaches; someone spots him, gets up, hurries to greet him; the guest is taken by the hand, led into the room, invited to take the seat of honor; the guest is

34 M. Noth, A History of PentateuchalTraditions (trans. B. Anderson; Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972), 38-62. 35 B. Anderson summarizes these criteria as follows: early traditions occur in small units with concise style; they are attached to places and often conclude with an etiology of the place name; they are "cultic" or "theophanic" in nature; they deal with anonymous, typical characters; they stand out awkwardly in the present form of the text; and they are discrete - bracketing of units is secondary ("Introduction: Martin Noth's Tradition-Historical Approach in the Context of Twentieth-Century Biblical Research," A History of Pentateuchal Traditions [trans. Bernhard W. Anderson; Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972], xxiii-xxv.) For a summary of how form criticism and tradition-historical criticism coalesce in the work of Noth, see R. Di Vito, "Tradition-Historical Criticism," in To Each Its Own Meaning: An Introduction to Biblical Criticisms and Their Application (ed. S. McKensie and S. Haynes; Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 1999), 94-97. 36 C. Westermann, The Promises to the Fathers: Studies on the Patriarchal Narratives (trans. D. Green; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979). The German original dates from 1964. 37 G. von Rad, Genesis (trans. John H. Marks; OTL; Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1961). 38 C. Westermann, Genesis 1-11: A Commentary (trans. J. Scullion; Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1984); idem, Genesis 12-36: A Commentary (trans. J. Scullion; Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985); idem, Genesis 37-50: A Commentary (trans. J. Scullion; Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1986). 39 R. Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 50. 2. The Form-Critical Problem: Determining a Text-Type 9 enjoined to feast; the ensuing meal is described."40 Alter claims that this approach is relevant for biblical studies because "there is a series of recurrent narrative episodes attached to the careers of biblical heroes that are analogous to Homeric type-scenes in that they are dependent on the manipulation of a fixed constellation of predetermined motifs."41 In addition to the annunciation type- scene, Alter lists the following: "the encounter with the future betrothed at a well; the epiphany in the field; the initiatory trial; danger in the desert and the discovery of a well or other source of sustenance; the testament of the dying hero."42 Alter deliberately contrasts his approach with that of Gunkel:

"Through the hypothesis of Gattung Gunkel and his followers have sought to determine the so- called life-setting of the various biblical texts, a line of speculation that six decades of investigation have shown to be highly problematic - just as problematic as the concomitant enterprise of dating the texts by identifying an evolution from simple to elaborate versions of the Gattungen. In contrast to a Gattung, a literary convention may in some instances reflect certain social or cultural realities but is bound to offer a highly mediated, stylized image of such realities: in the literary convention, culture has been transformed into text, which is rather different from form-criticism's tendency to insist on the function performed by text in culture."43

Alter points to some definite weaknesses regarding how form criticism has been practiced: the assumption that every Gattung must have a Sitz im Leben\ and the assumption that only small, simple units can yield early tradition. Alter also accuses form criticism of being too preoccupied with "a drive to identify common formulas in different texts" compared to recognizing the individuality of the narratives:

"One of course needs to recognize the formulas if they are there in order to see what is going on in the text, but as I shall try to illustrate, what is finally more significant is the inventive freshness with which formulas are recast and redeployed in each new instance."44 Alter's attention to the individuality of each narrative - and especially its relationship to its larger literary context - yields many excellent insights and can be applied to text-types other than annunciation type-scenes. However, his own approach has limitations as well. His acknowledgment of the need to recognize formulae is rarely accompanied by a comparison of the relevant texts to establish what those formulae are. Another difficulty is that Alter seems to

40 Ibid., 51. 41 Ibid. 42 Ibid. This emphasis on themes and motifs contrasts with the genre analysis of many biblical scholars. For example, Doty writes, "Generic definitions should focus upon the formal, structural composition of literary works rather than upon thematology. It may be necessary to keep characteristic motifs in view, but identifications of subject matter are of dubious value, since related subjects may be expressed in several different genres" ("Concept of Genre," 439). Our approach on this question contrasts with Doty and is closer to the views of Alter, and also S. Chapman, in considering content and themes relevant to the discussion of genre. 43 Alter, "Convention," 119. 44 Ibid. 10 Chapter I: Introduction have merely replaced Sitz im Leben with literary convention as a universal tool. But even if we grant that all of the various type-scenes Alter postulates are the result of literary conventions, this only accounts for a portion of the narrative books, and a considerably lower proportion of the entire Hebrew Bible. It would certainly be possible for some other text-types to be primarily shaped by the conventions of the social life in ancient Israel.

The Program of R. Knierim and the FOTL Series Alter's point regarding the Sitz im Leben had been anticipated within the discipline of form criticism itself. In 1973, R. Knierim stated,

"After a genre has been identified with great effort on morphological grounds, those studies continue to look for a setting at any cost, postulating, creating, fabricating one even if - sometimes admittedly - there is no evidence for it; and all that simply because the methodology demands a setting without which a genre would be unthinkable."45 Knierim recognizes that the coherence of genre and setting "can no longer be upheld in the sense form criticism has done" and advocates that "the relationship between genre and setting must remain an open one."46 Knierim further comments that "there is reason to believe that individual texts are dependent not only on typical settings, but at least as much on the specific situations to which they owe their existence."47 With regard to Alter's point about the evolution from simple to elaborate genres, the work of A. Parry48 and A. Lord49 made untenable the earlier form- critical assumption that oral compositions were necessarily short, learned by memory and recited, and form-critics appropriately included these findings in later studies.50 Further, Knierim challenged the practice of assuming that the

45 R. Knierim, "Old Testament Form Criticism Reconsidered," Interpretation 27 (1973), 448. 46 Ibid., 449. 47 Ibid., 465. 48 A. Parry, The Making of Homeric Verse (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1971). This volume contains articles by Parry from the 1920s onwards. At first, Parry argues that standard Homeric epithets were traditional and formulaic rather than original to Homer. Parry later learned that when Yugoslavian guslars performed long poems before live audiences, each performance was improvised by combining standardized verse-units within an open-ended overall structure. Parry saw similarities between these standardized verse-units and the Homeric epithets and concluded that Homer's poetry was oral in nature. 49 A. Lord, The Singer of Tales (New York: Atheneum, 1970). Lord had done field work with Parry in Yugoslavia, and after Parry's death, Lord continued doing field work there and published the material that he and Parry had gathered. Lord also refined Parry's method for determining whether a piece of poetry had its origin in oral literature. 50 See, for example, B. Long, "Recent Field Studies in Oral Literature and their bearing on OT Criticism," VT 26 (1976): 187-98; M. Floyd, Oral Tradition as a Problematic Factor in the Historical Interpretation of Poems in the Law and the Prophets, (Ph.D. diss., The Claremont Graduate School, 1980). Source Index

Footnotes are not included

Genesis 16:5 102-103 1-11 5 16:7-14 88, 98, 100 1:3-31 13, 15 16:9-10 99 1:28 84 16:11-12 92-93 3 79 16:15-16 96,98-100,108-109 3:20 26, 28 16:15 24 4 51, 54-55, 79, 84, 133 16:16 91, 109 4:1-2 77-79 17 101, 107, 110 4:1 24, 77 17:15-21 28, 93, 107-108 4:2 24, 77, 207 17:19 92 4:17-22 54 17:21 94, 108 4:17 24, 72, 77-79 18-19 201 4:19-22 53-55 18 88, 107, 150 4:19 24, 53 18:1-15 86, 101 4:20-22 53 18:9-15 28, 93, 107-108 4:20-21 53 18:10 94 4:21 24 18:14 89, 150 4:22 53 18:16-19:38 101 4:25 23-24, 26-27, 77-80 19 216-218 5 45, 50 19:1-29 199, 202 5:28-29 73 19:12-17 201 5:29 25-26 19:18-23 201 6:14 237 19:30-38 197-203,242 7:23 23 19:30 199 9:20-27 202 19:31-36 199 11 45 19:31-35 199 11:9 25 19:31 201 11:27-25:11 160, 202 19:32 201 11:27-21:7 104 19:33 200, 218 11:27 102 19:34 201 11:30 92, 102, 107-108 19:35 200 12-36 5 19:36-38 45, 199 12:2 101 19:36 199-200 13 201, 216 19:37-38 199-200, 213 16-21 101 19:37 24, 218 16 88-89, 96-104, 110 19:38 24 16:1-6 86, 98, 100 20 101 16:1-4 102 20:17-18 114 16:1 99, 107-108 20:17 89 16:3 99, 108 21 101 16:4 99, 103 21:1-7 24, 28, 86, 101-102, 282 Source Index

21:1-4 106 29:1-30 130, 240 21:1 96, 106-1-7 29:1-20 239 21:2—4 106 29:30 114 21:2 106-109 29:31-30:24 43,47,51,86,91-92, 115- 3-5 107 131, 186, 153, 160, 207 21:3 106, 109 29:31-35 123 21:4 110 29:31-32 24, 26 21:5-7 106 29:31 92,122-124 21:5 91, 109 29:32-35 122 21:6 95, 107, 110 29:33 24, 26-27, 124 21:7 107, 109 29:34 24, 26, 38, 124 21:8-21 99-100 29:35 24, 26, 38, 124 21:8 91 30 102 21:10 103 30:1-8 123, 126 22:2 110 30:1-6 24 22:20-24 45, 51 30:1—4 122-123 22:20 66-67 30:1-2 90 22:24 24, 66-67 30:2 114 24:10-67 240 30:4 125-126 24:10-61 239 30:5-8 122 24:67 114 30:5-6 28 25 88-89, 94, 209 30:5 124 25:1-6 45, 51 30:6 26, 124 25:1-2 70 30:7-8 24 25:2 24 30:7 124 25:5-6 70 30:8 26-27, 124 25:11 102 30:9-16 126 25:16 115 30:9-13 123 25:18 99 30:9-11 24 25:19-35:29 112, 114, 155, 160 30:9 122-123, 125-126 25:19-35:22 115 30:10-13 122 25:19-34 115 30:10 29, 125 25:19-20 113 30:11 26-27 25:19 113 30:12-13 24 25:20-26 110-115, 160 30:12 29, 125 25:20 112, 114, 211 30:13 26-27 25:21 112 30:14-21 123 25:21-26 27-28, 86 30:14-18 24 25:21-23 113 30:14-17 122-123 25:21 90, 92, 96, 113 30:16-17 125 25:22-23 113 30:17-24 126 25:22 89, 93 30:17-21 122-123 25:24-26 113 30:17 123 25:24 89 30:18 26-27 25:25-26 94, 241 30:19-20 24 25:25 24, 27, 95, 113 30:20 26-27 25:26-27 91 30:21 24, 29-30 25:26 24, 27, 95, 112-114 30:22 90, 96, 122-123, 126 25:27-28 113-114 30:22-24 24, 123 25:27 115 30:23-24 122 26:22 25 30:23 94-95 26:32-33 26 30:24 26-27, 95 29-30 100 34 131 Source Index 283

35 161 43:23 154 35:1-22 115 46:8-27 74, 128 35:16-20 96, 153 46:17 81 35:16-18 24, 91, 127-128, 151-155 46:19-22 74 35:16 152 46:20 24, 74 35:17-18 152 49 126-127, 160 35:17 96, 152-154 49:3-4 131 35:18 93, 152 49:5-7 131 35:19-20 152 49:8-12 208 35:19 152-153 35:22 131 Exodus 35:23-29 115 1-2 238 36:1-50:26 208 1:15-2:10 237-238 36 48, 56, 208 1:15-22 238 36:1-4 51 1:22 238 36:1 56 2 150 36:2-5 55-56, 60 2:1-10 28, 76, 230-238, 241 36:4-5 55-56 2:1-2 24,233 36:4 24, 55 2:1 211 36:5 24 2:2 134, 223 36:9-14 51,68-69 2:3 233, 237 36:10 68-69 2:10 234 36:12 24, 67-69 2:11-22 28 36:14 24 2:15-22 239, 241 36:15-19 68 2:21-22 24,239-241 36:16 68 2:22 25 36:25 69 6 52, 150 36:40-43 68 6:14-25 51 37 82 6:16-25 74-76 37:2-50:26 208 6:20 24, 76 37:3 109 6:23 24, 76 38 82, 94, 203-209, 214, 216- 6:25 24, 76 218 38:1-5 185, 203-204, 209, 241 Numbers 38:1-11 206 1 127 38:1 206 1:5-15 128 38:2-3 24 1:20-42 128 38:2 211 2:3-31 128 38:3 207 7:12-83 128 38:4 24, 207 10:11-27 128 38:5 24, 207 13:1-16 128 38:12-30 206 26 46, 64-65, 127 38:12-23 207 26:5-51 128 38:24-26 207 26:29-33 65 38:24 207 38:27-30 27, 204, 207, 241 Deuteronomy 38:27 207 6:20-24 7 38:29 24, 27 22:23-27 225 38:30 24, 27 25:5-10 214 39 208 26:5-9 7 41:50-52 24,27, 51, 73 27:11-23 128 41:50 73 33 128, 160 41:51-52 26 284 Source Index

Joshua 2:11 141, 143 7:18 49 2:12-17 142-143 7:25-26 25 2:17 143 24:2-13 7 2:18-21 141, 143 2:21 24, 96, 131, 141, 143 Judges 2:22-25 143 3:7-11 136 2:26 143 3:7 145 2:27-36 143 3:12-31 136 3:1-10 143 4:1-5:31 136 3:11-18 143 6:1-10:5 136 3:19-4:1 143 6:32 25 4:1-7:1 156-158 10:6-12:15 136 4:1-22 143, 13-16 135-136, 138, 145 4:19-22 24,28, 96, 153, 155-159, 161 13 88, 135-137, 145, 160 4:20 93, 96, 153-154 13:1 133, 138, 146 4:21 25 13:2-25 132-138 7 145, 160 13:2-24 86 7:12 26 13:2 92, 133, 138 8 145 13:3-7 93 13:5-7 92 2 Samuel 13:5 138 3:14-16 224 13:8 90 7 156 13:17 89 9-20 220-222 13:24-25 133 10-12 222 13:24 24, 91, 94-95, 134 10:6-11:1 220 13:25 138 11-12 82, 227, 229 14:1-15:20 136 11 225 16 145 11:1-12:25 219-230, 241 16:1-3 136 11:1-25 226 16:4-31 136 11:1 222 17:1-6 145 11:2-5 230 17:7-18:31 145 11:2 222, 224, 226 19:1-21:25 145 11:3 222 11:4 223-224, 226 1 Samuel 11:5-13 226, 230 1-8 145 11:5 220, 223 1-7 158 11:14-25 226, 230 1-4 144 11:26-27 226, 230 1 86, 88 11:27-12:1 229 1:1-2:21 43, 138-146 11:27 24, 150, 219-220, 226, 241 1:1-20 28 12:1-25 227-230 1:1-2 143 12:1-14 230 1:2 9:2, 141, 144 12:9-10 227 1:3-20 143 12:11-12 227 1:5 141, 144-145 12:15-23 230 1:6 144 12:15 228 1:10-11 90 12:22-23 228 1:14 144 12:24-25 24, 28, 219-220, 229-230 1:19-20 24 12:24 228 1:19 96, 143 12:26-31 220 1:20 89, 94-95, 143 14 227 1:21-2:11 141,143 Source index

1 Kings 7:7-9 179 1-2 220-222, 224 7:10-17 180 1 229 7:10-13 170 1:32-35 62 7:13-17 93, 96 11:29-31 164 7:14-16 170 13:2 92-93, 96 7:16 179 20 227 7:17-8:22 170 22:11 164 8 162, 189 8:1-15 172, 181 2 Kings 8:1-4 164, 166-181, 186, 193 2:13-13:21 148 8:1 168 4 43, 88, 91, 95-96, 150-151, 8:2 169 228, 241 8:3^1 24 4:8-37 147-149, 226-227, 230 8:3 162, 168 4:8-17 86 8:4 179 4:8 147 8:5-15 172-173 4:11-17 146-151 8:5-8 180 4:11-16 148 8:6 176 4:11 147-148 8:8-10 171, 173 4:12-16 147, 149 8:11-15 180 4:12-13 148 8:16-18 172-173 4:14-16 148 8:18 171, 173, 178, 180 4:14 92 8:19-9:6 173 4:15-16 93 8:23-9:6 171 4:16 89, 94, 151, 223, 227 9:1-6 180 4:17 24, 94, 134, 146, 148, 150 9:7-10:4 172 4:18 91, 147 9:7-20 171-172 4:28 90, 151 10:1-4 171 4:32-37 228, 230 10:10-23 177 4:36 230 10:21-23 173 8 150 11:1-5 180 9-10 189 20 165 13:14-19 164 20:1-6 164 15:37 175 16:5-9 175 Jeremiah 13:1-11 164 Isaiah 16:2-4 164 5-12 193 16:5-7 164 5:8-30 171-172 16:8-9 164 5:8-24 171-172 19:2-11 164 5:25-30 171-172 19:10-11 165 5:25 172 27:1-12 164 6:1-9:6 170-172, 194 32:1-15 164 6:12-13 171 43:8-13 164 7-12 180 51:59-64 164 7-10 170 7 173, 175, 177, 180-181 Ezekiel 7:1-8:15 173-174 4:1-3 164 7:1-17 181 4:4-8 164 7:1-9 170 4:9-17 164 7:2-9 177, 180 5:1-17 164 7:2 176 12:1-11 164 7:3 162, 164, 173, 176 12:17-20 164 286 Source Index

21:11-12 164 4:12 217 21:23-29 164 4:13-17 24, 209-218, 242 24:1-14 164 4:13-15 211 24:15-24 164 4:13 211, 218 33:21-22 164 4:14-15 211-212 37:15-28 164 4:16-17 211 48:1-29 128 4:16 211-212 4:17 211-212,216-218 Hosea 4:18-22 45, 213, 217 1 -3 162, 186-188, 191, 194 1 162, 181 1 Chronicles 1 1 184 1--9 45-47, 49-50, 52, 82 1 2-2:2 166-167, 182--193 1 -8 49 1 2 184-185, 189, 191 1 46 1 2-9 164 1 45, 49 1 3-2:2 185 1 5-7 69 1 3 194, 211 1 8-16 69 1 3-5 24, 186, 189 1 17-23 69 1 4 189 1 24-31 45 1 5 189 1 28-34 69--70 1 6-7 24, 186, 189 1 28 70 1 8-2:2 24, 186, 189 1 32 47, 69-70 1 8 188 1 34-42 45 1 9 185 1 35-54 69 2 -3 191 2 -9 46, 69 2:1-3 185 2 -8 45 2:1-2 185 2:1-9:1 46 2:3-14:9 188 2:1-17 45 2:3-25 185, 188 2:1-8 46 2:3 185 2:1-2 128 3:1-5 164, 188, 193 2:1 44, 46 4-14 186, 188 2:2-9:1 57 4—11 187 2:2-4:23 57 12-14 187 2:2-4 51, 56-57 2:2 57 Zechariah 2:3-17 46 6:9-15 164 2:3 24 2:4 24, 57 Job 2:5 47 1 81 2:8 47 2 81 2:9-17 47 42:7-10 81 2:9 47 42:11-17 81 2:10-17 51, 64 2:10-12 64 Ruth 2:13-17 63 1:6 215 2:13-15 63 2 218 2:16-17 63-64 3 211 2:16 63 3:11 154 2:17 24, 47 4 217-218 2:18-24 51, 57-59 4:1-12 212 2:18-20 47, 58 4:5 217 2:18 57 4:10 217 2:19-20 58 Source Index 287

2:19 24, 47, 58 5:26 47 2:21-24 47, 58 5:27—41 45 2:21-23 80 5:27-6:38 46 2:21 24, 47, 58 5:41 47 2:22-23 46 6:1-38 47 2:24 58 6:1-15 45 2:25-41 51, 72 6:1-9 45 2:25-33 45-47 6:14-15 45 2:29 24, 47 6:39-66 46 2:33 72 7:1-5 47 2:34-41 72 7:1-2 45-46 2:34-35 72 7:2 46 2:35 24, 47 7:3 46 2:42-50 45—47, 51, 71 7:4-5 46 2:42-45 71 7:6-12 47 2:46-49 70-71 7:6 46 2:46 1-2 7:12-19 45 2:48 24, 47 7:13-21 46 2:49 24, 47 7:14-19 51, 64-66, 80 2:50-55 46-17 7:14 47, 71 3:1-24 46 7:15 47, 64 3:1-9 47 7:16-21 47 3:10 44 7:16 47, 84 4-8 128 7:18 47 4:1-2 47 7:20-29 81, 84 4:3 47 7:20-27 51, 80 4:4 24, 47 7:21-23 26 4:5-7 47, 51, 60 7:21-24 81-82 4:5 60 7:23 2, 24, 47, 79-82 4:6-7 60 7:25-40 47 4:6 24, 47, 60 7:25-27 46 4:7 24, 60 7:28-29 46 4:8-23 47 7:30-37 46 4:9 26, 28 7:30 80 4:17-18 51, 60-61 8 80 4:17 47,61 8:1-28 46 4:18 24, 47 8:1-6 47 4:21-23 57 8:6-7 47 4:21 80 8:7-14 47 4:24-42 47 8:13 80 4:24-27 45-46 8:14-40 47 4:28-33 46 8:28 46 4:42-43 47 8:29-31 46 5:1-3 45,46 8:31 46 5:1-2 130 8:32-40 46 5:1 47 9:1-38 47 5:3-9 47 9:1-3 46 5:4-8 46 9:1 45-47 5:8-9 46 9:4-34 46 5:9-10 46-47 9:14-16 44 5:11-17 46-47 9:31-39 80 5:18-22 46—47 9:39-44 44, 47 5:23-26 46—47 12:25-38 128 288 Source Index

22:8-10 93, 96 11:21 62 27:16-22 128 11:22 62

2 Chronicles Matthew 11 58 1 88 11:18-21 51 11:18-20 61-62 Luke 11:18-19 62 1 88 11:19 24 1:5-25 86 11:20 24 Author Index

Footnotes are not included

Ackerman, J.S. 238 Eissfeldt, O. 186 Alt, A. 6, 81 Eslinger, L.M. 144, 158 Alter, R. 1, 8-10, 18, 85, 87, 94, 114, 144, Exum, J.C. 135-136,238 150, 159, 197, 224, 226, 229, 240 Fewell, D.N. 21 Amit, Y. 144 Fichtner, J. 25, 29, 36, 208 Amsler, S. 164-165,188-189 Fisch, H. 196,216-218 Andersen, F. 187 Floyd, M.H. 165, 167 Bai, M. 18 Fohrer, G. 127, 163-165 Barton, J. 3, 6 Fokkelman, J.P. 18, 158, 197, 224, 226- Begrich, J. 153, 174-176 227, 229 Bergen, W.J. 148-149 Fontaine, C.R. 21 Berlin, A. 18 Freedman, D.N. 187 Bird, P. 21, 191 Frolov, S. 157, 221-222 Birkeland, H. 187 Fuchs, E. 85, 87, 151 Blankenbaker, G.V. 184-186 Galling, K. 59 Blenkinsopp, J. 135 Geus, C.H.J.De. 127 Born, A. van den 168 Gressmann, H. 234, 238 Braun, R. 43-44, 52 Groenmann, A.W. 163 Brenner, A. 20, 87 Gunkel, H. 4, 7, 9, 16, 24-25, 99-100, Brown, R. 89, 92-93 107, 113, 126, 153, 162, 200-202, 208 Brown, W.P. 172 Hals, R.M. 51 Bucher, C. 191 Hänel, J. 82 Budde, K. 170-171,187 Harper, W.R. 187 Campbell, A.F. 12,243 Hartley, J.E. 109-110 Childs, B.S. 235 Hasel, G. 176-177 Chisolm, Jr., R.B. 171-172 Hertzberg, H.W. 158 Clements, R.E. 177,179-181 Hoffmann, R.E. 81 Coats, G.W. 51, 101, 113, 126, 199, 237 Hoffner Jr., Harry A. Cohen, J. 236-237 Hogg, H.W. 81-82 Collins, J.J. 15 Hooker, P.K. 81 Conrad, E.W. 153 Hornsby, T.J. 191 Crenshaw, J. 136-137 Hurvitz, A. 214 Curtis, E.L. 82 Irvine, S.A. 169, 172, 175-176 Davies, G.I. 187 Japhet, S. 82 Davis, E.F. 215 Jarrell, R.H. 88-89 Day, J. 177 Jobling, D. 158 De Vries, S.J. 2, 14, 23, 24, 51, 81 Johnson,M.D. 46-47 Dijk-Hemmes, F. van 20, 150, 243 Kaiser, O. 169-171 Donner, H. 172, 174-175 Kallai, Z. 128-129 Driver, S.R. 107 Kartveit, M. 48,81 Dyk, P.J. van 99-100 Kaufmann, Y. 141 290 Author Index

Keefe, A.A. 191 Rendsburg, G.A. 82 Kittel, R. 59 Richter, W. 11,23 Klein, L.R. 144 Robinson, H.W. 162 Knierim, R.P. 10-13 Rost, L. 156-157,220-221 Köhler, L. 212 Rothstein, J.W. 82 Koch, K. 2, 6, 7 Rowley, H.H. 192 Landy, F. 193 Rudolph, W. 45-46, 59, 65 Lescow, T. 171 Sarna, N.M. 236-237 Levin, Y. 50 Sasson, J.M. 211 L'heureux, C.E. 172 Schneider, T.J. 108 Lindblom, J. 164, 169 Schweickert, P.P. 20, 243 Loewenstamm, S.E. 236 Sherwood, Y. 187 Lohfink, G. 4, 13 Simon, U. 88, 141-142 Long, B.O. 26-29 Skinner, J. 100,107 Lord, A.B. 10 Soggin, J.A. 153 Madsen, A.A. 82 Speiser, E. 107,126,201 Marti, D.K. 171,187 Stacey, W.D. 165-166, 177-178 Mays, J.L. 186 Steck, O.H. 171 McEvenue, S.E. 99 Steinberg, N. 208 McKay, H.A. 20 Sternberg, M. 16, 197, 223, 225-227 Meyer, E. 234 Stoebe, H.J. 157 Michaeli, F. 81 Sweeney, M.A. 14, 23, 173, 181, 188 Milton, J. 135 Teugels, L. 114 Miscall, P.D. 158 Thompson, M.E.W. 171 Mowinckel, S. 6 Toorn, K. van der 41-42 Muilenburg, J. 153 Törnkvist, R. 187 191 Müller, H.-P. 171 Tsevat, M. 101 Na'aman, N. 82 Turner, M.D 114 Namiki, K. 127-129 Wacker, M.-T. 187 Neff, R.W. 89, 93, 138 Weippert, H. 127 Nielsen, K. 171 Weippert, M. 154 Noth, M. 7, 16, 44-45, 126-128 Wellhausen, J. 4, 16, 44 Oded, B. 174-175 Wenham, G.J. 202 Osborne, W.L. 49-50, 65, 81 Werner, W. 171 Osiek, C. 19 Westermann, C. 8, 100, 107, 113-114, Parker, S.B. 90, 161, 249 126, 199, 202 Parry, A. 10 Williams, J.G. 85-86 Polzin, R. 18, 197, 225, 227 Williamson, H.G. 81 Rad, G. von 7, 16, 99-100, 107, 113, 153, Willis, J.T. 143,158 201-202 Wilson, R.R. 29-31, 44^t5, 47^9, 52, Redford, D.B. 234-235 129-130 Regnier, A. 162 Wolff, H.W. 187 Reis, P.T. 103 Subject Index

Abram/Abraham 35, 69-70, 96-110 - Cain genealogy 54-55 Abraham-Lot legend-cycle 200-203 - Edomite genealogy 68-69 Ancient Near Eastern Birth Narratives 90- - Ephraimite genealogy 80-82 91, 235-237 - Israelite 12-tribe genealogy 126-131 Annunciation Type-Scenes 1, 3, 8-10, 22, - Manassite genealogy 64-66 85-96, 159-161, 245-246 - Phinehas genealogy 76 Annunciation Type-Scenes, components of Genre - Annunciation 92-94 - Content as part of genre 12-15 - Barreness element 92 - Definition of genre 15 - Birth report 94-96 - Gattung 1, 3-10 - Concluding statement 91 - Structural categories 13-14 - Prayer element 89-91 Genre criticism in literary studies 5-6 Ark narrative 156-158 Hagar 87-88, 91, 98-104 Bathsheba 219-220, 222-226, 229-230 Hannah 138-141, 143-146, 160 Bilhah 117, 120, 123 Historicity 18, 83-84, 166-167 Birth notices 2-3, 31-32, 40, 244 Hosea Birth reports in general 1-3, 21-24, 32-33, - Division of book 186-188 40-42, 51-53, 159-161, 193-196, 241- - Hosea's marriage and children 190-193 250 Intertextuality 17, 197, 226-228, 230 Birth reports, components of Isaac 69-70, 101-115 - Birth element 24, 29-31, 34-35 Isaiah's children - Conception element 24, 29-31, 33-34, - Maher-shalal-hash-baz 163-170, 173, 223 176,180-181 - Etiological element 24-31, 35-36 - Immanuel 173, 178-181 - Introductory setting 36-38 - Shear-yashub 176-178 - Naming element 24-31, 36 Isaianic Denkschrift 170-172 Canon criticism 17, 186 Ishmael 70-71 Deuteronomistic history 7, 222, 227 Ichabod 34, 155, 158-159, 161 Dinah 119, 122, 124, 127 Jacob 35-36, 111-118, 123,209 David 219-220, 222-230 John the Baptist 88, 90, 92 Elides 142-144 Jesus 88, 90 Elisha narratives 148-149 Joseph 73-74, 119, 123, 125-126, 129-131 Exposed child story 234-238 Joseph story 73-74, 207-209 "Fear Not" formula 153-154 Keturah 69-70 Feminist Criticism 19-21, 84-85, 87-89, Lot and his daughters 197-203, 216-218 101-104, 114, 134, 137-138, 144-146, Leah 115-126,130-132 149-151, 154-155, 190-192, 194-195, Levirate marriage 212, 214-215 212-213, 215-216, 238, 241, 243, 248- Magic 163-164, 166 250 Manoah and his wife 90, 132-134, 138, Genealogical fluidity 48-49, 54-56, 64-66, 160 83 Marriage type-scenes 236-238 Genealogies in general 3, 22, 43-53, 82- Mary 88 84, 244 Midwives 42, 238 Genealogies, specific Moses 29, 75-76, 232-241 292 Subject Index

Narrative 23-24 Sitz im Leben 5-7, 11-13, 15, 22, 29, 40- Narrative criticism 17-19, 223-226, 229- 42, 153-155, 163 230, 241, 243, 247-248, Sitz in der Literatur 11-13, 15, 42, 243, Notices 14 247 Prophetic symbolic actions 3, 22, 162-167, Sons by handmaids 102-104, 124-125, 177-178, 180-181, 188-189, 193-195, 129-131 246 Source criticism 4, 7, 16, 45—47, 54-55, Rachel 74, 115-125, 130-131, 151-153, 99-100, 107-109, 113-114, 126, 153, 155 159 Rebekah 110-114 Structural outlines 53, 55-56, 58, 60-63, Reports 14, 23-24 66-67, 69-75, 77-80, 97-98, 105-106, Rhetorical criticism 16-17 111-112, 119-122, 132-133, 139-141, Ruth 146-147, 152, 155-156, 199-200, 204- - The character Ruth 34, 211, 215-218 206, 210-211, 219-220, 232-233, 239 - The dating of the book 213-215 Structuralism 17, 196,216 - The neigboring women 35, 212-213, Succession narrative 220-222 215-216 Syro-Ephraimitic War 173-175 Ruth-corpus 196-197, 216-218 Tamar 205-207, 216-217 Samson cycle 135-138 Translations and textual notes 53, 55-57, Sargon legend 236-238 60-67, 69-73, 74, 77-79, 96, 104-105, Sarai/Sarah 88-89, 101-110, 114 110-111, 115-119, 132, 138-139, 146, Series of birth reports 37, 119-125, 183- 151, 155, 167-168, 182-183, 185, 197- 186, 204-207 198, 203-204, 209-210, 219, 230-232, Shunammite woman 146-151, 160-161, 239 230 Zilpah 117-118, 121, 123 Zipporah 239-241 Forschungen zum Alten Testament Edited by Bernd Janowski, Mark S. Smith and Hermann Spieckermann

Alphabetical Index

Barthel, Jörg: Prophetenwort und Geschichte. 1997. Volume 19. -: see Hermisson, Hans-Jürgen. Baumann, Gerlinde: Die Weisheitsgestalt in Proverbien 1-9. 1996. Volume 16. Bodendorfer, Gerhard und Matthias Miliard (Hrsg.): Bibel und Midrasch. Unter Mitarbeit von B. Kagerer. 1998. Volume 22. Chapman, Stephen B.: The Law and the Prophets. 2000. Volume 27. Diße, Andreas: see Groß, Walter. Ego, Beate: see Janowski, Bernd. Emmendörffer, Michael: Der ferne Gott. 1997. Volume 21. Finlay, Timothy D.: The Birth Report Genre in the Hebrew Bible. 2005. Volume 11/12. Finsterbusch, Karin: Weisung für Israel. 2005. Volume 44. Frevel, Christian (Ed.): Medien im antiken Palästina. 2005. Volume 11/10. Groß, Walter: Die Satzteilfolge im Verbalsatz alttestamentlicher Prosa. Unter Mitarbeit von A. Diße und A. Michel. 1996. Volume 17. Hanhart, Robert: Studien zur Septuaginta und zum hellenistischen Judentum. 1999. Volume 24. Hausmann, Jutta: Studien zum Menschenbild der älteren Weisheit (Spr lOff). 1995. Volume 7. Hermisson, Hans-Jürgen: Studien zu Prophetie und Weisheit. Hrsg. von J. Barthel, H. Jauss und K. Koenen 1998. Volume 23. Huwyler, Beat: Jeremia und die Völker. 1997. Volume 20. Janowski, Bernd und Ego, Beate (Hrsg.): Das biblische Weltbild und seine altorientalischen Kontexte. 2001. Volume 32. Janowski, Bernd und Stuhlmacher, Peter (Hrsg.): Der Leidende Gottesknecht. 1996. Volume 14. Jauss, Hannelore: see Hermisson, Hans-Jürgen. Jeremias, Jörg: Hosea und Arnos. 1996. Volume 13. Kagerer, Bernhard: see Bodendorfer, Gerhard. Kiuchi, Nobuyoshi: A Study of Hata' and Hatta't in Leviticus 4-5. 2003. Volume U/2. Knierim, RolfP.: Text and Concept in Leviticus 1:1-9. 1992. Volume 2. Köckert, Matthias: Leben in Gottes Gegenwart. 2004. Volume 43. Köhlmoos, Melanie: Das Auge Gottes. 1999. Volume 25. Koenen, Klaus: see Hermisson, Hans-Jürgen. Kratz, Reinhard Gregor: Kyros im Deuterojesaja-Buch. 1991. Volume 1. -: Das Judentum im Zeitalter des Zweiten Tempels. 2004. Volume 42. Lange, Armin: Vom prophetischen Wort zur prophetischen Tradition. 2002. Volume 34. Liess, Kathrin: Der Weg des Lebens. 2004. Volume 11/5. MacDonald, Nathan: Deuteronomy and the Meaning of „Monotheism". 2003. Volume II/l. Michel, Andreas: Gott und Gewalt gegen Kinder im Alten Testament. 2003. Volume 37. -: see Groß, Walter. Miliard, Matthias: Die Komposition des Psalters. 1994. Volume 9. Forschungen zum Alten Testament

-: see Bodendorfer, Gerhard. Miller, Patrick D.: The Way of the Lord. 2004. Volume 39. Müller, Reinhard: Königtum und Gottesherrschaft. 2004. Volume II/3. Niemann, Hermann Michael: Herrschaft, Königtum und Staat. 1993. Volume 6. Otto, Eckart: Das Deuteronomium im Pentateuch und Hexateuch. 2001. Volume 30. Perlitt, Lothar: Deuteronomium-Studien. 1994. Volume 8. Podella, Thomas: Das Lichtkleid JHWHs. 1996. Volume 15. Pola, Thomas: Das Priestertum bei Sacharja. 2003. Volume 35. Rösel, Martin: Adonaj - Warum Gott 'Herr' genannt wird. 2000. Volume 29. Ruwe, Andreas: „Heiligkeitsgesetz" und „Priesterschrift". 1999. Volume 26. Sals, Ulrike: Die Biographie der „Hure Babylon". 2004. Volume II/6. Schapen Joachim: Priester und Leviten im achämenidischen Juda. 2000. Volume 31. Schenker, Adrian (Hrsg.): Studien zu Opfer und Kult im Alten Testament. 1992. Volume 3. Schmidt, Brian B.: Israel's Beneficent Dead. 1994. Volume 11. Schöpßin, Karin: Theologie als Biographie im Ezechielbuch. 2002. Volume 36. Seeligmann, Isac Leo: The Septuagint Version of Isaiah and Cognate Studies. Edited by Robert Hanhart and Hermann Spieckermann. 2004. Volume 40. -: Gesammelte Studien zur Hebräischen Bibel. Herausgegeben von Erhard Blum mit einem Beitrag von Rudolf Smend. 2004. Volume 41. Spieckermann, Hermann: Gottes Liebe zu Israel. Volume 33. Steck, Odil Hannes: Gottesknecht und Zion. 1992. Volume 4. Stuhlmacher, Peter: see Janowski, Bernd. Süssenbach, Claudia: Der elohistische Psalter. 2005. Volume II/7. Sweeney, Marvin A.: Form and Intertextuality in Prophetic and Apocalyptic Literature. 2005. Volume 45. Vos, Christiane de: Klage als Gotteslob aus der Tiefe. 2005. Volume 11/11. Weber, Cornelia: Altes Testament und völkische Frage. 2000. Volume 28. Weippert, Manfred: Jahwe und die anderen Götter. 1997. Volume 18. Weyde, Karl William: The Appointed Festivals of YHWH. 2004. Volume II/4. Widmer, Michael: Moses, God, and the Dynamics of Intercessory Prayer. 2004. Band II/8. Willi, Thomas: Juda - Jehud - Israel. 1995. Volume 12. Williamson, Hugh: Studies in Persian Period History and Historiography. 2004. Volume 38. Wilson, Kevin A.: The Campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I into Palestine. 2004. Volume 11/9. Young, Ian: Diversity in Pre-Exilic Hebrew. 1993. Volume 5. Zwickel, Wolfgang: Der Tempelkult in Kanaan und Israel. 1994. Volume 10.

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