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Aramaic Poetry in Qumran THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Aramaic Poetry in Qumran A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures School of Arts and Sciences Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Peter Y. Lee Washington, D.C. 2011 Aramaic Poetry in Qumran Peter Y. Lee Director: Edward M. Cook, Ph.D. The often fragmentary Aramaic texts preserved by the Qumran community represent a large collection of well edited texts, whose publications have triggered numerous contributions that have brought a significantly clearer understanding of them. Little attention, however, has been devoted to the poetic structure of these Aramaic texts, much less on Aramaic literature as a whole. This study presents a model for the analysis of Aramaic poetic texts as well as a detailed poetic discussion of six Aramaic texts within the Qumran collection. These texts are: 1) 4Q246, “The Son of God” text; 2) 4QLevi a, a portion of the wisdom poem in the Aramaic Levi Document ; 3) 4Q534, “The Elect of God” text; 4) 4Q542, The Testament of Qahat ; 5) 4Q541, two fragments from the Apocryphon of Levi ; 6) 1QapGen, the beauty of Sarai in the Genesis Apocryphon . Three have been previously identified as poetic, namely 4Q246, the wisdom poem in ALD , and the beauty of Sarai. The poetic nature of the remaining three has not. Also included are the eight poetic passages from the Aramaic portions of the Book of Daniel: 2:20-23 (=4QDan a), 3:33-4:2; 4:7b-14; 4:31-32; 6:27b-28; 7:9-10; 7: 13-14; 7:23-27. Combined, this study examines over 124 lines of poetry. These texts use literary features and devices that are characteristic of poetic texts, specifically parallelism and terseness. It is the interrelationship between these two particular poetic devices that is the hallmark characteristic of Aramaic poetry. In addition to these is the use of imagery, strophic formations, and sound repetitions. The application of all these various techniques within any given text is what identifies it as poetic. It is what makes Aramaic poetry poetic. This dissertation by Peter Y. Lee fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures approved by Edward M. Cook, Ph.D., as Director, and by Andrew D. Gross, Ph.D. and David A. Bosworth, Ph.D. as Readers. Signature Page __________________________________________ Edward M. Cook, Ph.D., Director __________________________________________ Andrew D. Gross, Ph.D., Reader __________________________________________ David A. Bosworth, Ph.D., Reader ii Dedication I dedicate this study with great meekness, admiration, and affection to the ones who endured the most during the past ten years, to the ones I call “heroes” – my family. To my parents – Sepoong and Soonsill Lee. Their support throughout these years reflects their love and care as seen throughout my entire lifetime. To my children – Caleb, Jeremiah, Kara, Micah, Tabitha and Priscilla. When I began my studies, they were only infants and children. They have now grown to become mature and faithful young men and women. Although many events and hours were missed between us, their father is humbled that they never complained of it. He can only hope to have the heart of dedication and patience that they model to him every day of his life. Also to my dearest and loving wife, Clara. She is a daily reminder to me of the richness and beauty of the grace and love that I do not deserve yet receive nonetheless. hn"L'Ku-l[; tyli[' T.a;w> lyIx; Wf[' tAnB' tABr: . iii Table of Contents Signature Page ................................................................................................................ii Dedication ..................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... xi Chapter One: Current State of Studies in Aramaic Poetry ......................................... 1 Chapter Two: Explanation of the Model of Poetic Analysis ...................................... 17 2.1 Parallelism ........................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Terseness ............................................................................................................ 40 2.3 Other Poetic Features ......................................................................................... 55 2.3.1 Imagery: ........................................................................................................ 55 2.3.2 Strophic Organization: ................................................................................. 61 Chapter Three: Aramaic Poetry from the Book of Daniel ........................................ 66 3.1 Poetry of 4QDan a frag. 3.1.1-5 (Dan. 2:20-23) ................................................. 70 3.1.1 Transcription of 4QDan a frag. 3.1.1-5 (Dan. 2:20-23)................................ 71 3.1.2 Stichometry of 4QDan a frag. 3.1.1-5 (Dan. 2:20-23) .................................. 72 3.1.3 Translation of 4QDan a frag. 3.1.1-5 (Dan. 2:20-23) ................................... 73 3.1.4 Poetic Features in 4QDan a frag. 3.1.1-5 (Dan. 2:20-23) ............................. 73 3.1.4.1 Parallelism in 4QDan a frag. 3.1.1-5 (Dan. 2:20-23) ................................ 73 3.1.4.2 Terseness of 4QDan a frag. 3.1.1-5 (Dan. 2:20-23) .................................. 79 3.1.4.3 Strophic Organization of 4QDan a frag. 3.1.1-5 (Dan. 2:20-23) ............... 83 3.2 Poetry of Daniel 3:33-4:2 (MT) ......................................................................... 84 3.2.1 Stichometry of Daniel 3:33-4:2 (MT) ............................................................. 87 3.2.2 Translation of Daniel 3:33-4:2 (MT) ........................................................... 88 3.2.3 Poetic Features in Daniel 3:33-4:2 (MT) .................................................... 88 3.2.3.1 Parallelism in Daniel 3:33-4:2 (MT) ....................................................... 88 3.2.3.2 Terseness of Daniel 3:33-4:2 (MT) ......................................................... 95 3.2.3.4 Strophic Organization of Daniel 3:33-4:2 (MT) ...................................... 96 iv 3.3 Poetry of Daniel 4:7b-14 (MT) .......................................................................... 97 3.3.1 Transcription of 4QDan d frag. 3-7, lines 5-15 (Dan. 4:7b-14) ................... 98 3.3.2 Stichometry of Daniel 4:7b-14 (MT)........................................................... 99 3.3.3 Translation of Daniel 4:7b-14 (MT) .......................................................... 101 3.3.4 Poetic Features in Daniel 4:7b-14 (MT) .................................................... 103 3.3.4.1 Parallelism in Daniel 4:7b-14 (MT) ...................................................... 103 3.3.4.2 Terseness of Daniel 4:7b-14 (MT) ........................................................ 117 3.3.4.4 Imagery in Daniel 4:7b-14 (MT) .......................................................... 121 3.3.4.3 Strophic Organization of Daniel 4:7b-14 (MT) ..................................... 124 3.4 Poetry of Daniel 4:31-32 (MT) ........................................................................ 130 3.4.1 Stichometry of Daniel 4:31-32 (MT)......................................................... 130 3.4.2 Translation of Daniel 4:31-32 (MT) .......................................................... 131 3.4.3 Poetic Features in Daniel 4:31-32 (MT) .................................................... 132 3.4.3.1 Parallelism in Daniel 4:31-32 (MT) ...................................................... 132 3.4.3.2 Terseness of Daniel 4:31-32 (MT) ........................................................ 135 3.4.3.4 Imagery in Daniel 4:31-32 (MT) .......................................................... 137 3.4.3.3 Strophic Organization of Daniel 4:31-32 (MT) ..................................... 138 3.5 Poetry of Daniel 6:27b-28 (MT) ...................................................................... 138 3.5.1 Stichometry of Daniel 6:27b-28 (MT)....................................................... 139 3.5.2 Translation of Daniel 6:27b-28 (MT) ........................................................ 140 3.5.3 Poetic Features in Daniel 6:27b-28 (MT) .................................................. 140 3.5.3.1 Parallelism in Daniel 6:27b-28 (MT) .................................................... 140 3.5.3.2 Terseness of Daniel 6:27b-28 (MT) ...................................................... 143 3.5.3.3 Strophic Organization of Daniel 6:27b-28 (MT) ................................... 143 3.6 Poetry of Daniel 7:9-10 (MT) .......................................................................... 144 3.6.1 Stichometry of Daniel 7:9-10 (MT)........................................................... 145 3.6.2 Translation of Daniel 7:9-10 (MT) ............................................................ 146 3.6.3 Poetic Features in Daniel 7:9-10 (MT) ...................................................... 146
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