Direct Speech As a Narrative Style in Chantyal
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Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
Studies in African Linguistics Volume 46, Numbers 1&2, 2017 Melanie
Studies in African Linguistics Volume 46, Numbers 1&2, 2017 CONDITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN BUWAL Melanie Viljoen SIL Cameroon Buwal is a Central Chadic language spoken in the Far North Region of Cameroon. This study examines the structure of conditional constructions in Buwal and their functions. Conditionals in Buwal can be divided into four major categories according to how they are marked: possible, counterfactual, necessary and concessive. Possible conditionals include both reality and unreality conditionals. The usual order is for the protasis to precede the apodosis, but the reverse order is also possible. All types of tense/aspect marking are possible in both the protasis and the apodosis with variations arising from semantic rather than grammatical restrictions. The possible conditional marker can also function as a temporal marker in certain contexts. In a conditional construction, the protasis provides a framework or background for the apodosis. Keywords: conditional, Buwal, Chadic 0. Introduction Buwal is a Central Chadic language spoken by approximately 10 000 people in and around the village of Gadala in the Far North Region of Cameroon, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Mokolo Subdivision. Buwal’s classification according to the Ethnologue (Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2014) is Afroasiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A7. The majority of linguistic research done on this language has been conducted by the author, who completed a description of the grammar to fulfil the requirements of a Ph.D. in 2013. This study, although partially based on this description, goes into greater depth than the description in examining both the structure of Buwal conditionals and their functions. 1. Structure of Buwal Conditional Constructions Conditional constructions in Buwal can be divided into four major categories according to how they are marked; possible (1.1), counterfactual (1.2), necessary (1.3) and concessive (1.4). -
Conditionals in Political Texts
JOSIP JURAJ STROSSMAYER UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Adnan Bujak Conditionals in political texts A corpus-based study Doctoral dissertation Advisor: Dr. Mario Brdar Osijek, 2014 CONTENTS Abstract ...........................................................................................................................3 List of tables ....................................................................................................................4 List of figures ..................................................................................................................5 List of charts....................................................................................................................6 Abbreviations, Symbols and Font Styles ..........................................................................7 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................9 1.1. The subject matter .........................................................................................9 1.2. Dissertation structure .....................................................................................10 1.3. Rationale .......................................................................................................11 1.4. Research questions ........................................................................................12 2. Theoretical framework .................................................................................................13 -
The Semiotics of Axiological Convergences and Divergences1 Ľubomír Plesník
DOI: 10.2478/aa-2020-0004 West – East: The semiotics of axiological convergences and divergences1 Ľubomír Plesník Professor Ľubomír Plesník works as a researcher and teacher at the Institute of Literary and Artistic Communication (from 1993 to 2003 he was the director of the Institute, and at present he is the head of the Department of Semiotic Studies within the Institute). His research deals primarily with problems of literary theory, methodology and semiotics of culture. Based on the work of František Miko, he has developed concepts relating to pragmatist aesthetics, reception poetics and existential semiotics with a special focus on comparison of Western and oriental epistemes (Pragmatická estetika textu 1995, Estetika inakosti 1998, Estetika jednakosti 2001, Tezaurus estetických výrazových kvalít 2011). Abstract: This study focuses on the verbal representation of life strategies in Vetalapanchavimshati, an old Indian collection of stories, which is part of Somadeva’s Kathasaritsagara. On the basis of the aspect of gain ~ loss, two basic life strategies are identified. The first one, the lower strategy, is defined by an attempt to obtain material gain, which is attained at the cost of a spiritual loss. The second one, the higher strategy, negates the first one (spiritual gain attained at the cost of a material loss) and it is an internally diversified series of axiological models. The core of the study explains the combinatorial variants which, in their highest positions, even transcend the gain ~ loss opposition. The final part of the study demonstrates the intersections between the higher strategy and selected European cultural initiatives (gnosis). 1. Problem definition, area of concern and material field Our goal is to reflect on the differences and intersections in the iconization of gains and losses in life between the Western and Eastern civilizations and cultural spheres. -
Dissertations, Department of Linguistics
UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics Title A Cognitive Approach to Mandarin Conditionals Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5qw934z5 Author Yang, Fan-Pei Publication Date 2007 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California A Cognitive Approach To Mandarin Conditionals By Fan-Pei Gloria Yang B.A. (National Taiwan Normal Univeristy) 1998 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2003 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Eve Sweetser, Chair Professor George Lakoff Professor Jerome Feldman Spring 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A Cognitive Approach To Mandarin Conditionals Copyright © 2007 By Fan-Pei Gloria Yang Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract A Cognitive Approach To Mandarin Conditionals By Fan-Pei Gloria Yang Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Eve Sweetser, Chair This dissertation provides a description of some of the common Mandarin conditional constructions, with a focus on describing the contributions of the linking devices to the conditional interpretations and their interactions with other elements in constructions. The analyses are based on corpus data and include studies on the pragmatic uses of conditionals. The discussion endeavors to show how cognitive structures link to linguistic structures and how spaces are built and frames evoked. Consequently, the research does not just provide a syntactic description, but offers an in-depth discussion of epistemic stance and grounding of information indicated by the linking devices. -
The Chantyal Language1 Michael Noonan University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CrossAsia-Repository The Chantyal Language1 Michael Noonan University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 1. introduction The Chantyal language is spoken by approximately 2000 of the 10,000 ethnic Chantyal. The Chantyal live in the Baglung and Myagdi Districts of Nepal; the villages where the Chantyal language is spoken are all located in the eastern portion of the Myagdi District and include the villages of Mangale Kh‚ni, Dw‚ri, Ghy“s Khark‚, Caura Kh‚ni, Kuine Kh‚ni, Th‚r‚ Kh‚ni, P‚tle Khark‚, M‚l‚mp‚h‚r, and Malk‚b‚ng. There is relatively little linguistic variation among these villages, though where differences exist, it is the speech of Mangale Kh‚ni that is represented here. The Chantyal language is a member of the Tamangic group [along with Gurung, Thakali, Nar-Phu and Tamang, the last two of which are discussed in this volume]. Within the group, it is lexically and grammatically closest to Thakali. Assessment of the internal relations within the group is complicated by a number of factors, among which is the fact that shared innovations may be the product of geographic contiguity as much as shared genetic background. At the moment, the most likely classification is as fol- lows: Tamangic Tamang complex Gurungic Manangba—Nar-Phu complex Gurung Thakali—Chantyal Thakali Chantyal Chantyal, however, is in many respects the most deviant member of the group, lacking a tone system and having borrowed a large portion of its lexicon from Nepali. -
Map by Steve Huffman Data from World Language Mapping System 16
Tajiki Tajiki Tajiki Shughni Southern Pashto Shughni Tajiki Wakhi Wakhi Wakhi Mandarin Chinese Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Wakhi Domaaki Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Khowar Khowar Khowar Kati Yidgha Eastern Farsi Munji Kalasha Kati KatiKati Phalura Kalami Indus Kohistani Shina Kati Prasuni Kamviri Dameli Kalami Languages of the Gawar-Bati To rw al i Chilisso Waigali Gawar-Bati Ushojo Kohistani Shina Balti Parachi Ashkun Tregami Gowro Northwest Pashayi Southwest Pashayi Grangali Bateri Ladakhi Northeast Pashayi Southeast Pashayi Shina Purik Shina Brokskat Aimaq Parya Northern Hindko Kashmiri Northern Pashto Purik Hazaragi Ladakhi Indian Subcontinent Changthang Ormuri Gujari Kashmiri Pahari-Potwari Gujari Bhadrawahi Zangskari Southern Hindko Kashmiri Ladakhi Pangwali Churahi Dogri Pattani Gahri Ormuri Chambeali Tinani Bhattiyali Gaddi Kanashi Tinani Southern Pashto Ladakhi Central Pashto Khams Tibetan Kullu Pahari KinnauriBhoti Kinnauri Sunam Majhi Western Panjabi Mandeali Jangshung Tukpa Bilaspuri Chitkuli Kinnauri Mahasu Pahari Eastern Panjabi Panang Jaunsari Western Balochi Southern Pashto Garhwali Khetrani Hazaragi Humla Rawat Central Tibetan Waneci Rawat Brahui Seraiki DarmiyaByangsi ChaudangsiDarmiya Western Balochi Kumaoni Chaudangsi Mugom Dehwari Bagri Nepali Dolpo Haryanvi Jumli Urdu Buksa Lowa Raute Eastern Balochi Tichurong Seke Sholaga Kaike Raji Rana Tharu Sonha Nar Phu ChantyalThakali Seraiki Raji Western Parbate Kham Manangba Tibetan Kathoriya Tharu Tibetan Eastern Parbate Kham Nubri Marwari Ts um Gamale Kham Eastern -
Converbal Constructions in Chantyal1 Michael Noonan University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee 0. Introduction: the Chantyal [Tsğ¼n
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CrossAsia-Repository Converbal Constructions in Chantyal1 Michael Noonan University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee 0. introduction: The Chantyal [tsð¼ntjal] language is spoken by approximately 2000 of the 10,000 ethnic Chantyal. All of the villages where the Chantyal language is spo- ken2 are located in the eastern portion of the Myagdi District in the Dhaulagiri zone of Nepal. The rest of the ethnic Chantyal live in the western portions of Myagdi and in the Baglung District. Chantyal is a member of the Tamangic group [Tibeto-Burman: Bodic: Bodish] and within the group it is most closely allied with Thakali. More than any other language in the group, Chantyal has been influenced by Nepali and has borrowed over 85% of its lexicon from that language.3 The grammatical morphemes, however, are mostly native. 1. converbal constructions in chantyal: Chantyal is typical of the Tamangic lan- guages in not utilizing finite subordinate clauses, coordination, or clause chaining to ac- complish clause linkage, employing instead non-finite subordinate clauses for this pur- pose. The verbal noun in -wa is used for subordinate clauses with argument and adjec- tival functions (Noonan 1997). The verbal noun, in association with an appropriate case clitic, can also be used for adverbial subordination, but adverbial subordination can also be accomplished by means of a set of specialized nonfinite forms referred to as con- verbs. There are a number of converbs in Chantyal, both contextual [ie converbs whose semantic relation to the matrix predicate is left vague] and specialized [ie converbs with a precise adverbial meaning]. -
The Birth of Gilgamesh
THE BIRTH OF GILGAMEÍ (Ael. NA XII.21) A case-study in literary receptivity* Wouter F.M. Henkelman (Leiden) Rapunzel, Rapunzel, Laß mir dein Haar herunter! 1. Greek and Near Eastern literature 1.1. Das zaubernde Wort – In a letter to Helene von Nostitz, Rainer Maria Rilke wrote about the Babylonian Gilgameß Epic, a translation of which he had just read in the Inselbücherei series. According to Rilke the epic contained “Maße und Gestalten die zum Größesten gehören, was das zaubernde Wort zu irgendeiner Zeit gegeben hat. (...) Hier ist das Epos der Todesfurcht, entstanden im Unvordenklichen unter Menschen, bei denen zuerst die Trennung von Tod und Leben definitiv und verhängnisvoll geworden war.”1 The literary quality of the Gilgameß epic is indeed striking – the celebrated friendship of Gilgameß and Enkidu and the sorrow of Gilgameß over the latter’s death are pictured in a compelling drama of such powerful imagery that it has even outlived its own bold image of eternity, the mighty walls of Uruk. Ever since its rediscovery, now some 130 years ago, the epic has stirred the minds of its many readers and – as is the hallmark of any true work of art – found just as many interpretations. It may come as no great surprise, then, that in the debate on Oriental ‘influences’ or (better) Near Eastern or ‘West-Asiatic’ elements in Greek literature the Gilgameß Epic has continuously held a central place. This is not the place to review the long and, at times, tediously unproductive debate between the modern philobarbaroi and the defenders of the romantic vision of a monolithic Hellas rising from the lowly dusts of time to a sublime state of ‘edle Einfalt’ all by itself and by itself alone. -
Phonology and Fieldwork in Nepal: Problems and Potentials KRISTINE A
Phonology and fieldwork in Nepal: Problems and potentials KRISTINE A. HILDEBRANDT Linguistics and English Language/The University of Manchester 1. INTRODUCTION One goal of this paper is to highlight some contributions that continued analysis of prosodic properties (specifically, tone and consonant phonations) of Sino- Tibetan (and Indo-European) languages spoken in Nepal can make towards a number of domains of linguistic inquiry, including: phonological theory, prosodic typology, models of contact-induced language change, approaches to sound change in a more general sense, models of sociolinguistic (socio-phonetic) variation, and also psycholinguistic aspects of tonal production and perception. Another goal here is to discuss the methodological and analytical challenges that fieldwork of this nature in Nepal presents to such contributions. Hopeful outcomes of this account include increasingly flexible and creative approaches to phonetic data collection as well as collaborative interaction on methods of data collection in these types of field settings, such that the findings are meaningful to broader domains of theory, typology and socio-linguistic research. 2. PROSODIC SYSTEMS OF NEPALESE LANGUAGES: ISSUES AND CONTRIBUTIONS Peter Ladefoged notes that phonetic description begins only once the phonological system of the language has been determined (1994: 13). With respect to the prosodic systems of Nepalese languages, it is in fact the case that the complexity of such systems cannot be fully appreciated until the phonetic details have been better understood, both in terms of category compositions and variation across speech communities and potential paths for change. A word on the definition of terms like ‘prosody and ‘prosodic typology’ in this account is in order first. -
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Dramatic Structure from Aristotle to Modern Times
Drama Dr. Abdel-Fattah Adel Upon the completion of this section, you will be able to: 1. To define "plot" as an element of drama 2. To summarize the development of the understanding of the dramatic structure from Aristotle to modern times. 3. To recognize the parts Freytag's pyramid of the development of dramatic plot. 4. To state the main criticism to Freytag's pyramid. 5. To apply Freytag's pyramid on a story line. Plot Dramatic structure Plot is a literary term for the events a story comprises, particularly as they relate to one another in a pattern, a sequence, through cause and effect, or by coincidence. It is the artistic arrangement of a sequence of events. Dramatic structure is the structure of a dramatic work such as a play or film. There is no difference between plot and dramatic structure. •Agree •Don’t agree There is no difference between plot and dramatic structure. Plot is related to the arrangement of the events. Dramatic structure is the overall layout of the story. There can be more than one plot in a play. •Agree •Don’t agree There can be more than one plot in a play. The play may contain a main plot a several sub-plots. Aristotle Horace Freytag In his Poetics, Aristotle considered plot ("mythos") the most important element of drama—more important than character, for example. He put forth the idea that ("A whole is what has a beginning and middle and end. This three-part view of a plot structure (with a beginning, middle, and end – technically, the protasis, epitasis, and catastrophe) must causally relate to one another as being either necessary, or probable.