SOCIOLOGY AND WELFARE DEVELOPMENT
Edited by: Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin Centre for Socioglobal Studies Padjadjaran University
Foreword by: Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec) Head of Research & Development Ministry of Home Affairs, Republic of Indonesia SOCIOLOGY AND WELFARE DEVELOPMENT © 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et. al.
First Published May, 2015
Published By Centre for Socioglobal Studies Padjadjaran University
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ISBN: 978-602-9276-56-5
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Sociology and Welfare Development ii Contents
Contents ...... iii List of Contributors ...... v Acknowledgement ...... ix Foreword ...... xi Introduction ...... xiii
Welfare Development: Meanings, Issues and Chapter 1 Challenges Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...... 1
Poverty and Social Development Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ali Maksum, Indri Chapter 2 Indarwati ...... 19
The Emergence of Jakarta-Bandung Mega- Urban Region and Its Future Challenges Chapter 3 Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen, Forina Lestari and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin .... 39
Development for Urban Poor Housing Mohd Haizzan Yahaya, Muhamad Fadhil Chapter 4 Nurdin, Hery Wibowo and Mohd Taufik Mohammad ...... 69
Sociology and Welfare Development iii Baitul Mal wat Tamwil: a Sociological and Social Welfare Movement ? Chapter 5 Hery Wibowo & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...... 79 Environmental Participation among Youth: Challenges, Issues and Motivating Factors Chapter 6 Lim Jen Zen & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...... 97
Indonesian Workers Health Condition: A Sociological Analysis Chapter 7 Bintarsih Sekarningrum, Desi Yunita and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...... 125
The Delivery System of Education Programs Mahathir Yahaya, Ali Maksum, Chapter 8 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and Azlinda Azman ... 135
Child Brides, Not Our Pride: Looking Into Child Marriage Incidences in Malaysia Chapter 9 Mitshel Lino, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and Azlinda Azman ...... 143
Concluding Remarks Chapter 10 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...... 151
Sociology and Welfare Development iv List of Contributors
Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen, is a PhD candidate at West Australia University, Perth – Australia. He is a Planning Staff, Directorate of Spatial Planning and Land Affairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas). He is a Best Graduate Student in Regional and Planning Department, Bandung Institute of Technology (2006) and Utrecht Excellence Scholarships Awardee 2007-2009 on Research Master Human Geography & Planning, Faculy of Geoscience, Utrecht University.
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Azlinda Azman, Ph.D is an Associate Professor and Head of Social Work Programme at the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. She is also the Convenor of the AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG), USM. She was a Fulbright Scholar and obtained her Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) degree in Clinical Social Work from New York University. Her fields of expertise include social work education and practice, theory and methods in social work and social work research. Her areas of research interest include poverty,
Sociology and Welfare Development v HIV/AIDS and drug related issues.
Bintarsih Sekarningrum, a leturer at Social Welfare Departement in Social and Political Sciences Faculty, University of Padjadjaran. She obtained Bachelor degree, master degree and Doctoral degree from University of Padjadjaran. Some scientific papers had been published at national or international level. Currently, he is focusing on waste management problem in society who life near the Cikapundung river at Bandung City.
Desi Yunita, officially join the Departemen of Sociology at Social and Political Science Faculty University of Padjadjaran since 2014. She got Magister degree in Sociology also from University of Padjadjaran and focusing the research on development and environmental problem.
Forina Lestari, obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing, School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia (USM, 2008). Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Affairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works (2013), Directorate General of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Affairs and Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staff, Commission V (Infrastructure), The Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR, 2011). Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Affairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Hery Wibowo, S.Psi, MM, PhD is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University. Indri Indarwati, is PhD candidate in Social Work at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Since 1999 she has been attached as a civil servant in the Ministry of Social Affairs. Her research areas are study of social work, gender and community development.
Sociology and Welfare Development vi Mitshel Lino is a Master of Social Sciences (Psychology) candidate under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim from the Department of Social Work, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Her research interest surrounds the field of Social Psychology. She was a Graduate Assistant, serving as a Psychology tutor in the university. She was invited to the Golden Key International Honour Society for academic excellence and awarded Second Upper Class Honours from her undergraduate. Her past researches included the area of Multicultural Psychology and Child Marriage in Malaysia, collaboration project with UNICEF.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University Sains Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing and being supervised by. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD and associate professor Azlinda Azman, PhD
Mohd Taufik Mohammad is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His current Ph.D studies regarding on Specialization Social Work, Forensic Social Work/Victims’ Studies/Restorative Justice, being supervised by associate professor Azlinda Azman, PhD.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology in Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now, a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 – present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing. Current Researches are mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Sociology and Welfare Development vii Current Public Services are Facilitator, Comprehensive Maternal Village Program in West Java, West Java Province Health Department (2006 – 2008), Facilitator for Sustainable Capacity Building for Decentralization (SCBD) Project in Bau-bau City and Buton Regency (2008 – 2012), District Advisory Team Capacity Building Program Minimum Service Standard Basic Education at Sorong West Papua (2014-2016), tdevianty@ rocketmail.com.
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
Sociology and Welfare Development viii Acknowledgement
Alhamdulillah. Thanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Welfare Development. The publication of this book would not have been possible without the guidance and knowledge wich I have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life. The publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University. All of my Masters- PhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards my success. Wassalam. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Welfare Development ix Sociology and Welfare Development x FOREWORD
Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec) Head of Research & Development Ministry of Home Affairs, Republic of Indonesia
First of all, I am honored to write this foreword and to give my warm endorsement to this book edited by my colleague Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ph.D. In my point of view, Indonesian harmony is urgent and should be achieved soon. The government and all stakeholders are pushed to react and formulate a strong policy to reach the national goals. This book provides a comprehensive assessment regarding sociology and welfare development discourses with a new paradigm and approaches to build Indonesian future. This compilation chapter divided into fifteen chapters, conclusion and also given constructive policy recommendations. Although, all authors in this book are depart from various background and issues, yet they produce and extent some challenges should become serious attention especially the government. I can argue that this book is very multidisciplinary and discussed from various angle. Personally, as practitioner and based on my professional experiences, I am strongly recommend this book to be read specifically by civil servant, professional, academicians and those who engage in the social welfare tasks. One of the important recomendation given by this book is a good public policy totally need tough cooperation among individuals, groups, and institutions. I am also impressed that this book which emphasized on
Sociology and Welfare Development xi welfare development discourses is smartly promoting the ideas of “spiritual development” which in some extent isolated from main discussion. This is important and also to alerting as well as to underscore that Indonesia is a religious country. Finally, I am pleased to congratulate to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD which successfully publish this book and demonstrated that he is a productive scholar. As academician, lecturer and researcher he has more than thirty years professional experiences in the field of social and political sciences in Indonesia as well as recognized in the broad. I hope, the collaboration between the agency of research and development in the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Republic Indonesia with the Centre for Socioglobal Studies - Padjadjaran University become more effective, fruitful and sustain in the future. Thank you and Wassalam. Jakarta, 2014
Sociology and Welfare Development xii Introduction
In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful This book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era, sociology to develop human welfare. The main objective of the Sociology and Welfare Development is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of welfare development issues, practices and institutions approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. This explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as offer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human welfare. This book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied social science can contribute to the development of human life through many perspectives. The various theme have been selected are discussed from philosophy to policy models. Each chapter attempt to understand with a core idea namely welfare development. In the first chapter, the main theme related to welfare development is regarding the global presence in knowledge body. In this chapter demonstrate that there have gap and differences between modern and spiritual concept of welfare development. Chapter two focus on poverty phenomena in Indonesia as a serious problem. Some have observed that poor family are marginalized and obtain small attention, while many also has seen that the problems are the policy makers. It has to recognized that some assistants and stimulus packages has given by government to the poor family. However, it has to recognized also that there were existed some problems regarding ineffective management,
Sociology and Welfare Development xiii policy implementation, bureaucracy and corruption. Yet, all indicates that Indonesian government has taken a serious strategic action in order to struggle to eradicate poverty as well as eradication policy against chronic of corruption. Related with poverty phenomena, in the chapter nine, concern on historical and inherited problems such as the disabled people, the pursuit of full employment in urban areas and overstaffing in the public sector, were important causes for urban poverty. However, these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well planned economic system. The number of poor people inherited from the previous period was also relatively small. In the third chapter focus on human geography and planning as part of human life. Sociologically, this study concludes that the relationships between two adjacent metropolitan centres are two geographical phenomena occurred in the Jakarta-Bandung Mega-Urban Region (JBMUR). However, a rapid urbanization process has also been occurring in the corridor area between both metropolitan centers. There are both direct and indirect relations between these two geographical phenomena which finally lead to the emergence of the Jakarta-Bandung mega-urban region. In the fourth chapter, that in addition, the struggle of urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. This resulted when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search of opportunities and to fill the workforce demand. Most of the urban migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories, because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence they are known as urban pioneers. In the fifth chapter the author analyzes the social-welfare fund called Baitul Mal wat Tamwil (BMT). The authors believe that BMT in particular and microfinance institutions in general is one of the social welfare movement, getting stronger if you see the development of BMT in Indonesia, as have been reported by Reuters. The growth of Islamic microfinance institutions (LKMS) in Indonesia is increasingly significant. The main objective of the micro and super micro which is generally being located in rural areas, LKMS transformed into a small people mover a tough economy. Currently, there are about three million customers who
Sociology and Welfare Development xiv obtained financial assistant from micro LKMS or BMT. Chapter six examines the environmental destruction of young generation to protect and conserve the natural environment. As such, the key actors in engaging youth participation in environmental action, be it the government, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) or the community, should address the multi-dimensional issues that are obstacles towards the involvement of the young and come up with strategies to develop a more intrinsically-motivated participation. Generally, environmental awareness among youth worldwide is at an adequate level but it is the translation into action that is still lacking. A review of the implementation strategies of current environmental action programs involving youth should be done by the respective organizers in order to create programs that are fun, hands-on and allows as well as entrusts youth to apply their environmental knowledge and personal skills to make key decisions for the future of then environment which they shall inherit from the present. Hence, there is a need to move beyond the present, traditional top-down institutionalized approach of implementing programs towards a more dynamic and flexible approach in which youth are viewed stakeholders, knowledge sharers and leaders, and not mere passive participants who carry out the aims dictated by the organizers. Chapter seven concentrates on socio-cultural differences between hometown and destination areas of Indonesian migrant workers and the impact towards their health condition. It involves the differences physical environment, social, and culture. The differences of physical environment involve climate change as well as socio-culture between hometown (Peteuy Condong Village) and destination (Saudi Arabia). These differences influence towards the workers health condition related job. Social differences are related with social economic status between employers and workers, that impact to the mental depression of the workers. Culture differences are cultures differentiation between hometown and destination country. Arabian cultures are introvert and over protected. It emerge difficulties to access health services. While in the chapter eight, discuss specific theme about how to develop any rural community it can be achieve through the dissemination on the importance of education to all family members in the rural area. This method is expected to transform the communities towards appreciating education better. The recognition of society towards education only, is not enough to enhance the living standards. Yet, it should be incorporated a the positive attitudes of the
Sociology and Welfare Development xv rural community towards education as a strategy for improving life. At the same time, the delivery system of the education programs must be enhanced and it is all depend on the commitment of the school and teachers of the rural schools as well. Finally, the last chapter focus on the incidences of child marriage are no longer pertinent only for less developed country; it actually happens extensively in different parts of the world. Due to psychological and biological immaturity, children are insufficiently mature to make an informed decision about a life partner. This book examines the welfare development issues in the broader “sociology of welfare development” perspective. It is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my PhD and Master students. That experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely influence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Welfare Development xvi Chapter 1 Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Readers guide This chapter to introduce the concept of welfare development: meanings, issues and Challenges. There are a gap and differences between modern and spiritual concept of welfare development. It was realized that there is “missing link” due to neglecting a spiritual approach which critical for human being. It has been perceived that whether modern or general views of welfare tend to be material oriented. Placing spirituality in the development program could fulfill conventional definition which emphasizes more on physical development. The problems and challenges of development, conceptually in practices needs to focus on balancing between physical and spirituality. There is still optimistic that emphasizing spiritual values in the public
Welfare Development : Meanings, Issues and Challenges 1