Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues

SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Edited by: Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin Centre for Socioglobal Studies Padjadjaran University

First Published May, 2015

Published By Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI) Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30 Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198 Telp. (0274) 9494 558 E-mail/FB: [email protected]

ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues ii Contents

Contents ...... iii Acknowledgement ...... ix Foreword ...... xi Introduction ...... xiii

Chapter 1 Globalizing Information Technology:Issues and Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia’s De- mocracy Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ari Ganjar Herdiansah and Wahyu Gunawan ...... 1

ASEAN Community 2015: A New Human Re- sources Paradigm Chapter 2 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Arry Bainus and Ali Mak- sum ...... 15

Chapter 3 Communication Strategy through Media Educa- tion: An Effort to Achieve Harmony and Sustain- ability in Indonesia-Malaysia Relations Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Fitaha Aini, Tofan Ra- khmat Zaky and Forina Lestari ...... 27

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues iii Chapter 4 Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Cen- tury Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Tia Devianti and R. A. Tachya Muhamad ...... 39 Chapter 5 Crafting Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal: Role of Nepalese Political and Welfare Institu- tions Bala Raju Nikku, Pradipta Kadambari, Pranita Bhushan Udas and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...... 53

Chapter 6 Indonesian Broadcasting Policy: Achieving Edu- cated and Civilized Society for Social Welfare

Fitaha Aini & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...... 77

Chapter 7 Urban Poverty and Housing

Mohd Haizzan Yahaya and Muhamad Fadhil Nur- 93 din...... Chapter 8 Human Trafficking Syarif Muhidin Abdurahman and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...... 101

Chapter 9 Youth and Crime Kumarashwaran Vadevelu, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and Wahyu Gunawan ...... 107

Chapter 10 Concluding Remarks ...... 125

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues iv List of Contributors

Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.

Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University

Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the politics of community.

Bala Raju Nikku, MSW, Ph.D is a Visiting Sr. Lecturer, Social Work ProgramSchool of Social SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM)& Member at Large, International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) Founding Director, Nepal School of Social Work.

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues v Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has published book and journals in the field of communication and media. In 2013, she published her first book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar Malaysia- Indonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia (Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy (2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development Planning.

Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing, School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia (USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Affairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Affairs and Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staff, Commission V (Infrastructure), The Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Affairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).

Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who identified as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently, he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user community.

Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University Sains Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing and being supervised by Dr. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and associate professor Dr. Azlinda Azman.

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues vi Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).

Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work Sertification of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).

Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and rural community.

Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now, a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 – present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).

Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.

Wahyu Gunawan is aPhD candidate at Padjadjaran University and a senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. He is eager in engaging on community development particularly in rural areas.

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues vii Has background in rural government studies and sociology, he now expert in sociology of government in rural community.

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues viii Acknowledgement

Alhamdulillah. Thanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. The publication of this book would not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life. The publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards my success. Wassalam.

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues ix Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues x FOREWORD

Dr. Arry Bainus, MA Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University

I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues”. This is a very interesting and important book which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many academics, not only from sociology and political fields, but also from other fields as well. The various issues addressed in this book are in fact very much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be understand and scrutinize for better intervention. I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us today. I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this book kind will be published in the near future. Thank you. Wassalam.

Bandung, 2015

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues xi Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues xii Introduction

In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful This book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era, Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. The main objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. This explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as offer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony. This book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human life through many perspectives; political and international strategy, culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. The various theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy directions. In the first chapter, focus on the Information Technology (IT) developments that more increasingly integrated in almost every social aspect have shaped Indonesia’s contemporary democracy. Chapter two, ASEAN Community 2015 and discusses the dilemma of Indonesian workers especially those who categorized as illegal in Malaysia. Both countries have recognized their positive contribution whether for Malaysia or Indonesia. It was undeniable that all sectors in Malaysia especially construction and plantation were using Indonesian workers services. At the same time, Indonesia also indirectly obtained advantages through the remittance which totally contribute to the national economic development. However, what happened in Malaysia is illegal workers were arrested and treat as a criminal. It should be stopped and substituted by the constructive policies which could give benefits to the both countries. Indonesia and Malaysia

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues xiii and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has contribute to the development of “Ummah.” In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media education: an effort to achieve harmony and sustainability in Indonesia- Malaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative news. A critical community is a community who is able to differentiate the written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian should be aware that each of them has had a significant contribution one to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development. However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend to lead to conflict situations. The role of media and media educationis importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who are based theory of cultural conflict and acculturation. Chapter fourth, the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century. This section concludes that Third World back to dig the philosophical values that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is reflected in the five principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty, humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people. The problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of the great nations of the world.Therefore, the cultural heritages is an essential economic asset in facing the escalation of human development. In the chapter fifth takes up the theme of crafting federal democratic Republic of Nepal: role of Nepalese political and welfare institutions. Nepal is one of the least developed, post conflict recovery countries going through a series of transitions and efforts of nation building. This chapter concludes that the citizen mobilisation that took place over a period of time due to the experiments with democracy building in Nepal in the past sixty years should be sustained, to further ensure the vibrancy and consolidation

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues xiv of democracy, resulting in crafting a unified republic out of a multi ethnic Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model or best practice in the broadcast media industry. This concept is suitable due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of research product for design and implementation of public policies. This will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies that the government is currently designing. In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However, these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well planned economic system. The number of poor people inherited from the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. This resulted when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search of opportunities and to fill the workforce demand. Most of the urban migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories, because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence they are known as urban pioneers. In chapter eigth focus on human trafficking, issues and Challenges. Human traffcking has become global issue and problem. The researchers concluded that the relevant region is suspect as illegal and such region is indicated as human trafficking (if the elements of coercion and sexual exploitation are met). The challenges of the government has the right and responsibility to provide all the protections to its citizen inside as well as outside the country. There is still optimistic that emphasizing spiritual values in the public administration and services will enhance the performance of the government. Finally, the latest chapter nine concern onyouth and crime as social problem. However, the Malaysia’s social policies makers can make this recommendation as a guide in outlining or implement a rehabilitation program for youths involved in crime. At the same time and hopefully this research will also benefit the school management and Penang Welfare Department in using this research to improve existing rehabilitation programs in these institutions. In addition, through this

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues xv research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia. This book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader “Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. That experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely influence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the author’s responsibility.

Wassalam.

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin

Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues xvi Chapter 1

Globalizing Information Technology: Issues and Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia’s Democracy

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ari Ganjar Herdiansah and Wahyu Gunawan

Readers Guide This chapter focus on the Information Technology (IT) developments that more increasingly integrated in almost every social aspect have shaped Indonesia’s contemporary democracy. This paper examines the role and influence of IT, especially the Internet and social media, to the practices of people’s recent political life. The issues addressed in this paper are several events that depict the relation of IT and political competition around 2014 presidential election. This study reveals that IT usage has facilitated the raising of people awareness on political or public issues, so they can put pressures on the government policies or strengthen particular political views. However, the IT

Globalizing Information Technology 1