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Tesi Dottorato Definitiva Federico Tacoli.Pdf Research Doctorate in Agricultural Science and Biotechnology In agreement with Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige Cycle XXX PhD Thesis USE OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AND CULTURAL PRACTICES IN THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF GRAPEVINE PESTS PhD Student Supervisor Federico Tacoli Francesco Pavan Academic year 2016/2017 Index Chapter 1 - Grapevine arthropod pests in north-eastern Italy .......................................... 8 1. Most important pests ......................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Lobesia botrana .................................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Empoasca vitis and Zygina rhamni ....................................................................................... 9 1.3. Scaphoideus titanus ............................................................................................................ 10 1.4. Planococcus ficus ................................................................................................................ 10 2. Integrated pest management............................................................................................ 11 2.1. Natural products ................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.1. Botanical insecticides ................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.2. Microbial-origin insecticides ...................................................................................................... 12 2.1.3. Mineral insecticides ................................................................................................................... 12 2.2. Biological control ................................................................................................................ 13 2.3. Cultural control ................................................................................................................... 14 3. General aim of PhD thesis ................................................................................................. 14 4. References ....................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2 - Efficacy and mode of action of kaolin in the control of Empoasca vitis and Zygina rhamni (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in vineyards ................................................... 21 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 22 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 23 2. Materials and methods ..................................................................................................... 25 2.1. Field trials ............................................................................................................................ 25 2.1.1. Preventive application trials ....................................................................................................... 25 2.1.2. Curative application trials .......................................................................................................... 27 2.2. Laboratory experiments ..................................................................................................... 28 3. Results ............................................................................................................................. 29 3.1. Preventive application trials ............................................................................................... 29 3.1.1. Weather conditions .................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.2. Empoasca vitis nymphs on leaves .............................................................................................. 29 3.1.3. Zygina rhamni nymphs on leaves ............................................................................................... 30 3.1.4. Empoasca vitis adults on traps ................................................................................................... 31 3.1.5. Zygina rhamni adults on traps ................................................................................................... 31 3.1.6. Anagrus spp. adults on traps ...................................................................................................... 31 3.1.7. Leafhopper eggs and parasitization by Anagrus spp.................................................................. 31 2 3.1.8. Empoasca vitis symptoms on leaves .......................................................................................... 32 3.2. Curative application trials ................................................................................................... 32 3.2.1. Weather conditions .................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.2. Empoasca vitis nymphs on leaves .............................................................................................. 32 3.2.3. Zygina rhamni nymphs on leaves ............................................................................................... 33 3.3. Laboratory experiments ..................................................................................................... 33 3.3.1. Experiment 1. Effect of kaolin on E. vitis first and second instar nymphs ................................. 33 3.3.2. Experiment 2. Effect of kaolin on E. vitis third to fifth instar nymphs ....................................... 33 4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 34 4.1. Effect of kaolin on leafhopper populations ........................................................................ 34 4.2. Mode of action of kaolin against leafhoppers .................................................................... 34 4.3. Effect of bunch-zone leaf removal on Empoasca vitis ........................................................ 36 4.4. Empoasca vitis nymph spatial distribution ......................................................................... 36 4.5. Kaolin as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in viticulture .......................................... 37 5. References ....................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 3 - Control of Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with natural products in organic vineyards ........................................................................................ 57 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 58 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 59 2. Materials and methods ..................................................................................................... 60 2.1. Field trials ............................................................................................................................ 60 2.2. Laboratory bioassay ............................................................................................................ 61 2.3. Statistical analyses .............................................................................................................. 62 3. Results ............................................................................................................................. 62 3.1. Field trials ............................................................................................................................ 62 3.2. Laboratory bioassay ............................................................................................................ 63 4. Discussion and conclusions ............................................................................................... 63 5. References ....................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 4 - Activity and mode of action of kaolin against Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on grapevines ............................................................................................. 76 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 77 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 78 2. Materials and methods ..................................................................................................... 79 2.1. Lobesia botrana mass rearing ............................................................................................. 79 3 2.2. Laboratory bioassays .......................................................................................................... 79 2.2.1 Influence of kaolin on female egg laying ..................................................................................... 79 2.2.2. Influence of kaolin on egg hatching ........................................................................................... 80
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