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Evaluation of Pathways for Exotic Plant Pest Movement Into and Within the Greater Caribbean Region

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Evaluation of Pathways for Exotic Plant Pest Movement Into and Within the Greater Caribbean Region Evaluation of Pathways for Exotic Plant Pest Movement into and within the Greater Caribbean Region Caribbean Invasive Species Working Group (CISWG) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL) EVALUATION OF PATHWAYS FOR EXOTIC PLANT PEST MOVEMENT INTO AND WITHIN THE GREATER CARIBBEAN REGION January 9, 2009 Revised August 27, 2009 Caribbean Invasive Species Working Group (CISWG) and Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL) Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) ______________________________________________________________________________ Authors: Dr. Heike Meissner (project lead) Andrea Lemay Christie Bertone Kimberly Schwartzburg Dr. Lisa Ferguson Leslie Newton ______________________________________________________________________________ Contact address for all correspondence: Dr. Heike Meissner United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27607, USA Phone: (919) 855-7538 E-mail: [email protected] ii Table of Contents Index of Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................... iv Abbreviations and Definitions ...................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter Summaries ......................................................................................................................... 3 Summary of Risk Ratings by Pathway ......................................................................................... 11 Pathways of Pest Movement Not Addressed in this Analysis ...................................................... 12 Recommendations for Improved Safeguarding ............................................................................ 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 1: Human Movement ....................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 2: Airline Passenger Baggage ......................................................................................... 43 Chapter 3: International Mail ........................................................................................................ 51 Chapter 4: Maritime Traffic .......................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 5: Hitchhiker Pests .......................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 6: Wood Packaging Material ........................................................................................... 76 Chapter 7: Forestry-related Pathways ........................................................................................... 84 Chapter 8: Plant Propagative Material .......................................................................................... 93 Chapter 9: Natural Spread ........................................................................................................... 106 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 113 Figures and Tables ...................................................................................................................... 115 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 224 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................... 244 iii Index of Figures and Tables List of Figures Figure 1.1 Origin of tourists to the insular Caribbean in 2006. 115 Figure 1.2 Tourist arrivals to the insular Caribbean by month in 2006. 116 Figure 2.1 95% binomial confidence intervals for plant quarantine material 121 approach rates in international airline passenger baggage at U.S. ports of entry: by travel reason. Figure 2.2 95% binomial confidence intervals for plant quarantine material 122 approach rates in international airline passenger baggage at U.S. ports of entry: by passenger origin. Figure 2.3 95% binomial confidence intervals for plant quarantine material 123 approach rates in international airline passenger baggage at U.S. ports of entry: passengers from Caribbean origin. Figure 2.4 Number of plant quarantine materials arriving at U.S. airports: by 124 country of origin. Figure 2.5 Same as figure 2.4, but Canada not displayed to show data for the 125 other countries at a smaller scale. Figure 2.6 95% binomial confidence intervals for the estimated number of airline 126 passengers groups with plant quarantine materials: tourists by country of origin. Figure 4.1 Container traffic in the Greater Caribbean Region. 141 Figure 4.2 Origin of shipping containers arriving in the Caribbean and Central 141 America in 2006. Figure 6.1 Percentage of maritime cargo (both agricultural and non-agricultural) 175 with wood packaging material imported into the United States. Figure 6.2 Percentage of maritime agricultural cargo with wood packaging 176 material imported into the United States. Figure 6.3 Percentage of maritime non-agricultural cargo with wood packaging 177 material imported into the United States. Figure 6.4 Percentage of agricultural air cargo with wood packaging material 178 imported into the United States. Figure 7.1 Potential for contamination during timber extraction process. 205 Figure 9.1 Prevailing wind patterns in the Greater Caribbean Region. 222 Figure 9.2 Areas and time of hurricane formation. 223 iv List of Tables Table 1.1 Tourist arrivals by country or territory in 2006. 117 Table 1.2 Excursionist arrivals by country or territory in 2006. 118 Table 1.3 Pest interceptions on maritime baggage at ports of entry in the U.S. 119 Gulf States in 2007. Table 1.4 Number of people moving across four major border crossings of the 120 Mexico-Guatemala border, June-December 2004. Table 1.5 Influx of temporary farm workers from Guatemala into Chiapas, 120 Mexico. Table 2.1 Results of Agricultural Quarantine Inspection Monitoring (AQIM) of 128 international air passengers arriving at U.S. airports during fiscal years 2005 and 2006. Table 2.2 Number and percentage of travelers in the various travel reason 129 categories. Table 2.3 Number of visitors arriving in Caribbean countries by airplane and 130 percentage of visitors that are tourists. Table 3.1 Plant materials/pests intercepted in public and private mail of 131 worldwide origin during AQIM monitoring at 11 U.S. ports of entry, 2005-2007. Table 3.2 Relative frequencies of types of plant materials/plant pests intercepted 133 in public and private mail of worldwide origin during AQIM monitoring at 11 U.S. ports of entry, 2005-2007. Table 3.3 Inspection results for international public and private mail parcels 136 arriving in the United States, 2005-2007. Table 3.4 Average number of international public mail packages received by 137 UPU member states in the Greater Caribbean Region between 2003 and 2005 and estimated number of packages arriving with plant materials/plant pests. Table 3.5 Pests (insects) intercepted from private mail packages between October 138 1, 2007 and September 30, 2008 in Miami, Florida. Table 3.6 Pests (insects) intercepted from public (USPS) mail packages between 139 October 1, 2007 and September 30, 2008 in Miami, Florida. Table 3.7 Categories of prohibited items seized in public and private mail 140 entering the United States (2000-2005) at the international mail facility, San Francisco, CA. Table 4.1 Rankings of individual ports in the Greater Caribbean Region against 142 ports worldwide in 2005. Table 4.2 Container volumes handled at the major maritime ports in the Greater 143 Caribbean Region. Table 4.3 Commodities carried by small vessels. 143 Table 4.4 Container traffic at maritime ports in the Caribbean region, 2003-2006. 144 Table 5.1 Reportable pests intercepted in aircraft cargo stores, quarters, or holds 150 at U.S. ports of entry between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2007. Table 5.2 Aircraft arrivals in the Greater Caribbean Region. 155 Table 5.3 Live hitchhiking pests intercepted at U.S. maritime ports of entry 156 between January 1997 and December 2007 on ships, ship decks, ship holds, ship stores, ship quarters, containers, and non-agricultural cargo. Table 5.4 Number of maritime vessels arriving in the Greater Caribbean Region. 164 Table 5.5 Container traffic and estimated number of containers with hitchhiker 165 pests at ports of entry in the Greater Caribbean Region. Table 6.1 Imports of wood packaging material into Caribbean Region (2006). 179 Table 6.2 Exports of wood packaging material from Caribbean Region (2006). 179 Table 6.3 Pest taxa intercepted on or in wood material at U.S. ports of entry 180 between July 5, 2006 and January 1, 2008. Table 6.4 Species intercepted at U.S. ports of entry on or in wood material 181 between January,
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