FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Bark Beetle Pheromones and Pine Volatiles: Attractant Kairomone Lure Blend for Longhorn Beetles (Cerambycidae) in Pine Stands of the Southeastern United States 1,2 3 1 4 DANIEL R. MILLER, CHRIS ASARO, CHRISTOPHER M. CROWE, AND DONALD A. DUERR J. Econ. Entomol. 104(4): 1245Ð1257 (2011); DOI: 10.1603/EC11051 ABSTRACT In 2006, we examined the ßight responses of 43 species of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to multiple-funnel traps baited with binary lure blends of 1) ipsenol ϩ ipsdienol, 2) ethanol ϩ ␣-pinene, and a quaternary lure blend of 3) ipsenol ϩ ipsdienol ϩ ethanol ϩ ␣-pinene in the southeastern United States. In addition, we monitored responses of Buprestidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae commonly associated with pine longhorn beetles. Field trials were conducted in mature pine (Pinus pp.) stands in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Virginia. The following species preferred traps baited with the quaternary blend over those baited with ethanol ϩ ␣-pinene: Acanthocinus nodosus (F.), Acanthocinus obsoletus (Olivier), Astylopsis arcuata (LeConte), Astylopsis sexguttata (Say), Monochamus scutellatus (Say), Monochamus titillator (F.) complex, Rhagium inquisitor (L.) (Cerambycidae), Buprestis consularis Gory, Buprestis lineata F. (Buprestidae), Ips avulsus (Eichhoff), Ips calligraphus (Germar), Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff), Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff), and Gna- thotrichus materiarus (Fitch) (Curculionidae). The addition of ipsenol and ipsdienol had no effect on catches of 17 other species of bark and wood boring beetles in traps baited with ethanol and ␣-pinene. Ethanol ϩ ␣-pinene interrupted the attraction of Ips avulsus, I. grandicollis, and Pityophthorus Eichhoff spp. (but not I. calligraphus) (Curculionidae) to traps baited with ipsenol ϩ ipsdienol. Our results support the use of traps baited with a quaternary blend of ipsenol ϩ ipsdienol ϩ ethanol ϩ ␣-pinene for common saproxylic beetles in pine forests of the southeastern United States. KEY WORDS ethanol, ␣-pinene, ipsenol, ipsdienol, Monochamus titillator Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) can nematode, Bursaphelencus xylophilus (Steiner and cause signiÞcant economic losses, directly from larval Buhrer) Nickle (Nematoda: Aphenlenchoididae), feeding as wood borers or indirectly from transmission vectored by Monochamus alternatus Hope has resulted of pinewood nematode (Allison et al. 2004). Larval in widespread pine (Pinus pp.) mortality (Fan et al. mining can produce large-diameter holes and tunnels 2007). in wood, resulting in signiÞcant levels of degrade Early detection of invading species is a critical tactic losses to wood products (Safranyik and Raske 1970; in countering the possible impacts of invasive species Cerezke 1975, 1977). Attacks by adults can result in (Chornesky et al. 2005). In an ideal world, all ship- extensive tree mortality [e.g., Asian longhorned bee- ments would be fully examined before leaving ports- tle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) attacks of-departure and certiÞed free-of-contamination by on urban trees in Illinois, Massachusetts, and New insects and diseases. However, direct examination of York, as well as trees within its native range in China; all shipments and packing materials is economically Hu et al. 2009, Haack et al. 2010]. Adults also can unrealistic and logistically impossible. This is partic- vector pathogens. In Japan and China, the pine wilt ularly true for woodborers as adult and larval beetles are generally hidden within bark or wood tissues, thereby necessitating the need for traps to detect The use of trade names and identiÞcation of Þrms or corporations does not constitute an ofÞcial endorsement or approval by the United incursions by exotic species (Allen and Humble 2002, States Government of any product or service to the exclusion of others Allison et al. 2004). In the United States, national that may be suitable. Funding for this research was provided by the programs by the U.S. Department of Agriculture such USDA Forest Service. The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and as the Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServicesÐ employer. 1 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 320 Green St., Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) and the Athens, GA 30602. Forest ServiceÐEarly Detection and Rapid Response 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. program (EDRR) use multiple-funnel traps baited 3 Virginia Department of Forestry, 900 Natural Resources Dr., with various lures to capture a broad array of insects Charlottesville, VA 22209. 4 USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, 1720 Peachtree associated with trees and wood products (Rabaglia et St., Atlanta, GA 30309. al. 2008, Jackson et al. 2010). 1246 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 104, no. 4 Table 1. National forest (NF), state forest (SF), and industrial forest (IF) locations, forest types, and dates for six trapping experiments in the southeastern United States Expt. Location Tree species Trapping dates 1 Apalachicola NF near Tallahassee, FL Pinus palustris Miller and Pinus 4 AprilÐ6 June 2006 elliottii Engelmann 2 Oconee NF near Eatonton, GA Pinus taeda L. 11 AprilÐ13 June 2006 3 Plum Creek IF near Madison, GA P. taeda 23 Aug.Ð4 Oct. 2006 4 Kisatchie NF near WinnÞeld, LA P. taeda and P. palustris 4 AprilÐ31 May 2006 5 Kisatchie NF near Packton, LA P. taeda 6 Sept. 2006Ð5 Jan. 2007 6 Appomattox-Buckingham SF near P. taeda 25 MayÐ27 July 2006 Appomattox, VA Lures releasing host volatiles are popular in trap- baited with ethanol and ␣-pinene were enhanced by ping programs targeting woodborers as many species the addition of ipsenol or ipsdienol (Allison et al. 2003, of bark and wood boring beetles are attracted to vola- Costello et al. 2008). In Canada, ipsenol and ipsdienol tiles produced by host trees (Allison et al. 2004, Haack increased catches of M. scutellatus to traps baited with 2006). In North America, traps baited with ethanol and (Ð)-␣-pinene or ethanol and ␣-pinene (Allison et al. ␣-pinene are attractive to the following species of pine 2003, de Groot and Nott 2004). In Spain, catches of M. woodborers: Acanthocinus nodosus (F.), Acanthocinus galloprovincialis in traps baited with ␣-pinene or eth- obliquus (LeConte), Acanthocinus obsoletus (Olivier), anol and ␣-pinene were enhanced with the addition of Acanthocinus spectabilis (LeConte), Acmaeops proteus ipsenol or blends that included ipsenol, ipsdienol, or (Kirby), Arhopalus rusticus (L.), Asemum striatum both (Pajares et al. 2004, Ibeas et al. 2006). (L.), Monochamus clamator (LeConte), Monochamus M. titillator and A. obsoletus are attracted to traps notatus (Drury), Monochamus scutellatus (Say), Mono- baited with ethanol and ␣-pinene as well as to traps chamus titillator (F.), Prionus pocularis Dalman, Xy- baited with ipsenol, ipsdienol, or both (Miller and lotrechus integer (Haldeman), Xylotrechus longitarsis Asaro 2005, Miller 2006). Our objective was to deter- Casey, Xylotrechus sagittatus (Germar), and Xy- mine the additive effects of the pine volatile blend of lotrechus undulatus (Say) (Che´nier and Philoge`ne ethanol and ␣-pinene and the bark beetle pheromone 1989, Allison et al. 2001, Miller 2006, Costello et al. blend of ipsenol and ipsdienol on catches of M. titil- 2008). lator, A. obsoletus, and associated species in baited Pheromones produced by bark beetles are also at- traps in the southeastern United States. SpeciÞcally, tractive to some pine cerambycids. In Texas, M. titil- we determined the responses of common bark and lator was attracted to traps baited with ipsenol, ipsdi- word boring beetles to traps baited with 1) ethanol ϩ enol and cis-verbenol (Billings and Cameron 1984). In ␣-pinene, 2) ipsenol ϩ ipsdienol, and 3) all four com- British Columbia, Canada, a blend of four bark beetle pounds. We monitored the responses of 43 species of pheromones that included ipsenol and ipsdienol was common longhorn beetles as well as the responses of attractive to M. scutellatus and M. clamator (Allison et bark and ambrosia beetles, root-feeding weevils (Cur- al. 2001). M. scutellatus was attracted to traps baited culionidae), ßatheaded woodborers (Buprestidae), with ipsenol in Ontario, Canada (de Groot and Nott and wood-boring click beetles (Elateridae). 2004). Ipsenol and ipsdienol were attractive to M. titillator and A. obsoletus in Florida, Louisiana, Geor- Methods and Materials gia, and North Carolina (Miller and Asaro 2005). In Europe, Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) was We used the same behavioral choice type of exper- attracted to traps baited with ipsenol (Pajares et al. imental design in separate stands of mature pine at 2004). each of six locations in the southeastern United States, Combining host volatiles with bark beetle phero- resulting in six separate experiments (Table 1). At mones can enhance attraction of Monochamus species, each location, we deployed 30 eight-unit multiple- probably indicating optimal conditions associated funnel traps (Phero Tech Inc., Delta, BC, Canada; now with an ephemeral habitat (Allison et al. 2004). Contech Enterprises Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada) set in Catches of M. titillator in Texas were higher in traps 10 replicate blocks (n ϭ 10) of three traps per block. baited with turpentine and cis-verbenol, ipsenol, and Traps were spaced 10Ð15 m apart within blocks, with ipsdienol than in traps baited solely with turpentine or replicate blocks spaced 15Ð20 m apart. Each trap was the Ips pheromones (Billings 1985). In British Colum- suspended between trees by rope