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Naureen Rana M BIODIVERSITY OF SOIL MACROINVERTEBRATES IN LOW AND HIGH INPUT FIELDS OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) AND SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum L.) IN DISTRICT FAISALABAD By Naureen Rana M. Sc. (U.A.F) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND FISHERIES FACULTY OF SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD 2012 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the contents of the thesis, “Biodiversity of soil macro invertebrates in low and high input fields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in district Faisalabad” are product of my own research and no part has been copied from any published source (except the references, standard mathematical or equations/formula/protocols etc). I further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of any other diploma/degree. The university may take action if the information provided is found incorrect at any stage, (In case of any default the scholar will be proceeded against as per HEC plagiarism policy). Signature of the student Name: Naureen Rana Regd. No. 1987-ag-988 To The Controller of Examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of the thesis submitted by Mrs. Naureen Rana 1987-ag-988 have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the External Examiner (s) for the award of degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE ____________________________ CHAIRPERSON: Prof. Dr. Shahnaz Akhter Rana ____________________________ MEMBER: Dr. Hammad Ahmed Khan __________________ MEMBER: Prof. Dr. Anjum Suhail DEDICATED TO MY MOTHER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I feel highly privileged to take this opportunity to express my heartiest gratitude and deep sense of indebt to my worthy supervisor, Prof. Dr. Shahnaz Akhter, Department of Zoology & Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Throughout the period of my thesis writing, she encouraged me provided sound advice, good guidance, and a lot of good ideas. I also thank Dr. Hammad Ahmed Khan, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology & Fisheries and Prof. Dr. Anjum Suhail, Chairman Department of Entomology for their availability and interest in this academic pursuit. I pay my cordial gratitude to Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology & Fisheries, for his skillful guidance, healthy criticism, His art of working, useful suggestions and skillful criticism at all times motivated me until the completion of this manuscript. My thanks are also due to Dr. Inayat Khan (Chairman) Department of Statistics for his sober statistical advice. Here I must not underestimate the contributions of Farm Owner, Rafaqat Ali Mojahid (Gatti Faisalabad), for allowing me free access to his fields. I shall be failing in my duty if I do not say words of thanks to my colleagues, Dr. Abida Butt (Associate Professor Punjab University) for cooperating and inspiring me to complete this manuscript. The write up of this dissertation and many other technical formalities were incomplete without the help of Dr. Shabana Naz (Assistant Professor G.C. University Faisalabad). I cannot adequately express my appreciation for the efforts of Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Janjua (Directorate of Advanced Studies) and Muhammad Nadeem Abbas (Ph. D Scholar Zoology) who laboured long with me for sampling and processing the specimens. I also thank Mr. Ajmal Khan (Agricultural chemist, soils), Mr. Shakeel Ahmad Anwar (Assistant Research officer), Mr. Tahir Majeed (Assistant Research officer), Mr. Khalid Rashid (Assistant Research officer), Mr. Muhammad Khalid (Assistant Research officer) for their skillful guidance and useful suggestions during soil analysis at Soil Chemistry section, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad. My heartiest thanks are also due to those respectable individuals who patronized me on all fronts with all sincerity. Some of these dignitaries are Dr. Riaz Hussain Qureshi (Ex. v V.C. UAF), Dr. Mirza Azhar Beg (Ex. Dean, Sciences), Dr. Muhammed Ashraf (Dean Sciences), Dr. Junaid Iqbal Qureshi (Ex. Chairman, Zoology), Dr. Akbar Ali Khan (Ex. Chairman, Zoology), Dr. Abdul Wahid (Chairman Botany), Muhammed Shafqat (Deputy Registrar), Sadia Malik, Sajida Mushtaq, Sumera Naz, Huma Habib Students department of Zoology and Fisheries. Last but not the least; I feel utmost pleasure in acknowledging the selfless help and cooperation rendered by Muhammad Pervez Iqbal (Husband), Samreen Rana (Daughter), Mehreen Rana (Daughter) and Usama Shahzore (Son) in completing this academic work. Also, I wish to thank all the members of my family especially my brothers Dr. Muhammed Ashfaq T.I. (Dean, Agriculture), Muhammad Ishtiaq, Dr. Muhammad Akhlaq, Muhammad Afaq, my sister Shahida Khalil and brother-in-law Muhammad Khalil-ur-Rahman, for providing an envisaging environment to me. Mrs. Naureen Rana vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER # TITLE PAGE # Title page I Dedications II Declaration III \ Acknowledgements IV Signature page VI Table of contents VII List of tables IX List of figures XI List of annexures XIII 01 Introduction 01 Objectives 03 02 Review of Literature 04 Importance of soil biodiversity in agroecosystem 04 Constituents of soil community 05 Role of micro and macro soil constituents in global biodiversity 06 Occurrence of soil macroinvertebrates 06 Examples of soil macroinvertebrates 08 Advantages of soil macrofauna 08 Factors affecting the abundance of soil macroinvertebrates 09 Macroinvertebrates and pest and predator ratio 10 Need of restoration of ecological communities 11 03 Materials and Methods 13 Study area 13 Map of Study Area 14 Sampling strategy 15 Sorting and identification of soil organisms 20 Soil analyses 20 Statistical analysis/softwares’ used 21 Shannon’ s index of diversity 21 Polynomial regression 23 CCA (Canonical correspondence analysis) 23 04 RESULTS 25 Section – I 25 Diversity of soil macroinvertebrates 25 Wheat 25 Microhabitat related variations in the abundance of soil 27 macrofauna in wheat Temporal variations in the abundance of soil macro- 30 fauna in wheat Sugarcane 33 Microhabitat related variations in the abundance of soil 35 macrofauna in sugarcane Temporal variations in the abundance of soil 38 macrofauna in sugarcane vii CHAPTER # TITLE PAGE # Section – II 40 Probable interactions among faunal populations 40 Predator-prey associations in wheat 40 Predator-prey associations in sugarcane 49 Section - III 69 Effect of weeds on the faunal populations 69 Wheat crop 69 Sugarcane crop 76 Section – IV 81 Effect of agrochemicals on diversity of soil 81 invertebrates Adaphic factors 81 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) 84 Physical factors 94 Hydrogen ion concentration 103 Electrical conductivity 103 Chemical factors 104 05 DISCUSSION 105 Diversity of soil macro-invertebrates 105 Probable interaction among faunal populations 109 Effect of weeds on faunal populations 110 Effects of agrochemicals on diversity of soil macro- 112 invertebrates 06 SUMMARY 116 CONCLUSIONS 119 RECOMMENDATIONS 119 REFERENCES 125 viii LIST OF TABLES No Title Page # 3.1 Recommended doses of agrochemical notified by the Govt. of Punjab, 15 Pakistan during 2009. 3.2 Recommended doses of insecticides and pesticides notified by the 16 Govt. of Punjab, Pakistan for sugarcane and wheat crops . 4.1.1 Relative abundance (%) of soil macro-invertebrates recorded from LIP 26 and HIP treated wheat fields in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.2 Values of the richness, diversity, and evenness indices calculated for 28 the soil macro-invertebrates recorded from LIP and HIP treated wheat fields in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.3 Relative abundance (%) of soil macro-invertebrates recorded from 28 three microhabitats (MHs) in LIP and HIP treated wheat fields in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.4 A comparison of diversity of soil macro-invertebrates recorded from 31 microhabitats in wheat under LIP and HIP treatments in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.5 Relative abundance (%) of soil macro-invertebrates recorded during 31 winter and spring in LIP and HIP treated wheat fields in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.6 Temporal variations in richness, diversity and evenness values for soil 32 macro-invertebrates recorded from microhabitats in wheat under LIP and HIP treatments in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.7 Relative abundance (%) of soil macro-invertebrates recorded from LIP 34 and HIP treated cane fields in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.8 Values of the richness, diversity, and evenness indices calculated for 34 the soil macro-invertebrates recorded from LIP and HIP treated cane fields in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.9 Relative abundance (%) of soil macro-invertebrates recorded from 37 three microhabitats (MHs) in LIP and HIP treated cane fields in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.10 A comparison of diversity of soil macro-invertebrates recorded from 37 microhabitats in wheat under LIP and HIP treatments in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.11 Relative abundance (%) of soil macro-invertebrates recorded during 39 winter and spring in LIP and HIP treated wheat fields in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.1.12 Temporal variations in richness, diversity and evenness values for soil 39 macro-invertebrates recorded from microhabitats in sugarcane under LIP and HIP treatments in Punjab (Pakistan). 4.2.1 Association (R2) of various predators (% relative abundance) and their 41 preys (% relative abundance) in the wheat fields. 4.2.2 Abbreviations used in polynomial regression analysis for various 41 predators and their preys recorded from wheat fields 4.2.3 Association
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