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S156 Stored Product Protection Stored Product Protection David W. Hagstrum Thomas W. Phillips Gerrit Cuperus Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Stored Product Protection David W. Hagstrum Thomas W. Phillips Gerrit Cuperus Copyright © 2012 Kansas State University S156 ISBN 978-0-9855003-0-6 Stored Product Protection i Table of Contents Part I – Ecology of Storage Systems 1. Introduction 1 David W. Hagstrum, Thomas W. Phillips, and Gerrit Cuperus 2. Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Stored Grain and Legume Insects 7 Linda J. Mason and Marissa McDonough 3. Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Stored Fruit and Nut Insects 21 Charles S. Burks and Judy A. Johnson 4. Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Insects in Processed Commodities 33 Rizana M. Mahroof and David W. Hagstrum 5. Biology, Behavior, and Ecology of Pests in Other Durable Commodities 45 Peter A. Edde, Marc Eaton, Stephen A. Kells, and Thomas W. Phillips 6. Molds and Mycotoxins in Stored Products 63 Charles Woloshuk and Ernesto Moreno Martínez 7. Vertebrates in Stored Products 69 Stephen A. Kells Part II – Management: Prevention Methods 8. Food Plant Sanitation, Pest Exclusion, and Facility Design 85 Jerry W. Heaps 9. Chemical Control in Stored Products 95 Frank H. Arthur and Bhadriraju Subramanyam 10. Drying, Handling, and Storage of Raw Commodities 101 Carol Jones, Mark Casada, and Otto J. Loewer Stored Product Protection iii Table of Contents 11. Grain Aeration 121 Shlomo Navarro, Ronald T. Noyes, Mark Casada, and Frank H. Arthur 12. Insect-Resistant Packaging 135 Michael A. Mullen, Jade M. Vardeman, and Jim Bagwell 13. Resistance Management 143 George Opit, Patrick J. Collins, and Gregory J. Daglish Part III – Management: Monitoring-Based Methods 14. Fumigation 157 Thomas W. Phillips, Ellen M. Thoms, Joe DeMark, and Spencer Walse 15. Extreme Temperatures 179 Paul Fields, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, and Raj Hulasare 16. Controlled or Modified Atmospheres 191 Shlomo Navarro, Blaine Timlick, Colin J. Demianyk, and Noel D.G. White 17. Biological Control: Insect Pathogens, Parasitoids, and Predators 203 Paul W. Flinn and Matthias Schöller Part IV – Management: Decision Making 18. Insect Pest Management for Raw Commodities During Storage 213 David W. Hagstrum and Paul W. Flinn 19. Insect Pest Management Decisions in Food Processing Facilities 219 James Campbell, Joel Perez-Mendoza, and Jeff Weier 20. Organic Approaches and Regulations for Stored Product Pest Management 233 Matthew J. Grieshop, D. Ted Rogers, and Frank H. Arthur 21. Trapping and Interpreting Captures of Stored Grain Insects 243 Michael D. Toews and Christian Nansen 22. Acoustic Monitoring of Insects 263 Richard Mankin and David W. Hagstrum 23. Temperature Monitoring 271 Fuji Jian and Digvir S. Jayas 24. Monitoring for Spoilage and Mycotoxins 283 Ernesto Moreno Martínez and Charles Woloshuk 25. Role of Extension Educators and Consultants 289 David W. Hagstrum and Bhadriraju Subramanyam 26. Quarantine 297 Scott W. Myers and David W. Hagstrum iv K-State Research and Extension Table of Contents Part V – Management: Economics, Regulations, and Marketing 27. Economics of Commodity Storage 305 Corinne Alexander and Phil Kenkel 28. Economics of IPM Decisions 317 Brian D. Adam and Corinne Alexander 29. Economics of Commodity Grading and Segregation 327 Phil Kenkel and Brian D. Adam 30. Food Safety Requirements 331 Pamela Peckman and Tim Pettitt 31. Liability Basics and the Importance of Risk Management 337 Michael T. Olexa, Zach Broome, Derrill McAteer and Gregory Steube Author Directory 345 Stored Product Protection v Table of Contents vi K-State Research and Extension 1 Introduction David W. Hagstrum Thomas W. Phillips Gerrit Cuperus Management of Grain, Bulk Commodities, and Bagged of insects, molds, and vertebrates in storage systems. Products, Oklahoma State University Publication There are separate chapters on insect pests of grain E-912, was published in 1991. The first edition was and legumes, dried fruit and nuts, and processed and sponsored by the USDA Federal Grain Inspection durable commodities of both plant and animal ori- Service (FGIS), partially to help protect grain in the gins. The next four sections address various aspects FGIS loan program. The loan program often went of pest management — prevention methods, moni- for multiple years, and generally the grain was in toring-based methods, decision making, economics, poor condition due to pests and moisture migration. regulations, and marketing. The second edition, titled Stored Product Manage- ment, was published by OSU in 1995. It has been Stored Product Protection is intended as a training widely used by extension educators, researchers, and manual that will give readers an understanding of stored product managers as a practical, easy-to-read pest biology, behavior, and ecology in the marketing reference and “how-to” guide for protecting stored system; pest management methods; and pertinent grain and grain products from insects, molds, and economic and regulatory considerations for various vertebrate pests. Demand for the publication still products. Understanding pests is important because exists, but paper copies are no longer available for pest management is applied ecology (chapters 2–7). distribution. Many methods are available for managing pests, and each can be used in a variety of ways (chapters 8–12, Many changes in government regulations that 14–17, 26). Because insects readily develop resistance influence stored product protection and advances to pest management methods (particularly chemical in pest management techniques have occurred in the methods), resistance management programs should 16 years since Stored Product Management was pub- be part of all pest management programs (chapter lished. To bring readers up to date, we have devel- 13). Choosing the best method, and the best time oped this companion book, Stored Product Protection, and way of using that method, is complex (chap- which is available online as well as in print. The 1995 ter 18–20). Properly timed pest management may edition of Stored Product Management is available require a number of monitoring programs (chapters at http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/p.aspx?tabid=70 18, 21–24). Because of the complexity, extension and contains information not covered here in Stored agents and private consultants often play a role in Product Protection. developing integrated pest management programs for field and orchard crops and in developing opti- This new book expands on the 1995 OSU publica- mal pest management programs for stored products tion. Besides grain, this book includes information (chapter 25). Such decisions require cost-benefit on pest management in other raw commodities, analysis, so an understanding of economics is impor- food processing facilities, and value-added, finished tant (chapters 27–29). Several government agencies food products. It begins with biology and ecology Stored Product Protection 1 Part I | Ecology of Storage Systems oversee regulations concerning food quality, pesti- Herrick, G.W. 1914. Insects injurious to the house- cide residues, and worker safety. Pest management hold and annoying to man. MacMillan Co., New programs must meet a variety of regulatory standards York. (chapters 30-31). Chapman, R.N. 1921. Insects infesting stored food Three new regulations have influenced stored prod- products. Univ. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 198. uct protection in the United States since publication of the 1995 OSU book. The Food Quality Protection Metcalf, C.L. and W.P. Flint. 1928. Household Act (FQPA) of 1996 called for a review of all pes- insects and pests of stored grains, seeds and ticides registered by the Environmental Protection cereal products, pp. 731-766. In: Destructive and Agency (EPA) and mandated that exposure limits Useful Insects, Their Habits and Control. 1st and use patterns be revised so that the most vulner- edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. able members of human society, such as children and the elderly, would be protected from exposure. Patton, W.S. 1931. Insects, Mites and Venomous Changes in pesticide labels under FQPA and loss of Animals of Medical and Veterinary Importance. registrations for certain compounds led to alternative Part II. Public Health. H. R. Grubb, Ltd., methods of pest control for stored products. London. The Clean Air Act, as influenced by the international Austen, E.E. and A.W. McKenny. 1932. Clothes agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, mandat- moths and house moths, their life-history, habits ed the phase-out and eventual ban of the fumigant and control. British Museum Natural History pesticide methyl bromide. As a result, much research Economic Series 14. and development after 1995 dealt with alterna- Hartnack, H. 1939. 202 Common household pests tives to methyl bromide (see chapter 14) for stored of North America. Hartnack Publishing Co., product protection. The National Organic Program Chicago. of USDA established regulations as to how foods approved as being “organic” should be produced, Cotton, R.T. 1941. Insect Pests of Stored Grain and stored, and distributed, with widespread impact on Grain Products, 1st edition. Burgess Publishing the use of synthetic additives and pesticides. Chapter Co., Minneapolis, MN. 20 addresses organic considerations that were not even mentioned in the previous book, and low-input Hayhurst, H. and H. Britten. 1942. Insect pests in or chemical-free control measures are specified in stored products. Chapman and Hall Ltd., Lon- several chapters of this volume.
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