Current Problems of Agrarian Industry in Ukraine
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CURRENT PROBLEMS OF AGRARIAN INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing Vancouver 2019 Reviewers: Gritsan Y. I. – Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor of the Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University; Lykholat Y. V. – Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor, Head of the Department of Physiology and Introduction of Plants, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University. Skliarov P. M. – Doctor of Science (Veterinary medicine), Professor of the Department of Surgery and Obstetrics of Farm Animals, Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University Approved by the Academic Council of Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University (protocol № 9 from 27.06.2019) Current problems of agrarian industry in Ukraine. Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing, Vancouver, Canada, 2019. – 228 p. ISBN 978-1-77192-487-0 DOI: http://doi.org/10.29013/NMZazharska.CPAIU.228.2019 The monograph is presented in four parts. The first part is devoted to the experimental and theoretical substantiation of the criteria for safety and quality assessment of goat's milk. Parameters of subclinical mastitis in goats, comparison of methods efficiency for determination of somatic cell count in goat milk, moni- toring studies of goat’s and cow’s milk in France and Ukraine, effect of exogenous and endogenous factors on the quality and safety of goat milk are described. The second and third parts are devoted to Coleoptera pests of stored food supplies and field crops. The forth part includes characteristics of Poaceae family members in the steppe zone of Ukraine as the main objects of farm animals feeding. Ecological characteristics of the species according to the Belgard Ekomorph System and their geographical analysis were presented. Sozological and feeding value of the species were described. Subscribe to print 30/07/2019. Format 60×90 1⁄16. Offset Paper. Garinitura Minion Pro 12. Edition of 500 copies. Typeset in Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing, Vancouver, Canada. Printed by Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing, Vancouver, Canada, on acid-free paper. 807-2625 Regina st. [email protected] © Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing, Vancouver. 2019. 3 Chapter 1. Assessment of safety and quality of goat’s milk N. M. Zazharska Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University The criteria for safety and quality assessment of goat’s milk 1 According to the European regulation 853/2004 only microbiolog- ical criteria have been put forward for goat milk: bacterial contamina- tion at a temperature of 30 °C is ≤ 1 500 × 103 CFU/cm3; in milk intended for the production of products without heat treatment the content of microorganisms – ≤ 500×103 CFU/cm3. It is substantiated that the Na- tional Standards of Ukraine (DSTU) “Goat’s milk. Raw. Specifications: DSTU7006: 2009” does not meet the international requirements for goat milk (Zazharska, 2018). According to the requirements of exist- ing normative document DSTU7006:2009 the number of mesophilic aerobic and extra-anaerobic microorganisms of milk of the second grade (the extreme limit) corresponds to the best milk in accordance with the European regulations. According to Ukraine requirements it is permitted somatic cell count to 500 × 103 cells/cm3, bacterial con- tamination ≤ 100 × 103 colony forming units (CFU)/cm3 for the high- est quality goat milk. In most European countries and the USA, the best goat milk is considered with somatic cell count ≤ 1 million/cm3, bacterial contamination ≤ 500 ×103 CFU/cm3. Consequently, the re- quirements for the indexes of bacterial contamination and somatic cell count in the Ukrainian normative document are very strict. Indicators of density and acidity of goat milk are not regulated in EU countries, but regulated in Ukrainian standard. 1 Zazharska N. M. (2019). Assessment of safety and quality of goat’s milk. In: Current problems of agrarian industry in Ukraine. Accent Graphics Communications & Publishing, Vancouver, Canada. – P. 3–33. Doi:10.15421/511902 4 Chapter 1. Assessment of safety and quality of goat’s milk The aim was to scientifically substantiate the requirements of the Ukrainian standard for goat milk, especially for indicators of acidity, density, somatic cell count and bacterial contamination. 836 samples of goat milk were taken from farms of Dnipropetrovs’k and Transcarpathian oblasts during 2013–2017 years. Physico-chemical parameters (acidity, density, indicators of fat and protein) of goat’s milk were determined using the ultrasound analyzer “Ekomilk”. The somatic cell count was determined by vis- cosimetric method and flow cytometry. According to our research the indicators of the acidity in goat milk vary from 14 °T to 27 °T, of the density – from 25.6 °A to 35.4 °A. The smallest somatic cell count in the goat milk was observed in the autumn 265 ± 41 × 103 cells/cm3, the highest – in the winter – 451 ± ± 46 × 103 cells/cm3 (p < 0.05) (viscosimetric method). The smallest somatic cell count throughout the life of the animal was observed in the milk of goats of the first lacta- tion – 712 ± 174 × 103 cells/cm3. In goats from the second to the fourth lactation, somatic cell count was recorded at the level of 880–1092 × 103 cells/cm3 (flow cytometry method). Indicators of fat and protein in goat milk are drastically reduced in the summer, therefore the requirements of the Ukrainian stan- dard of 3.3 and 3.0% respectively are not substantiated. According to the obtained data it was determined that the so- matic cell count in goat milk exceeds the index from DSTU7006: 2009 “Goat’s milk. Raw. Specifications: DSTU7006: 2009”, twice or more. It was found that the existing standard does not meet the international requirements for goat milk based on the main indica- tors (bacterial contamination, somatic cells, acidity and density). The ineffectiveness of the criteria of density and acidity for goat milk assessment was substantiated because of their insignificance. It was proposed to exclude the indexes of density and acidity of goat’s milk from DSTU, to decrease the requirements for the fat and protein content, and to align the requirements for the somatic cell count and bacterial contamination in accordance with Euro- pean standards. N. M. Zazharska 5 Parameters of subclinical mastitis in goats The universal definition of a somatic cell count threshold to dis- tinguish between healthy and sick udder halves in goats does not exist yet. The aim of this work was to establish the possible diagnostic pa- rameters of subclinical mastitis in goats. 27 samples milk of goats were researched. The main parameters of milk were analyzed by means of ultra- sonic analyzer of milk of “Ekomilk type MILKANA KAM 98–2a” (Bulgary), the somatic cell count was determined at viscometric analyzer “Somatos-M” (Russia), milk films were stained with piro- nin Y and May-Grünwald methods. Chloride ion content in milk was determined by titrimetric method. Chlorine-sugar number was counted, settling test and mastidin test were also conducted. The data were analysed in Statisica 6.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA). The data in the tables are presented as x ± SE (x ± standard error). The differences between the values in groups were determined us- ing Tukey test, where the differences were considered significant at P < 0.05 (with taking into account the Bonferroni correction). The samples were divided into 3 groups after determina- tion of biochemical parameters, according to the chloride con- tent in the milk: group I – < 250 mg%; group II – 250–300 mg%; group III – > >300 mg% (tab. 1). The indexes of chloride content were significantly different between three groups of samples (P < 0.001). The index of fat content increased by 0.4% in goat’s milk with a chloride concentration > 300 mg%, protein – by 0.24%, lactose – by 0.28%, milk solids – by 0.66%, pH – by 2.8%, the freezing point decreased by 7.2% in comparison to I group of milk samples (with a chloride content < 250 mg%), but it was not statistical difference. In the group of samples with a chloride content > 300 mg%, the somatic cell count increased by 3.2–5.7 times compared to the group with chloride concentration < 250 mg%, depending on the meth- od of study (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001 accordingly). The parameters of somatic cell count of the second group (with a chloride content 6 Chapter 1. Assessment of safety and quality of goat’s milk 250–300 mg%), were 2.1–3.8 times higher compared with the first group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). The chlorine-sugar figure in samples of milk of healthy goats (with a chloride content < 250 mg%) is average 5 (from 4.1 to 5.9). The chlorine-sugar figure is 7.2 (from 6.5 to 7.9) in milk samples of III group (with a chloride content > 300 mg%). Table 1. – Parameters of goat milk depending on the content of chlorides (x ± SE) Milk sample groups according Parameter to the content of chlorides, mg% І, n = 8 ІІ, n =13 ІІІ, n = 6 Chloride content, mg % 223.7 ± 4,7a 270.4 ± 3,8b 344.4 ± 14,8c somatic cell count, × 439 ± 159a 1672 ± 292b 2500 ± 316b 103 cells/ml: “Somatos” May-Grünwald 634 ± 169a 1569 ± 323b 2149 ± 560b pironin Y 703 ± 213a 1484 ± 276b 2273 ± 539b Fat,% 4.35 ± 0,74 4.28 ± 0,47 4.75 ± 0,62 Dry non-fat milk sol- 8.20 ± 0.27 8.13 ± 0.10 8.86 ± 0.34 ids,% Density, ºА 27.2 ± 1.4 27.0 ± 0.4 29.6 ± 1.7 Protein,% 3.06 ± 0.09 3.02 ± 0.04 3.30 ± 0.12 –0.540 ± –0.533 ± –0.579 ± Freezing point, ºС ± 0.015 ± 0.006 ± 0.023 Lactose,% 4.52 ± 0.16 4.48 ± 0.05 4.80 ± 0.24 Conductivity, mS/сm 4.73 ± 0.26a 5.35 ± 0.13b 6.21 ± 0.46b pH 6.71 ± 0.04 6.67 ± 0.04 6.90 ± 0.16 Chlorine-sugar figure 5.00 ± 0.23a 6.05 ± 0.14b 7.21 ± 0.27c Bacterial contamina- 1.1 ± 0.24 × 9.0 ± 4.9 × 1.6 ± 0.5 × tion, CFU/cm3 ×105 ×105 ×106 Mastitis pathogens – – + Mastidin test – + + Settling test – – + Note: different letters within the line correspond to the selections which had significant differences between one another according to the results of Tukey’s test (P < 0.05) with Bonferroni correction N.