Thematic Forest Dictionary

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Thematic Forest Dictionary Elżbieta Kloc THEMATIC FOREST DICTIONARY TEMATYCZNY SŁOWNIK LEÂNY Wydano na zlecenie Dyrekcji Generalnej Lasów Państwowych Warszawa 2015 © Centrum Informacyjne Lasów Państwowych ul. Grójecka 127 02-124 Warszawa tel. 22 18 55 353 e-mail: [email protected] www.lasy.gov.pl © Elżbieta Kloc Konsultacja merytoryczna: dr inż. Krzysztof Michalec Konsultacja i współautorstwo haseł z zakresu hodowli lasu: dr inż. Maciej Pach Recenzja: dr Ewa Bandura Ilustracje: Bartłomiej Gaczorek Zdjęcia na okładce Paweł Fabijański Korekta Anna Wikło ISBN 978-83-63895-48-8 Projek graficzny i przygotowanie do druku PLUPART Druk i oprawa Ośrodek Rozwojowo-Wdrożeniowy Lasów Państwowych w Bedoniu TABLE OF CONTENTS – SPIS TREÂCI ENGLISH-POLISH THEMATIC FOREST DICTIONARY ANGIELSKO-POLSKI TEMATYCZNY SŁOWNIK LEÂNY OD AUTORKI ................................................... 9 WYKAZ OBJAŚNIEŃ I SKRÓTÓW ................................... 10 PLANTS – ROŚLINY ............................................ 13 1. Taxa – jednostki taksonomiczne .................................. 14 2. Plant classification – klasyfikacja roślin ............................. 14 3. List of forest plant species – lista gatunków roślin leśnych .............. 17 4. List of tree and shrub species – lista gatunków drzew i krzewów ......... 19 5. Plant morphology – morfologia roślin .............................. 22 6. Plant cells, tissues and their compounds – komórki i tkanki roślinne oraz ich części składowe .................. 30 7. Plant habitat preferences – preferencje środowiskowe roślin ............ 34 8. Plant types – typy roślin ........................................ 35 9. Types of trees – typy drzew ...................................... 36 10. Plant propagation – rozmnażanie roślin ............................ 38 FORESTS – LASY ............................................... 41 1. Nursery – szkółka ............................................. 42 2. Seed terminology – terminologia dotycząca nasion ................... 44 3. Forest establishment – powstawanie lasu ........................... 49 4. Forest stands – drzewostany ..................................... 57 5. Forest types – typy lasu ......................................... 64 6. Stand tending – pielęgnowanie drzewostanu ........................ 65 7. Tree felling and harvesting – ścinka drzew i pozyskiwanie drewna ....... 70 8. Forest products – surowce leśne .................................. 75 9. Wood defects – wady drewna .................................... 77 10. Forest accessories, tools, equipment and clothing – akcesoria, narzędzia, sprzęt leśny i odzież. 81 11. Forest measurements – pomiary leśne ............................. 87 12. Ecology – ekologia ............................................. 89 FOREST THREATS AND PROTECTION – ZAGROŻENIA I OCHRONA LASU ............................... 97 1. Tree damage: symptoms and damaging agents – uszkodzenia drzew: symptomy i czynniki je wywołujące .............. 98 2. Fungi – grzyby ................................................ 104 3 3. Insect pests – szkodniki owadzie .................................. 106 4. Forest fires – pożary lasów ...................................... 112 5. Forest protection – ochrona lasu .................................. 116 ANIMALS – ZWIERZĘTA ........................................ 119 1. Insect classification – klasyfikacja owadów .......................... 120 2. Animal classification and types – klasyfikacja zwierząt i ich rodzaje ....... 121 3. List of animal species: annelids, flat worms, arachnids, reptiles and amphibians – lista gatunków zwierząt: pierścienice, robaki płaskie, pajęczaki, gady i płazy .......................................... 122 4. List of bird species – lista gatunków ptaków ......................... 123 5. List of mammal species – lista gatunków ssaków ..................... 125 6. Insect anatomy – anatomia owadów ............................... 128 7. Animal anatomy – anatomia zwierząt .............................. 132 8. Animal habitats and dwellings – siedliska zwierząt i ich domy ........... 138 9. Animal behaviour and communication – zachowanie i porozumiewanie się zwierząt ........................ 139 10. Animal feeding behaviour – sposoby odżywiania zwierząt ............... 140 11. Animal sexual behaviour, breeding habits and reproduction – zachowania seksualne zwierząt, zwyczaje godowe i rozmnażanie ....... 142 12. Males, females, the young and their groups – samce, samice, młode i ich grupy ................................ 144 13. Hunting – polowanie ........................................... 146 PICTURES – RYCINY PICTURE 1. Mosses, clubmosses and liverworts – mchy, widłaki i wątrobowce .. 15 PICTURE 2. Horsetails and ferns – skrzypy i paprocie ..................... 16 PICTURE 3. Plant body, tree parts – budowa rośliny, części drzewa ........... 25 PICTURE 4. Leaf external features, venation, phyllotaxy – budowa zewnętrzna liścia, użyłkowanie (nerwacja), ulistnienie (filotaksja) .................................... 26 PICTURE 5. Leaf types, leaf bases – typy liści, podstawy blaszki liściowej. 27 PICTURE 6. Leaf margins and shapes – brzegi i kształty liścia. 28 PICTURE 7. Flower morphology, inflorescence – budowa kwiatu, kwiatostany. 29 PICTURE 8. Leaf anatomy – budowa liścia ............................. 31 PICTURE 9. Cross-section of a pine leaf, stoma, trunk cross-section – przekrój poprzeczny igły sosny, aparat szparkowy, przekrój poprzeczny pnia ................................... 32 PICTURE 10. Vascular tissues – tkanki przewodzące ....................... 33 PICTURE 11. Asexual reproduction – rozmnażanie wegetatywne. 40 PICTURE 12. Seed morphology – budowa nasienia ........................ 47 PICTURE 13. Germination types – typy kiełkowania ....................... 48 4 PICTURE 14. Forest stands. Part I – drzewostany. Część I ................... 61 PICTURE 15. Forest stands. Part II – drzewostany. Część II ................. 62 PICTURE 16. Tree felling – ścinka ..................................... 73 PICTURE 17. Tree harvesting systems – metody pozyskiwania drewna ......... 74 PICTURE 18. Wood defects. Part I – wady drewna. Część I .................. 79 PICTURE 19. Wood defects. Part II – wady drewna. Część II ................ 80 PICTURE 20. Small tools – małe narzędzia .............................. 82 PICTURE 21. Forest tools – narzędzia leśne .............................. 83 PICTURE 22. Forest and fire tools – narzędzia leśne i pożarnicze. 84 PICTURE 23. Measuring, sampling and marking tools and equipment – narzędzia i sprzęt pomiarowy, do pobierania próbek i znakowania ........................................... 85 PICTURE 24. Clothing and accessories – ubrania i akcesoria ................ 86 PICTURE 25. Damaging factors: parasitic flowering plants, caterpillars, grubs and other larvae – czynniki sprawcze: kwitnące rośliny pasożytnicze, gąsienice, pędraki i inne larwy .................. 102 PICTURE 26. Plant damage – uszkodzenia roślin .......................... 103 PICTURE 27. Insect pests. Part I – szkodniki owadzie. Część I ............... 108 PICTURE 28. Insect pests. Part II – szkodniki owadzie. Część II .............. 109 PICTURE 29. Insect pests. Part III – szkodniki owadzie. Część III ............ 110 PICTURE 30. Insect pests. Part IV – szkodniki owadzie. Część IV ............. 111 PICTURE 31. Insect body parts – budowa owada .......................... 130 PICTURE 32. Beetle and butterfly external anatomy – budowa zewnętrzna chrząszcza i motyla .................... 131 PICTURE 33. Snail and spider body parts – części ciała ślimaka i pająka. 134 PICTURE 34. Polish snakes – węże polskie ............................... 135 PICTURE 35. Bird external features – budowa zewnętrzna ptaka ............. 136 PICTURE 36. Ruminant anatomy – anatomia przeżuwacza .................. 137 PICTURE 37. Young animals – młode zwierzęta ........................... 145 5 SPIS TREÂCI – TABLE OF CONTENTS POLSKO-ANGIELSKI TEMATYCZNY SŁOWNIK LEÂNY POLISH-ENGLISH THEMATIC FOREST DICTIONARY ROŚLINY – PLANTS ............................................ 151 1. Jednostki taksonomiczne – taxa .................................. 152 2. Klasyfikacja roślin – plant classification ............................ 152 3. Lista gatunków roślin leśnych – list of forest plant species .............. 152 4. Lista gatunków drzew i krzewów – list of tree and shrub species ......... 156 5. Morfologia roślin – plant morphology .............................. 158 6. Komórki i tkanki roślinne oraz ich części składowe – plant cells, tissues and their compounds .......................... 160 7. Preferencje środowiskowe roślin – plant habitat preferences ............ 162 8. Typy roślin – plant types ........................................ 163 9. Typy drzew – tree types ......................................... 164 10. Rozmnażanie roślin – plant propagation ............................ 165 LASY – FORESTS ............................................... 167 1. Szkółka – nursery ............................................. 168 2. Terminologia dotycząca nasion – seed terminology ................... 170 3. Powstawanie lasu – forest establishment ........................... 172 4. Drzewostany – forest stands ..................................... 175 5. Typy lasu – forest types ......................................... 177 6. Pielęgnowanie drzewostanu – stand tending ........................ 178 7. Ścinka drzew i pozyskiwanie drewna – tree felling and harvesting ........ 180 8. Surowce leśne – forest products .................................
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