Finale Vda 3

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Finale Vda 3 Discussione Le patch di neoformazione sono piccole e numerose, segno di un’afforestazione a “macchia di leopardo”, risultante dalla creazione di nuovi elementi in aree non boscate. Il nuovo mosaico del paesaggio è solo moderatamente aggregato, e si presenta altrettanto fitto rispetto a quello originario. I medesimi cambiamenti che hanno interessato le pinete si possono riscontrare, seppure con intensità più modeste, a scala di versante. Il fatto che alcuni indici rimangano invariati a distanza di 50 anni è legato al fatto che estese aree con coperture non forestali si conservino tali, a causa delle limitazioni stazionali legate alla morfologia. Le dinamiche osservate trovano giustificazione soprattutto in fattori ecologici, e in particolare nel background socio-economico che caratterizza il sito. Una più capillare diffusione sul territorio della presenza e dell’attività antropica, unita a incentivi economici alla residenza e al presidio del territorio, fanno sì che a St. Denis l’abbandono riguardi piccole zone disgiunte. I nuclei di neoformazione possono insediarsi rapidamente ma in modo discontinuo, e rimangono alternati ad aree attivamente mantenute dalla presenza umana. Le zone interessate dall’attività umana (il fondovalle, la fascia medio-altitudinale e le aree pianeggianti) hanno conservato in gran parte l’uso non forestale del suolo. La conservazione di prati, pascoli e aree urbanizzate, unita al processo di successione forestale in atto nelle aree abbandonate, dà origine ad un mosaico paesaggistico assai vario e complesso. L’espansione della superficie forestale legata all’abbandono delle terre marginali è un dato costante, ma le modalità con cui avviene la colonizzazione arborea differiscono significativamente, pur originando da un pattern iniziale molto simile. Tali differenze sono imputabili sia a fattori stazionali che socio-economici. In particolare, la specie mostra qui il suo potenziale dinamico con un processo di ricolonizzazione frammentata e limitata alle aree lasciate libere da attività antropica. La scelta soggettiva dell’extent di analisi può determinare grandi variazioni nelle dinamiche osservate; tuttavia, il confronto dei risultati ottenuti dallo studio delle pinete con i processi in atto a scala di paesaggio hanno confermato che il pino silvestre è il principale elemento dinamico del territorio, e le trasformazioni che lo riguardano si ripercuotono, seppur con più modeste intensità, ad una scala ben maggiore del singolo popolamento. Dall’altro lato, le pinete hanno visto un rapido abbandono delle pratiche di gestione selvicolturale e dello sfruttamento dei prodotti secondari del bosco, cosicché nelle stazioni più favorevoli si è assistito all’accelerazione della successione forestale verso le specie definitive, soprattutto le latifoglie. Il pascolo in bosco, la raccolta della lettiera e i frequenti tagli di utilizzazione, seppure di rilevanza talora solo locale, creavano le condizioni adatte alla rinnovazione di pino silvestre, esponendo il suolo minerale ed eliminando le specie concorrenti, più appetibili al brucamento. L’interruzione di tali pratiche in seguito all’abbandono di vaste aree montane ha, al contrario, comportato l’aumento della rinnovazione e della competitività delle specie definitive, laddove la stazione lo consentiva e a seconda delle piante portaseme disponibili. Il caso della successione secondaria non rappresenta un quadro strettamente patologico, tuttavia l’aumento della competitività delle specie definitive fa sì che la componente pioniera sperimenti una diminuzione di vitalità, un tasso di mortalità elevato e l’impossibilità di rinnovarsi a causa del più efficace sfruttamento delle risorse stazionali da parte delle specie concorrenti. Una volta che le specie mediamente tolleranti (come la roverella) o tolleranti (come il faggio, l’abete rosso e l’abete bianco) si siano insediate, l’evoluzione del popolamento provocherà la riduzione e l’eventuale 22 scomparsa della componente a pino, impossibilitata a rinnovarsi a causa della crescente copertura esercitata dalle concorrenti e colpita dai processi di deperimento a loro volta accelerati dalle condizioni di sofferenza degli individui in boschi via via più densi. Si instaura così un feedback positivo che, in assenza di interventi o di disturbi, fa sì che la successione non sia solamente un effetto del deperimento (vedi Capitolo III) ma anche una sua causa indiretta, accelerando i cambiamenti di composizione specifica nelle pinete colpite ed esercitando i suoi effetti sul ruolo futuro della foresta, la disponibilità di risorse, il regime di disturbo naturale. Figura 19 - Specie più frequente tra i semenzali in funzione dell'intensità di pascolamento (percentuale di aree di saggio pascolate sul totale, dati: IPLA) Figura 20 - Grado di copertura delle chiome (media di tutte le aree di saggio) e specie prevalente tra i semenzali (dati: IPLA) 23 Il prevalere dell’uno o dell’altro processo dipende essenzialmente dall’uso del suolo passato, quindi indirettamente dall’intensità e dal tipo di impatto antropico, e dalle caratteristiche climatiche ed ecologiche della stazi0ne, che determinano la velocità di avanzamento della successione e le specie che via via vi partecipano. Gli studi effettuati a Nord delle Alpi (Vallese) evidenziano soprattutto il fenomeno dell’abbandono della gestione boschiva (Rigling et al., 2006), mentre si ritiene che nelle Alpi italiane non vada sottovalutata l’importanza delle pinete pioniere su ex-prati ed ex-pascoli, che interagendo con i cambiamento climatici (vedi succ.) può amplificare significativamente gli effetti del deperimento fornendo nuovo materiale sensibile agli agenti di stress coinvolti. PRATO, PASCOLO PINETA O COLTURA GESTITA Abbandono della gestione Clima, Parametri Clima, stazione socio- stazione economici Successione Gestione PINETA SPECIE NON GESTITA DEFINITIVE Deperimento Disturbi naturali Deperimento del pino del pino (suoi agenti) (suoi agenti) Clima, stazione Deperimento sp. STEPPA definitive? Figura 21 – Traiettorie successionali che coinvolgono le pinete di pino silvestre nell’area di studio, a partire da popolamenti storicamente gestiti o da prato-pascoli preesistenti all’invasione della pineta. I fattori climatici e stazionali agiscono come regolatori in tutte le fasi della successione (abbandono, successione secondaria, deperimento, regime di disturbo naturale e/o antropico) 24 A2: Casi di studio a scala di popolamento Fase preliminare della ricerca sul deperimento del Pino silvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) nelle vallate alpine è stata la scelta delle aree di studio. Il territorio della Regione Autonoma Valle d’Aosta è stato suddiviso in due grandi comprensori, corrispondenti rispettivamente all’alta e alla media-bassa valle. In ciascun comprensorio si sono successivamente individuate nella fascia alta e bassa dell’areale di distribuzione del Pino silvestre da 1 a 3 aree di studio permanenti, sulla base di un preliminare esame cartografico dei principali popolamenti e di sopralluoghi in campo volti a valutarne le seguenti caratteristiche: 1. Composizione specifica e struttura dei popolamenti 2. Stato fitosanitario 3. Tipo di proprietà 4. Accessibilità e percorribilità 5. Disponibilità di dati storici Sono state così scelte 4 aree permanenti, ciascuna rappresentativa delle condizioni stazionali e strutturali medie del popolamento in esame e il più possibile libera da disturbi di origine antropica. Ciascuna area misura 70x70 m sul piano topografico, per una superficie totale di 0.49 ha. Il confine dell’area permanente è stato delimitato da picchetti situati ai 4 angoli e la via di accesso contrassegnata in corrispondenza della viabilità principale. 2 1 3 4 Figura 22. Areale del pino silvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Valle d’Aosta e ubicazione delle aree di studio permanenti. 25 Materiali e metodi Le coordinate geografiche e la quota di ogni sito sono rilevate, con precisione metrica, nell’angolo NE mediante GPS (almeno 120 sec.) secondo il sistema di riferimento UTM – WGS 84, e successivamente sottoposte a correzione differenziale in laboratorio. Sono da considerare oggetti del campionamento: 1. Alberi vivi o morti in piedi con diametro >2.5 cm a 130 cm di altezza. 2. Alberi a terra con diametro di base >10 cm, insieme alla rispettiva ceppaia se individuabile. 3. Ceppaie (altezza <130 cm) isolate con diametro >10 cm a 50 cm di altezza (o sup. di taglio). Sono escluse le specie a portamento arbustivo (Juniperus sp., Corylus avellana, Rhododendron sp., Cornus sp., Rosa sp., Lonicera sp., Viburnum sp, .Clematis sp., Rubus sp….), gli individui con la base del fusto esterna ai confini dell’area permanente, i rami o parti di fusto appartenenti ad un unico individuo, la necromassa a terra che presenti uno stadio di decomposizione tale da non poter essere distinta dalla lettiera. Per gli individui biforcati e i polloni, si considerino individui separati coloro che presentano evidente autonomia biologica e di portamento (specialmente per le conifere). Come regola di riferimento, può essere considerata per la biforcazione una soglia di 130 cm di altezza. Ogni individuo oggetto del campionamento è stato numerato con etichetta di plastica verde, recante un numero in bianco progressivo da 00001 a 10000. L’etichetta è collocata alla base delle piante o sulla ceppaia, dal lato meno visibile rispetto alle strade circostanti (solitamente a monte). Di ogni individuo così contrassegnato è rilevata la posizione secondo un sistema di coordinate polari relativo all’origine del plot (angolo SW) e a eventuali
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