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Schutz Des Naturhaushaltes Vor Den Auswirkungen Der Anwendung Von Pflanzenschutzmitteln Aus Der Luft in Wäldern Und Im Weinbau

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Schutz Des Naturhaushaltes Vor Den Auswirkungen Der Anwendung Von Pflanzenschutzmitteln Aus Der Luft in Wäldern Und Im Weinbau TEXTE 21/2017 Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit Forschungskennzahl 3714 67 406 0 UBA-FB 002461 Schutz des Naturhaushaltes vor den Auswirkungen der Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln aus der Luft in Wäldern und im Weinbau von Dr. Ingo Brunk, Thomas Sobczyk, Dr. Jörg Lorenz Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät für Umweltwissenschaften, Institut für Forstbotanik und Forstzoologie, Tharandt Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes Impressum Herausgeber: Umweltbundesamt Wörlitzer Platz 1 06844 Dessau-Roßlau Tel: +49 340-2103-0 Fax: +49 340-2103-2285 [email protected] Internet: www.umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt Durchführung der Studie: Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät für Umweltwissenschaften, Institut für Forstbotanik und Forstzoologie, Professur für Forstzoologie, Prof. Dr. Mechthild Roth Pienner Straße 7 (Cotta-Bau), 01737 Tharandt Abschlussdatum: Januar 2017 Redaktion: Fachgebiet IV 1.3 Pflanzenschutz Dr. Mareike Güth, Dr. Daniela Felsmann Publikationen als pdf: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen ISSN 1862-4359 Dessau-Roßlau, März 2017 Das diesem Bericht zu Grunde liegende Vorhaben wurde mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit unter der Forschungskennzahl 3714 67 406 0 gefördert. Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröffentlichung liegt bei den Autorinnen und Autoren. UBA Texte Entwicklung geeigneter Risikominimierungsansätze für die Luftausbringung von PSM Kurzbeschreibung Die Bekämpfung von Schadinsekten durch die Ausbringung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mittels Luftfahrzeugen ist grundsätzlich gesetzlich verboten. Ausnahmen sind für Kronenbereiche von Wäldern und Steillagen des Weinbaus möglich, aber nur unter Einhaltung von Auflagen und Anwendungsbestimmungen, die die Auswirkungen für Nichtzielorganismen auf ein vertretbares Maß reduzieren. Die entsprechenden Pflanzenschutzmittel müssen hierzu für die Verwendung mit Luftfahrzeugen vom BVL zugelassen werden. Das UBA fungiert in diesem Verfahren als Benehmensbehörde. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden bestehende Anwendungsbestimmungen des Umweltbundesamtes überprüft und zahlreiche Alternativoptionen analysiert und diskutiert. Die Bearbeitung erfolgte auf Basis einer umfangreichen Literaturauswertung von mehr als 2500 Quellen, darunter vielen unveröffentlichten Gutachten, Studien und akademischen Abschlußarbeiten, sowie einer GIS- Auswertung und Befragungen von Experten, Praktikern und Behördenvertretern, sowie ehrenamtlichen Spezialisten für verschiedene Artengruppen der Nichtzielorganismen. Die vorliegende Studie beschränkt sich auf die zum Zeitpunkt des Beginns des Forschungsvorhabens für die Anwendung im Kronenbereich zugelassenen Mittel „Dipel ES“, „Dimilin 80 WG“ und „Karate Forst flüssig“. Sie berücksichtigt in erster Linie Auswirkungen auf Arthropoden, Fledermäuse und Vögel als Nichtzielorganismen, für die ein hoher Grad der Betroffenheit vermutet wurde. Abstract The application of pesticides from aircraft is forbidden by European law. Exceptions are possible for forests canopies and steep slope viticultures, but were restricted by regulations and terms of use which reduces impact on nontarget organisms to justifiable extent. Specific pesticides have to be ap- proved for application from aircraft by BVL. This study reviewed regulations and terms of use established by Umweltbundesamt and various alter- native options were discussed. More than 2500 sources, beside of regular publications, especially unpublished studies and datasets have been analysed, as well as analyses using geographic infor- mation systems and several interviews of experts, practitioners and members of authorities. The study focused mainly on three different pesticides („Dipel ES“, „Dimilin 80 WG“, „Karate Forst flüssig“) and their impacts on nontarget organisms of arthropods, bats and birds. 4 UBA Texte Entwicklung geeigneter Risikominimierungsansätze für die Luftausbringung von PSM Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ..................................................................................................................... 13 Tabellenverzeichnis .......................................................................................................................... 15 Abkürzungsverzeichnis..................................................................................................................... 18 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................................... 19 Summary........................................................................................................................................... 24 1 Einleitung................................................................................................................................. 29 2 Pflanzenschutzmitteleinsatz im Wald ...................................................................................... 30 2.1 Aussagen zum Zustand der Biodiversität in Wäldern......................................................... 30 2.2 Eichenwaldgesellschaften ................................................................................................. 30 2.2.1 Anwendungsbereiche .................................................................................................. 30 2.2.2 Fraßgemeinschaften und Schadinsekten auf Eichen (Quercus spec.).......................... 31 2.2.3 Biodiversität von Arthropoden in Eichenwäldern ......................................................... 34 2.2.3.1 Übersichtsuntersuchungen über mehrere Arthropodengruppen 34 2.2.3.2 Käfer (Coleoptera) 38 2.2.3.3 Schmetterlinge (Lepidoptera) 40 2.2.4 Auswirkungen der Gradation des Eichenprozessionsspinners auf andere Arten ......... 40 2.2.5 Biodiversität von Fledermäusen in Eichenwäldern ...................................................... 41 2.2.6 Biodiversität von Vögeln in Eichenwäldern .................................................................. 42 2.3 Kiefernwaldgesellschaften bzw. Kiefernforsten................................................................. 43 2.3.1 Fraßgemeinschaften und Schadinsekten auf Kiefern (Pinus sylvestris) ....................... 43 2.3.1.1 Nonne (Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus, 1758)) 45 2.3.1.2 Kiefernspinner (Dendrolimus pini (Linnaeus, 1758)) 46 2.3.1.3 Kiefernspanner (Bupalus piniarius (Linnaeus, 1758)) 46 2.3.1.4 Kieferneule (Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)) 47 2.3.1.5 Kiefernprozessionsspinner (Thaumetopoea pinivora (Treitschke, 1834)) 47 2.3.1.6 Kiefernbuschhornblattwespen 47 2.3.2 Biodiversität in Kiefernwäldern und -forsten ............................................................... 48 2.3.2.1 Arthropoden 48 2.3.2.2 Vögel (Aves) 49 2.3.2.3 Fledermäuse (Chiroptera) 51 2.4 Biodiversitätsgradienten innerhalb Deutschlands ............................................................ 52 3 Wie sieht das Inventar der Zönosen und gefährdeten Arten in Wäldern aus? .......................... 55 3.1 FFH-Arten mit Bezug zu Eichenwäldern in Deutschland ..................................................... 55 3.1.1 Arthropoden................................................................................................................. 55 5 UBA Texte Entwicklung geeigneter Risikominimierungsansätze für die Luftausbringung von PSM 3.1.1.1 Bolbelasmus unicornis (Schrank, 1789) - Vierzähniger Mistkäfer 55 3.1.1.2 Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 - Heldbock 55 3.1.1.3 Cucujus cinnabarinus (Scopoli, 1763) - Scharlachkäfer 55 3.1.1.4 Eriogaster catax (Linnaeus, 1758) - Heckenwollafter 55 3.1.1.5 Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus, 1758) - Eschen-Scheckenfalter 56 3.1.1.6 Limoniscus violaceus (P.W.J. Müller, 1821) - Veilchenblauer Wurzelhalsschnellkäfer 56 3.1.1.7 Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Hirschkäfer 56 3.1.1.8 Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763) - Eremit 56 3.1.2 Vögel (Aves) ................................................................................................................. 56 3.1.2.1 Waldarten des Anhang I der EU-Vogelschutzrichtlinie 56 3.1.2.2 Brutvogel-Leitarten für FFH-Lebensraumtypen der Eichenwälder 58 3.1.2.3 Arten der Eichenwälder 58 3.1.2.4 Generelle Bestandesentwicklung der Arten der Wälder 58 3.1.2.5 Arten der Kiefernwälder 60 3.1.3 Fledermäuse (Chiroptera) ............................................................................................ 60 3.2 Gefährdete und gesetzlich geschützte Arten in Eichenwäldern ......................................... 61 3.2.1 Arthropoda................................................................................................................... 61 3.2.1.1 Schmetterlinge (Lepidoptera) 61 3.3 FFH-Arten mit Bezug zu Kiefernwäldern und -forsten in Deutschland ................................ 62 3.3.1 Arthropoden................................................................................................................. 62 3.3.2 Vögel (Aves) ................................................................................................................. 62 3.3.3 Fledermäuse (Chiroptera) ............................................................................................ 63 3.4 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................ 63 4 Grad der Betroffenheit und Wiederbesiedlungspotenzial von Nichtzielorganismen ............... 65 4.1 Bewertung der Auswirkungen des Einsatzes von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Lebensgemeinschaften
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