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Forestry Commission Bulletin: Forestry Practice

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Forestry Commission Bulletin: Forestry Practice HMSO £3.50 net Forestry Commission Bulletin Forestry Commission ARCHIVE Forestry Practice FORESTRY COMMISSION BULLETIN No. 14 FORESTRY PRACTICE A Summary of Methods of Establishing, Maintaining and Harvesting Forest Crops with Advice on Planning and other Management Considerations for Owners, Agents and Foresters Edited by O. N. Blatchford, B.Sc. Forestry Commission LONDON: HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE © Crown copyright 1978 First published 1933 Ninth Edition 1978 ISBN011 7101508 FOREWORD This latest edition ofForestry Practice sets out to give a comprehensive account of silvicultural practice and forest management in Britain. Since the first edition, the Forestry Commission has produced a large number of Bulletins, Booklets, Forest Records and Leaflets covering very fully a wide variety of forestry matters. Reference is made to these where appropriate so that the reader may supplement the information and guidance given here. Titles given in the bibliography at the end of each chapter are normally available through a library and those currently in print are listed in the Forestry Commission Catalogue of Publications obtainable from the Publications Officer, Forest Research Station, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Famham, Surrey. Research and Development Papers mainly unpriced may be obtained only from that address. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The cover picture and all the photographs are from the Forestry Commission’s photographic collection. Fair drawings of diagrams were made, where appropriate, by J. Williams, the Commission’s Graphics Officer. CONTENTS Chapter 1 SEED SUPPLY AND COLLECTION Page Seed sources . 1 Seed stands 1 Seed orchards 3 Collection of seed 3 Storage of fruit and seeds 3 Conifers . 3 Broadleaved species 3 Seed regulations 3 Bibliography 4 Chapter 2 NURSERY PRACTICE Objectives . 5 M ethods 5 Nursery soils 5 Seedbeds . 5 Transplants 5 Plant nutrition 5 Weed control 6 Other plant production techniques. 6 Undercutting . 6 Vegetative propagation. 6 Small containers . 6 Nursery protection 7 Site selection 7 Trends in nursery management 7 Bibliography 7 v Chapter 3 ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF PLANTATIONS Page Care for the landscape. 8 Selection of tree species for planting 8 Objects of management. 8 Amenity 8 Shelter 8 Site factors 8 Plant indicators . 9 Previous or adjoining crops . 9 Tabular notes on individual species. 11 Preparation of site - Bare land 22 Site preparation by hand 22 Screefing 22 Inverted turves 22 Raised turves 22 Ploughing . 23 Nutrition 23 Preparation of site - Woodland . 23 Protection . 23 Expenditure . 23 Methods ... 24 Complete clearance 24 Partial clearance ... 24 Thinning and underplanting . 24 Alternative methods 24 Natural regeneration 25 Herbicides . 25 Draining . 25 D rainage systems. 25 Problems 26 Maintenance 27 vi Page Fencing 27 Area . 27 Fence line . 27 Specification 30 Intended life 30 Entrances 31 Planting 31 Site 31 Type of plant 31 Transport of plants to site 31 Time for planting . 32 Techniques 32 Tools ... 32 Methods of planting 32 Spacing 33 Planting o u t . 33 Labour 33 Fertilisers 33 Beating up . 34 Weeding and cleaning . 34 Manual weeding . 34 Mechanical weeding 35 Herbicides . 35 Types o f weed . 35 Special forest uses. 35 Spraying equipment 35 Safety 35 Brashing and pruning . 36 Bibliography 36 Chapter 4 DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS Diseases 38 Diseases due to non-living agencies 38 vii Page Fungal and bacterial diseases 39 Nursery diseases . 39 Damping-off. 39 Grey mould . 39 Leaf cast of larch .... 39 Keithia disease of Western red cedar 39 Oak mildew . 39 Verticillium wilt 40 Phytophtora root rot 40 Fungicides . 40 Diseases of general importance 40 Honey fungus 40 Diseases of conifers 41 Fomes annosus . 41 Phaeolus schweinitzii 41 G roup dying of conifers. 41 Larch canker and dieback 41 Dieback of Corsican pine 42 Resin top disease of Scots pine 42 Twisting rust of pine 42 Needle-cast of pine 42 Diseases of broadleaved trees. 42 Bacterial canker of poplar 42 Beech bark disease 42 Dutch elm disease. 42 Watermark disease 43 Decay and safety . 43 Insect pests. 43 Introduction 43 Insects attacking tree seed 4 4 Nursery pests . 4 4 Cutworms and chafer grubs . 44 Springtails 45 Sap-sucking insects 45 Insect attacks in young woods 45 Root and bark feeders . 45 Defoliators . 46 viii Page Insects in older woods . 47 Defoliators ... 47 Bark and wood feeders . 48 Stem feeders. 48 Insecticides 48 Bibliography 43 Chapter 5 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT Wildlife management philosophy . 50 Types of damage 50 M ethods o f control 50 Damaging species 50 D eer . 50 Rabbits 51 Squirrels 51 Voles and mice 51 Starlings 51 Finches 51 Other species 51 Bibliography 51 Chapter 6 FIRE PROTECTION plans . 52 Plan layout 52 Consultation with fire service. 52 protection methods 52 Methods aimed at prevention. 52 Publicity 52 Woodmen and Contractors 53 Reducing the risk of a fire spreading 53 ix Page Methods for reducing loss 55 Breaking up a plantation 55 Receiving early warning 55 Access and water supplies . 55 Beaters and other fire fighting equipment. 56 Training fire fighters in advance . 56 Calling out fire fighting teams 57 Fire fighting techniques 57 Surface fires 57 G round fires 57 Crown fires 57 Tactics for large fires 58 Precautions after main fire 58 Bibliography 58 Chapter 7 THE FOREST AND RECREATION The impact on the forest 59 Recreational uses 59 Planning for forest recreation 59 Conclusion. 67 Bibliography 67 Chapter 8 PLANNING, ORGANISING AND CONTROLLING PRODUCTION The yield class system . 59 Cutting regim es ..................................................... 70 Economic appraisal of alternative regimes 70 x Page Thinning 71 Basic considerations 71 Thinning intensity . 71 Thinning cycle 72 Thinning type 72 Other considerations 72 Line thinning 72 Thinning of mixtures 72 Risk of windblow . 72 Field procedures . 73 Preparatory measures 73 Method of marking 73 Thinning control . 73 Clear felling 76 Data collection (surveys) 76 Objectives . 76 Earlier data 76 Terrain and crops. 76 Resource requirements . 76 Maps . 76 Aerial photography 76 Basic survey and mapping 77 Stock mapping .... 77 Crop inventory: description of crop 81 Production forecasting. 81 Data recording . 81 L ist A Registers of air photography. 81 Commercial sources of air photographs . 81 L ist B Legends for basic field survey documents 82 Added legends for stock map. 82 L ist C Suggested list of survey equipment for a field team . 83 Field survey 83 Crop assessment . 83 Suppliers 83 Bibliography 83 xi Chapter 9 HARVESTIN G Page Planning 85 Terrain 85 The forest crop 86 M arkets 86 Machinery available 87 Chainsaws . 87 Skidders 87 Forwarders . 88 Cablecranes. 89 Loaders 90 Harvesting systems 90 Tree-length system 90 Shortwood system. 91 Other systems 91 Choice of system . 91 Harvesting techniques . 92 Felling 92 Delimbing . 97 Crosscutting 97 Extraction with skidders 97 Extraction with forwarders . 99 Extraction with cablecrane . 100 Roadside and depot conversion 106 Timber transport . 108 Outputs 108 Personal safety equipment 108 Bibliography 110 Chapter 10 MARKETING AND UTILISATION Estimates of production 112 Licensing of felling 112 xii Page Methods of sale . 112 Negotiation 112 Tender 113 Auction 113 Standing sales 113 C ontracts . 113 Sales after felling 114 Prices. 115 Products . 115 Saw timber 115 Mining timber 115 P i t w o o d ...................................................................................... 115 Pulpwood, fibreboard, chipboard and wood-wool material 116 Fencing m aterials. 116 Telegraph poles 116 Turnery poles 116 Rustic poles 117 Stakes. 117 Other forest produce 117 Bibliography 117 Chapter 11 ROADS Forest road planning . 118 Effect of terrain, soil and other factors on road location . 118 Forest road standards . 120 Survey methods . 120 Construction of roads . 120 Road construction and maintenance plant 121 Bridge design, construction and maintenance . 121 xiii Page M aintenance of roads 122 Bibliography Chapter 12 RAD IO Choice of equipment 123 Radio systems 123 Radio and forest administration 123 Radio and fire protection 123 Radio and harvesting . 123 Chapter 13 CAREERS AND TRAINING IN FORESTRY Careers 124 Qualifications 124 Courses leading to qualifications .... 124 City and Guilds of London Institute’s certificates 124 Ordinary National Diploma in Forestry . 124 National Diploma in Forestry 124 University degrees .... 125 Certificates of the Royal Forestry Societies 125 T r a i n i n g .......................................... 125 Identification of training needs 125 Bibliography 126 xiv Chapter 14 ADVICE TO WOODLAND OWNERS Page Professional advice 127 Forestry in the European Economic Community 127 The Forestry Commission’s Dedication Scheme 127 Small woods planting schemes 128 Grants for shelterbelts . 128 Other grants for tree planting 128 Felling licences 128 Taxation of woodlands. 129 Advice on fire protection 129 Protection of ancient monuments and sites 129 Bibliography 130 Chapter 15 MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF A WOODLAND ESTATE Introduction 131 Preparing the basic map and compartment records . 131 Description of the woodlands 13 2 Objects of management 132 Programmes and working methods 132 Management and record keeping . 132 Revisions of plans 133 xv Page Definitions, terms and abbreviations 133 Crop classification 133 Partial planting 134 Partial felling .... 134 Direct sowing and natural regeneration . 134 Unplantable areas 134 Chapter 16 SAFETY IN FORESTRY: A LEGAL SUMMARY The 1974 Act 135 Duties of employer 135 Duties of employee 135 Official bodies 135 The 1956
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