Project description Stefanie Göttel

The Swiss Exile in London. Space of Experience and Political Imaginations, 1798-1815 1. Topic and scientific research question The Swiss exile from 1798 to 1815 in national historiography is still an unknown. This politically motivated emigration was triggered by the Helvetic Revolution, which, with military support from the French Republic, led the political elite of the Swiss Confederation to flee the country and for the first time created a unitary state. What has so far gone unnoticed in research is the fact that in 1813 émigés returned from exile to the political elite of and initiated the Restoration phase of their home cantons. The terms “old-minded” (Altgesinnte), “(ultra-)conservatives”, “counterrevolutionaries” or “reactionaries” that are used to describe the elite of the Restoration do neither take into account the broad political spectrum nor the social heterogeneity of the actors in exile. This research project therefore aims to capture the political spectrum in exile, whose representatives have long been seen as (ultra-)conservative reactionaries and been juxtaposed to the supposedly progressive, liberal revolutionaries. The dichotomous thinking in supporters and opponents of the revolution draws an artificial line that ignores overlapping political ideas. The objective of the dissertation is to show the diversity that was to be found in the émigrés' political plans for the future and what role the migration movement played in the construction and transformation processes of the Swiss state and national identity until 1815. The intention is to break away from preconceived ideas about counterrevolution, restoration and conservatism and instead to get an understanding of the reaction to the revolution in its plurality. Accordingly, the still predominant binary thinking of liberalism vs. conservatism in historiography is to be deconstructed and instead the innovative potential of the counterrevolutionary camp from 1798 to 1815 to be emphasized. The focus of the PhD project lies on the Swiss emigration from 1798 to 1815, because it was generally equated with the counterrevolution. The émigrés – men and women alike – quickly built a network with actors of the European political diaspora in order to organize active resistance against the new regime at home. Many of the politically exiled who were in the service of a coalition power were not entirely averse to the ideals of the French Revolution and competed among themselves for political influence at the European courts. With this research I will demonstrate precisely this heterogeneity within the Swiss exile and the thus resulting diversity of political imaginations of the future. Therefore, it can be shown how the debate on the future existence of the Swiss Confederation was already taking place in exile circles before the , thus influencing decision-makers of the European powers. In exile the émigrés processed their experience of political exclusion and homelessness. In response to the revolutionary transformation processes, they formulated their own ideas of how the future Confederation should be organized in the post-war order. In doing so, they drew on a repertoire of elements form the Enlightenment as well as traditionalist ideas. This gives rise to the following research questions, which can be summarized in two larger thematic blocks: 1. general conditions: What are the networks and institutions used in exile? Which networks are expanded in the period from 1798 to 1815? What is the social and political background of the actors? With which political functionaries of the major European powers do the emigrés seek contact? What rivalries and coalitions result from this? 2. content / history of ideas: What political ideas about the future organization of the Swiss Confederation do the people living in exile have? From which past events do they develop a collective memory between 1798 and 1815?

1 Project description Stefanie Göttel

2. Current state of research Prompted by a 1985 conference on the forms of resistance to the French Revolution (Lebrun/Dupuy 1987), research in the past 30 years has become increasingly interested in the counterrevolutionary camp of the French Revolution. This triggered a scholarly debate on the ideology and political objectives of the counterrevolution, which made clear that any attempt to conceptualize anti-revolutionary resistance was bound to fail due to the heterogeneous profile of the actors (Middell 1990, 1994; Martin 2011; Caron/Luis 2015). This becomes particularly clear in the image of the revolutionary enemy, the French émigré – the politically opponent, anti-reform nobleman plotting from abroad against the objectives and the state system of the young republic and who, in 1814/15, triumphantly returned to the top of the restored state. Since the second half of the 20th century, historians on the French emigration have increasingly distanced themselves from this stereotypical portrayal (Greer 1951; Diesbach 1975). Instead, the latest research emphasizes the heterogeneity of this emigration group – be it in its social origins, ideological orientation or political activity (Carpenter 1999; Burrows 2000; Rance 2010; Pestel, 2015). This research corrects the existing binary understanding of liberalism vs. conservatism, whose origin lies in the dichotomy of revolution vs. counterrevolution. These are categorizations under which 19th and early 20th century historians retrospectively divided actors into two camps that never existed in reality. The criticism of these categories is accompanied by a reassessment of the Restoration period (1815-1830), which has its roots in the political emigration and has therefore been pejoratively equated with counterrevolution and conservatism. In Swiss historiography, Irène Herrmann leads the current debate on a re-evaluation of the Restoration, which is generally regarded as conservative (Herrmann 2015, 2016). In contrast to the older historiography, she points out that the restoration provided the basis for a political renewal of the Swiss Confederation, equally through modern political theories and traditionalist ideas. Before the outbreak of the Helvetic Revolution in 1798, French emigrants first came to Geneva, then to Fribourg and Bern. They made contact with the political elite of the Corpus helveticum and these connections continued to exist in exile from 1798 to 1815 (Andrey 1972; Pestel 2015, 299-339). Thus, the research on the French Revolution and emigration provides important references for the present project. Furthermore, new historical studies on early modern foreign relations of the old Confederation repeatedly underline the importance of the European great powers for state independence and the formation of a national consciousness (Holenstein 2014; Arni/Leimgruber/Mathieu/Studer/Tissot 2015; Humair 2018; Holenstein/Kury/Schulz 2018; Veyrassat 2018). So far, there are only isolated studies that deal with partial aspects of the Swiss exile. For the most part, however, they concentrate on patriotic-revolutionary actors such as the educator Frédéric-César de La Harpe (1754-1838) at the Russian court (Tosato-Rigo 2018, 2019) and other patriots from the canton Vaud who intervened with the Tsar at the Congress of Vienna to preserve their homeland (Meuwly 2017; Rapin 2017), or Genevan revolutionaries who went into political exile in Great Britain as early as 1782, some of whom had to flee again in 1798 (Whatmore 2019). The research mentioned above provides important information about actors and existing networks in exile that were reactivated in the period between 1798 and 1815.

3. Description of the primary sources Among the actors to be examined in this project are primarily the émigrés. These include those persons who had left their home country for political reasons and whose return was only possible when the political conditions in the Swiss cantons changed. Excluded from this are emigration movements to America or Russia, which also took place during the period under study. Following current research, the term émigré is extended (Jansen 2018, 500f.; Pestel 2017, paras. 3-

2 Project description Stefanie Göttel

20) to include those persons who had taken up employment in a foreign country before the outbreak of the Helvetic Revolution and who then became part of the exile space in 1798. These are, for example, mercenary soldiers such as Eugène de Courten (1771-1839) or bankers such as Jean (James) Galiffe (1776-1853), who, as “channels of communication”, played an important role in the circulation of political ideas, since most émigrés had broken off contact with their homeland relatives. Finally, politicians (British prime ministers and parliamentarians such as Lord Grenville, 1759-1834), diplomats (William Wickham, 1761-1840, or Stratford Canning, 1786-1880) and agents of the European alliance powers are also considered part of the exile, because the Swiss émigrés served them as political advisors and recognized them as their representatives in a diplomatic sense. This results in source material of different provenance: firstly, officially produced files on emigration, i.e. archival documents stored in the Swiss Federal Archives, consisting of émigré-lists as well as legal texts and the correspondence of cantonal governors, files from the department of justice and police, which monitored the emigration and took measures against it; secondly, correspondence, personal testimonies, memoirs and pamphlets from family archives and the estates of the actors to be investigated; finally, files from the foreign ministries (in London, Vienna, and Berlin), which had collected reports from their agents and diplomats on the situation in Switzerland and were in close contact with the émigrés. Of particular importance are the estates of émigré publicists such as Jacques Mallet du Pan (1749-1800) from Geneva or the Neuchâtel publisher Abraham Louis Frauche-Borel (1762-1829), who were particularly active in the propaganda war of the coalition powers. The PhD project is thus based on a broad corpus of sources from private, journalistic and official provenance.

4. Methodological approach In order to further limit the topic, the focus of this research project is placed on only the exile center in London; other exile communities are only treated in relation to London. The focus on London has been chosen for several reasons: The city became the center of the European emigration in 1792 when the Revolutionary Wars broke out. The brothers of Louis XVI lived here with their entourage as well as diplomatic representatives of the great European powers (Carpenter 1999; Reboul 2017). It was from here that the propaganda war was fought against Paris (Burrows 2000). Many émigrés from the , who had initially fled to southern Germany and Vienna in 1798, moved on to Great Britain if they did not benefit from the Helvetic amnesty and consequent return to their homeland. Finally, Great Britain was one of the leading parties at the Congress of Vienna, where the émigrés tried to influence the European decision-makers through their exile networks. As the center of the European political diaspora, as the starting point of the propaganda war and as the capital of the leading war power from 1792 to 1815, London was an important place for refugees and became an essential think tank for Swiss emigration. Methodologically, I combine approaches of current spatial theory (Rau 2013) with the political discourse theory (Sarasin 2003). Cities play a special role in spatial theory. The focus lies not on the city itself, but on what it causes (Lau 2016a, 17). For example, London becomes the center for the European political diaspora and for communication during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Thus, the city constantly gives rise to new possibilities for action and starting- points for political ideas. London as the center of British hegemonic power opens up new spheres of action and a discursive frame of reference for the émigrés. The city becomes an arena for the actors, where they position themselves in the dispute between France and Great Britain over the European sovereignty, where they actively participate in the debate and try to assert their own ideas. The goal of each actor is to orientate the actions of others in order to realize his

3 Project description Stefanie Göttel or her own ideas. In their political imaginations, the émigrés compete with the political elite at home, which is under French influence (on the revolutionary discourse: Reichardt, 2017). This competition is to be interpreted along the political-military hegemonic war between London and Paris for the future political system in Europe (similar to the early modern competition between Spain and France cf. Lau 2016b, 343). The émigrés were able to draw from older discourse practices; this becomes particularly clear in the example of the so called “zugewandte Orte” of Neuchâtel or Geneva which where of a lower political status than regular members of the Confederacy. During the Ancien Régime their representatives sought closer ties to the Swiss Confederation, e.g. to benefit from trade privileges enjoyed by Swiss mercenaries or merchants abroad (Ackermann/Lehmann/Weber 2019; similarly Würgler 2009). The political concepts of Swiss emigration are thus shaped by a regional, national and European discourse. By analyzing the exile discourse in London at various levels, it is possible to avoid falling back into an outdated national historiography and, instead, to put forward the political entanglement of early modern states. Furthermore, the actor-centered perspective helps to break down the binary notion of revolution and counterrevolution.

4 Project description Stefanie Göttel

5. Bibliography 5.1 Primary sources 5.1.1 Archives

Switzerland Bibliothèque publique et universitaire, Genf • Nachlass François d'Ivernois • Nachlass Etienne Dumont Bundesarchiv, Bern • Zentralarchiv der Helvetischen Republik (1798-1803) • Archiv der Mediationszeit • Archiv der Tagsatzungsperiode • Abschriftensammlung Burgerbibliothek Bern • Manuscripta historica helvetica • Handschriftensammlung von Mülinen • FA von Wattenwyl B: Familienarchiv von Wattenwyl • FA de Goumoëns • FA de Diesbach-Torny Kantonal und Universitätsbibliothek Neuenburg • Nachlass Charles-Daniel de Meuron Staatsarchiv Bern • Verwaltungsarchive, bis 1831, Geheimer Rat, Staatsrat und Diplomatisches Departement • Familienarchiv von Diesbach (Bern BG) Staatsarchiv Freiburg • Nachlass von Nicolas de Gady • Nachlass von Louis d'Affry • Nachlass Karl Ludwig von Haller • Nachlass Jean und Charles Griset de Forel Staatsarchiv Genf • Familienarchiv Mallet • Collection Galiffe • Depôt Schloss Crans, Nachlass Charles Saladin • Familienarchiv Lullin Staatsarchiv Graubünden • Familienarchiv von Salis • Familienarchiv Planta Staatsarchiv Luzern • Familienarchiv von Schumacher Staatsarchiv Neuenburg • Familienarchiv Fauche Borel Abraham Louis Staatsarchiv Schwyz • Familienarchiv von Reding Staatsarchiv Waadt • Nachlass Rovéréa • Nachlass Armand François Louis de Mestral de Saint-Saphorin Staatsarchiv Wallis

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• Familienarchiv de Courten Stadtarchiv Schaffhausen • Hurteriana Stadtbibliothek Schaffhausen • Nachlass Johannes von Müller • Nachlass Johann Georg Müller Stiftsarchiv Sankt Gallen • Nachlass Pankraz Vorster Zentralbibliothek Zürich • Familienarchiv Hirzel • Familienarchiv Wyss

Great Britain Balliol College Archives & Manuscripts • Mallet Family Papers I. Papers of Jacques (James) Mallet du Pan

British Library, London • Herries Papers • Egmont Papers • Hamilton and Greville Papers • McCrimmon Collection • Peel Papers • The British Mercury; or, Historical and critical views of the events of the present times. By Mallet du Pan Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies • Grenville Family Papers Hampshire Archives and Local Studies • Wickham of Binsted: Swiss Correspondence and Papers National Archives, Kew • War Office • Home Office • Foreign Office (Stratford Canning Papers) • Public Record Office

Austria Österreichisches Staatsarchiv. Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Wien • Urkundenreihen, Siegelabguss- und Typarsammlungen • Kriegsarchiv • Diplomatie und Aussenpolitik vor 1848. Staatskanzlei. Kongressakten. 13: Wiener Kongress: Schweiz • Diplomatie und Aussenpolitik vor 1848. Staatenabteilungen. Ausserdeutsche Staaten. Schweiz • Diplomatie und Aussenpolitik 1848-1918. Gesandtschafts- und Konsulatsarchive (1617-1920)

France Archives nationales. Archives du château de Chantilly • Archives des derniers princes de Condé et du duc de Bourbon (1789-1825) Centre des Archives diplomatiques de La Courneuve • Correspondance politique Suisse • Correspondance politique Angleterre

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Germany Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin • Zentrale Verewaltungs- und Justizbehörden Brandenburg-Preussen bis 1808 • Sonderverwaltungen der Übergangszeit 1806-1815 • Staatsoberhaupt und oberste Staatsbehörden, Ministerien und andere Zentralbehörden Preussens ab 1808 (Auswärtigen Angelegenheiten, Gesandtschaften, diplomatische Vertreter) • Nachlass Wilhelm von Humboldt

5.1.2 Primary printed sources

Des avantages et des inconvéniens du systême fédératif, considéré comme base de la future constitution de l'Helvétie, o.O. 1800. Erklärung der zur Herstellung ihres Vaterlandes vereinigten Schweizer bey ihrem Wiedereintritt in die Schweiz, (d.d. Neu-Ravenspurg, d. 1. Mai 1799, Friedrich von Steiger, vormals Schultheiss zu Bern, im Namen aller vereinigten Schweizer), Zürich 1799, Mutmasslicher Verfasser: Karl Ludwig von Haller. Erklärung des Wiener Congresses (die Schweizer-Angelegenheiten [betreffend]. Wien den 20. Merz 1815), St. Gallen 1815. Fauche Borel, Louis [Abraham]: Précis historique des différentes Missions dans lesquelles M. L. F. B. à été employé pour la cause de la monarchie; suivi de pièces justificatives, Paris 1815. Ders.: Mémoires de F.-B., Paris 1829. [auch: 4 vol., Genève 1829]. Ders.: Neuchâtel sous le prince Berthier, le blocus continental et le bataillon des Canaris 1806-1814, Neuenburg 1989. [Ders.] Extrait de la Biographie des Hommes vivants. Tome troisième, page 21. L'an 1817 [being a memoir of L. F. B.], Londres [1817]. Ders.: Exposition of the persecutions which L. F. B. has experienced from M. M. D'Antraigues and De Puisaye, in consequence of the zeal he has manifested in the service of Engalnd, and in the cause of legitimacy, London 1812. Ders.: Notices sur les généraux Pichegru et Moreau, etc. Londres 1807. Ders.: Réponse de F. B. à M. Riffé, substitut de Monsieur le Procureur du Roi, et en cette qualité ayant porté la parole dans l'affaire contre Perlet; suivi du jugement rendu contre ce dernier, Paris 1816. Genève et les traités de 1815: correspondance diplomatique de P. de Rochemont et de François d'Ivernois, 2 Bde., hg. von L. Cramer, 1914. François d'Ivernois: Les cinq promesses. Tableau de la conduite du gouvernement consulaire envers La France, l'Angleterre, l'Italie, l'Allemagne, et surtout envers la Suisse, 2de éd. Augmentée d'un supplément à l'introduction, et d'un appendice sur la Suisse, Londres, Hambourg etc. Avril 1803. Haller, Karl Ludwig von (Hg.): Helvetische Annalen, 64 St., 5.04.-10.11.1798, Bern 1798. Ders.: Was ist die alte Ordnung? Eine Neujahrsrede an Stadt und Land, [Bern] 1814. Ders.: Was sind Unterthanen-Verältnisse? Im August 1814, o.O. Ders.: Projekt einer Constitution für die Schweizerische Republik Bern. Abgefasst im Merz 1798, auf die Voraussetzung dass solche einstweilen Platz haben könne, Bern 1798. Ders.: Aufruf eines rechtschaffenen Schweizers an seine noch nicht befreyten Mitbürger, o.O. 1799. Ders.: Geschichte der Wirkungen und Folgen des Östereichischen Feldzugs in der Schweiz. Ein Historisches Gemälde der Schweiz vor, während und nach ihrer versuchten Wiederbefreyung; mit mancherley unbekannten Aufschlüssen über die Ereignisse dieser Zeit, 2 Theile, Weimar 1801. Hotz, Heinrich: Freude eines Landmanns über die aus der augenscheinlichsten Gefahr gerettete Stadt Zürich; in ein Lied entworfen, 16. Brachm. 1799, Zürich 1799

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Mallet du Pan: Essai historique sur la destruction de la ligue et de la liberté helvétique. à Londres 1798. Ders.: The History of the Destruction of the Helvetic Union and Liberty, Boston 1799. Ders.: A Short Account of the Invastion of Switzerland by the French, In a Letter from M. Malle du Pan to M. de M*****. Translated from the French, Dublin/London 1798. Ders.: Mémoires et Correspondance de M' du Pan pour servir à l'histoire de la Révolution française, recueillis et mis en ordre par A[ndré] Sayous... 2 tomes, Paris 1851. Ders.. Zerstörung des Schweitzer-Bundes und der Schweitzer-Freyheit; ein historischer Versuch, aus dem Frazösischen, mit einigen erläuternden Anmerkungen, 2 Hälften, Leipzig 1799. Müller, Johannes von: Die Korrespondenz Johannes von Müllers mit Schultheiss Steiger Generalleutnant v. Hotze und Oberst v. Rovéréa 1798 und 1799, hg. v. Karl Henking, 2 Teile (Beilage zum Jahresbericht der Kantonsschule in Schaffhausen 1903/04, 1904/05), Schaffhausen 1904/5. Ders.: Rede an alle Eidgenossen, einzeln hg., o.O. 1805. Ders.: Räthe an die Eidgenossenschaft. Gesammelt und mit einigen Zusätzen begleitet von einem Freunde seines Vaterlandes ([Johann] W[ilhelm] V[eith]), [Aargau] 1814. Ders.: Noch einige Räthe an die Eidgenossen von J.M. Aus ungedruckten Papieren desselben [hg. v. Johann Wilhelm Veith], [Aargau] 1814. Planta, Joseph: The Hisory of the Helvetic Confederacy, London 1800/1807/1825. Ders.: Essais sur le nouveau pacte social des français, Besançon, an VIII [1799]. Ders.: A View of the Restoration of the Helvetic Confederacy. Being a sequel to the History of that Republic, London 1821. Rapport de la commission chargée de rédiger un projet de constitution pour la république de Genève; avec le projet même, Genève 1814. Rovéréa, Ferdinand de : Précis de la révolution de la Suisse. De Berne en particulier, [Konstanz] 1798. Ders.: Mémoires écrites par lui-même et publiés par [François-] C[harles] de Tavel, 4 Bde, Bern, Zürich, Paris 1848. Ders.: Hommage d'un Suisse aux braves d'Unterwalden, o.O., September 1798. Ders.: Opfer der Hochachtung den wackern Unterwaldnern dargebracht von einem Schweizer, Zürich 1799. Senfft, [Christian Frédéric Louis] Cte de: Mémoires du Cte de S. Empire, organisation politique de la Suisse. 1806- 1813, Leipzig 1863. Strickler, Johannes (Hg.): Amtliche Sammlung der Acten aus der Zeit der helvetischen Republik 1798-1803 im Anschlusse an die Sammlung der älteren eidgenössischen Abschiede, 10 Bde, Bern 1886-1905.

5.2 Secondary Sources

Ackermann, Nadja; Lehmann, Peter; Weber, Nadir (2019): Von Vormauern zu Türöffnern. Neuenburg, Genf und die Konstruktion des "Territoire suisse". In: André Holenstein, Claire Jaquier, Timothée Léchot und Daniel Schläppi (Hg.): Politische, gelehrte und imaginierte Schweiz / Suisse politique, savante et imaginaire. Kohäsion und Disparität im Corpus helveticum des 18. Jahrhunderts / Cohésion et disparité du Corps helvétique au XVIIIe siècle. Genf: Slatkine (Travaux sur la Suisse des Lumières, 20), S. 161–177. Andrey, Georges (1972): Les émigrés français dans le canton de Fribourg (1789-1815). Effectifs, activités, portraits. Neuenburg: Edition de la Baconnière (Archives de la Société d'histoire du canton de Fribourg, 21). Arni, Caroline; Leimgruber, Walter; Mathieu, Jon; Studer, Brigitte; Tissot, Laurent (Hg.) (2015): Die Schweiz anderswo. AuslandschweizerInnen - SchweizerInnen im Ausland / La Suisse ailleurs. Les Suisses de l'étranger - les Suisses à l'étranger. Zürich: Chronos (Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte / Annuaire suisse d'histoire économique et sociale, 29). Burrows, Simon (2000): French exile journalism and European politics, 1792-1814. Suffolk, Rochester, NY: Royal Historical Society (The Royal Historical Society studies in history. New series).

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Carpenter, Kirsty (1999): Refugees of the French Revolution. Émigrés in London, 1789-1802. Basingstoke [etc.]: Macmillan. Diesbach, Ghislain de (1975): Histoire de l'émigration. 1789-1814. Paris: B. Grasset. Greer, Donald (1951): The Incidence of the Emigration during the French Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Herrmann, Irène (2015): Échec, défaite ou soumission? La Restauration dans les cantons suisses. In: Jean-Claude Caron und Jean-Philippe Luis (Hg.): Rien appris, rien oublié? Les Restaurations dans l'Europe postnapoléonienne (1814-1830). Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes (Collection "Histoire"), S. 27–36. Herrmann, Irène (2016): 12 septembre 1814. La Restauration. La Confédération réinventée. Lausanne: Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes (Le Savoir suisse, 117). Holenstein, André (2014): Mitten in Europa. Verflechtung und Abgrenzung in der Schweizer Geschichte. Baden: Hier + jetzt. Holenstein, André; Kury, Patrick; Schulz, Kristina (2018): Schweizer Migrationsgeschichte. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Baden: Hier und Jetzt. Humair, Cédric (2018): La Suisse et les puissances européennes. Aux sources de l'indépendance (1813-1857). Neuenburg: LIVREO-ALPHIL (Focus, 22). Jansen, Jan C. (2018): Flucht und Exil im Zeitalter der Revolutionen. Perspektiven einer atlantischen Flüchtlingsgeschichte (1770er - 1820er Jahre). In: Geschichte und Gesellschaft 44, S. 495–525. Lau, Thomas (2016): Die Republik auf Reisen. In: Karsten Igel und Thomas Lau (Hg.): Die Stadt im Raum. Vorstellungen, Entwürfe und Gestaltungen im vormodernen Europa. Köln: Böhlau (Städteforschung, 89), S. 335–355. Lau, Thomas (2016): Einleitung. In: Karsten Igel und Thomas Lau (Hg.): Die Stadt im Raum. Vorstellungen, Entwürfe und Gestaltungen im vormodernen Europa. Köln: Böhlau (Städteforschung, 89), S. 14–26. Lebrun, François; Dupuy, Roger (Hg.) (1987): Les résistances à la Révolution. Actes du Colloque de Rennes 17-21 septembre 1985: Imago. Meuwly, Olivier (2017): Henri Monod et Frédéric-César de La Harpe. Ambassadeurs de la cause vaudoise. In: Olivier Meuwly (Hg.): Le Congrès de Vienne et le Canton de Vaud. 1813-1815. Lausanne: Bibliothèque historique vaudoise (Bibliothèque historique vaudoise, 144), S. 135–151. Middell, Matthias (1990): Zum Prozess der Konstituierung der französischen Konterrevolution (Ende 1788 - Sommer 1789). In: Jahrbuch für Geschichte. Die Französische Revolution von 1789. Studien zur Geschichte und zu ihren Wirkungen 39, S. 203–233. Middell, Matthias (1994): Widerstände gegen Revolutionen 1789-1989. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag (Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung, 12). Pestel, Friedemann (2015): Kosmopoliten wider willen. Die "monarchiens" als Revolutionsemigranten. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg (Pariser Historische Studien, 104). Pestel, Friedemann (2017): On Counterrevolution. Semantic Investigations on a Counter-Concept during the French Revolution. In: Contributions to the History of Concepts 12 (2), S. 50–75. DOI: 10.3167/choc.2017.120204. Rance, Karine (2010): L'historiographie de I'émigration. In: Philippe Bourdin (Hg.): Les noblesses françaises dans l'Europe de la Révolution. Actes du colloque international de Vizille (10-12 septembre 2008). Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes (Histoire), S. 355–368. Rapin, Ami-Jacques (2017): Jomini, Alexandre Ier et le Canton de Vaud. In: Olivier Meuwly (Hg.): Le Congrès de Vienne et le Canton de Vaud. 1813-1815. Lausanne: Bibliothèque historique vaudoise (Bibliothèque historique vaudoise, 144), S. 162–170. Rau, Susanne (2013): Räume. Konzepte, Wahrnehmungen, Nutzungen. Frankfurt a. M.: Campus (Historische Einführungen Campus, 14). Reboul, Juliette (2017): French Emigration to Great Britain in Response to the French Revolution. Cham: Springer International Publishing (War, Culture and Society, 1750-1850).

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Reichardt, Rolf (2017): Lexikon der Revolutions-Ikonographie in der europäischen Druckgraphik (1789-1889). Münster: Rhema. Sarasin, Philipp (2003): Geschichtswissenschaft und Diskursanalyse. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp (Suhrkamp- Taschenbuch Wissenschaft, 1639). Tosato-Rigo, Danièle (2018): Anciens sujets - nouveaux cantons. Autour de la "Grande Peur" de 1814-1815. In: Jean-Claude Rebetez und Damien Bregnard (Hg.): De la crosse à la croix. L'ancien Évêché de Bâle devient suisse (Congrès de Vienne - 1815). Neuenburg: Éditions Alphil, S. 53–75. Tosato-Rigo, Danièle (2019): Précepteurs et gouvernantes suisses à la cour de Russie à l'ère des révolutions. Autouor de l'affaire Du Puget-Sybourg. In: xviii.ch - Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung des 18. Jahrhunderts 10, S. 9–25. Veyrassat, Béatrice (2018): Histoire de la Suisse et des Suisses dans la marche du monde. XVIIe siècle - Première Guerre mondiale. Espaces - Circulations - Échanges. Neuenburg: LIVREO-ALPHIL (Les routes de l'histoire). Whatmore, Richard (2019): Terrorists, anarchists, and republicans. The Genevans and the Irish in time of revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Würgler, Andreas (2009): Which Switzerland? Contrasting Conceptions of the Early Modern Swiss Confederation in European Minds and Maps. In: Beat Kümin (Hg.): Political Space in Pre-industrial Europe. London: Ashgate Publishing Limited, S. 197–213.

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