F FAO Aquaculture Newsletter Aquaculture FAO A N » » » » In thismonth’sissue Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Caused NutritionSensitive Aquaculture: T h e I m p a c t o f M i c r o p l a s t i c s o n F o o d ( by an Orthomyxo-like virus a Dream orReality? Aquaculture Products Aquaculture Safety: the Case of Fishery and 9 through Blue Growth Advancing Sustainable Aquaculture Cultured andWildStocks ofTilapia Family Orthomyxoviridae 43 ) Threatening

September 2017 39 ii

o N 57 INVITED EDITORIAL form of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) rather than ALA (a-Linolenic acid) is needed to secure an optimal brain development. This is particularly important during pregnancy and the first two years of life (the 1000-day window).

Considering the past trends and experience in global fish production, ©WORLDFISH Woman feeding fish to her child in it is likely that the future demand for Bangladesh

R. SUBASINGHE R. fish would be met by aquaculture and the global per capita fish consumption may increase from Nutrition Sensitive current 21 kg to at least 23 kg per year by 2025. However, there are a Aquaculture: few ethical issues.

a Dream or a Reality? Some claim that, due to the high commodity value, there is a trend ish provides more than 4.5 billion Fish is more than just a source of towards increasing production of Fpeople with at least 15 percent animal protein. It contains several shrimp in Asia (Asia contributes of their average per capita intake essential amino acids, especially nearly 90 percent to the global of animal protein. Fish’s unique lysine and methionine. The lipid aquaculture production). They argue nutritional properties make it also composition of fish, with the that considering the increasing essential to the health of billions of presence of long-chain, poly- cost of fishmeal, which is a main consumers in both developed and unsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), ingredient for shrimp feed, there developing countries. Fish is one is unique. Fish is also an important is also a trend in sourcing fishmeal of the most efficient converters of source of essential micronutrients – locally using small local species, feed into high quality food and its vitamins D, A and B, and minerals that would otherwise have been carbon footprint is lower compared (calcium, phosphorus, iodine, zinc, consumed directly by humans. to other animal production systems. iron and selenium), which makes it Small indigenous fish species, which Considering the increasing global particularly attractive in the current could be eaten whole and which population and importance of fight against malnutrition in low are very high in micronutrients feeding the future world with a income and food deficient countries such as vitamin A and B12, should heathy and nutritious diet, many (LIFDCs). Consumption of fish and not be used for making fishmeal have stressed that fish should be on especially oily fish is essential for an but be promoted as food and their everyone’s plate. optimal development of the brain production should be increased, and neural system of our children, where appropriate. since omega-3 fatty acids in the

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply products or services is not implied in any way. that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via: The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) www.fao.org/contact-us/licencerequest or addressed to [email protected] and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. FAO information products are available on the FAO website © FAO, 2017 (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. ii

COVER PHOTOS: LEFT PHOTO: Fish hand fed at Yalelo Fish Farm in Lake Kariba, Zambia, ©R. BRUMMET – RIGHT PHOTO: Feeding fish at Quatre Soeurs, Mauritius ©S.HANOOMANJEE INVITED EDITORIAL A trade-off exists between export value and local nutrition. In several countries in Asia, particularly in Bangladesh and India, efforts are being made to improve household fish consumption through increase traditional homestead fish production. These efforts are providing convincing results and the interventions and principles are now proving successful and adaptable and/or repeatable in other countries. ©WORLDFISH Bangladeshi woman showing small indigenous species, mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) cultured in her backyard pond A recent study1 focussing 41 nutritionally vulnerable nations alarming situation, especially when I truly believe nutrition sensitive (NVN), tried to find whether promoting fish as a nutritious aquaculture can become a reality, aquaculture meets human alternative to less healthier diets in if we make a paradigm shift nutritional demand directly via the world2. in thinking from “aquaculture domestic production or trade, development” to “aquaculture for or indirectly via purchase of These observations left should be sustainable development”, using nutritionally rich dietary substitutes. pushing us rethink and redesign fish as the entry point to improve The study revealed that only a our strategies towards aquaculture nutrition and livelihoods of target limited number of NVNs have development worldwide. Is the communities consisting billions of domestically farmed fish, and of notion of nutrition sensitive people worldwide. We need the those, only specific aquaculture aquaculture, a dream or reality? political will! approaches (e.g. freshwater) in Thinking positively with some some locations have the potential experiences from several NVNs, to benefit nutritionally vulnerable populations. In other words, high 2 Citation: Bogard JR, Farook S, Marks GC, Waid J, Belton B, Ali M, et al. (2017) Higher value farmed fish always find a fish but lower micronutrient intakes: market outside the location of Temporal changes in fish consumption from capture fisheries and aquaculture in Rohana Subasinghe production. Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 12(4): e0175098. Former Head of FAO Aquaculture Branch https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175098 E-mail: [email protected] It has also been found, in some parts of Bangladesh, increased availability of cultured freshwater fish has increased consumption of fish in rural households, although consumption of traditional small indigenous species with superior nutritional qualities has been reduced significantly. This is an

1 Golden, C.D., Seto, K.L., Dey, M.M.,Chen, O.L., Gephart, J.A., Myers, S.S., Smith, M., Vaitla, B. & Allison, E.H. 2017. Does Aquaculture Support the Needs of Nutritionally Vulnerable Nations? V. CRESPI

Front. Mar. Sci. 4:159. doi: 10.3389/ ©FAO/ fmars.2017.00159 Woman selling smoked North African catfish outside Albert Market in Banjul, Gambia

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 iii CONTENTS

■ Invited Editorial Nutrition Sensitive Aquaculture: a Dream or a Reality? ii AQUACULTURE UPDATES BY REGION 15 GLOBAL AQUACULTURE UPDATES 7 ■ Asia-Pacific NESAR ©FAO/A. Harvesting of striped catfish (Pangasius Regional Consultation on Responsible hypophthalmus) from an hearthen pond in ■ From the Statistician’s Desk Production and Use of Feed and Feed Bangladsh Considerations from the Aquaculture Ingredients for Sustainable Growth of Statisticians 7 Aquaculture in Asia-Pacific 15 ■ Near East and North Africa ■ From Fish Health Specialist’s Ensuring sustainable expansion of Support to the National Agency for Desk aquaculture in Bangladesh 17 Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Caused the Development of Aquaculture (ANDA) in Morocco 24 by an Orthomyxo-like virus Highlight of Aquaculture Focused (Family Orthomyxoviridae) Threatening Country Projects (TCPs) in Asia-Pacific 19 Cultured and Wild Stocks of Tilapia 9 Ninth Session of the Regional Commission for Fisheries (RECOFI) 25 Regional Initiative to Promote Scaling ■ Meetings/events up of Innovative Agro-Aquaculture ■ Latin America and the Outcomes of the COFI-Sub-Committee and Climate Resilient Tilapia Farming Caribbean on Fish Trade 12 Practices 21 Aquaculture Expansion in a FAO Supported the World Aquaculture ■ Europe Landlocked Country, the Case of Paraguay 27 2017 Conference in Cape Town, South International Conference on Maritime Africa 13 Spatial Planning, Ecosystem Approach Adaptation of Fisheries and and Supporting Information Systems 22 Conference-Dialogue on Blue Growth Aquaculture to Climate Change in Chile 29 and Economy: Sharing Perspectives and European Fisheries and Aquaculture Experiences for Africa 14 Forum 2017 23 Results of a Regional Workshop on Occupational Security for Diving Fishers in Latin America: Towards Decent Rural Employment 31

■ Sub-Saharan Africa Financing African Aquaculture for Sustainable Economic Development 32

Seventeenth Session of the Committee on Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture of Africa (CIFAA) 34

Fish and Cassava Stop Migration in Guinea-Bissau 35 ©FAO/A. NESAR ©FAO/A. Freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) are selling on a street market in Bangladesh

iv FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 CONTENTS ©FAO/A. STANKUS ©FAO/A. American bullfrogs are intensively grown in an aquaculture facility in Hong He County, China PR

NEW STAFF PROFILES 52 Nigeria: Faster Aquaculture Growth Needed to Bridge Fish Demand-Supply Gap 36 NEW PUBLICATIONS 53

The Regional Capacity Building Workshop on Aquaculture Models CALENDAR OF EVENTS 61 and Technologies to Reduce Poverty, Improve Youth Employment and Promote Commercialization 38

THEMATIC ARTICLES 39

Advancing Sustainable Aquaculture through Blue Growth 39

The Impact of Microplastics on Food Safety: the Case of Fishery and Aquaculture Products 43

Aquaculture in Small Islands Development States (SIDS) 46

Aquaculture Growth Potential: Perspective from Short-Term Projection of Fish Demand 48

MISCELLANEOUS 49

Updates on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) 49

Summary of National Aquaculture Legislation Overview (NALO) of Morocco 51 ©FAO/M. LEDO ©FAO/M. Seaweed farmers carrying seaweed seedlings, Indonesia

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 v he FAO Committee on Fisheries T(COFI), Sub-Committee on Aquaculture (SCA) provides a forum for consultation and discussion on aquaculture and advises COFI on technical and policy matters related to aquaculture and on the work to be performed by FAO in the subject matter field of aquaculture. The First session of the COFI-SCA took place in Beijing, China P.R. in 2002.

The meeting, held every two years, ©FAO in different countries, is open to all Eighth Session of COFI-SCA, Brasilia, Brazil 5-9 October 2015 Member Nations of the Organization. Non-Member states of the Organization that of the past sessions of the COFI Sub-Committee are members of the United Nations, or any of its on Aquaculture; Specialized Agencies or the International Atomic – Progress Reporting on the Implementation of Energy Agency, may be admitted by the Council the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries of the Organization to membership in the Sub- (CCRF) provisions relevant to Aquaculture and Committee. Culture-based Fisheries; – Report from the Secretariat of the COFI The Ninth session runs from 24–27 October Sub-committee on Fish Trade; 2017 and will take place at FAO, Rome. – The sustainable development goals (SDGS)/ Delegations from FAO Member States, UN Agenda 2030 and FAO’S common vision for Specialized Agencies and Related Organizations, sustainable food and agriculture and Intergovernmental organizations/Non- – Extension for Aquaculture Development; governmental organizations, have been invited – Special event on aquaculture in the Small to attend this session of COFI-SCA. Island Developing States (SIDS): blue growth The full agenda along with supporting opportunities for SIDS in a changing climate; documents can be found at: – Progress reporting on the implementation www.fao.org/cofi/aq/en of the technical guidelines on aquaculture certification and the evaluation framework to The week dedicated to aquaculture envisions a assess conformity of aquaculture. full agenda of discussions and decision on various topics of interest, including: Although every session of COFI-SCA raises new – FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department’s issues and areas of work, we’re particularly efforts in Implementing the Recommendations excited about some new items on the agenda this year, for example, for the first time ever we will have a dedicated event on aquaculture in the Small Island Developing States. If you’re not with us in Rome for COFI-SCA this year, follow our wrap-ups in our Blue Growth blog posts, or follow our live tweeting from @FAOfish or through the hashtag #COFIaquaculture. For further information, please contact: [email protected]

SEE ALSO ©FAO ©FAO FAO Secretariat preparing the Ninth Session of COFI-SCA http://www.fao.org/fishery/nems/40786/en www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9gEWXLOfio

6 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 GLOBAL AQUACULTURE UPDATES V. CRESPI ©FAO/ GLOBAL AQUACULTURE UPDATES • GLOBAL AQUACULTURE UPDATES • GLOBAL AQUACULTURE UPDATES

Considerations from the Aquaculture Statistician

World aquaculture production of the Fisheries and Aquaculture the National Crayfish Industry statistics for 2016 are under Department: the State of the Development Report (only preparation World Fisheries and Aquaculture available in Chinese). According he volume and value data in (SOFIA) expected to be released in to it, the red swamp crawfish Tthe FAO global aquaculture July 2018. (Procambarus clarkii), introduced into the country in the 1930s, production database are primarily Data received so far, along with became the most farmed official statistics directly provided the information collected from the crustacean species in freshwater by FAO Member countries late reporting countries, especially aquaculture in China in 2016 through an annual collection. By major aquaculture producers, (Figure 1). The total production the official deadline (31 August point to a further increase of of crawfish reached 899 100 2017), only about 50 countries world aquaculture production in tonnes in 2016, of which had provided aquaculture 2016 up to a record of 80 million 95 percent (852 300 tonnes) production data up to 2016. tonnes (excluding aquatic plants). Therefore, during the next few from aquaculture. The annual production has more than tripled months FAO will need to regularly Red swamp crawfish has in the past decade, which makes interact with countries in order to become an aquaculture China the world's largest crawfish obtain these data and expand the superstar in China coverage and the quality of official producer in 2016. In June 2017, the Chinese statistics included in the database. fisheries authority released The complete 2016 statistics will be officially released in mid-March 2018. They will be also used as 900 800 a basis to describe recent status 700 and trend analysis in the 2018 600 edition of the flagship publication 500

Thousands 400 300 200 100 Written by: 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Xiaowei Zhou Red swamp crawfish Chinese mitten crab Whiteleg shrimp FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Oriental river prawn Giant river prawn Other species Department, Rome, Italy ©FAO ©FAO E-mail: [email protected] Figure 1 – Aquaculture production of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 7 floating structures in small lakes, which does not represent an easy/practical solution for aquaculture operations.

SEE ALSO

FAO. 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome, Italy. 200 pp. www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf

©FAO FAO Cultured Species Fact Sheet on red Red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/ The species plays an important concrete piles rooted in the fish Procambarus_clarkii/en role in terms of economic and pond bottom. Only few projects employment generator. The total have solar panels mounted on economic value of the crawfish industry reached USD 23.6 billion in 2016, including USD 9.1 billion in first sale, USD 1.6 billion in processing and USD 12.9 billion in marketing and it has created full time or part time jobs for five million people in 2016. The crawfish farm gate value was more important than the total FROM THE STATISTICIAN’S DESK STATISTICIAN’S THE FROM market value of the fast growing IT cloud computing market value in the same year in the country. COURTESY OF Z. WEI OF Z. COURTESY © Use of aquaculture ponds One of the coastal aquaculture ponds with solar panels for clean power for renewable clean energy generation in Rudong County, Jiangsu Province, China. Wind turbines seen in the production background include those installed in the shallow sea surrounded by aquaculture production of edible seaweed Pyropia yezoensis The date of 30 December 2011 marks the start of development of solar photovoltaic system above aquaculture water bodies in China. On that day, a 20 megawatt photovoltaic system with solar panels was installed above the surface of 45 ha of fish ponds in Jianhu County, Jiangsu Province, China. By the end of 2016 there were at least over 60 solar power plants built on the top of aquaculture ponds in 14 Chinese provinces. The largest project has the capacity of 200

megawatt with solar panels above GOOGLE the surface area of about 300 ha ©2015 of fish ponds in Zhejiang Province. Google Earth satellite image showing the distributed solar photovoltaic systems Most projects have solar panels with solar panels installed above fish ponds in Jianhu County, Jiangsu Province, installed on frames supported by China. Measurement of this image, from left to right, is about 2.9 kilometres

8 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Caused by an Orthomyxo-like virus FROM FISH HEALTH SPECIALIST’S DESK (Family Orthomyxoviridae) Threatening Cultured and Wild Stocks of Tilapia

ilapias are the second-most because they are Timportant cultured finfish affordable, have worldwide (next to the cyprinids) an omnivorous and farmed globally by many diet, are tolerant small-holders. Nile tilapia to high-density (Oreochromis niloticus) ranks aquaculture, 6th among the most important and relatively cultured species, providing food, disease resistant. jobs and domestic and export Cultured and UNIVERSITY KASETSART ©WIN SURACHETPONG, earnings. Tilapia aquaculture wild stocks of Upper figure: Red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) showed production (2015 statistics) clinical signs of TiLV infection including skin redness, skin tilapias are now erosion, multiple hemorrhages on the skin was about 5.6 million tonnes. threatened by The top 10 tilapia producers an emerging Causative agent – TiLV is for 2015 are: People’s Republic disease caused by Tilapia lake caused by an enveloped, of China (1.8 million tonnes), virus (TiLV). In May 2017, FAO3 negative-sense, single-stranded Indonesia (1.1 million tonnes), and several institutions (NACA4, RNA virus (belonging to the Egypt (875 thousand tonnes), OIE5, WF6) released alerts, disease family Orthomyxoviridae) with Bangladesh (324 thousand cards, advisory and fact sheet 10 segments7 and a diameter tonnes), Viet Nam (283 thousand about TiLV. The purpose of the between 55 and 100 nm8. tonnes), Philippines (261 thousand FAO Global Information and Affected species – Farmed tonnes), Brazil (219 thousand Early Warning System on Food species (in earthen ponds and tonnes), Thailand (177 thousand and Agriculture (GIEWS) Special floating cages) affected include tonnes), Colombia (61 thousand Alert is to be informed of threats tonnes), and Uganda to food security and livelihoods, 1 7 Eyngor M, Zamostiano R, Kembou (57 thousand tonnes) . In terms in this case, TiLV that may affect Tsofack JE, Berkowitz A, Bercovier H, of global tilapia commodity trade Tinman S, Lev M, Hurvitz A, Galeotti communities that are dependent M, Bacharach E and Eldar A. 2014. and production (export, import, on tilapia farming. Based on Identification of a novel RNA virus lethal to tilapia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology production, reexport), official FAO scientific literature, TiLV has been 52:4137–4146; data for 2013 reported quantity reported in some countries in Bacharach E, Mishra N, Briese T, Zody MC, Kembou Tsofack JE, Zamostiano R, of 1.2 million tonnes and a value Asia, Africa and Latin America. It Berkowitz A, Ng J, Nitido A, Corvelo A, 2 of USD 3.7 billion . Tilapias are is likely that TiLV may have a wider Toussaint NC, Abel Nielsen SC, Hornig M, Del Pozo J, Bloom T, Ferguson H, Eldar A an important protein source, distribution than is known today. and Lipkin WI. 2016. Characterization of a especially for poor consumers, Novel Orthomyxo-like Virus Causing Mass There is a significant risk of TiLV Die-Offs of Tilapia. MBio 7, e00431-16 being translocated both inter- and 1 www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global- 8 Ferguson HW, Kabuusu R, Beltran S, production/en intra-continentally through the Reyes E, Lince JA and del Pozo J. 2014. Syncytial hepatitis of farmed tilapia, 2 FAO - Fisheries and Aquaculture movement of infected live tilapias Oreochromis niloticus (L.): A case report. Information and Statistics Branch in the absence of appropriate Journal of Fish Diseases 37:583–589; Eyngor M, Zamostiano R, Kembou biosecurity measures. Tsofack JE, Berkowitz A, Bercovier H, Tinman S, Lev M, Hurvitz A, Galeotti M, Bacharach E and Eldar A. 2014. 3 www.fao.org/3/a-i7326e.pdf Identification of a novel RNA virus lethal Written by: 4 https://enaca.org/enclosure.php?id=864 to tilapia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 52:4137–4146; Surachetpong W, Melba B. Reantaso 5 www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/ Janetanakit T, Nonthabenjawan N, Internationa_Standard_Setting/docs/pdf/ FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Tattiyapong P, Sirikanchana K and Aquatic_Commission/A_TiLV_disease_ Amonsin A. 2017. Outbreaks of tilapia Department, Rome, Italy card.pdf lake virus infection, Thailand, 2015–2016. E-mail: [email protected] 6 http://pubs.iclarm.net/resource_centre/ Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23:1031- FISH-2017-03.pdf 1033.

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 9 hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis has been reported14. Mortalities Public health – There is no known niloticus x O. aureus hybrids)9, were observed within the first public health concern for this Nile tilapia (O. niloticus)10 and month after transfer to grow-out pathogen, there is a significant red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)11; cages15; high mortalities were risk of TiLV being translocated TiLV has also been reported to observed within two weeks of the both inter- and intra-continentally affect wild Sarotherodon galileus onset16 through the movement of infected (Galilea tilapia). Small- and large- live tilapias in the absence of Environmental factors – sized fish were reported to be appropriate biosecurity measures. Outbreaks were observed to affected. Clinical signs of affected occur during hot season (at water What should countries do? species include lethargy, ocular temperature ranging between Tilapia producing countries alterations, skin erosions and 22 ºC to 32 ºC) during the months need to be vigilant and take discolouration (darkening)12; between May and November. Thai appropriate risk management exophthalmia, discoloration researchers observed that TiLV measures, e.g. enhanced (darkening), abdominal distension, occurred following transfer to screening and diagnostic scale protrusion and gill pallor13; grow-out cages. testing of imported stocks and appetite loss, lethargy, abnormal unexplained tilapia mortalities behaviour, pallor, anaemia, Reported losses – In Israel, the and reporting to biosecurity exophthalmia, abdominal swelling tilapia wild catch (main species: authorities, active surveillance, and skin congestion and erosion Sarotherodon galilaeus) in Lake public information campaigns Kinneret (The Sea of Galilee) and contingency plans) to 9 Eyngor M, Zamostiano R, Kembou dropped significantly from an Tsofack JE, Berkowitz A, Bercovier H, reduce the further spread Tinman S, Lev M, Hurvitz A, Galeotti average level of 257 tonnes and potential socio-economic M, Bacharach E and Eldar A. 2014. per year to 8 tonnes per year in Identification of a novel RNA virus lethal impacts of this emerging disease. to tilapia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2008. The drop was linked to FAO GIEWS Special Alert 338 52:4137–4146. TiLV disease. In Thailand, during 10 Fathi M, Dickson C, Dickson M, Leschen provides a number of specific 2015 and 2016 TiLV outbreaks W, Baily J, Muir F, Ulrich K and Weidmann recommendations: M. 2017. Identification of Tilapia Lake resulted in mortalities between Virus in Egypt in Nile tilapia affected 20 to 90 percent17, with records Imports of tilapias – Countries FROM FISH HEALTH SPECIALIST’S DESK SPECIALIST’S HEALTH FISH FROM by ‘summer mortality’ syndrome. Aquaculture 473:430–432; indicating many deaths of farmed importing tilapias of any species Ferguson HW, Kabuusu R, Beltran S, Reyes E, Lince JA and del Pozo J. 2014. Nile tilapia and red tilapia hybrid. for use in aquaculture or for Syncytial hepatitis of farmed tilapia, the ornamental fish industry are Oreochromis niloticus (L.): A case report. 14 Dong, H.T., Siriroob, S., Meemetta, W., Journal of Fish Diseases 37:583–589; Santimanawong, W., Gangnonngiw, W., urged to take appropriate risk Dong HT, Siriroob S, Meemetta W, Pirarat, N., Khunrae, K., Rattanarojpong, Santimanawong W, Gangnonngiw W, T., Vanichviriyakit, R., and Senapin, S. management measures to reduce Pirarat N, Khunrae P, Rattanarojpong (2017a). Emergence of tilapia lake virus in the likelihood that imported T, Vanichviriyakit R and Senapin S. Thailand and an alternative semi-nested 2017a. Emergence of tilapia lake virus in RT-PCR for detection. Aquaculture 476, stocks are infected with TiLV. Thailand and an alternative semi-nested 111-118; These measures should include: RT-PCR for detection. Aquaculture Surachetpong W, Janetanakit T, 476:111–118. Nonthabenjawan N, Tattiyapong P, – Screening or diagnostic testing 11 Dong HT, Siriroob S, Meemetta W, Sirikanchana K and Amonsin A. 2017. of the imported stocks for Outbreaks of tilapia lake virus infection, Santimanawong W, Gangnonngiw W, presence of TiLV, applying the Pirarat N, Khunrae P, Rattanarojpong Thailand, 2015–2016. Emerging Infectious T, Vanichviriyakit R and Senapin S. Diseases. 23:1031-1033. presumptive and confirmatory 2017a. Emergence of tilapia lake virus in 15 Dong, H.T., Siriroob, S., Meemetta, W., Thailand and an alternative semi-nested Santimanawong, W., Gangnonngiw, W., methods outlined in the OIE RT-PCR for detection. Aquaculture Pirarat, N., Khunrae, K., Rattanarojpong, Disease Card; 476:111–118; T., Vanichviriyakit, R., and Senapin, S. Surachetpong W, Janetanakit T, (2017a). Emergence of tilapia lake virus in – Requirement of an international Nonthabenjawan N, Tattiyapong P, Thailand and an alternative semi-nested health certificate for shipments Sirikanchana K and Amonsin A. 2017. RT-PCR for detection. Aquaculture 476, Outbreaks of tilapia lake virus infection, 111-118. originating from infected or Thailand, 2015–2016. Emerging Infectious 16 Surachetpong W, Janetanakit T, suspect countries, certifying the Diseases. 23:1031-1033. Nonthabenjawan N, Tattiyapong P, 12 Eyngor M, Zamostiano R, Kembou Sirikanchana K and Amonsin A. 2017. absence of TiLV; Tsofack JE, Berkowitz A, Bercovier H, Outbreaks of tilapia lake virus infection, – Quarantine and monitoring of Tinman S, Lev M, Hurvitz A, Galeotti Thailand, 2015–2016. Emerging Infectious M, Bacharach E and Eldar A. 2014. Diseases. 23:1031-1033. imported stocks upon arrival Identification of a novel RNA virus lethal 17 Dong, H.T., Siriroob, S., Meemetta, W., for any unusual mortalities to tilapia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology Santimanawong, W., Gangnonngiw, W., and diagnostic testing if such 52:4137–4146. Pirarat, N., Khunrae, K., Rattanarojpong, 13 Ferguson HW, Kabuusu R, Beltran S, T., Vanichviriyakit, R., and Senapin, S. mortalities occur; Reyes E, Lince JA and del Pozo J. 2014. (2017a). Emergence of tilapia lake virus in – Contingency planning to Syncytial hepatitis of farmed tilapia, Thailand and an alternative semi-nested Oreochromis niloticus (L.): A case report. RT-PCR for detection. Aquaculture 476, ensure containment and Journal of Fish Diseases 37:583–589. 111-118. eradication if TiLV is present;

10 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 – Chapter 5.4 of the OIE Aquatic Since the release of TiLV Animal Health Code18 on information, several criteria to assess the safety of countries have initiated aquatic animal commodities TiLV surveillance; these applies. include China, Colombia, FROM FISH HEALTH SPECIALIST’S DESK Countries with confirmed cases India, Indonesia, of TiLV, recommendations Malaysia, Mexico, the include: Philippines, Viet Nam. In Israel, a private – Initiate an active surveillance vaccines company is programme to determine the currently working on geographical extent of the the development of live infection; attenuated vaccine for – Undertake mitigation measures TiLV. to restrict the spread of infection and identify risk Few reports are available factors that may assist in providing scientific appropriate interventions; information about TiLV – Initiate risk communication and so there is still a huge public information campaigns knowledge gap. As in to advise aquaculturists of the other transboundary threat posed by TiLV, its clinical aquatic animal diseases UNIVERSITY KASETSART ©WIN SURACHETPONG, signs, potential economic and (TAADs) experienced in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) clinical signs social impacts, and the need the past, it seems that of TiLV infection showing opacity of the eyes, and to report unexplained large- there is a significant skin erosions scale mortalities to biosecurity lapse from the time authorities; that a disease is first the sector, limitations in control – Conduct appropriate diagnostic observed, to the first scientific options for aquatic animal testings, where unexplained report describing the disease diseases, occurrence of multi- mortalities of tilapias occur, and the causative agent, up until factorial disease syndromes, particularly if clinical signs scientific and/or official reports frequent sub-clinical infections in similar to those reported for from affected countries become aquatic animals, undomesticated TiLV are observed. available. In the case of TiLV, the status of aquatic animals and little information of health status of Countries with unknown first observation was in 2009 19 aquatic animals. status of TiLV, recommendation in Israel , and identification of include: causative agent was reported Efforts should be focused on in 2016. The case of Acute – Initiate an active surveillance prevention, maintaining a healthy hepatopancreatic necrosis disease programme to determine if TiLV aquatic environment and putting (AHPND) of shrimp is a similar is present as well as to identify in place a progressive and case, i.e. it was first observed the susceptible species and robust biosecurity management in 2009 and finally diagnosed country distribution. framework. An old adage “an in 2013. In aquaculture, there ounce of prevention is worth a – Initiate public information are limitations in diagnostic pound of cure” - is an expression campaigns to advise techniques, there exists cryptic which means that it is better to aquaculturists of the threat pathogens and benign organisms avoid (proactive) the problem in posed by TiLV, its clinical may become pathogenic when the first place rather than trying to signs and the need to report introduced to new hosts and new fix them when they arise (reactive) unexplained large-scale environments. The emergence and this needs to be applied to mortalities to biosecurity of new pathogens challenging sustain the aquaculture sector. authorities. aquaculture may also be due Fish pathology and biosecurity to the rapid development of are indispensable and absolute necessities in any aquaculture 19 www.theatlantic.com/science/ 18 http://www.oie.int/index. archive/2016/04/a-new-fish-virus-shows- endeavor. php?id=171&L=0&htmfile=chapitre_ how-vulnerable-our-food-supplies- criteria_commodities.htm are/476847/

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 11 Outcomes of the COFI Sub-Committee on Fish Trade

he Republic of Korea’s second consumers’ plates, it is Tlargest city, Busan, played host also crucial to ensure to FAO’s sixteenth session of the that measures do not ©FAO COFI Sub-Committee on Fish Trade create unnecessary From left, Mazifur Rahman (Bangladesh, chair of Drafting Committee); Aurora de Blas (Spain, new Chair of Sub- during the week of 4-8 September barriers to trade. Committee), Audun Lem (FAO, Secretary of Sub-Committee); 2017. Representatives from 34 FAO Professor Park (Republic of Korea, outgoing Chair of Sub- The Sub-Committee also Committee); Stefania Vannuccini (FAO), Gloria Loriente (FAO) Member countries in addition supported the important and Marcio Castro (FAO) to observers from international work FAO undertakes important role to play in developing organizations, NGOs and the in helping developing countries to capacity in these countries. seafood industry, discussed issues of adopt measures and instruments relevance for international fish trade, related to promoting sustainable Since the last Sub-Committee making recommendations for FAO’s fisheries, to improve their standards meeting took place, new FAO work in this area. for food safety and hygiene, and instruments have come into effect The COFI Sub-Committee on Fish to build important capacity in the to curb illegal, unregulated and Trade has been meeting every two fisheries sector, thereby allowing unreported (IUU) fishing. These years, beginning in 1986. According these countries to strengthen their include the FAO Port State Measures to FAO statistics presented at the role in international fish trade and to Agreement, which went into effect meeting, trends in the first half of gain access to the world’s largest fish on 5 June 2016, and the FAO Catch 2017 indicate that exports of fish trade markets. Documentation Schemes, which were approved by FAO Conference and fishery products – excluding The agenda included for the first in July 2017. Delegations expressed aquatic plants – are set to reach an time social and labour issues in support for these instruments, all-time high for 2017 exceeding the fisheries value-chain. The alongside FAO’s Global Record 150 billion USD. With developing Sub-Committee reconfirmed its of Fishing Vessels, Refrigerated countries representing a full 60% of support for the closer collaboration Transport and Supply Vessels, which volume of international fish trade, between FAO and the International – working together – provide an MEETINGS AND EVENTS AND MEETINGS trade continues to be an important Labour Organization (ILO) on excellent opportunity to end IUU driver for economic growth and these important issues. The debate fishing around the world. socioeconomic development around reflected a growing interest in the world. the international community to Following a week of active During the week-long discussions, look beyond the environmental discussions, the work of the COFI Sub-Committee delegates stressed sustainability of fisheries, which has Sub-Committee came to an end, this important role of fish trade as been the primary focus over the past but not before electing the Chair an engine of economic growth, two decades, to concentrate new and Vice-Chair of the next COFI especially for many developing efforts on ensuring that fish is being Sub-Committee on Fish Trade – the countries. However, the participants caught and processed in a manner Seventeenth Session. also noted with concern, the in keeping with the socioeconomic FAO is pleased to announce, that for numerous measures that could sustainability of all those employed the first time, a Session of the COFI jeopardize developing countries’ in the sector. Sub-Committee will be chaired by an roles as major players in the The Sub-Committee also provides all-woman team. Aurora de Blas of international fish trade environment. information about the important role Spain will serve as Chair, while Reina While it is important to support the regional fisheries management Sotillo de Galagano of Argentina will better tools and measures that organizations (RFMOs) play in provide support as Vice-Chair. FAO will guarantee the sustainability fostering robust regional fisheries congratulates the capable leadership of seafood products reaching management programmes. of the forthcoming meeting, and looks forward to welcoming The Sub-Committee voiced strong delegates to the Seventeenth session support for the work of the joint of the COFI Sub-Committee on Fish FAO- World Health Organization Reported by: Trade in Vigo, Spain, in 2019! Kimberly Sullivan (WHO) CODEX Alimentarius food [email protected] safety and standards. This work is especially crucial for developing SEE ALSO Audun Lem countries working to strengthen [email protected] their fisheries and aquaculture COFI Sub-Committee on Fish Trade FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture sectors, and aiming to export into www.fao.org/about/meetings/cofi- Department, Rome, Italy sub-committee-on-fish-trade/en/ major global markets. FAO has an

12 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 FAO supported the World Aquaculture 2017 Conference in Cape Town, South Africa

he World Aquaculture 2017 conference was Theld in Cape Town, South Africa from 26 to 30 June 2017, and was organized by the World Aquaculture Society and hosted by the Aquaculture Association of Southern Africa and the Department

of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of South Africa. ©FAO The conference was attended by more than 1 400 FAO-WorldFish exhibition stand at WAS17 participants, mainly from Africa. The themes of the MEETINGS AND EVENTS global tilapia market; (iv) Assessment and monitoring conference were Sustainable Aquaculture and New species diversification in global aquaculture; and Frontiers for Economic Growth, with a Spotlight on (v) An overview of desert aquaculture in North Africa”. It also included, parallel meetings to discuss Africa. issues affecting the development of aquaculture in Africa. The first meeting was organized by Southern The sessions of the conference included tilapia African Development Community (SADC) and nutrition and genetic, integrated aquaculture and WorldFish to strengthening collaboration among aquaponics, climate change, education, training and existing organizations in Southern African countries; technology transfer, aquaculture biosecurity, species a second meeting organized by the African Union diversification, development, welfare and poverty Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (AU- alleviation. A special session was dedicated to the IBAR) discussed the strategy of AU for promoting possible establishment of a WAS chapter for Africa to aquaculture development in Africa; and a third facilitate information exchange, technology transfer meeting organized by WorldFish focused on African and investments to support the development of the aquaculture policy. FAO Aquaculture Officers sector. attended these meetings and actively contributed A joint FAO-WorldFish exhibition stand was to the discussions and outcomes. At the opening of presented in the exhibit area of the International the conference, Rohana Subasinghe, former Chief of Convention Centre. The FAO part of the stand was FAO Aquaculture Branch, delivered a presentation funded by FAO office in Tanzania, and was used to entitled: “Feeding the nine billion: the role of promote some aquaculture projects in Zanzibar aquaculture” mostly based on FAO aquaculture and in Southern Africa and to display relevant FAO statistics and flagship publications. Five presentations aquaculture publications such as technical papers, were delivered by FAO Officers: (i) Improving the meeting reports, training material, etc. technical and economic performance of tilapia aquaculture: a perspective from bio-economic The conference was well organized. Attendance modelling; (ii) Aquaculture growth potential – was mostly from African countries, but there was perspective from short-term projection of future also a good representation from other continents fish demand; (iii) Assessment and monitoring of (i.e. North and South America, Europe, Asia and Australia). The conference was an opportunity to meet Written by: aquaculturists and industry stakeholders to discuss issues and opportunities related to Valerio Crespi African aquaculture research and development. E-mail: [email protected] The conference also facilitated networking Junning Cai and knowledge sharing and launched the idea E-mail: [email protected] of establishing a WAS chapter for Africa in FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, Italy collaboration with the major players in Southern Africa such as AU-IBAR, SADC, WorldFish, FAO, etc. The development of an African chapter of WAS will SEE ALSO secure a major and continued interaction among aquaculture stakeholders and more visibility of the World Aquaculture 2017 conference: sector in the continent for potential investors from www.was.org/meetings/Default.aspx?code=WA2017 the public and private sector.

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 13 Conference-Dialogue on Blue Growth and Economy: Sharing Perspectives and Experiences for Africa

he concept of Blue Growth or This Conference- TBlue Economy is an outcome Dialogue that of the Rio+20 discussions that took place in took place in 2012, based on the Mindelo (Cabo concept of the Green Economy Verde) from 2 to but with a focus on aquatic 4 May 2017, systems. As defined by FAO, Blue was part of the Growth describes an integrated FAO-Cabo Verde and holistic approach that aims joint initiative at reconciling economic growth in connection with improved livelihoods and with the African social equity, and strengthening Development transparent, reliable and more Bank’s support secure food systems, whereas to the transition

Blue Economy includes all towards Blue ©FAO activities, sectors, institutions Economy. Women on the Island of Sal in Cabo Verde await the return of the fishermen and stakeholders impacting Blue Some 150 Growth potentials. The approach participants from is currently implemented by 30 delegations, primarily from to take place at the Ninth Session various countries and regions of African coastal nations, Small of the COFI Sub-Committee the world and in its “Agenda Island Developing States (SIDS) on Aquaculture from 24 to 27 MEETINGS AND EVENTS AND MEETINGS 2063 – The Africa we want”, and International organizations October 2017 in Rome, Italy. the African Union highlighted its attended, as well as ministerial potential for the continent while delegations from six countries. SEE ALSO committing itself to speed-up Fifteen sessions allowed to share actions to develop it. On its side, perspectives and experiences Video of Blue Growth Charter in FAO launched a Blue Growth on all socio-economic, natural Capo Verde: Initiative, based on the sound and technical dimensions of www.youtube.com/ principals of the Code of Conduct Blue Growth. The conditions watch?v=cmw4kvfUnZI for Responsible Fisheries and for aquaculture to contribute to United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20: aimed at creating an enabling and benefit from Blue Growth https://sustainabledevelopment. environment for those involved in were also discussed, especially un.org/rio20.html fisheries and aquaculture to act with regards to the enabling and FAO. 2015. Achieving Blue Growth not only as resource users but also disabling factors, anticipated through implementation of the to play an active role in protecting impacts, and contribution to Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Policy Brief. Rome, FAO. and safeguarding these natural Sustainable Development Goals. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/ resources for the benefit of future user_upload/newsroom/docs/ The Conference-Dialogue was a generations. BlueGrowth_LR.pdf success in terms of attendance FAO. (2017) Towards the Ocean and outcomes. It contributed to conference. In Cabo Verde, a week the Ocean Conference organized dedicated to promoting African by the United Nations in New Blue Growth. Blue Growth Blog. York from 5 to 9 June 2017 as [online]. Rome. Written by: www.fao.org/blogs/blue-growth- well as to the preparation of an blog/in-cabo-verde-a-week- Lionel Dabbadie Information Document for the dedicated-to-promoting-african- FAO Consultant Special event on “Aquaculture in blue-growth/en/ FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture the Small Island Developing States In this issue of FAN see article Department, Rome, Italy (SIDS): Blue Growth opportunities titled: “Advancing Sustainable Aquaculture through Blue Growth” E-mail: [email protected] for SIDS in a changing climate” at page 39.

14 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 AQUACULTURE UPDATES BY REGION ©FAO/A. STANKUS AQUACULTURE UPDATES BY REGION • AQUACULTURE UPDATES BY REGION • AQUACULTURE UPDATES BY REGION

Regional Consultation on Responsible Production and Use of Feed and Feed Ingredients for Sustainable Growth of Aquaculture in Asia-Pacific

sia is the region that for 45.2 percent of globally margin in production of Acontributes 92 percent of the aquaculture production in 2014, many important aquaculture world aquaculture production. compared with 42.5 percent commodities. Feed cost often Currently, aquaculture supplied 10 years ago. The total production accounts for 60-70 percent over 60 percent of food fish of fed aquaculture species for commodities that entirely directly consumed by Asian increased by 97.9 percent in the depend on artificial feed due population. In addition to its past 10 years. to high cost of feed, low feed contribution to the regional quality and poor feeding The rapid growth of production of food security and nutritional practices; fed cultured species has resulted improvement, Asia is also the – In general, Asian aqua-feed in drastic increase in demand major supplier for seafood trade production has become overly for commercial feed. As a result, globally. dependent on externally sourced industrial aqua-feed production key ingredients, such as fishmeal The past aquaculture production has increased at significantly and soybean, which has not growth in Asia has been largely higher rate than aquaculture only pushed the price higher attributed to intensification production growth. The increased in the international market, of production with increasing use of feed in aquaculture has but also led to potential supply dependence on artificial feeding. greatly contributed to production problem due to competition. Aquaculture commodities efficiency and quality of products, produced through partial or and enabled farmers to better The foreseen population and complete feeding accounted meet market requirements and economy growth will increase achieve sound economic benefit. demand for food fish significantly, On the other hand, rapid increase estimated 31 million tonnes in in aquafeed use has also caused the coming decades. In order Written by: a number of issues which may to meet the demand for fish, threaten the sustainable growth it is important to maintain the Weimin Miao of the industry in Asia-Pacific. The sustainable growth of aquaculture FAO Regional Office for Asia and the major issues include the following: in Asia, the major supplier of Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand – Increased feed cost has caused aquaculture production. Whether E-mail: [email protected] significant reduction of profit the issues related to aquaculture

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 15 feed and feed ingredients can be effectively addressed is considered as one of the determining factor for aquaculture sustainable development in the region. A regional consultation MIAO ©FAO/W. Working group discussion during the regional consultation on responsible production and use of aquaculture feed and – Being the major aquaculture from 7-9 March 2017 in Bangkok, ingredients was identified by Asia- region in the world, aquafeed Thailand. Representatives from Pacific Fishery Commission as an sector is heavily dependent on concerned government authorities important regional activity for FAO imported key feed ingredients, of 16 countries, 10 invited resource Regional Initiative for Blue Growth particularly protein source, persons and 13 experts from in Asia-Pacific. which is a potential threat research and education institutes, to sustainable growth of The objective of the regional feed producers, farm association, aquaculture in the region; consultation was to review the aqua-feed manufacture sector – In general, Asian aquafeed current situation of aquaculture and international and regional sector is not able to provide feed production and use, in organizations participated in the quality feed that meet the respects of production status, regional consultation. requirement of different species, demand and supply, sourcing of Invited resource persons delivered different culture environment/ ingredients, government policies presentations on 10 selected topics system and different stages; and institutional support, ongoing highly relevant to responsible – Large number of small farmers progress and development issues. production and use of aquaculture have poor excess to quality The consultation attempted to feed and feed ingredients. and cost-effective feed in many recommend regional strategies Representative from 16 countries countries in the region; and actions to promote responsible presented country status report – Good feeding practices and utilization of feed and feed on aquaculture feed production other farming practices are yet ingredients for sustainable growth and use, which focused on to be promoted among the of aquaculture in Asia-Pacific aquafeed manufacture sector,

ASIAAND THE PACIFIC large number of small farmers through sharing of available application aquafeed, research for optimum feed efficiency; knowledge, technological and development progress in feed

MEETINGS AND EVENTS AND MEETINGS – Despite the progress in innovations and scaling up and feed ingredients and main developing local alternatives successful practices and further issues and gaps based on the desk to key imported feed research and technology study with the advice from FAO ingredients such as fish meal, development. and NACA. Two working group the application in practical The regional consultation covered sessions were convened to analyze production has been very four main themes: the major issues and gaps in limited due to lack of efforts – Development and use of production and use of aquaculture to transform research results alternatives of fishmeal and feed and feed ingredients and into commercially applicable other high cost aquafeed recommend regional strategy technologies; ingredients in the region; and actions for promoting – There is generally lack of – Promote cost-effective responsible production and use of conducive government policy aquaculture feed made of locally aquafeed and feed ingredients for for aquafeed industry and available feed ingredients in the sustainable growth of aquaculture adequate regulatory framework region; in the region. to control the quality of – Innovation in aquaculture The regional consultation aquafeed production and farming and feeding practices provided a great opportunity for marketing. for reduced feed costs and sharing available knowledge and The regional consultation environment impacts at farm successful technologies and good recommended strategy and level; management practices related to follow-up actions for promoting – Traceability of aquaculture responsible use of aquaculture responsible use of aquaculture products in relation to feed and feed and feed ingredients in feed and feed ingredients for feed ingredients. the region. Major issues and sustainable growth of aquaculture The regional consultation was technology gaps related to in the region. The workshop convened through collaboration responsible use of aquaculture proceeding is being finalized and between FAO and the Network of feed and feed ingredients are will be published by the end of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific identified as below: 2017.

16 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 Ensuring sustainable expansion of aquaculture in Bangladesh

32 months (June 2014 - January 2017). The project accomplished the following results: i) A pilot project for improved broostock management of Indian major carp species was conducted in selected government and private hatcheries/feed seed multiplication

farms; ii) A pilot-scale selective PACIFIC THE AND ASIA breeding programme was conducted in one government hatchery; iii) A national action plan to support the implementation M. HASAN M. of the comprehensive long-term ©FAO/ selective breeding programmes Inception workshop of the project for commercially important selected aquaculture fish species he aquaculture sector of and socially responsible seed was developed; iv) A strategy and TBangladesh has seen a rapid and feed production and supply management plan for broodstock increase from a production industry, and the efficient and improvement for Indian major of about 0.7 million tonnes effective management and carps was developed; v) Fish in 2001 to over two million technical support system for seed Hatchery Act (2010) and Rules tonnes in 2015, a growth of and feed production, distribution (2011) were reviwed and potential nearly 200 percent in 15 years. and utilization. amendments were proposed; It is anticipated that aquaculture A USD 451 000 Technical vi) Human capacity of private and production in Bangladesh Cooperation Programme (TCP) public hatcheries for breeding will expand further, but the titled “Enhancing aquaculture and hatchery management was sustainability of its development production for food security and enhanced through training; will depend much on the rural development through better vii) Fish and Animal Feed Act efficient, socially equitable, and seed and feed production and (2010) and Fish Feed Rules (2011) environmentally friendly use of management with special focus were reviwed and potential the resources of and inputs to on public-private partnership” revisions were proposed including production. Two of the key inputs was implemented for a period of revisions to the list of feed in aquaculture are seed and feed. To address this concern, an FAO project was launched in 2014 to focus on production and supply of quality seed and feed, increased capacities of farmers for aquaculture management and production, a viable, sustainable

Written by:

Mohammad R. Hasan HASAN M.

FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture ©FAO/ Department, Rome, Italy Rearing of Indian major carp spawn collected from three River systems: Padma, E-mail: [email protected] Jamuna and Halda

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 17 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

©FAO/M. HASAN 18 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No.57 production guidelines/manuals. quality and developing better feed Programme to monitor feed up of a National Aquafeed Control quality analytical laboratory, setting establishing a pilot-scale feed improve aquafeedqualityby sector hatcheries. It assisted to practice guidelinesforprivate better hatchery management ( breeding program for roho labeo management, initiating a selective quality by improving broodstock it helped enhancing seed Indian major carps. Specifically, in Bangladesh, particularly for quality, supply of seed and feed was the improvement in the The overall outcome of the project were developed. management practiceguidelines and xiii)Betterhatheryfeed was enhancedthrough training; medium-scale feedproducers xii) Human capacityofsmall-and and theirefficacy wasreviewd; in aquafarmingwasprepared aquaculture additivesbeing used developed; xi) Aninventoryof control programme was ix) Aplan fornationalaquafeed laboratory waseshtablished; scale feedqualityanalytical for useinaquafeeds;viii) Apilot- additives andbinderssanctioned Labeo rohita Fingerlings ofIndianmajorcarps ) and developing

www.fao.org/3/a-i4945e.pdf Serial Publication. Rome, FAO. 106 pp. and management inBangladesh-Status, issuesandconstraints Hasan, M.R.& Arthur, J.R., eds. 2015. www.fao.org/3/a-i3903e.pdf Rome, FAO. 42 pp. Strategy and Action PlanofBangladesh2013-2020 Government ofBangladesh&FAO. 2014. www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3481e/i3481e.pdf FAO. 67pp.IncludesaCD–ROMcontainingthefulldocument(585pp.). in aquaculture Hasan, M.R.&New, M.B.,eds.2013. www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3146e/i3146e.pdf pp. FAO. 90 Rome, 578. No. Paper Technical Aquaculture and India Pradesh, Andhra in carps major Indian of management 2013. M.R. &Hasan, T.A. Shipton, R., Ramakrishna, Bangladesh Measuring broodstock ofIndiancarp during thegenetic selectionprogramme, SEE ALSO . FAO Fisheriesand Aquaculture Technical Paper No.583.Rome, ■

SEPTEMBER 2017

On-farm feeding andfeed management Aquaculture seedandfeed production

National Aquaculture Development . FAO Non-Serial Publication. Feeding and feed feed and Feeding . FAO Fisheries . FAO Fisheries

. FAO Non-

©FAO/M. HASAN Highlight of Aquaculture Focused Country Projects (TCPs) in Asia-Pacific

Support local feed self-sufficiency for inland aquaculture development in Indonesia quaculture in Indonesia has Abeen growing very rapidly in freshwater, brackish water and marine environments. The fast growth of the sector resulted PACIFIC THE AND ASIA in significantly increased use of aquafeed. Out of 9.3 million tonnes of targeted fish and shrimp feed production in W. MIAO 2015, nearly 50 percent was ©FAO/ to meet the requirements of Verification workshop for the elaboration of the project, Jakarta, Indoneia freshwater fish. Availability of quality and cost-effective “Supporting local feed self- aquafeed (including feed aquafeed has become a main sufficiency for inland aquaculture additives and quality standards) constraint in the development of in Indonesia”. The expected manufacturing, quality control aquaculture. Increasing cost of outputs of the project are the and management and strategy feed in freshwater fish farming in following: to improve supply of locally Indonesia (often accounts for 60- Output 1: Collection and analysis available feed ingredients. 70 percent of the total production of baseline information on feed The project will effectively cost) has become a major factor ingredient supply and availability strengthen the capacity of small that discourages fish farmers to and identification of novel feed feed mills to produce high quality develop their business, because of ingredients for use in aquafeed and cost-effective feed with low profit margins. Achieving feed and key factors influencing increased local ingredients for self-sufficiency for sustainable their availability and costs, and small freshwater fish farmers and aquaculture development has nutritional requirements of improved feeding management become a priority agenda of commonly cultured species in practices. the Ministry of Marine Affairs Indonesia; and Fisheries of Government of Output 2: Improved feed Piloting sustainable shrimp Indonesia. Therefore, responding formulations for catfish and farming in Bac Lieu and Soc to the request of the government other key inland fish species Trang Province, Viet Nam of Indonesia, a field investigation, with locally available ingredients As an important industry, shrimp and a review study followed and strengthened capacity of contributes approximately by a stakeholder consultation small-scale feed manufacturers 50 percent of the total export were undertaken in early 2017, to produce quality and cost- from fisheries sector, and to support the formulation of a effective feeds; estimated annual production recently approved project titled Output 3: Optimization of growth rate for 2013 – 2014 was on-farm feed management about 20 percent. The farmed strategies and successful trial of shrimp production comes mainly high quality and cost-effective from the lower Mekong River feed formulations for on- provinces of Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Tra grower feeds for striped catfish Written by: Vinh, Ben Tre, Soc Trang and Kien (Pangasius hypophthalmus); Giang. Intensive shrimp farming is Weimin Miao Output 4: Development and concentrated largely in Soc Trang FAO Regional Office for Asia and the promotion of appropriate and Bac Lieu provinces. Each of Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand institutional, policy and the two provinces has more than E-mail: [email protected] regulatory frameworks for

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 19 52 000 hectares of intensive and impacts of failed intensive shrimp semi-intensive shrimp model semi-intensive shrimp farming. farming on livelihoods of small- achieved significantly improved The estimated shrimp production scale farmers and identified production performance than the in 2014 is 67 000 tonnes and feasible technical solutions to control farms. The whole technical 95 000 tonnes in Soc Trang and address the major problem of and economic indicators include Bac Lieu respectively. shrimp farming. Based on the improved survival rate (+22.1 Along with the rapid development findings from the assessment percent), higher unit production of intensive and semi-intensive study, technical guidelines on (+67 percent), more than doubled shrimp farming, small-scale two improved shrimp farming net return per unit culture area farmers have suffered from models, integrated rice-shrimp (+130 percent) and significantly serious disease outbreak in Viet farming (IRSF) and semi-intensive higher ratio of profit margin. Nam in recent years. The losses shrimp farming were developed The integrated rice-shrimp model of farmed shrimp due to diseases for guiding the demonstration included one crop of concurrent are most severe in Soc Trang and in Soc Trang and Bac Lieu rice-giant freshwater prawn in Bac Lieu, which affected 26-40 Provinces. Capacity development rainy season and one crop of percent of total shrimp farming activities were carried out sole black tiger prawn in dry area and put the small-scale for the farmer organizations season. The demonstration and poor farmers in the most involved in the demonstration, farmers achieved results of vulnerable position. Moreover, the which included the training on higher rice yield than the control unplanned development of shrimp improved production practices farmers in rainy season together farms in the mangrove forest has and community organizational with additional production caused environmental problems skills. Demonstration of integrated of giant freshwater prawn and sustainability concerns. farming of rice-tiger shrimp and (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), improved semi-intensive farming In order to support the 675.4 kg/ha in rainy season and of whiteleg shrimp was conducted an additional crop of black tiger government efforts to achieve at two selected sites in both Bac sustainable growth of shrimp prawn (Penaeus monodon), Lieu and Soc Trang Provinces. At 1115 kg/ha in dry season. The farming in southern Viet Nam, an each site, five farms were selected FAO-TCP project was approved in production of giant freshwater ASIAAND THE PACIFIC for demonstrating recommended prawn and black tiger prawn December 2014 and implemented farming models against three during 2015-2017 under the brought the farmer additional MEETINGS AND EVENTS AND MEETINGS control farms (farms followed the net return of 79.2 million VND regional initiative for blue growth old practices). in Asia-Pacific. (1 UD$=22729.50 VND), which Taking the demonstration in Soc was 14 times of the net return The project first focused on Trang Province as an example, from rice production. an assessment study of the the farms that adopted improved A final project evaluation workshop was convened in Bac Lieu on 21 July 2017, to evaluate the implementation and results of the project and to share information and lessons learnt among the different stakeholders. The Directorate of Fisheries and the two provincial governments anticipated that IRSF and improved semi-intensive shrimp practices will be further improved and scaling up in Southern Viet Nam. ©FAO Shrimp farming in Viet Nam

20 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 ver 70 percent of the world’s Osurface is taken up by ocean space.Regional Thus, significant Initiative areas of to Promote Scaling up of Innovative theAgro-Aquaculture world’s oce Belgium, Spain, and Climate Resilient Tilapia Farming Practices Italy, Malta and the Netherlands, including FAO, contributed to the AO Asia and Pacific’s regional initiative project. Ffor Blue Growth was launched in 2014. DevelopmentOne of the main solution objectives of this initiative Theis primaryto promote objective innovative of MARIBE farming practices for sustainable increase of productivity in was to investigate e offshore aquaculture in selected focus countries. In economy ies); and a two-day particular, the regional initiative supported advisorydemonstration session. 0 of funding innovative calls rice-aquaculture to proin ctivities Indonesia in Europe‘s and Viet seas Nam and and climate resilient

coaststilapia are farming expected practices to intensify, in the Philippines in PACIFIC THE AND ASIA diversify2015-2016. and expand further offshoreTherefore, he and to disseminateother maritime the technological activities.advancement and good farming management ©FAO/W. MIAO ©FAO/W. practices successfully demonstrated through Plenary session during the workshop individual country project activities, a regional TCP (Technical Cooperation Programme) titled: 2017. Country level project activities will start “Support scaling up of innovative rice-fish farming immediately after the workshop, which will include and climate resilient tilapia culture practices for local training, demonstration of selected farming blue growth in Asia-Pacific” (TCP/RAS/3603) was practices, formulation of national strategy/program formulated and approved at the end of 2016. The support scaling up of innovative rice-fish farming project supports five countries, namely Bangladesh, and climate resilient tilapia culture and national Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam to dissemination workshop. A final workshop will scale up innovative rice-fish farming and climate be organized to share the results and lessons resilient tilapia culture. The major expected outputs learnt from the country and finalize the technical of the regional TCP include: guidelines across the region. – Technical guidelines for innovative rice-fish farming and climate resilient tilapia culture As a joint effort to expand innovative agro- are prepared based on projects implemented aquaculture in Asia-Pacific, FAO Strategic earlier, verified and finalized through regional Programme 2 (SP2) supported a regional workshop consultation and country level demonstrations; on Integrated Agro-Aquaculture for Blue Growth – Country level capacity for scaling up innovative in Asia-Pacific held in Kunming, China from 12-17 rice-fish farming and climate resilient tilapia June 2017. Over 30 fisheries and agriculture officers culture are strengthened through training and experts from 6 countries participated in this activities at regional and national level and farm event. The invited experts introduced up to date demonstration; technology and farming practices of Integrated – A national strategy and project are formulated Agro-Aquaculture. The participating countries to support the intensification of innovative rice- presented recent development of integrated agro- fish farming and climate resilient tilapia culture aquaculture in respective countries. The participants in each participating country. visited famous Hani Terrace Rice-fish System in Honghe County, Yunnan Province. The national The TCP started with an inception workshop teams prepared draft policy and business pitch for conducted in May 2017 attended by the national scaling up innovative integrated agro-aquaculture project coordinators and key technical staff from all in the participating countries. selected countries. During the two days workshop, the participants revisited the project framework, discussed project activities and prepared draft country level implementation plan. The draft Written by: technical guidelines for innovative rice-fish Weimin Miao farming and climate resilient tilapia culture will FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, be completed in early September and ready for Bangkok, Thailand conducting the regional training and verification E-mail: [email protected] workshop scheduled during 12-14 September

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 21 International Conference on Marine Spatial Planning, Ecosystem Approach and

Supporting Information AGUILAR-MANJARREZ ©FAO/J. Working group participating in a policy game about Systems marine spatial planning (www.mspchallenge.info)

isheries and aquaculture can scientists, to discuss issues, In recent years, MSP has Fno longer be considered in methodologies and best practices experienced vigorous growth on isolation from the range of for MSP. Approximately 110 an international scale. Even though other activities that use the participants from 14 different an array of practices has emerged marine space. To ensure long- countries attended. The from different countries, MSP term sustainability for all marine conference offered three main still faces many political, social, activities, it is increasingly sessions over four days and economic and environmental necessary to holistically manage presentations were both technical challenges. Moreover, dynamic marine areas within an ecosystem and industry-oriented. More ocean management in approach to aquaculture. This than 44 oral and 33 poster transboundary scenarios, coupled has promoted the concept and presentations were delivered. with global climate change, development of marine spatial The conference covered a represent evolving challenges planning (MSP).1 broad spectrum of topics that require flexible and adaptive The international conference including: current challenges planning. on “Marine Spatial Planning, and opportunities for MSP; Because MSP is a long-term Ecosystem Approach and legal instruments for MSP; MSP process – and one that may involve Supporting Information Systems” frameworks; stakeholder analysis wide geographic areas, complex took place at the University of Las for MSP; marine strategies partnerships, cooperation and Palmas de Gran Canaria from 25 and environmental planning; EUROPE data sharing – the outputs are to 28 April 2017. It was organized biodiversity conservation; marine typically slow to materialize and 2 by the EU EcoAqua project and data collection and analysis; and to be disseminated. However, the University of Las Palmas de marine information systems. the potential benefits of MSP are Gran Canaria. FAO made a presentation likely to include: facilitating sector entitled “Marine spatial planning The main objective of this growth; optimizing the sustainable for enhanced fisheries and conference was to bring together use of the sea; expediting and aquaculture sustainability” and a broad range of stakeholders, reducing costs of information; chaired the last session on MSP including policy-makers, transboundary cooperation and and blue growth. This session regulators, developers and better regulation; planning and consisted of five presentations and decision-making. Good MSP design a wrap-up session. FAO was also will rely upon forward thinking, part of the panel that selected the strong stakeholder engagement, Written by: conference’s best poster. shared resources, efficient José Aguilar-Manjarrez The conference focused primarily monitoring and an adoption of FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture on presentations from institutions ecosystem-based approaches. Department, Rome, Italy and enterprises working on MSP, E-mail: [email protected] but it also included three training Gercende Courtois de Viçose workshops that allowed for group SEE ALSO Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran discussions and brainstorming Canaria sessions. Meaden, G.J., Aguilar-Manjarrez, E-mail: [email protected] J., Corner, R.A., O’Hagan, A.M. & Cardia, F. 2016. Marine spatial planning for enhanced fisheries 1 There are many definitions of MSP. A useful one is provided by Ehler and Douvere (2009) who describe MSP as “a public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal and aquaculture sustainability – its distribution of human activities in marine areas to achieve ecological, economic, and social application in the Near East. FAO objectives that are usually specified through a political process”. Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical 2 The five-year (2014–2019) EU EcoAqua project is aimed at building a centre of excellence and a Paper No. 604. Rome, FAO. 89 pp. networking hub for research into sustainable aquaculture, for application in the EU’s outermost www.fao.org/3/a-i6043e.pdf regions, and in overseas countries and territories that comprise 34 states located across all the major regions of the globe, from tropical to polar latitudes.

22 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 European Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum 2017

he Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum is an Topportunity to share information, interact with buyers, suppliers, distributors and traders of seafood throughout Europe. The 2017 Forum took place in Vigo, Spain from 23 to 24 May 2017 and was organized by the international NGO Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP). Almost 100 people attended the Forum which covered a wide variety of subjects pertinent to sustainability, including the EU Common Fisheries Policy’s landing obligation, ©COURTESY OF J. MORALES OF J. ©COURTESY discussions and presentations on regional Tilapia cage culture in Beihai, China fishery improvement projects, and the future of sustainable aquaculture. FAO made a presentation When there are several farms in an enclosed or entitled “Aquaculture zoning and area management contained waterbody, it is essential to develop and - a governance perspective” as part of a session on implement an area management plan to minimize the “Government and industry efforts towards zonal risks of disease and environmental damage. management in aquaculture”. Tilapia is cultured in many types of production systems. The Forum acknowledged that area (or zonal) This flexibility makes the fish attractive to subsistence management can be an effective tool for improving and commercial farmers in many parts of the world. aquaculture governance and management; enabling Tilapia is also a favourite with consumers. Fish from this farmers to work together; protect the environment; farm in China are destined for the American market, EUROPE improve production; develop sufficient economies although local consumption is increasing. of scale and knowledge to participate in modern Strong demand for tilapia is driving increased market chains; increase their ability to join certification production around the world in ponds and cages, in schemes; improve the reliability of production; reduce fresh and brackish water. However, as the industry risks such as disease; and minimize conflict with other grows, the risks also grow. Farmers must do their part natural resource users. FAO and SFP are taking a fresh to reduce environmental and disease risks on each view of the challenges and opportunities of working at farm as part of a larger resource management system the area/zonal scale. that will protect the quality of water resources and By attending this conference FAO gained a valuable the livelihoods of producers. Standardizing production opportunity to present a recent FAO/World Bank practices and coordinating disease risks through area publication – “Aquaculture zoning, site selection and management strategies are key aspects for ensuring area management under the ecosystem approach to sustainable growth of the industry. aquaculture” – and to network with people active in FAO and SFP will continue to promote the concept of aquaculture in Europe. SFP is playing an active role in area/zonal management, encouraging multiple farming promoting a zonal management approach and supports operations – even those run by competitors – to work industry players that want to take practical action. For together to tackle cumulative environmental impacts example, in Hainan, China, SFP worked with industry on individual farms, shared disease risks that continue stakeholders to improve the sustainability of tilapia to plague the industry, and make sure that shared farming. As a result, that sector is now employing zonal resources such as waterways aren’t contaminated by aquaculture with positive results. Similar projects are common discharge. planned for pangasius and shrimp. SEE ALSO

FAO & World Bank. 2015. Aquaculture zoning, site selection and area management under the ecosystem Written by: approach to aquaculture. Policy brief. Rome, FAO. José Aguilar-Manjarrez http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/4c777b3a- 6afc-4475-bfc2-a51646471b0d/ FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, Italy Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Soto, D. & Brummett, R. 2017. Aquaculture zoning, site selection and area management E-mail: [email protected] under the ecosystem approach to aquaculture. Full Anton Immink document. Report ACS113536. Rome, FAO, and World Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Bank Group, Washington, DC. 395 pp. www.fao.org/3/a-i6992e.pdf E-mail: [email protected]

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 23 Support to the National Agency for the Development of Aquaculture (ANDA) in Morocco

ith a coastline extending over small-scale fisheries and Wnearly 3 500 km along both aquaculture, as well the Mediterranean sea and the as the involvement of Atlantic ocean, as well as a seafood rural populations youth production exceeding one million and empowerment of metric tonnes, Moroccan fisheries women. present major economic and social ANDA was created on challenges and opportunities 18 February 2011 in for the country. In 2009, the support to the National government formulated its new strategy and in only 5 strategy for the sector, called the years, it has been able to ©FAO/MOROCCO Halieutis Plan, which provides a initiate and implement a Participants at the inception Workshop mainstreaming vision and sets large number of activities ambitious targets, particularly in areas as diverse National level are assessed and for aquaculture development. as: (1) Development of a legal recommendations are made to One of the first consequences framework specific for aquaculture; support the Agency in carrying was the establishment in 2011 (2) Planning of various aquaculture out its mission; of the National Agency for the management areas; (3) A guide Output 3: A strategic framework Development of Aquaculture for investemt in aquaculture; for the development of (ANDA), whose mission is to guide (4) Backstopping of investors aquaculture to 2030 and a and promote the development of willing to create aquaculture five-year action plan for its the sector. enterprises; (5) Launching of public- implementation are developed. In a context where the production private partnership pilot projects; The project started on 15 February from capture fisheries is and (6) Establishment of a national 2017 and activities will run for NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA NORTH AND EAST NEAR stagnating, the Halieutis Plan calls marine aquaculture hatchery. 12 months. for an increase in Moroccan marine The main objective of the FAO As concluded by FAO’s aquaculture production, which was Technical Cooperation Programme Representative in Morocco, 470 metric tonnes/$US 2 million (TCP) entitled “Support to the Michael Hage, “Morocco is well- in 2015 and consisted mainly of development of a strategy for placed to position itself in the oysters (65 percent), and European the development of aquaculture aquaculture sector. The Halieutis seabass (35 percent). It also calls in Morocco” is to strengthen strategy launched in 2009 for aquaculture to generate the technical capacities of and the establishment of the employment and serve as a means ANDA staff by assisting them in National Agency for Aquaculture for the integration of Morocco in evaluating planned actions of the Development in 2011 reflect the the global seafood trade. Small- Agency. More precisely, it will firm political will to develop a scale aquaculture development carry out an evaluation of the thriving aquaculture sector. The is considered as another priority, Agency's National and Regional National Agency for Aquaculture especially with regard to achievements and ensure they Development is poised to serve as promoting the cohabitation of are in line with the international a motor that will drive Morocco’s instruments promoting sustainable fisheries and aquaculture sectors aquaculture development. Based to prominence.” on this, a new strategic framework Written by: will be proposed as well as a five- year action plan. The project is Lionel Dabbadie SEE ALSO FAO Consultant organized around 3 outputs: E-mail: [email protected] Output 1: The Aquaculture Management Areas Plans FAO Blue Growth Blog: Malcolm Beveridge http://www.fao.org/blogs/blue- developed by ANDA are E-mail: [email protected] growth-blog/morocco-a-maritime- evaluated and recommendations fishing-nation-works-to-develop- Lahsen Ababouch are made for their alignment its-aquaculture-sector/en/ E-mail: [email protected] with international instruments; National Agency for Aquaculture FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Output 2: The sectoral activities Development: Department, Rome, Italy implemented by ANDA at the www.anda.gov.ma/

24 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 Ninth Session of the Regional Commission for Fisheries (RECOFI) NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA ©FAO-RNE Participants at the Ninth Session of RECOFI

he Regional Commission Emirates Wildlife Society - WWF, period expenditures, the status Tfor Fisheries (RECOFI) is a King Abdulaziz City for Science of membership contributions to Regional Fisheries Management and Technology (KACST), Kuwait the RECOFI autonomous budget Organization established in 2001 Institute for Scientific Research and outstanding arrears. with the aim of promoting the (KISR) and Qatar University). – A need for external extra- development, conservation, budgetary resources was The Session was briefed on rational management and highlighted. The Session the administrative and 2016-17 best utilization of living marine recalled the Secretariat on the intersessional period activities, resources, as well as the need of support coordinating publications, progress on the sustainable development of the process of increasing proposed Memorandum of aquaculture within its competence the current fixed amount of Understanding (MoU) between area. The Ninth Session of the Member contributions to a level FAO (on behalf of RECOFI) Regional Commission was held which allows the Commission and Regional Organization for in Kuwait, State of Kuwait, from to deliver its outcomes in an the Protection of the Marine 9-11 May 2017. The session was effective and efficient way. Environment (ROPME). The attended by 20 delegates from – A call was made by the financial affairs of the Commission five member countries of the Secretariat to Member states to were also detailed, including Commission, namely State of consider becoming a party to the intersessional period Iraq, State of Kuwait, Sultanate FAO Agreement on Port State expenditures, the status of of Oman, State of Qatar and Measures to Prevent, Deter and membership contributions to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and RECOFI autonomous budget and six invited organizations (United Unregulated Fishing, known as outstanding arrears. Nations Environment, Regional FAO Agreement on Port State – The Session was briefed on Organization for the Protection of Measures (PSMA). the administrative and 2016-17 the Marine Environment (ROPME), – The Commission endorsed the intersessional period activities, Working Group on Fisheries publications, progress on the Management (WGFM) proposal proposed Memorandum of to add two mullet species to Understanding (MoU) between Written by: the RCOFI list of the fısh species FAO (on behalf of RECOFI) listed for assessment and Haydar Fersoy and Regional Organization E-mail: [email protected] management purposes (priority for the Protection of the list), namely Klunzinger’s mullet Paula Anton Marine Environment (ROPME). E-mail: [email protected] (Liza klunzingeri) and greenback The financial affairs of the mullet (Liza subviridis). The FAO Regional Office for the Near Commission were also detailed, East and North Africa, Cairo, Egypt Session reaffirmed adequacy including the intersessional

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 25 of the current data collection – As part of a review agenda on the official submission of mechanisms of relevance to item, the Commission reviewed the Review to the respective status of fishing operations its achievements, the key Ministers of each Member and marine fishery resources challenges it faces and the State for further decision and within the scope of monitoring activities conducted during guidance. In this regard, the and facilitating management 2005-2015. The following organization of an ad hoc decisions. The Commission two possible scenarios were session was considered as an requested WGFM to work suggested for consideration appropriate opportunity to towards better alignment and of the Session in terms of achieve a final decision. consistency of the mechanisms improved functionality of the – The Commission enforced a used for the submission of Commission: (1) Maintain two-year programme of work marine fisheries data. It was RECOFI activities within for 2017-18 intersessional agreed that the catch and effort current budget and reduced period. It includes workshops data submitted by Members FAO support; (2) Strengthen on aquatic animal biosecurity will be harmonized and RECOFI to function with and on the joint assessment of integrated in an Excel format. an increased budget and the Kingfish stocks in addition The Commission agreed to secretariat. Discussions were to regular meetings of the two proceed with the standard FAO later focused on the key RECOFI working groups. aquaculture data questionnaires challenges, the limiting financial – The next session of RECOFI is for use at national and regional status of the Commission, the scheduled to be held in 2018. levels. need for strengthening the – The Commission decided to effectiveness and functionality hold the regular meetings of its of the Commission, the Session SEE ALSO subsidiary bodies (i.e. Working noted that issues related to Regional Commission for Group on Aquaculture and the strengthening of the Fisheries (RECOFI) Working Group on Fisheries Commission were discussed http://www.fao.org/fishery/rfb/ Management) every two years over the last Sessions. Although recofi/en Regional Aquaculture Information

NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA NORTH AND EAST NEAR starting from 2017. the Session acknowledged the System (RAIS) Review, the Session agreed www.raisaquaculture.net MEETINGS AND EVENTS AND MEETINGS

A new website dedicated to Aquatic Genetic Resources (AqGR) for Food and Agriculture has been launched!

The establishment of a web page specifically devoted to AqGR was recommended by the COFI Advisory Working Group on Aquatic Genetic Resources and Technologies during its first meeting in October 2015. The website highlights the ongoing efforts of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department in collecting and disseminating information on the global status of AqGR, and in promoting their responsible use and conservation, including efforts being made under the guidance of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the FAO Committee on Fisheries' Sub-Committee on Aquaculture (COFI:AQ). For further information, please contact: [email protected] www.fao.org/aquatic-genetic-resources

26 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 Aquaculture Expansion in a Landlocked Country, the Case of Paraguay LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

araguay is one of the two In 2009 the Viceministry of the country, and a first-ever Plandlocked countries of Latin Animal Husbandry (Ministry of aquaculture development America (the other one being Agriculture) requested FAO´s road map was collectively Bolivia). It is a sub-tropical country assistance to develop a national formulated. The major lines of with 6.7 million inhabitants, aquaculture development plan action prioritized for immediate located in South America. Whilst (NADP); as a result, a technical implementation were: a it has been traditionally a major cooperation project (TCP) was national strategy to increase fish exporter of agriculture products, formulated as a starting point consumption; a specific legal of which soybean and beef through which a national framework to foster sustainable account for more than 74 percent participatory aquaculture sector aquaculture development; a (BCP, 2016 in Paraguay.com, diagnostic was realized as a basis national program to strengthen 2016), the country possesses for the formulation of the NADP. the technical capacities of both a vast hydrological network extension workers and farmers; With the exception of two stemming from three major rivers: the creation of a national companies with more than Pilcomayo (835 km); Paraguay Directorate of Aquaculture; a 50 ha of fish ponds, some 2 900 (1 265 km) and Parana (689 km) national aquaculture registry; the small-scale farmers (0.22 ha pond which, together with 7 large lakes creation of a postgraduate course surface area in average) were and hydro electrical reservoirs on fish farming; strengthening the identified in the country at the that cover more than 4 000 km2, small-scale farmers organizations time of the diagnostic. Some of provide electricity, water, food and promote better and more the weaknesses and limitations and livelihoods for a large sustainable aquaculture practices, identified through this nation- proportion of its population. including the involvement of wide exercise included: i) lack of the State Secretariat of the The first attempts to cultivate fish a national aquaculture registry Environment. in the country date back some and statistical system; ii) low 70 years ago and although there farm productivity due to the lack Table 1 presents some indicators are some 258 native fish species of technical capacities and poor of impact of the intervention. identified in the country, most production management; ii) weak Overall aquaculture production aquaculture preliminary trials economic sustainability of small- increased fourfold in 7 years. The used exotic species, particularly scale farmers, associated to high number of farms has increased common carp and tilapia (FAO, production costs and low yields; also substantially although the 2010). Apart from these isolated iii) lack of processing capabilities scale remains unchanged. With efforts, commercial aquaculture and limited access to markets; the exception of a couple of was almost nonexistent until the iv) most farmers were not part new export-oriented projects, late 1990´s, when two mid-sized, of organizations thus economies the increasing internal market is closed-cycle tilapia farms which of scale were not sought; supplied by small-scale farmers. produced fish for the market of v) aquaculture was not prioritized Moreover, given the positive Asuncion, the capital city, started by the government and hence outcome of the hands-on operations. no institution had aquaculture processing courses provided to in its mandate, vi) national fish farmers, a mobile processing consumption was very low (4.4 kg plant was designed with FAO´s in average) with a strong cultural technical assistance and operates preference for beef (FAO, 2010). itinerantly among production zones (Photo 1). By 2011, FAO assisted the Written by: government in the participatory An Aquaculture Development Alejandro Flores Nava formulation of the NADP. Law was formulated with FAO´s Sub-regional Office for Middle A comprehensive consultation assistance and was enacted in America, Panama City, Panama to a wide range of stakeholders 2010. Also a new Aquaculture E-mail: [email protected] was carried out throughout Directorate within the Viceministry

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 27 Table 1 – Comparison of sector development indicators ex-ante and ex-post* the implementation of the National Aquaculture Development Plan Indicator 2009 2017 National Aquaculture Production 2 000 tonnes 9 200 tonnes Approximate number of 2 900 3 150 aquaculture production units Level of organization Very weak Improved. Two new organizations using economies of scale and sharing commercialization channels. Fish consumption (kg/caput/year) 4.4 6.8 Aquaculture Legal framework Law of Fisheries and Law of Sustainable Aquaculture Aquaculture No. 3.556.08 Development No.4.050 Opportunities for capacity Research and diploma An Msc and a soon-to-be PhD in natural development in aquaculture courses at the National resources offered by the National University University of Asuncion management (including aquaculture) Presence of value added products Less than 3% of the Over 20% of the national aquaculture fish in local markets total national supply of supply aquaculture-produced fish * Data and information according to: FAO, 2010 (baseline); the Directorate of Aquaculture; the Department of Aquaculture of the Faculty of Veterinary Studies-University of Asuncion and the own author´s records.

of Animal Husbandry has been created, which provides extension services and is starting a national registry and statistical follow- up. The future looks bright for aquaculture expansion in Paraguay. LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN THE AND AMERICA LATIN SEE ALSO

FAO. 2010. Diagnóstico del sector acuícola de Paraguay. FAO/A. FLORES

Documento Técnico del Proyecto © TCPF/PAR/3201. Organización Photo 1 – Mobile fish processing plant for small-scale aquaculture farmers of de las Naciones Unidas para la Paraguay Alimentación y la Agricultura. FAO. Asunción, Paraguay. 47p. Paraguay.com. 2016. Qué compra y qué vende Paraguay. Based on the commercial balance sheets of the Central Bank of Paraguay. www.paraguay.com/nacionales/ que-compra-y-que-vende- paraguay-126231 FAO/D. SOTO © Farmed cachama (Colossoma macropomum), Peru

28 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 Adaptation of Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change in Chile LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Introduction will develop pilot hile is one of the main fish experiences in Cproducing countries of the four coves located world, with fishing (industrial and in different artisanal) and aquaculture among geographic areas the productive activities of major of the country. economic and social importance The initiative, a at national level. However, over pioneer in Chile, the past decade both sectors have seeks to outline experienced fluctuations in outputs key guidelines LOVATELLI A. due to overfishing, and complex that lead to the ©FAO/ management difficulties resulting, implementation at among others, in negative socio- the national level economic effects, notably a decline of a management Farmed Peruvian calico scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) in the overall income of fishing system for fisheries communities. and aquaculture the institutional framework (at with capabilities to adapt to national and local levels) and A number of important fishery climate change. limited application of good resources have been exploited practices in the fishery and at levels that have exceeded This project, to be implemented aquaculture sector, especially in the the biological capacity of the through to September 2020, is area of technological innovation. ecosystems to recover, hence funded by the Global Environment Furthermore, the project aims at generating a high degree of Facility (GEF) and implemented strengthening knowledge and vulnerability to environmental by the Food and Agriculture awareness on climate change changes. In this context, the Organization of the United Nations directly in the pilot coastal artisanal sector that exploits and (FAO). The Chilean Fisheries communities so as to increase farms commercial aquatic species and Aquaculture authority awareness on the need to adapt along the entire coast of the (the “Subecretaría de Pesca y aquatic resources management country is identified as the most Acuicultura”) and the Ministry of and exploitation in the face of vulnerable user to environmental the Environment are the national environmental impacts some of effects that cause changes to executing agencies. which are clearly occurring and fishing seasons and species impacting the availability of the abundance. Work in the bays resources. In June 2017, the FAO-GEF project According to the United Nations Framework Convention on The project is working in four "Strengthening the Adaptation small bays spread across the length Capacity of the Chilean Fisheries Climate Change, Chile is a highly vulnerable country in the face of the country all of which have and Aquaculture Sector for Climate distinct fisheries, aquaculture Change" was launched, which of climate change. Throughout the long Chilean coastline there activities and climatic conditions. are large number of sites where These are the Riquelme Cove in the coastal resources are of great Region of Tarapacá (North Zone); importance in the local economies Tongoy in the Region of Coquimbo Written by: and where strong historical and (Central-North Zone); Coliumo in Alessandro Lovatelli cultural links exist between such the Bío-Bío Region (Central-South FAO Regional Office for Latin communities and the exploitation Zone); and El Manzano, in the Los America and the Caribbean of such resources. For this reason, Lagos Region (Southern Zone). The Santiago, Chile these socio-economic realities lessons learned on environmental, E-mail: [email protected] are highly sensitivity to any technical, socio-economic and Felix Inostroza Cortés environmental variability. institutional adaptation to climate FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture change accomplished in the pilot National Project Coordinator The project seeks to help overcome sites will be replicated elsewhere E-mail: [email protected] barriers such as weaknesses in and at a much larger scale.

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 29 is engaged in the cultivation of the Peruvian calico scallop (Argopecten purpuratus), while in El Manzano (Los Lagos Region) the fishers have started collecting seeds and farming the Chilean mussel (Mytilus chilensis). In the other two coves, small-scale aquaculture is only just emerging, with some experiences in the cultivation of Gracilaria in the bay of Coliumo.

Conclusions The GEF-FAO project, which is just beginning, is a response to the threats that climate

©FAORLC change is exerting on the fishery Location of project sites resources and on the most vulnerable user group, the small- scale fishers. It is expected that Through an inclusive and through the farming of a relatively the outputs of the project will participatory approach, work limited number of aquatic species increase the overall resilience of will be carried out jointly with - seven fish, eight molluscs and the Chilean commercial fishing artisanal fishermen communities five seaweed - currently species and aquaculture industries and and alliances will be established diversification of the sector is being hopefully provide guidance to with other key stakeholders in the promoted through a National neighboring and further afar sector, including government and Aquaculture Policy. countries which will be also community institutions, research In a framework of environmental dealing with the menace brought centers, civil society organizations sustainability and equity, small- about by climate changes. LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN THE AND AMERICA LATIN and others key entities both scale aquaculture is considered public and private. The project an economic activity with will also seek to profit from opportunities to grow local knowledge and exchange because of its potential experiences generating synergistic to strengthen and actions that will strengthen the complement the work ability to adapt to climate change of artisanal fishers at all levels. affected by the decline All project activities will be of some of their implemented through an target and traditional ecosystem and precautionary resources. approach contemplated in the Thus, in the pilot bays Chilean legal framework, which of the project - and promotes integrated practices where aquaculture in relation to the conservation, initiatives are restoration and use of marine developed to a greater resources and the inclusion of the or lesser extent - diverse stakeholders in the decision fishing communities making. have expressed their interest in knowing Small-scale aquaculture and analyzing new Within the overall Chilean alternatives that allow fisheries sector, aquaculture has them to adapt to gradually gained importance, the new challenges. currently representing the fastest Currently in the bay growing food sector. Although,

of Tongoy at least 50 FAO/A. LOVATELLI aquaculture has developed percent of the fishers © Scallop farmer in the Bay of Tongoy

30 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 Results of a Regional Workshop on Occupational Security for Diving Fishers in Latin America: Towards Decent Rural Employment

he regional workshop on “Diving in LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Tfisheries and aquaculture: legislation and policy recommendations” was held during 30-31 January in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Forty participants including occupational hazards experts; hyperbaric medicine doctors; representatives of fishing divers associations; FAO´s national consultants and technical officers, participated in the event. Also representatives of the Organization of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sectors ©FAO/A. FLORES ©FAO/A. of Central America (OSPESCA), the Inter- Participants at the workshop held in Tegucigalpa, Honduras American Development Bank (IDB) and government officers of Colombia, Chile, Honduras, Group discussion after delivered presentations, led Mexico and Peru convened at Tegucigalpa, the to a number of conclusions and recommendations in capital city of Honduras. terms of legal frameworks and policies; institutional arrangements and practical matters to ensure the The objective of the workshop was to disseminate reduction of fishing-related diving accidents. These the results of a baseline study on the labor included: and occupational safety in diving fishing and – Carry out censuses of fishing divers in all countries aquaculture, carried out in Colombia, Chile, where such an activity is common. They should Honduras and Mexico, as well as to discuss ways not only include quantitative information, but to improve the current national legislation and also information on the level of their training/ regulatory frameworks regarding diving fishing expertise, the type and conditions of the diving- and make legislation and policy recommendations support equipment and other relevant socio- accordingly. The Chilean diving fishing regulatory economic data. and legal framework was used as a reference, given – Governments should include in their national its soundness and long history. pertinent legislation, a specific section ensuring The main common weaknesses identified rights and obligations of fishers, aiming at throughout the rest of the country study-cases their occupational safety, thus ensuring decent were: i) lack of national legal frameworks specific employment conditions. for diving in fisheries and aquaculture; ii) lack of – Differentiated occupational and social protection training opportunities for diving fishers to ensure policies according to the level of risk of diving safe and better practices; iii) absence of strict fishing, should be formulated by national compulsory regulations to ensure occupational Governments to ensure equal social protection safety; iv) adequate first aid and hyperbaric opportunities. chambers are scarce or nonexistent, as well as – Urgent need to revise the current pensum of are specialists in hyperbaric medicine in fishing medical school programs, to introduce or improve communities; v) most diving fishers are not included training of general physicians, in hyperbaric in social protection systems to guarantee family medicine. This includes the development of insurance in case of disability or death and vi) the specialized courses to train rural doctors so that lack of a multisectoral approach to local economic coastal communities have access to such a critical development to minimize the almost exclusive expertise. dependence on diving fishing. – Mapping of fishing communities with respect to the availability of hyperbaric chambers should be the basis for a national program to improve first aid and hyperbaric medical attention systems. Written by: – Detailed and holistic assessments should be Alejandro Flores Nava carried out by national fisheries authorities, to Sub-regional Office for Middle America, introduce safer capture methods in fisheries that Panama City, Panama currently employ diving, to reduce accidents and E-mail: [email protected] fatalities.

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 31 Financing African Aquaculture for Sustainable Economic Development

special session on “Financing attractive market price can drop in Uganda. The cage-based AAfrican Aquaculture” was very quickly when the supply is aquaculture park (designed for held on 27th of June 2017 as part increased. They have handled tilapia production) would be of the World Aquaculture 2017 the marketing challenge by located at Mwena, a landing conference in Cape Town, South establishing their own distribution site near Kalangala Island on Africa. The session started with network. Lake Victoria with existing a brief overview of “Aquaculture infrastructure that can be used Robert Jenkins discussed the Businesses in Africa” by Randall for aquaculture activities. The “Msingi Approach” to address Brummett and a presentation on pond-based aquaculture park structural factors inhibiting “Funding models for inclusive (designed for catfish and/or tilapia growth of a successful aquaculture development in production) would be located on aquaculture industry in East Africa Africa” by Junning Cai in lieu of the banks of the River Nile where through an integrated plan. his colleague Felix Marttin. After it leaves Lake Kyoga north of This approach would require a the introductory presentations, Masindi Port for easy access to the significant level of investments invited speakers from the private water source. to provide concessionary finance and public sectors shared their for long-term benefits. Such André Bok, an aquaculture experiences and views about investments may require a entrepreneur, shared his conducting aquaculture as a public-private partnership that insights about the complicity business in Africa through eight includes grants from government between developer optimism additional presentations as well or donors and investments and investor ignorance in the as interactions with the audience. from the private sector. Public underperformance of the South Key findings or messages SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN funding is used to facilitate the African marine fish farming conveyed by the presentations concessionary finance, whereas industry. He suggested that some and discussion are summarized as the private partner ensures proper simple tools can help navigate the follows. governance and management. quagmire of aquaculture failures Bryan McCoy and Adam Taylor in the region, and instil confidence Patrick Seruyange from the shared their experience of fish in reorienting the industry towards Delegation of the European farming in Zambia. Their company achieving its development Union to Uganda introduced (named Yalelo) produces fresh potential. He pointed out that the “aquaculture park” project tilapia for local consumers. In addition to many technical challenges, they also need to find ways to sell the fish when their production is scaled up – the

Written by: Randall Brummett The World Bank Group E-mail: [email protected] Junning Cai E-mail: [email protected] Felix Marttin E-mail: [email protected] P.O. MAQUART © FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Feeding Nile tilapia in Lake Volta, Ghana. The first-prize winner in the Department, Rome, Italy SARNISSA African Cage Culture Photo Competition: Pierre-Olivier Maquart

32 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 aquaculture is a technically sector will not attract sufficient opportunities and incentives in demanding business; it takes years funds unless there is a shift in the South Africa. Their presentations of practices and experiences to attitudes of investors and their have generated much interest fully appreciate the importance of appetite to fund aquaculture and discussion from the audience, water quality to the success of an projects. He suggested that especially fish farmers in South aquaculture operation. aquaculturists should reassess Africa who would like to have a more enabling environment for Amy Novogratz shared her visions their role in shaping and crafting aquaculture development in the about investing in the future of the investment experience and country. aquaculture in Africa through bridging the funding gap. Aqua-Spark, an investment fund Gavin Johnston and Willem Most participants agreed that with a focus on sustainable Schoonbee discussed lessons finance is an important factor aquaculture businesses around the learned from AquaPemba, a pilot for the development of the world. Some of the key messages venture to produce Dusky Kob/ African aquaculture sector. Until she conveyed in her presentation Mulloway fish (Argyrosomus recently, however, not enough SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA were: “we do not seek controlling japonicus) in Pemba Bay, attention has been placed on stakes in our investments; we are Mozambique. The early successes this issue. To support financing long-term investors who do not of the project did not lead to a in Africa, participants in this seek exit strategies; every business sustainable commercial business session identified three main we invest in is a reflection of our so the project was shut down courses of actions: (i) the public trust in the entrepreneur to lead after six years of operations sector should improve rules and their companies’ development despite having a business plan regulations regarding aquaculture and growth in the most effective backed by a track record and and related activities and on top way.” operational success in the pilot of that, transparent enforcement of these rules and regulations Lionel Brenner, an aquaculture phase. Various external factors should be a priority; (ii) the financial consultant, gave a (e.g. policy, licencing, financing, finance sector should familiarize presentation on the financial supply chains and distance from itself with the aquaculture sector gap for aquaculture in South markets) have contributed to the so that risks can be appropriately Africa. He pointed out that non-success. assessed, mitigated and shared financial institutions often lack Lisa Geswindt and Brian for reducing financial costs; and understanding of the risks Soldaat from the government (iii) the aquaculture sector should inherent in the aquaculture sector of South Africa gave a brief be more serious about conducting and how to value opportunities. yet comprehensive overview their operations as businesses, He also underlined that the of aquaculture investment with a focus on economic performance. Participants also agreed that more emphasis needs to be placed on proper (and generally conservative) business planning in the aquaculture sector. Many investments are too optimistic and do not properly evaluate and plan for external risks. Finance needs to be patient and pragmatic.

SEE ALSO

World Aquaculture 2017 conference: WORLDBANK/R. BRUMMETT

© https://www.was.org/meetings/ Yalelo Fish Farm in Zambia. Harvest is done mechanically default.aspx?code=WA2017

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 33 Seventeenth Session of the Committee on Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture of Africa (CIFAA)

he Committee for Inland Fisheries Tand Aquaculture of Africa (CIFAA) was established by the FAO Council in 1971 and is an Article VI body of the FAO constitution dealing with inland fisheries and aquaculture in sub- Saharan Africa and is composed by 37 member countries. The Secretariat is

provided by the FAO Regional Office ©FAO-GAMBIA th

for Africa based in Accra, Ghana. The Participants attending the 17 CIFAA Session in Banjul, Gambia FAOSFE © Committee Ordinary Sessions are held every two years. This Committee represents a unique The Seventeenth Session of CIFAA: forum for its members to discuss emerging issues on – deplored the long inter-sessional period but inland fisheries and aquaculture at the national and appreciated the efforts of the Secretariat to regional scale. However, one of the major issues of this revitalize the Committee. Committee in recent years is the difficulty in reaching – noted the strong need to assume ownership of the a quorum to allow for consensus in decision-making. Committee by its members. The Seventeenth Session of CIFAA was held in – noted that an innovative approach is required for Banjul, Gambia from 9 to 11 May 2017. A total of reenergizing CIFAA. 28 delegates from ten member countries and three – agreed that CIFAA is to remain as an Article VI body observers attended the Session. Three working under the FAO constitution. It was highlighted documents and five information documents were that CIFAA acts as a means to voice African inland presented and discussed in the plenary by the fisheries and aquaculture matters to the global secretariat, namely: (i) Follow up to intersessional stage in large events such as the Committee on activities and way forward; (ii) Outcomes of the Fisheries (COFI). SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN Aquaculture Network for Africa (ANAF) annual – recommended that CIFAA secretariat conduct an meeting; and (iii) Status of inland fisheries in Africa. attendance review of all CIFAA sessions. This review should highlight the regularly attending member The CIFAA Session achieved its objectives despite the states, the low attending member states, the low attendance. Participants identified a number never attending member states and their levels of of priorities to enhance regional cooperation and representation. strengthen technical inland fisheries and aquaculture – recommended that the working group on the CIFAA capacities for CIFAA member countries. Six priority multi donor trusts fund created during the Dakar areas were identified and a work plan and budget extraordinary session operationalize itself under elaborated for the next biennium. The six priorities for CIFAA Secretariat leadership. the future work of the Committee are: (i) ecological – endorsed the proposal to integrate ANAF within the capacity of inland water bodies for fish cage farming, African Union structure (AU-IBAR). (ii) roles of sub-regional lake and river bodies in – acknowledged the need for regular and updated inland fishery management, (iii) impact of Nile inland fisheries and aquaculture statistics. tilapia trade: imported vs. locally produced fish, (iv) – noted the readiness of the African Development aquaculture production sustainability (profitability vs. Bank to assist countries in carrying out their Blue socio-economic considerations), (v) fish diseases and Economy programs with an emphasis on inland environmental constraints, (vi) integrated aquaculture fisheries and Aquaculture. farming systems to make production more profitable. Mali offered to host the next ordinary Session of CIFAA to be held in two years’ time.

Written by: SEE ALSO Valerio Crespi FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, Italy Committee on Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture of E-mail: [email protected] Africa Ndiaga Gueye www.fao.org/fishery/rfb/cifaa/en FAO Regional Office for Africa, Accra, Ghana FAO Report of the 17th CIFAA Session E-mail: [email protected] (not yet published)

34 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 Fish and Cassava Stop Migration in Guinea-Bissau

he Africa Solidarity Trust the youth were left on their own elderly lady said that FAO, through TFund (ASTF) requested FAO to feed the fish and maintain the cassava and fish project, had to implement a project in six the cages. The consultant, on his stopped migration from the village. West-African nations to generate regular visits, taught them how That was a real eye-opener. The youth employment in the fields to sample the fish and record the emphasis had always been put on of aquaculture and cassava value growth performance. The cassava scoring a high number of created chains. The total budget amounts group in the meantime continued jobs, so that the financing agency to approximately four million to weed their satellite farms. would see that their funds were US dollars. Planting cassava well spent and that all team players Then the day arrives for the first is quite straightforward, but were doing a great job. With that big harvest. The cassava had interestingly, the six countries “migration” remark, suddenly it SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA performed well and harvests had their own ideas about was realized how important the between one and four tonnes aquaculture interventions: one role played by a good project were recorded, great successes country concentrated on fish in day-to-day village life is. The for the cassava farmers, who also ponds, another on fiberglass visitors were definitely moved by produced their own saplings for tanks and a few also on floating the lady’s conclusion and although the next production cycle. During cages. All these farming systems there was a sense of pride and a support mission from the FAO concentrated on two main hope in that, there was also the Regional Office for Africa it was cultured species tilapia and North awareness on the way back to noted that the cages were full African catfish. the capital Bissau that there is of harvestable fish. Of course, still a lot to do as everywhere in In Guinea Bissau floating cages for when the fish have reached the the villages the streets were full fish culture were used to attract marketable size, special attention of youth, on their way to or from youth into fish rearing operations. has to be given to surveillance in school. After graduation, however, A special formula was developed case an outsider decides to harvest these adolescents will deserve with so-called “core” farmers, land the fish prematurely. During employment also. The good news owners, who then collaborated the usual Question and Answer from the village of Pitche in Guinea with young “satellite” farmers. sessions, sharing information on Bissau will hopefully encourage the The fish cages were deployed in the feeding frequency, timing of ASTF to continue financing such a river (freshwater environment) feeding, mortality, bird predation, initiatives. The Fund may count on and in an estuary (brackish water and other technical details, it was FAO’s commitment to make future environment) and filled with tilapia the time for the youth to pose initiatives a success, too. fingerlings from Senegal, two questions. In the meantime half of species, according to their natural the villagers had appeared on the Special acknowledgments of the habitats. river bank, listening to all the fish efforts made by the national FAO talk. Appreciation was expressed team and international consultant, The selected youth had for FAO’s role in the project to rear the core farmers and of course the been trained by the project’s fish and grow cassava. Suddenly an youth groups. international consultant from Senegal in cage assemblage, mooring techniques and cage management (e.g. protection against predators and transport of fingerlings). The project provided the fish and the feed and then

Written by: Martin Van der Knaap

FAO Regional Office for Africa KNAAP DER VAN M. West Africa Team, Accra, Ghana ©FAO/ E-mail: [email protected] Villagers and youth negotiating fish price

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 35 Nigeria: Faster Aquaculture Growth Needed to Bridge Fish Demand-Supply Gap

n 1980, 73 million Nigerians consumed I Bovine Meat, 984 thousand tonnes 0.93 , 9% Bovine Meat, Pigmeat, 0.47 , of fish- the equivalent 2.15 , 21% 5% of 13 kg per person Marine fishes, Mutton & Goat per year and nearly 3.20 , 32% Meat, 1.05 , 11% Marine fishes, Meat, 3.46 , Seafood, 3.22 , 33% 1 kg more than Meat, 4.00 , Pigmeat, 0.17 , 35% 3.66 , 36% 2% Seafood, 1980: 10.07 40% the world average. 4.19 , 42% 2013: 9.85 g/capita/day Mutton & Goat g/capita/day Meat, 0.46 , 5% Between 1980 and Poultry Meat, 0.54 , 5% 2013, the country’s Poultry Meat, 0.56 , 6% Milk & eggs, Other meat, 0.47 population increased Milk & eggs, , 5% 2.04 , 20% 1.75 , 18% Other meat, 0.66 Freshwater & to 172 million and , 6% diadromous fishes, 0.94 , 9% total fish consumption Milk, 0.76 , 8% Eggs, 0.71 , 7% Milk, 1.33 , 13% increased by 1 333 Eggs, 0.99 , 10% thousand tonnes to 2 317 thousand Figure 1 – Per capita animal protein intake in Nigeria – 2008 versus 2013 tonnes - allowing

for per capita fish 3,0 consumption to remain virtually 2,5 unchanged. Nigeria’s 2,0

2013 per capita Millions tonnes 1,5 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN fish consumption had however fallen 1,0

to 70 percent of 0,5 the world average (20 kg per person - per year). Despite 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 fish consumption Net import (import minus export) remaining stable, overall per capita Food fish supply from domestic sources (production plus stock depletion minus non-food uses) animal protein intake Fish consumption in the country fell Figure 2 – Nigeria's supply and utilization of fish for food from 10.07g in 1980 to 9.85g in 2013. This decline is the result of a decrease increased from 350 thousand in per capita protein intake from tonnes to nearly 2 million tonnes meat and milk (two of the largest between 2000 and 2011 before animal protein categories), which declining to 940 thousand tonnes were unable to keep pace with in 2013 thanks to a rapid increase Written by: population growth (Figure 1). in domestic fish production Kathleen Allen (Figure 2). FAO Intern The increase in fish production in E-mail: [email protected] Nigeria accounts for 55 percent SEE ALSO Anne Fadilla Rachmi of the intensification of its total FAO Intern fish consumption (1 333 thousand FAO. 2017. tonnes) between 1980-2013; Short-term projection E-mail: [email protected] of global fish demand and supply Junning Cai the remaining 45 percent was gaps. Cai, J. & Leung, P.S. FAO FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture covered by the growth in its net Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Department, Rome, Italy import (i.e. import minus export) Paper No. 607. Rome, Italy. www.fao.org/3/a-i7623e.pdf E-mail: [email protected] of fish. Nigeria’s fish trade deficit

36 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 Fish production in Nigeria grew 800 50 710 from 260 000 tonnes in 1980 700 45 617 to over 1 million tonnes in 40 600 2015. While capture fisheries 31 35 500 441 30 is still the main source of fish 25 400 25 production in the country, the Share (%) 309 317 share of aquaculture has increased 300 255 20

Production (thousand tonnes) 201 15 from 2 percent in 1980 to over 200 30 percent in 2015 (Figure 3). 6 10 100 2 2 5 26 7 Over the past 35 years, 0 6 0 aquaculture production in Nigeria 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 has grown 12 percent a year Aquaculture production (tonnes) Capture production (tonnes) Share of aquaculture (%) (compared to the world average Figure 3 – Status and trends of aquaculture and fisheries production in Nigeria

8 percent) from a little over 6 000 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA tonnes in 1980 to Figure 4: Status and trend of global aquaculture production -2015 versus 1980 nearly 320 000 tonnes 25 Bubble size in 2015 (Figure 4). measuring 20 population The country is the NIgeria largest aquaculture 15

fish producer in 10 sub-Saharan Africa, 5 accounting for World 54 percent of the total 0 fish production in the products from 1980 to 2015 (%) - 5 sub-region. 0 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000 10 000 000 100 000 000

Aquaculture Production Quantity of Aquatic products in 2015 (tonnes) Nigeria’s aquaculture Quantity of Aquatic Production Annual growth rate of Aquaculture Africa countries Americas countries Asia countries Europe countries Oceania countries NIgeria World focuses mainly on freshwater fishes, Figure 4 – Status and trend of global aquaculture production – 2015 versus 1980 with catfish species accounting for 1. North African catish 160 295 64 percent of the 2. Torpedo-shaped catishes nei 36 234 country’s aquaculture 3. Tilapia nei 28 284 1% 4. Cyprinids nei 28 157 2% 2% 2% production in 2015 3% 5% 5% (Figure 5). 5. Nile perch 15 900 6. Retculate knifefish 8 488 9% 51% 7. Aba 7 031 Looking into the future, 9% 8. Upsidedown catishes 6 556 if other factors affecting 11% fish demand (e.g. fish 9. Characins nei 5 891 price and consumer 10. African bonytongue 4 719 Other species 15 172 preference) remain unchanged, Nigeria’s Figure 5 – Top-10 aquaculture species in Nigeria in 2015 (tonnes) fish demand in the early 2020s would be 600 000 production in the early 2020s resulting in a 450 000 tonnes tonnes higher than the level in the would be 150 000 tonnes higher demand-supply gap. The country’s mid-2010s because of income and than the level in the mid-2010. aquaculture would need to grow population growth in the country. This would only be able to cover at 22 percent a year from the mid- On the other side, following the a quarter of the 600 000 tonnes 2010s to the early 2020s in order current trend, its aquaculture of demand hike driven by the to bridge the potential demand- income and population growth, supply gap. V. CRESPI ©FAO/ Checking the size of Nle tilapia from an earthen pond, Namibia

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 37 The Regional Capacity Building Workshop on Aquaculture Models and Technologies to Reduce Poverty, Improve Youth Employment and ©FAO/P. MUREKEZI Promote Commercialization Photo of participants at the workshop

SUMMARY workshop, from Burkina Faso (3), France (4), Ivory Coast he capacity building Workshop on Aquaculture Models (15), Senegal (4), and three FAO resource persons. During Tand Technologies to Reduce Poverty, Improve Youth the workshop, participants described different types of fish Employment and Promote Commercialization, was held farming models and their interactions along the value chain. in Adzopé, Ivory Coast, from 18 to 21 July 2017. The Moreover, the technical and economic performances of the objective of the workshop was to evaluate how and to what different fish farming models, along with their role at both extent aquaculture and related activities contribute or can farm and territory levels, have been also analysed. Based contribute to youth employment and poverty reduction. on the workshop’s results, a publication about the role of The workshop was part of the Strategic Programme “Rural aquaculture in creating employment opportunities for rural Poverty Reduction”. Twenty-nine participants attended the youth along the value chain will be produced.

Atelier régional de renforcement des capacités sur les modèles et technologies aquacoles permettant de réduire la pauvreté, d’améliorer l’emploi des jeunes et de favoriser la commercialisation

’atelier régional a eu lieu du 18 au 21 Juillet 2017 dans le économiques des modèles de pisciculture dont ils font la Lcentre de la Société Agro Piscicole (SAP) de la Mé à 15 km promotion dans leur pays respectif. Le troisième jour, à d’Adzopé, Côte d’ivoire. travers les échanges en plénière, les participants ont discuté le modèle de pisciculture à l’échelle de l’exploitation (par L’objectif de l’atelier était d’évaluer en quoi et comment la exemple les rôles des jeunes, des anciens et des femmes) et pisciculture intégrée et les activités associées dans les paysages à l’échelle du territoire (par exemple la sécurité alimentaire). ruraux contribuent ou peuvent contribuer à la création Le quatrième jour, pour clôturer l’atelier, une proposition d’emplois des jeunes et plus largement à la réduction de la

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN de synthèse a été présentée par les facilitateurs basée sur pauvreté. Il s’inscrit dans le cadre de l'objectif stratégique l’analyse de la capacité de modèles de pisciculture à créer 3 « Réduire la pauvreté rurale ». Vingt-neuf personnes ont des emplois. Une première analyse du processus de création participé à l’atelier, du Burkina Faso (3), de la France (4), de d’emplois à travers les modèles de pisciculture a été soumise la Côte d'Ivoire (15), du Sénégal (4) et de trois (3) personnes- aux participants et discutée en plénière. Ces échanges ont ressource de la FAO. permis de mettre en exergue les qualités consensuelles et La cérémonie d’ouverture a été présidée par le Secrétaire controversées, les inconvénients et les enseignements des Général de la préfecture d’Adzopé. Les différentes modèles développés dans des situations territoriales propres à interventions des représentants des autorités, de la FAO chacun des pays. et du Centre de coopération internationale en recherche Les points traités mais qui mériteraient d’être encore agronomique pour le développement (Cirad) ont été approfondis au-delà de l’atelier ont été listés. Ils portent sur introduites par le chef du Département du Centre de l’accès au foncier des jeunes, la relecture des organisations Recherche Océanologique (CRO) d’Abidjan. L’importance économiques les plus propices pour porter les innovations économique et sociale de la filière aquacole pour l’Afrique de piscicoles, la possibilité de partenariat entre les agro-industries l’Ouest a été soulignée. et les petites piscicultures, l’importance du dialogue entre les Le premier jour, après la présentation des participants, l’atelier acteurs locaux concernés dans la conception, l’adaptation a identifié et décrit, à travers les échanges en plénière, les et la mise en routine de la production, l’implication de la différents types de pisciculture et de leurs interactions avec recherche dans les tentatives d’entreprises pilotes et la les autres composantes de la filière. Le deuxième jour, les construction de démarches R&D. participants ont analysé les performances techniques et Pour compléter les apports de l’atelier, M. Martinus Van der Knaap, de la FAO, a présenté les avancées du projet GCP/ RAF/254/MUL « Création d’opportunités d’emploi des jeunes Written by: dans le secteur agroalimentaire via des systèmes aquacoles et des chaines de valeur du manioc durables en Afrique de Pierre Murekezi l’ouest » financée par le Fonds fiduciaire de solidarité africain. FAO Consultant E-mail: [email protected] En guise de clôture, il a été rappelé que conformément au Elisabetta Martone protocole d’accord entre le Cirad et la FAO, les produits FAO Consultant attendus comprennent la rédaction du rapport technique E-mail: [email protected] de l’atelier et la publication des résultats de ces journées sur le rôle de l’aquaculture intégrée aux systèmes agraires en FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, Italy matière d’emploi des jeunes ruraux tout au long de la filière.

38 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 THEMATIC ARTICLES ©FAO/V. CRESPI THEMATIC ARTICLES • THEMATIC ARTICLES • THEMATIC ARTICLES • THEMATIC ARTICLES • THEMATIC ARTICLES

Advancing Sustainable Aquaculture through Blue Growth

Introduction decent work, and technical and and social equity to contribute ince its launch in 2014, the financial innovation. to FAO’s core mandate of poverty alleviation and food SFAO Blue Growth Initiative A Blue Growth strategy for security. In short, Blue Growth (BGI) was developed from a aquaculture development differs seeks to minimize environmental concept discussed at Rio+20 to a from business as usual through degradation, biodiversity loss and major area of work with concrete, an integrated framework unsustainable use of resources “on-the-water” examples of supporting the three pillars while maximizing economic and sustainable aquaculture and of sustainable development social benefits. fisheries management being (environmental, social and advanced through an integrated, economic) and facilitating more Sustainable development holistic approach. Blue Growth efficient production while taking of aquaculture has received prioritizes balancing the stock of countries’ unique considerable attention in recent sustainable management of conditions and adapting to the years, with many countries natural aquatic resources with local situations. A key aspect is increasing production substantially an emphasis on reduced food the targeted interventions along over the past decade. The loss and waste, energy efficiency, the aquaculture value chain, Blue Growth Initiative offers considering the high degree of a comprehensive strategic interaction among actors and framework (Figure 1) to help interconnectivity of the various countries build sustainable sub-sectors. While the concept aquaculture sectors that take Written by: of “Blue Economy” encompasses into account the 2030 Agenda Henry DeBey all economic activities that use and Sustainable Development E-mail: [email protected] aquatic systems and resources Goals (SDGs). This approach to Zachary Foco (including sectors such as aquaculture has already proven E-mail: [email protected] shipping, tourism and ocean capable of producing multiple Jacqueline Alder energy), Blue Growth aims to benefits across multiple sectors E-mail: [email protected] reconcile economic growth through FAO Blue Growth FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture resulting from those activities with activities in several regions and Department, Rome, Italy sustainable aquatic resource use countries.

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 39 Pillars of Sustainable Development services to shrimp farmers who ultimately benefit from Economic Environment Social improved production, and to their communities from other Mainstreaming Blue Growth Initiative ecosystem services. The Philippines: Maximizing Efficiencies with Seaweed Transformational Farming interventions - outputs & outcomes Blue Forum/ Blue Blue FAO's aquaculture efforts in Blue Trade Production Communities the Philippines are centred on seaweed production. Gracilaria, a high value seaweed Enabling conditions species, requires little space Legislation & policy Private & public Incentives - Knowledge frameworks institutions technical & capacity (production footprint) for & financial development profitable production, benefits the environment and uses little energy. The Philippines have Figure 1 – Blue Growth framework (bottom-up) illustrating the three broad phases of the BGI, from enabling conditions to transformational interventions achieved additional environmental to mainstreaming, contributing to the three pillars of sustainable development and economic efficiencies by reclaiming abandoned fish Since the launch of the BGI Bangladesh: Improving Shrimp ponds to farm the seaweed, and many countries have requested Aquaculture and Managing promoting species more accessible FAO assistance in transitioning Environmental Impacts to small-scale farmers than other to the Blue Growth model with In Bangladesh, FAO developed forms of coastal aquaculture, aquaculture often as driving a monitoring tool to assess the such as milkfish (Chanos chanos), force. This article showcases impact of shrimp aquaculture shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Blue Growth in the aquaculture on habitats, landscapes and or mangrove mudcrab (Scylla THEMATIC ARTICLES THEMATIC sector with a number of FAO’s biodiversity, and to devise serrata). Multipartner Programme Support mitigation measures. Over 130 Mechanism (FMM) projects farmers, government officials Sri Lanka: Optimizing grouped into three main impact and NGO representatives were Production of Inputs – Fish Seed areas – to demonstrate that trained to better understand In Sri Lanka, FAO worked developing aquaculture using the environmental impacts of with stakeholders to improve a Blue Growth model can be shrimp farming. This project environmental benefits and environmentally responsible, will avoid further degradation operational efficiency by socially inclusive and equitable, and improve the protection of optimizing fish seed production economically profitable and offer the relevant ecosystems which efficiency (i.e. small fish/fingerling innovative ways to solve long- provide countless ecosystem production). This has been standing challenges or limitations in the sector.

Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture Aquaculture projects implemented through the BGI build on the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture and other FAO technical guidelines, target environmental responsibility through efficient use of ecosystem services and build energy efficiencies (including renewable

sources) into aquaculture ©FAO-KENYA production and associated sub- Oyster farming as an income-generating activity in the mangrove forests of Kiliffi County, Kenya sectors.

40 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 achieved primarily by switching provided by mangroves. Since than superficially addressing from land-based to water-based 2015, over 265 000 seedlings the challenges associated with (floating) hatcheries, resulting have been planted in 38 hectares aquaculture development, the BGI in increased energy efficiencies of degraded mangrove forests approach seeks to identify cross- by using lakes, ponds and their in Kilifi and Tana River Counties, sectoral tensions across ecological associated natural processes to with plans for another 70 000 and socioeconomic spheres, to perform the same functions as seedlings in 6-7 hectares address the root of the problem energy-intensive pumps that along the coast by December and achieve transformational circulate and filter water. 2017. In Kenya’s mangrove change. Often solutions are programme several knowledge relatively simple or within the Socially and Economically products were developed to grasp of key stakeholders and Inclusive Aquaculture better inform policy and provide can be catalytic, allowing projects Social and economic strategic advice to government, to achieve tangible success, considerations for resource community stakeholders and increasing the odds for scaling users and communities are key potential donors. These include up and mainstreaming Blue economic valuations for key Growth actions into development elements of the BGI approach. THEMATIC ARTICLES Local communities should be coastal ecosystems, fish value planning. engaged and educated about chain appraisals of production the multiple benefits of a holistic and post-harvest conditions Barbados: Aquaponics approach to management of in selected sites, and marine – Technical Innovation their natural resources for long- spatial planning for mariculture. As a small island developing term sustainability of projects Increased knowledge of mangrove state (SIDS) Barbados' energy, focusing on aquaculture. This ecosystems and their services freshwater and other resources entails including traditionally highlight the potential for new are limited and costly. Given marginalized but equally businesses such as fish processing these constraints, aquaponics fits important stakeholder groups and value adding, aquaculture, well with Barbados’ aquaculture such as women and youth in mangrove restoration, beekeeping plans. Aquaponics combines projects and as key contributors and mariculture associated with aquaculture (growing fish) with and beneficiaries. ecotourism. hydroponics (growing plants in water) and enables Barbados Kenya: Mangrove Preservation Technical and Financial to generate several important and Economic Opportunities Innovation environmental benefits and To reverse trends in mangrove The cross-sectoral assessment economic efficiencies. First, deforestation in Kenya’s coastal of existing activities within the aquaponics maximizes freshwater areas, FAO supported community BGI approach informs targeted use by growing tilapia for local and youth groups consisting of aquaculture interventions and consumption and simultaneously 162 men and 120 women to facilitates the transition from generating high value lettuce educate and raise awareness of business as usual to a mutually crops for restaurants. In addition, the value of ecosystem services beneficial one. In practice, rather Barbados uses solar energy to power its aquaponics system, which is environmentally responsible and economically cheaper than conventional energy sources, using abundant and free sunlight. Finally, materials for aquaponics are easily found in hardware stores and do not need to be specially ordered.

Grenada: Blue Innovation Institute The large exclusive economic zone of Grenada, another SIDS, offers opportunities to diversify ©FAO-KENYA its economy using a Blue Growth Mangrove forest restoration with community groups in Kiliffi, Kenya

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 41 with aquaculture in 12 of them. These figures are expected to increase as Blue Growth continues to be included in national and regional development plans for aquaculture and fisheries.

Conclusions The FAO Blue Growth Initiative can advance sustainable aquaculture not only to achieve the Organization’s core mandate, but also to support countries and partners to implement the 2030 Agenda to achieve the SDGs. The expansion of aquaculture, breeding programmes, farmed species and feed development must be balanced by approaches and innovations that analyse risks, ©FAO/R. VANANROOY Aquaponics as a method for farming fish protein and vegetables in Antigua and ensure environmental health, Barbuda render nutritious and safe farmed aquatic products, preserve social approach. Grenada, the first Viet Nam: Financial Innovation benefits and ensure economic country to initiate a master plan in Catfish Farming viability. Blue Growth can help for Blue Growth, identified new develop and implement integrated In Viet Nam, aquafeed value aquaculture management policies opportunities in fisheries and chain analysis and the revision of aquaculture, blue biotechnology, and programmes by bringing

THEMATIC ARTICLES THEMATIC regulatory frameworks for feed renewable energy, research and together various stakeholders and production and management are leveraging aquaculture to provide innovation with a Blue Innovation improving feed quality, supply, Institute as a cornerstone of multiple benefits, from reduced management practices and feed food loss and waste and energy its strategy. The institute aims conversion efficiency to enhance to be a centre of excellence consumption, to increases in the livelihoods of small-scale decent work and innovation. and a think tank on Blue catfish farmers. Training and Economy supporting innovative workshops for the stakeholders “blue” financing instruments enhanced their knowledge such as Blue Bonds and blue and increased productivity and SEE ALSO insurance schemes. The vision sustainability. is to rapidly scale up economic Achieving Blue Growth through activities that promote ocean Global aquaculture production exceeded 106 million tonnes implementation of the Code of health by catalysing innovative Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. and sustainable technologies, in 2015 (SOFIA, 2016). Since http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/ programmes, policies and 2014, the sector is the main user_upload/newsroom/docs/ BlueGrowth_LR.pdf communities to improve food source of fish destined for human consumption. Aquaculture The Blue Growth Initiative and security, increase natural capital, Small Island Developing States has the potential to meet the and reduce poverty. FAO is (SIDS) committed to supporting the Blue protein needs and demand for www.fao.org/3/a-i3958e.pdf Innovation Institute by providing fish as the world population Ecosystem Approach to technical and financial assistance expands. Blue Growth offers an Aquaculture approach for environmentally and www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1750e/ for workshops to share lessons i1750e.pdf socioeconomically sustainable learned on aquaculture and to FAO. 2016. The State of World aquaculture. As of August support Green Climate Fund Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. fisheries and aquaculture project 2017, FAO is working with Contributing to food security and development in the region. 23 countries worldwide to nutrition for all. Rome. 200 pp. develop Blue Growth projects, www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf

42 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 The Impact of Microplastics on Food Safety: the Case of Fishery and Aquaculture Products

icroplastics present in the Moceans and inland waters are unintentionally ingested by a large number of aquatic animals of commercial value. These plastic particles are made of compounds such as polymers and additives that vary in their composition depending on the desired final characteristics of the material. These polymers can THEMATIC ARTICLES ©5 GYRES INSTITUTE sorb (either absord or adsorb) and This rainbow runner had consumed 17 plastic fragmennts. Marine plastic desorb contaminants from the pollution plays an unknown role in human exposures to toxic chemiclas. surrounding environment, which https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/123-a34/ could pose a threat to the food safety of fishery and aquaculture landfills, oceans and inland their size into nano, micro and products. To determine the impact waters. In 1950 the global plastic meso. The term nanoplastics on human health of the presence production was 1.7 million metric refers to particles measuring of microplastics in these products, tons by 2015 this number had between 1 and 100 nm, an exposure assessment of plastic grown to 322 million metric microplastics to particles of polymers, additives, and sorbed tons (Worldwatch Institute, 0.1 µm (1 000 nm) to 5 000 µm, contaminants in mussels was 2015). There are many types and mesoplastics to all materials conducted by the Fisheries and of plastic but five dominate above 5mm. global production: polyethylene, Aquaculture Department of FAO. Microplastics have been recorded polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, in twelve out of the twenty- Plastic materials are present in polystyrene, and polyethylene five most important species nearly all aspects of modern terephthalate (GESAMP , 2015). and genera that contribute life, from simple food wrappers, Plastics make their way into the to global marine fisheries clothes containing synthetic fibres aquatic environment by direct (Lusher, Holmann & Mendoza, and car tyres to life-sustaining runoff and disintegration of meso 2017). Therefore, they pose an medical equipment. Their and macro plastic debris. Direct emerging food safety concern manufacture, use and discharge release results from untreated because the toxicity of plastic has significantly increased sewage, inadequate industrial and its components (polymerized causing their accumulation in control, improper human monomers, additives and, behaviour, and abandoned or lost possibly, adhered contaminants fishing gear (UNEP, 2017). Most from the oceans) has not been plastics degrade very slowly but evaluated by relevant international Written by: when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) expert scientific committees María Angel Fonseca M light and constant abrasion this such as the Joint FAO/WHO E-mail: [email protected] process is significantly accelerated. Expert Committee on Food Esther Garrido Gamarro Microplastics are divided into two Additives (JECFA). Some plastic E-mail: [email protected] main groups. Primary plastics are monomers are known to be Jogeir Toppe those intentionally manufactured carcinogenic or toxic if ingested; E-mail: [email protected] to be of a particular size; while however, during polymerization Tarub Bahri secondary plastics result from the they become less toxic. Many E-mail: [email protected] breakdown of larger materials. plastic additives are suspected Uwe Barg Examples of primary microplastics to be endocrine disrupters, and E-mail: [email protected] include: pellets, powders, and toxic contaminants sorbed by FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture industrial scrubbers. Additionally, plastics can be released and Department, Rome, Italy plastics are divided according to bioaccumulate in the environment

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 43 restricted to Europe, North the particles. These values were America, Brazil and China. The selected in order to portray the lowest level of microplastics worst case scenario and cover all concentration in mussels (less the populations, especially those than 0.5 particle/g) was reported at greatest risk. The exposure in Europe. In contrast, the highest assessment on microplastics concentration of microplastics in in mussels confirmed that the mussels was observed in China, estimated intake of microplastics amounting to 4 particles/g (EFSA, per day is 0.15 µg/kg. For a 2016). person of 60 kg this is equivalent to 9 µg per day. The tolerable In order to assess the exposure daily intake (TDI) for plastics to microplastics from the has not yet been established; consumption of mussels, data therefore it is not possible to about the estimated intake of determine if this level of exposure

©S. MÄKELIN mussels and the concentration 5 is in compliance with regulations. Musculatore of the blue mussel of microplastics are needed. However, the TDI for some of (Mytilus edulis) is full of fluorescent The chronic individual food microplastic the main plastic additives and consumption summary statistics adhered contaminants has been (CIFOCOss ) indicate that the (Meeker, et al., 2009 & UNEP, established; hence it is possible world’s top ten consumers are 2008). Relevant international to revise the exposure to these European countries, with the expert scientific committees such compounds in mussels. The exception of China that ranks as JECFA thoroughly evaluate estimated intake of additives in 6th position. Not surprisingly, the potential toxicity in light of and contaminants from plastic due to their culinary tradition, the newly generated scientific data. is significantly lower than the highest reported consumption This complex evaluation process is TDI. Even in the worst case corresponds to the Belgian key for risk analysis exercises (risk scenario it can be concluded elderly, which is estimated to assessment, risk management, that the intake of plastic be 250g of mussels per day per and risk communication). A THEMATIC ARTICLES THEMATIC additives (e.g. phthalates, person. Taking into consideration preliminary risk assessment has bisphenol A, alkylphenol, and the highest reported been carried out by characterizing brominated flame retardants), concentration of microplastics in the hazards, exposure assessment and adhered contaminants mussels (4 particles/g) and the and characterizing the risks. (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, highest estimated consumption, a polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Plastic microparticles mainly portion of 250g of mussels could dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) accumulate in the gastrointestinal contain up to 1 000 microplastic present in the microplastic tract of animals. Conveniently, it particles, which is estimated to be particles ingested by aquatic is a common practice to degut approximately 9 µg, depending organisms is negligible. fish before consumption, which on the density and volume of minimizes the direct exposure to microplastics. Nevertheless, exceptions include small pelagic fish species, such as sardines, anchovies, a number of small sized freshwater fish that are eaten whole, crustaceans (e.g. shrimps) and echinoderms (e.g. urchins). Bivalves are also of particular concern because the whole animal, including the gastrointestinal tract, is eaten. Within the bivalve group, mussels have been of great research interest. Several publications have reported the occurrence of

plastic in fishery and aquaculture 5 © R. RICOTTA/AP products but they are mainly Microfibres found inside the body of a North American fish

44 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 Concerning the fate of plastic in the human body and the possible SEE ALSO adverse health effects, much remains unknown. It is thought FAO. 2017. Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture: status of knowledge that only the smallest particles on their occurrence and implications for aquatic organisms and food (1.5 µm or less) will penetrate into safety. Lusher, A.L.; Hollman, P.C.H.; Mendoza-Hill, J.J. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 615. Rome, Italy the capillaries of the organs and www.fao.org/3/a-i7677e.pdf the remaining will be excreted Brown, D., Wilson, M., MacNee, W., Stone, V., & Donaldson, K. (2001). Size- (Yoo, Doshi, & Mitragotri, 2011). dependent proinflammatory effects of ultrafine polystyrene particles: a role Plastic is suspected to interact for surface area and oxidative stress in the enhanced activity of ultrafines. with the immune system, to cause Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 175: 191-199. oxidative stress and changes to EFSA. 2016. Presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood. EFSA J., 14(6): 4501. the DNA (EFSA, 2016 & Brown GESAMP. (2015). “Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine et al., 2001). Based on the environment: a global assessment”. (Kershaw, P. J., ed.). (IMO/FAO/ available scientific evidence, it is UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts safe to state that microplastics on, Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 90, 96 p. THEMATIC ARTICLES neither seem to pose a significant Lusher, A.L.; Hollman, P.C.H.; Mendoza-Hill, J.J. Microplastics in fisheries food safety threat and the health and aquaculture: status of knowledge on their occurrence and implications benefits associated with the intake for aquatic organisms and food safety. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 615. Rome, FAO. 2017. of fishery products will exceed Meeker, J. D., Sathyanarayana, S., & Swan, H. S. (2009). Phthalates and other the potential risks. Nonetheless, additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes. there are many knowledge gaps Philosophical Transactions B, 364 (1526): 2097-2113. such as toxicological data of UNEP. (2008). Stockholm Convention. Retrieved from History of the commonly ingested plastics, the negotiations of the Stockholm Convention: http://chm.pops.int/ potential impact on the toxicity TheConvention/Overview/History/Overview/tabid/3549/Default.aspx of microplastics of cooking or UNEP. (2017). UN Environment contribution to Concept Papers for Partnership Dialogues of The Ocean. Retrieved from processing at high temperature, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/13476UN%20 and the specific pathways for Environment_concept%20paper_partnership%20dialogues%20rev.pdf translocation, distribution and Worldwatch Institute. (2015, January 28). World Watch Institute. Retrieved absorption of nanoplastic particles from Global Plastic Production rises, Recycling Lags within the tissues and organs www.worldwatch.org/global-plastic-production-rises-recycling-lags-0 of the human body. Another Yoo, J., Doshi, N., & Mitragotri, S. (2011). Adaptive micro and nanoparticles: temporal control over carrier properties to facilitate drug delivery. Advanced important ongoing area of work is Drug Delivery Reviews, 63: 1247 the development, standardization and harmonization of adequate analytical methods to detect Plastic contamination in the only the aquatic environment but nanoplastics in aquatic organisms oceans and inland waters is a also humans. Consumers should and in the human body. serious problem affecting not be aware that according to the current state of knowledge on the toxicity of microplastics, the risk associated with the consumption of fishery and aquaculture products contaminated with microplastics is negligible and their benefits are known to be numerous. Nonetheless, preventive and corrective measures should be taken at international, governmental and consumer levels to evaluate the toxicity of common polymers, to reduce plastic use and encourage the use of alternative materials, recycling and the adoption of sustainable practices in using

©R. SIMMONS plastics and managing plastic Blue microfibers from clothing interwoven with an oyster shell pollution.

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 45 Aquaculture in Small Island Developing States

he Small Island Developing TStates (SIDS) are a distinct group of developing countries located in the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the AIMS region (Atlantic, Indian, Mediterranean and South China Sea), that share unique and particular opportunities, vulnerabilities and development needs1. Food security and nutrition are priority concerns, whereas the importance of natural resources management, climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction have been highlighted as being additional critical challenges for them ©FAO/P. M. LEDO to achieve their sustainable Community harvesting carrageenan seaweeds in East Sumba, Indonesia development goals. Aquaculture may contribute large marine environment. acidification; and higher water to tackling some of these Moreover, the relatively high temperatures.

THEMATIC ARTICLES THEMATIC seafood consumption is another challenges, and this very topic will In 2015, the total aquaculture opportunity, with 70 percent of be discussed on the margins of production of SIDS was 71 893 the SIDS exhibiting consumption the 2017 COFI Sub-Committee tonnes with a total estimated data higher than the global on Aquaculture held in Rome farm gate value of USD 125 th th 20 kg/capita/year. Moreover, between 24 and 27 October, million, including 50 126 the seasonal gaps in fish supply with the aim of formulating tonnes of aquatic animals and frequently create additional recommendations for the sector 21 857 tonnes of seaweeds. opportunities for aquaculture to support Blue Growth in SIDS Unsurprisingly, marine products in the domestic markets. The through its contribution to dominate (seaweeds - 33 percent, remoteness of many islands improved economies, nutrition and crustaceans - 15 percent, makes fish imports expensive. On and food security, employment mostly shrimps), while farmed the other side, this inaccessibility opportunities and livelihoods. freshwater fish only play a also create higher costs and major role in some areas with The most obvious asset for complexities for investors, abundant inland water resource, aquaculture in SIDS is their whereas the uncertainties for example Cuba. However, the resulting from climate change aquaculture production varies generate new threats, as SIDS greatly among countries, ranging are increasingly vulnerable to from less than 1 tonne to around Written by: external stressors such as changes 30 000 tonnes in Cuba. In 2015, in precipitation and storm activity; Lionel Dabbadie only six SIDS produced more invasive species and the spread FAO Consultant than 1 000 tonnes (Belize, Cuba, of aquatic pathogens; ocean E-mail: [email protected] Dominican Republic, Haiti, Papua Austin Stankus FAO Consultant 1 Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Cabo Verde, Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, E-mail: [email protected] Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Timor- Department. Rome, Italy Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Vanuatu are SIDS/FAO member countries (www.fao.org/countryprofiles/geographic-and-economic-groups/en/).

46 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 New Guinea, and Singapore), five investment. Moreover, some of Pacific countries (TCP/TUV/3601/ between 100 and 1 000 tonnes the challenges are also shared C1, TCP/KIR/3602/C2, TCP/ and the remaining 29 produced with some islands that do not SAP/3602/C2), “Towards a below 100 tonnes. belong to the SIDS group. The Caribbean Blue Revolution” establishment of the Micronesian (TCP/SLC/3601), and “Adoption The diversity of SIDS is Association for Sustainable of efficient and climate-smart considerable and interventions Aquaculture (MASA) or the agriculture practices in African to promote aquaculture should Caribbean “regional shellfish SIDS” (GCP/RAF/506/MUL). avoid “one-size-fits-all” solutions. hatchery” that produces native Many technologies, species Global aquaculture production seeds to fulfil the countries’ needs and systems have already been in SIDS will likely continue to are examples of such cooperation. experimented and they frequently increase in the coming decades, had the potential to increase Finally, the Blue Economy is a new either for improving the islands’ income, food security approach currently promoted resilience of local communities, and nutrition. Nevertheless, for SIDS to meet the objectives for generating income or both. several failed, often because the laid down by the Sustainable Approaches will however need to THEMATIC ARTICLES development strategies have often Development Goal 14.7 (“By consider the whole value chain, been focused on the research 2030 increase the economic including market opportunities and/or pilot-scale phases, leaving benefits to SIDS and LDCs from and post-harvest processing. insufficient resources for scaling the sustainable use of marine Differences among islands up into commercial enterprises resources, including through are foreseen and the future or addressing the essential sustainable management of performance of aquaculture will requirements of economic viability, fisheries, aquaculture and depend on its embeddedness into particularly market access, market tourism”). At FAO, the Blue the local environment and on the and value-chain development, and Growth Initiative (BGI) supports availability of adapted production competitiveness. more productive, responsible methods for species currently and sustainable fisheries and being farmed or of techniques for Favourable outcomes in the aquaculture sectors by improving propagating and growing “new” aquaculture sector will thus the governance and management species. require a shift in emphasis of the aquatic ecosystems, towards identifying and building conserving biodiversity and comparative advantages and SEE ALSO habitats, and empowering promoting an enabling business, communities. It is currently http://masa-net.org/ policy and legal environment for implemented in several African P.B. Bueno, 2014. Lessons from past private sector-led aquaculture SIDS including Cabo Verde, and and current aquaculture initiatives enterprise to invest with fewer in selected Pacific island countries a specific strategy is also being uncertainties. Stakeholders need www.fao.org/3/a-i4139e.pdf prepared at the Inter-Regional to have access to reliable data on Somerville, C., Cohen, M., SIDS level. local profitability of aquaculture. Pantanella, E., Stankus, A. & Lovatelli, A. 2014. Small-scale Pilot commercial-scale operations, FAO has been actively involved aquaponic food production. including research combined with in supporting SIDS and during its www.fao.org/3/a-i4021e.pdf business incubation and other 155th Session, the FAO Council Previous FAN’s article: assistance, training and education endorsed the conclusions and Supporting Aquaculture programmes may help in testing, recommendations of the 32nd Development in the Caribbean: Will a Regional and Shared Aquaculture adapting and demonstrating the Session of the Committee on Facility Work? FAN 47, June 2011 economic viability of some of the Fisheries (COFI), stressing the www.fao.org/docrep/014/ba0099e/ technologies proposed. need for improved aquaculture ba0099e.pdf production efficiency and Pacific projects updates; FAN 52, Collective action and pooled June 2014 requesting FAO’s assistance resources among the SIDS through www.fao.org/3/a-h0028e.pdf in promoting sustainable Inter-island, Inter-Regional or Small-scale cage aquaculture in aquaculture development in SIDS. Mauritius. FAN 53, March 2015 South-South cooperation have www.fao.org/3/a-i4504e.pdf been identified as essential Examples of actions include the Micronesian Association for to overcoming the challenges projects “In-depth aquaculture Sustainable Aquaculture of limited technical expertise, risk assessment and business established. FAN 54. March 2016 infrastructure, and capital investment planning” in several www.fao.org/3/a-bc866e.pdf

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 47 Aquaculture Growth Potential: Perspective from Short-Term Projection of Fish Demand

Table – Demand-supply gaps: standard versus conservative projections Per capita Demand-supply Ratio of supply Total demand Annual aquaculture demand(kg/ gap (million growth to demand (million tonnes) growth rate needed (%) year) tonnes) growth (%) 2 2 2 2 2 Species 1 1 1 1 1 Conservative Standard Conservative Standard Conservative Standard Conservative Standard Conservative Standard aquaculture Trend (%) rate growth Fish 24.68 22.76 190.44 173.87 28.32 11.82 40.29 61.79 9.91 6.87 4.45 Finfish 17.31 6.08 134.55 123.65 12.67 1.82 53.11 88.76 8.42 5.36 4.81 Marine fish 8.26 7.82 64.00 59.97 10.67 6.67 4.87 7.58 40.28 30.94 3.99 Freshwater & diadromous fish 9.05 8.25 70.55 63.68 1.99 - 4.85 87.38 154.18 5.48 3.25 4.85 Shellfish 7.37 6.69 55.89 50.22 15.65 10.00 23.33 32.26 12.97 9.96 3.64 Crustaceans 2.69 2.46 20.59 18.67 5.22 3.30 27.19 37.09 14.46 11.29 4.77 Molluscs 4.68 4.23 35.30 31.54 10.44 6.70 21.24 29.59 12.29 9.35 3.13 Shell molluscs 3.95 3.56 29.88 26.61 8.61 5.36 24.63 34.43 10.89 8.22 3.13 Cephalopods 0.72 0.67 5.42 4.93 1.82 1.34 1 393.75 1 303.86 Source: Authors’ estimation. Notes: Cells with zero or no value are left blank. 1Standard projections are based on mean income elasticity coefficients and medium- fertility-variant population projections. 2Conservative projections are based on the lower bound of the 95 percent interval of income elasticity coefficients and low-fertility-variant population projections.

short-term projection model world fish demand up by 47 million growth driven by population and Ahas been developed to assess tonnes. If aquaculture in every income growth; excess demand is and monitor potential fish demand country follows its recent 5-year expected to occur in 170 countries. and supply gaps with the aim of linear trend, global aquaculture More detailed results for both facilitating evidence-based decision- production would increase by the standard and conservative making at the national, regional and 19 million tonnes in the early 2020s. projections are summarized in the global levels. The model projects the This trend aquaculture growth table below. THEMATIC ARTICLES THEMATIC potential demand and supply gaps would cover only 40 percent of the The results of the demand-supply in nearly 200 countries or territories, projected demand growth, leaving gap analysis are useful to decision- about 40 regions and the entire a fish demand-supply gap of 28 makers in both the public and world for nine species groups at million tonnes. The demand-supply private sectors. Knowledge and different aggregate levels. Technical gap for shellfish (i.e. crustaceans understanding of potential future details and results are reported in and molluscs) would be bigger than fish demand as well as demand- the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture that for finfish – they would account supply gaps could facilitate Technical Paper 607, “Short-term for, respectively, 55 percent and the establishment of evidence- projection of global fish demand 45 percent of the 28million tonnes based regulations, policies and and supply gaps”. Some results are fish demand-supply gap. development strategies and plans, highlighted in this article. While world aquaculture production help development agencies or Given that fish prices and consumer following its recent trend would donors set targets and allocate preferences remain the same, grow 4.5 percent annually from resources, assist fish farmers in income growth would drive world the mid-2010s to the early 2020s, business planning, and guide per capita fish demand up from it would take a 9.9 percent investors in investment planning. 20 kg/year in the mid-2010s to annual growth to fill the world But clear understanding of the 25 kg/year in the early 2020s. fish demand-supply gap in the results, including their merits and early 2020s. Should the world constraints, is essential to properly The income-driven per capita fish aquaculture production fall short and flexibly using them to facilitate demand hike, combined with of the required annual growth evidence-based decision-making. population growth, would drive rate, and assuming world capture fisheries production would remain at the current level, the world fish SEE ALSO Written by price would have to increase to reduce fish demand in order to FAO 2017. Short-term projection Junning Cai of global fish demand and supply FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture clear the market (i.e. no demand- gaps. Cai, J. & Leung, P.S. FAO Department, Rome, Italy supply gap). The trend aquaculture Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 607. Rome, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] growth in only 17 countries would be sufficient to cover the demand www.fao.org/3/a-i7623e.pdf

48 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 MISCELLANEOUS ©FAO/V. CRESPI MISCELLANEOUS • MISCELLANEOUS • MISCELLANEOUS • MISCELLANEOUS • MISCELLANEOUS • MISCELLANEOUS

Updates on Antimicrobial Resistance

he inter-departmental FAO TWorking Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), chaired by FAO’s Chief Veterinary Officer, meets on a regular basis and brings together FAO officers from Animal Health, Livestock Production, Codex Alimentarius, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Food Safety, Plant Health, Feed Safety, Legal and Communication and including officers from national, subregional and regional offices. Through this multidisciplinary team (Figure 1), FAO contributes to many aspects of the One Health platform. Though antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have evolved naturally, indiscriminate use of antibiotics in human and animal sectors has led to selection and spread of resistant bacteria. ARGs found in aquatic Figure 1 – To support the implementation of the FAO Conference systems may be derived from multiple Resolution 4/2015, an AMR inter-departmental working group was sources such as effluents that can come formed from sewage, farm wastes and may be distributed through storm water. Hospital comparative metagenomic approach, Rowe et al. effluents carry significant pool of ARGs. Using (2016) demonstrated that the abundance of ARGs in effluents entering a river catchment area is higher than that in the receiving environment. The possible sources of ARGs entering aquatic environment and Written by: eventually aquaculture environment is illustrated in Melba B. Reantaso Figure 2. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] uu

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 49 uu Updates on Antimicrobial Resistance

FAO’s project “Strengthening capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries” focuses on the four pillars of the FAO Action Plan on AMR (2016-2020), as follows: Awareness – Aquaculture component: three regional workshops on AMR and aquaculture (April, August, December 2017); National seminars and consultations; Video-clip for World Antibiotic Awareness Week (November 2017); – Fish quality and safety component: two regional workshops (July 2017) on Fish Waste Management and Karunasagar, I., 2012 Antimicrobial Residues Monitoring Fishing operatio a Pathways for the spread of antimicrobial for Aquaculture Products and residues and resistant bacteria in the aquatic environment regional training on residue monitoring and AMR surveillance for fishery and – Update of the FAO Guidelines for risk-based fish aquaculture products; inspection for including AMR aspects for fishery – Information, education and communication (IEC) and aquaculture products. materials. Best Practice Evidence – IEC materials on best practice for shrimp, tilapia – Antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR surveillance and carps; of selected species (shrimp, carps, tilapia) and – Guidance on antibiotic susceptibility testing for selected bacterial pathogens; aquaculture and aquaculture products; MISCALLANEOUS – Country case studies on the potential production – Technical manual on fish waste management and utilization of fish silage at country level; (production and utilization of fish silage). – Report on antibiotic residues monitoring systems from national laboratories. Governance SEE ALSO – Aquaculture component of National Action Plans Karunasagar, I. 2012. Public health and trade impact on AMR developed; of antimicrobial use in aquaculture. In M.G. Bondad- – Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) Reantaso, J.R. Arthur & R.P. Subasinghe, eds. Technical Guidelines on Prudent and Responsible Improving biosecurity through prudent and responsible Use of Veterinary Medicines; use of veterinary medicines in aquatic food production, – Responsible management of bacterial diseases in pp. 1-9. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper aquaculture; No. 547. Rome, FAO. 207 pp. – Session background document on AMR www.fao.org/docrep/016/ba0056e/ba0056e.pdf and aquaculture prepared for 9th Session of Rowe, W., Verner-Jeffreys, D.W., Baker-Austin, Committee on Fisheries Sub-Committee on C., Ryan, J.J., Maskell, D.J. and Pearce, G.P. 2016. Aquaculture (COFI/SCA9, October 2017, Rome) Comparative metagenomics reveals a diverse and side event on AMR during COFI/SCA9; range of antimicrobial resistance genes in effluents entering a river catchment. Water Sci. Technol. 73: 1541–9. M. HASAN M. ©FAO/ Harvesting of Indian major carps

50 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 Summary of the National Aquaculture Legislation Overview (NALO) of Morocco

ontinental aquaculture in legal framework provides for an to authorization by the public CMorocco has been knowing a obligation to apply for a license in administration. In the case of steady growth trend, production advance, accompanied by a draft maritime areas and resources under increased from 2 500 tonnes in of a concession agreement, to national sovereignty or jurisdiction, 2005 to 15 000 tonnes in 2014, as the competent services under the provisions must be made, inter alia, a result of the implementation of governmental authority in charge of to terminate or prevent activities the strategic plan 2005-2014 for fisheries. The granting of a license which may affect the quality of the development of fisheries and is subject to an Environmental maritime waters and resources. fish farming in continental waters. Impact Assessment. The Ministry Measures for the prevention and Marine aquaculture is still in the of environmental affairs created a control of maritime pollution and early stages of development and it national committee and regional criteria for the classification of approximately reaches 500 tonnes environmental impact assessment particularly protected areas are laid per year, compared to 1 million committees in charge of advising on down in the law. tonnes from capture fisheries. the environmental acceptability of

Food safety in aquaculture is MISCELLANEOUS projects. The Department of Maritime regulated by a number of laws Fisheries (DPM) of the Ministry of Artificial accumulation of water is and regulations establishing Agriculture and Fisheries is the subject to authorization when above general principles of food safety authority in charge of developing 200 thousand cubic meters. The for foodstuffs and feed. The law and implementing the Government’s application for authorization shall states, inter alia, that freshwater and policy on fisheries and aquaculture. be addressed to the Director of the sea products for import - with the The National Agency for the hydraulic basin agency. Authorization exception of those on international Development of Aquaculture (ANDA) for the use of water may be transit without breaking bulk - are is in charge of promoting and obtained after a public inquiry, by subject to a sanitary and qualitative developing aquaculture. The National authorization, or by concession control, at the expense of the Research Institute in Fisheries (INRH) issued by the Ministry of Public importer. The health of aquatic is in charge, inter alia, of monitoring Works and Logistics. Regarding the organisms is regulated by the the safety of fishery and aquaculture water public domain, authorizations provisions of a Dahir (Decree) and products and undertakes studies of occupation for the creation and several Ministerial Orders, which and research. Finally, the National the operation of an aquaculture establish a list of reportable diseases Food Safety Authority (ONSSA) is farm are issued by the Agencies for aquaculture fish and molluscs, as the authority responsible for the of the Hydraulic Basins currently well as veterinary sanitary measures sanitary approval of aquaculture under the Ministry Delegate to the for prevention and eradication farms through monitoring plans Minister of Energy, Mines, Water and purposes. and the certifications of products Environment, in charge of water. In addition to the legal provisions, placed on the market. The Maritime At present, Morocco does not have the ANDA has developed a Fisheries Chambers act as an advisory a specific legislation on spatial procedure manual made available body for the government for all planning for aquaculture. However, to investors on the ANDA website matters related to aquaculture and Urban Planning Master Plans and (www.anda.gov.ma). This manual the exploitation of coastal fisheries Municipal Planning Plans have a legal provides guidance on the steps to resources. basis and concern all activities on be undertaken in order to carry out To establish and operate an land. A draft law laying down the an aquaculture project, as well as aquaculture activity, the current Marine Aquaculture Code is currently the different stages of processing being considered by the Parliament. applications for authorization to set It shall provide a legal definition of up and operate aquaculture farms. aquaculture, which is still missing from the current legal framework, Written by: and shall define new rules for Ghita Abouyoub the planning, development and SEE ALSO FAO Legal Consultant management of marine aquaculture Full NALO of Morocco in French: E-mail: [email protected] that are more in line with www.fao.org/fishery/ Blaise Kuemlangan international aquaculture standards. legalframework/nalo_morocco/fr E-mail: [email protected] The discharge of dangerous NALO Collection FAO Legal Office, Rome, Italy www.fao.org/fishery/nalo/search substances is prohibited or subject

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 51 NEW STAFF PROFILES

Anne Fadilla Rachmi Daniela Lucente Intern, Aquaculture Branch Consultant, Aquaculture Anne a Malaysian national, obtained Branch her bachelor degree from Bandung Daniela, an Italian National, is a Institute of Technology, Malaysia, in 2016, Biologist. She obtained a Master’s majoring bioengineering. In the last year Degree in Biodiversity and Ecosystems on her study in university she worked Management from Roma Tre University, on two projects, the first is preliminary Italy, where she started to acquire her design of lycopene production system experience in the field of evolutionary Ana Menezes from cherry tomato and the second is the biology and population genetics. In research about effect of spectrum and 2014, she obtained a Doctoral Degree Aquaculture Offcer, light intensity toward the productivity in Ecology and Management of the Aquaculture Branch of lycopene and β-carotene in cherry Biological Resources from Tuscia tomato. Previously, she volunteered University. She continued to work in Ana, who was transferred from Addis in one of Indonesia NGO for training Tuscia University for the following Ababa, Ethiopia to FAO Headquarters peasant, fisher, and workers about three years as a postdoctoral fellow on in Rome, worked as the Fisheries and transformative social protection. After projects mainly funded by the Italian Aquaculture Officer of sub-regional her internship, she will continue her National Institute for Environmental Office for Eastern Africa (SFE) from master study and pursue her career in Protection and Research (ISPRA) and October 2012 to August 2017. She brings aquaculture field, she interested to do the National Program for Antarctic an extensive knowledge of Aquaculture research in marine culture and climate Research (NPAR). Her scientific studies and Fisheries development in Africa. As a change effect on that practices. sub-regional officer, she has been assisting have dealt with phylogenetics, the FAO representations and government During her six months internship she population genetics and evolutionary partners with the planning, development, will work for developing and finalizing immunology of different animal groups. WAPI (World Aquaculture Performance implementation and evaluation of In March 2017, she joined to the indicators) tools also write the user fisheries and aquaculture projects. Aquaculture team of the FAO Fisheries guide on production module under Her main objective in the Sub-Sharan and Aquaculture Department as a Dr Junning Cai supervision. At the end Africa was to promote the development consultant. One of her major goal in FAO of September she will be presenting of aquaculture from subsistence to is to contribute to the development of a commercially responsible, and under the and demonstrating the tools. Framework that FAO Members can use to ecosystem based approach, by targeting Anne can be reached at: identify a set of minimum criteria for a the main market failures and improving [email protected] sustainable use and management of their the accessibility of farmers to quantity aquatic genetic resources in aquaculture. and quality of feeds, seeds, market and Daniele can be reached at: knowledge sharing. [email protected] Prior to FAO, she worked with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in the Policy Division based in Mozambique as a UNEP National Officer focusing on Climate change in semi-arid Kathleen has worked with the Ontario lands. She equally served in her capacity Ministry of Agriculture, Food and as the UNEP delegate for the United Rural Affairs (a provincial government Nations Country Team (UNCT) from 2009 body), under the supervision of their to 2012. From 2000 to 2004, she served Aquaculture and Aquaponics specialist. as the Environmental Liaison Officer In her role, she helped assess prospective for the Agriculture Donor Working aquaculture species for approval, Group. From 1987 to 2000, she worked consulted with current and prospective for the government of Mozambique aquaculture and aquaponics producers, as an aquaculture research officer and and liaised with First Nations stakeholder later appointed as National Director of groups. Kathleen has also worked Research and Planning for the Ministry of Kathleen Allen in the private sector where she was Environmental Affairs. the Sustainable Seafood and Animal Ana can be reached at: Intern, Aquaculture Branch Welfare Specialist at Metro Richlieu [email protected] Inc. (a Canadian food retailer). In this Kathleen a Canadian national, recently position, she updated the retailer’s joined the Aquaculture Branch as part sustainable seafood and animal welfare of a 6 month internship. She obtained a policies, conducted research on seafood bachelor degree in biology and history and animal welfare certification schemes, (2014) and a master’s degree in biology represented the company at industry and (2016) from Queen’s University in stakeholder meetings, and evaluated Kingston, Canada. Her undergraduate the sustainability claims of new and and graduate research focused on tilapia existing products and suppliers. nutrition and was presented at the During her time with FAO, Kathleen will 2014 World Aquaculture Conference be working on developing the World in Las Vegas. She has also researched Aquaculture Performance Indicators tilapia breeding, rainbow trout (WAPI) consumption module. V. CRESPI nutrition, recirculating aquaculture Katheleen can be reached at: ©FAO/ systems, and aquaponics systems. Image of women reflected in a fish pond, Algeria [email protected]

52 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 NEW PUBLICATIONS

NEW PUBLICATIONS • NEW PUBLICATIONS • NEW PUBLICATIONS • NEW PUBLICATIONS • NEW PUBLICATIONS

TECHNICAL PAPERS

FAO. 2017 Greenhouse gas emissions from aquaculture: a life cycle assessment of three Asian systems. Robb, D.H.F., MacLeod, M., Hasan, M.R. & Soto, D. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 609. Rome, Italy. FAO. 110 pp.

This technical paper was prepared as a part of the FAO’s Strategic objective (SO2): Increase and improve provision of goods and services. The rationale of this study is to broaden the understanding of aquaculture’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and the potential mitigation through the management of aquaculture feeds and feeding. This study was carried out on three aquaculture systems: Nile tilapia in Bangladesh, Indian major carps in India and striped catfish in Viet Nam in order to estimate the possible scale of greenhouse gas emissions in aquaculture in Asia. The analysis was intended to improve the understanding of where and how GHG emissions arise in Asian aquaculture, whilst highlighting weaknesses in the currently available data. The results of this study will guide future studies on where to improve the data and on how to develop cost-effective ways of improving aquaculture performance and reducing emissions. This report highlights the variation within each farming system at every stage of the three Asian aquaculture systems. The report makes some suggestions for methods, which potentially could reduce emission intensities related to the farming systems, but applying best practices uniformly on farms and thus increasing efficiencies appear to be major factors for improvement. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/a-i7558e.pdf For further information, please contact: [email protected] A. STANKUS A. ©FAO/ Stripping eggs from female tilapia, St. John’s, Antigua

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 53 FAO. 2017 Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture: status of knowledge on their occurrence and implications for aquatic organisms and food safety Lusher, A.L.; Hollman, P.C.H.; Mendoza-Hill, J.J. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 615. Rome, Italy

Plastic production has increased exponentially since the early 1950s and reached 322 million tonnes in 2015, this figure does not include synthetic fibres which accounted for an additional 61 million tonnes in 2015. It is expected that production of plastics will continue to increase in the foreseeable future and production levels are likely to double by 2025. Inadequate management of plastic waste has led to increased contamination of freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. It has been estimated that in 2010 between 4.8 million to 12.7 million tonnes of plastic waste entered the oceans. This technical paper contributes to take stock of the scientific knowledge available on microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture. It provides information on the most likely pathways in terms of sources, transport and distribution in both marine food chains and seafood value chains and provides a framework to assess the risks that may (or not) affect commercial fish stocks and consumers, as well as review current practices and limitations of microplastic sampling techniques. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/a-i7677e.pdf For further information, please contact: [email protected] and/or [email protected]

FAO. 2017 Short-term projection of global fish demand and supply gaps Cai, J. & Leung, P.S. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 607. Rome, Italy

A short-term projection model is developed to assess and monitor potential future fish

NEW PUBLICATIONS NEW demand and supply gaps at the country (nearly 200 countries or territories), regional (about 40 country groups), and global levels for nine species groups. The results indicate that: (i) if fish prices and consumer preferences remain the same, income growth would drive world per capita fish demand up from 20 kg/year in the mid-2010s to 25 kg/year in the early 2020s (or 23 kg/year under the conservative projection); (ii) the income-driven per capita fish demand hike, combined with population growth, would drive world fish demand up by 47 million tonnes (or 31 million tonnes under the conservative projection); (iii) the 19-million-tonne fish supply growth generated by the trend growth of world aquaculture production would cover only 40 percent of the projected demand growth (or 62 percent of the conservative projection), leaving a fish demand-supply gap of 28 million tonnes (or 16 million tonnes under the conservative projection) in the early 2020s; (iv) the demand-supply gap for shellfish (i.e. crustaceans and molluscs) would be bigger than that for finfish – they would account for, respectively, 55 percent and 45 percent of the 28-million-tonne fish demand-supply gap; (v) while world aquaculture production following its recent trend would grow 4.5 percent annually from the mid-2010s to the early 2020s, it would take a 9.9 percent annual growth (or 6.9 percent under the conservative projection) to fill the world fish demand-supply gap in the early 2020s. Salient results at the global, regional and country levels are presented in the main text. Key results for all countries and all the nine species groups (including both standard and conservative projections) are documented in the appendix. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/a-i7623e.pdf. For further information, please contact: [email protected]

54 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 NEWNEW PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS SEPTEMBER 2017 55 SEPTEMBER ■ [email protected] [email protected]

FAO AQUACULTUREFAO NEWSLETTER 57 No. actions were proposed, related to the internal organisation and external linkage of the AR- the of linkage external and organisation internal the to related proposed, were actions ARC, and short- and mid-term deliverables, to be produced by the AR-ARC. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/a-i7432e.pdf For further information, please contact: structure for the sustainable management of the Artemia resources in China, both inland and coastal, and their optimal use in aquaculture. The participants attended a variety of and biodiversity Artemia (2) use; and study Artemia of History (1) to related presentations sustainable management of Artemia resources; (3) Contribution of Artemia in biological and medical research; and (4) Application of Artemia in aquaculture in the first day of the workshop. During the second day a field trip was organised to visit Artemia pond culture and cyst processing centre, and to a number of aquaculture facilities. The third day was entirely dedicated to plenary discussions and following the general plenary discussion, the participants identified a number of recommendations in order to stimulate the of Artemia as use an aquaculture commodity, its study as an element of biodiversity and its use as biological model organism. The recommendations addressed establishment of the an Asian Regional need Artemia Reference Centre (AR-ARC) for in China within the in AR-ARC this host to well-positioned is TUST that agreement the future, immediate the commitment participants’ the and studies, Artemia in expertise and record track is of view to support the establishment, organisation and functioning of the AR-ARC. A number of FAO. 2017 FAO. and on Sustainable Use Expert Workshop Report of the FAO in Asia. Tianjin, China, Management of Artemia Resources 7–9 November 2016 No. 1198, Rome, Italy Report Fisheries and Aquaculture FAO The FAO Expert Workshop on ‘Sustainable Use and Management of Artemia Resources Artemia of field the in active in Asia’ was convened in people, Tianjin, China, from 7–9 key September 2016. The objective of of this amount critical a together bring to was workshop biological research, exploitation or use, with as ultimate goal to define the organisational and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 47. Rome, Italy FAO. 166 pp. Italy FAO. No. 47. Rome, Proceedings and Aquaculture Aquaculture continues to grow as an important source of reach food, their as limits or both are wild declining, fisheries and the demand for fish increases. a Diversification key is element of this growth, in terms of species or areas being used for farming, and products and strains markets. The workshop described in this farmed, technologies and contrasting the in and forms various its in diversification, of process the examined volume cultural and socio-economic situations of different continents, asking the question if the climate of impacts increasing of challenges the meet help can or is process diversification led to several conclusions and recommendations. change. The evaluation be downloaded at the following web link: The PDF version of this publication can www.fao.org/3/a-i7358e.pdf For further information, please contact: FAO. 2017 2017 FAO. of climate the importance diversification: for aquaculture Planning and other drivers change D.M. eds. & Bartley, Beveridge, M. J., D., Carolsfeld, B., Soto, Harvey, Fisheries Rome. FAO 23–25 June 2016, FAO Workshop, Technical FAO WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS AND REPORTS AND PROCEEDINGS WORKSHOP FAO. 2017 Report of the Workshop on Climate Proofing Aquaculture in sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Policies and Production Systems for Climate Change Resilience. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 June 2016 FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 1201. Rome, Italy.

Regionally across Sub-Saharan Africa, aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry with its practices and operations increasingly more commercialized across the continent. An estimated six-fold production increase, from 55 690 tonnes in 2000 to 359 790 tonnes in 2010 was recorded. This trend is expected to increase as the continent’s aquaculture operations develops and industrializes. This inevitable production increase and consequent intensification will predominantly be based on fossil fuels. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the FAO have entered an agreement to improve the implementation and management of existing critical climate change gaps. The series of projects aims to improve global understanding of climate change impact on fisheries and aquaculture development and highlight regional climate change adaptation measures taken on food systems and food security across the African region. Together, the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Center’s WorldFish and the FAO Regional Office for Africa (Accra, Ghana) have conducted an assessment of the region’s aquaculture development and climate change impact adaptation status under two project scopes: (i) a policy review; this component presents a diagnosis of the existing/non-existing African climate change policies related to aquaculture, the sector’s resiliency and aims to lay bare a regional overview. (ii) a vulnerability assessment model exercise; this exercise utilizes numerous datasets (i.e. meteorological, aquaculture, and socio-economic variables) and inputs from country representative deliberations from a validation workshop. The process highlighted what was required at the national level to make more realistic and conclusive assessments for tangible adaptation policies. Together, the policy review and the vulnerability assessment tool demonstrated the required country level actions necessary to prioritize action areas to develop and put in place climate change impact strategies. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/a-i6907e.pdf For further information, please contact: [email protected]

NEW PUBLICATIONS NEW FAO. 2017 Report of the tenth session of the Scientific Advisory Committee on Aquaculture General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean Report No. 1206. Izmir, Turkey, 27–29 March 2017. 75 pp.

The Scientific Advisory Committee on Aquaculture (CAQ) of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) held its tenth session in Izmir, Turkey, from 27 to 29 March 2017. The session was attended by delegates and representatives from 13 contracting parties and 2 cooperating non-contracting parties, 2 observers from intergovernmental organizations and representatives from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the GFCM Secretariat. The agenda also included the fifteenth session of the Information System for the Promotion of Aquaculture in the Mediterranean (SIPAM), which was organized concomitantly. During the session, the Committee reviewed the work carried out during the 2015–2017 intersession. In particular, the CAQ discussed aspects related to i) its reorganization; ii) the finalization of guidelines on a harmonized environmental monitoring programme (EMP) for marine finfish cage farming; iii) preparatory work on guidelines to streamline aquaculture licensing and leasing processes; iv) finfish and shellfish aquaculture industry and market, including a collection of success stories; and v) the status of aquaculture multi-stakeholder platforms in the region. Moreover, the Committee examined the contents of a draft strategy for the sustainable development of Mediterranean and Black Sea, developed by a dedicated Task Force, and agreed to keep working towards its finalization so that it could be submitted to the next session of the Commission, given the key role to be played by this strategy in efficiently addressing current and emerging challenges facing the sustainable development of aquaculture in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The Committee then formulated advice in order to steer future work on aquaculture market and industry, aquaculture licensing and leasing processes, aquaculture and environment and aquaculture multi- stakeholder platforms and within the framework of the SIPAM. Finally, the Committee agreed upon its work plan for 2017–2018 and elected its new Bureau. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/b-i7607b.pdf For further information, please contact: [email protected]

56 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017

NEWNEW PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS

M. HASAN M. ©FAO/ SEPTEMBER 2017 57 SEPTEMBER ■ [email protected] [email protected]

FAO AQUACULTUREFAO NEWSLETTER 57 No. FAO. 2017 FAO. economic performanceSocial and farming of tilapia in Africa Fisheries Hishamunda. FAO and N. J. Cai, K.K. Quagrainie Edited by Rome, Italy No. 1130. Circular and Aquaculture (e.g. technical, economic, social and institutional). are Issues, highlighted and constraints discussed. Potential and solutions are challenges recommended. Despite about unknowns the many still are there studies, the by provided knowledge and vast information needed is study Further performance. economic the on especially Africa, in farming tilapia to fill the information and knowledge gaps. be downloaded at the following web link: The PDF version of this publication can www.fao.org/3/a-i7258e.pdf For further information, please contact: tonnes in the early 1990s to over 5 million tonnes in the mid-2010s. Africa accounted for 20 percent of the growth. Yet most of the contribution came from Egypt, whereas in the mid-2010s countries in sub-Saharan Africa accounted for less than 20 percent of tilapia aquaculture production in Africa and less than 4 percent of the world production. In light of the potential fish demand driven by population and economic growth in Africa where tilapia is a native species favoured by most consumers, there is little doubt that there is great potential for the development of tilapia farming in Africa and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. However, an appropriate development policy and sector management are needed to realize the potential. nearly for This accounted together which Uganda, collective and Nigeria Kenya, Ghana, Egypt, volume in farming includes five studies provides study on Each mid-2010s. the tilapia in production aquaculture tilapia Africa’s of percent 95 country respective the in farming tilapia of development the for account comprehensive a with focus on the social and economic dimensions. in the Tilapia context value of the chains entire are aquaculture or analysed fish value chains from various perspectives World tilapia aquaculture production grew 12 percent annually, from less than a half million half a than less from annually, percent 12 grew production aquaculture tilapia World catastrophe relief, and mutual insurance operation were provided. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/a-i7436e.pdf For further information, please contact: Jing Xiaojun & Ming Junchao. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular Circular Fisheries and Aquaculture Jing Xiaojun & Ming Junchao. FAO No. 1139, Rome, Italy. This document reviews the With China. in insurance aquaculture and fisheries in innovations and development policy history, organization and 25 implementation years mechanisms, of practice, expenses medical and fisheries loss life loss, economic insurance for compensation provides in It management. China has contributed significantly to risk of injury, particularly heavy economic loss caused by disasters. of The those cases of capture studies fishery are mutual and finfish, crab, shrimp and seaweed farming. development The status, insurance scheme and performance evaluation The are documented. pilot programmes received technical support cooperatives, from as professional well associations as and professional service Aquaculture from insurance will commercial take some insurance time to companies. satisfy the increasing demand of and marine freshwater aquaculture farmers. Suggestions on legal, organization, mechanism in FAO. 2017 FAO. in China insurance Fishery and aquaculture Xinhua, Tipparat Pongthanapanich, Zhang Zongli, by Yuan Prepared Happy harvest of Indian carps, Bangladesh FAO CIRCULARS FAO NON SERIAL PUBLICATIONS

FAO. 2017 Improving feed conversion ratio and its impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in aquaculture Hasan, M.R. & Soto, S. FAO Non-Serial Publication. Rome, Italy. FAO. 33 pp.

This FAO Non-Serial Publication presents a narrative report of an FAO/GSI workshop held in Liberia, Costa Rica including the conclusion and recommendations, summaries of technical presentation given at the workshop, a compendium of the PowerPoint presentations made in workshop, and an excel-based greenhouse gas tool for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions arising from aquaculture. The rationale of this study undertaken was to i) assess the current GHG contributions of aquaculture, related to feeds and feeding, and understand ways to measure it; ii) explore current potential for reducing feed conversion ratio (FCR) for a range of important and commercially significant species, and therefore continuing to improve their environmental performance including reductions in GHG and iii) explore potential transfer of feed and feeding technologies and lessons learnt from the well-developed salmon farming industry to other freshwater and marine species such as carps, catfishes, tilapia and shrimps. The findings of this study identified several factors that impact FCRs, particularly in species farmed in developing countries, which could be targeted with programs that ultimately would reduce GHG and other emissions. The study concluded that managing environmental aspects, simplifying farm management through improved farm monitoring systems, and improving feed management, would improve FCRs and reduce GHG emissions. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/a-i7688e.pdf For further information, please contact: [email protected]

FAO. 2017

NEW PUBLICATIONS NEW West Balkans Regional Aquatic Animal Disease Diagnostic Manual (FAO TCP/RER/3402). Zrnčić, Snježana and Radosavljević, Vladmir. Rome, Italy. FAO. 100 pp.

This West Balkans Regional Aquatic Animal Disease Diagnostic Manual is a handbook whose main purpose is to facilitate the daily duties at aquaculture farms and provide a useful reference that will answer the majority of practical questions posed by official veterinarians, veterinary inspectors and fish health experts in five Western Balkan countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and the Republic of Serbia). This is a diagnostic guide for the surveillance, clinical inspection and sampling at aquaculture facilities with the aim to detect the diseases listed by the Word Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the European Union (EU) according to their guidelines and standards, as well as other diseases of economic importance. The manual provides essential information on how to perform clinical inspections of fish and mollusc farms, how to recognize unusual behaviour of fish; how to select the most appropriate specimens for laboratory examination; and how to collect, pack and ship samples to the diagnostic laboratory. The laboratory procedures employed to identify the various disease agents are described, and information on the viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases of fish and molluscs in the Western Balkans is provided. The information presented should assist countries to maintain and improve their national aquatic animal health status, harmonize standards regionally, and better comply with the health standard requirements of regional and international trading partners. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/a-i6848e.pdf For further information, please contact: [email protected]

58 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 NEWNEW PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS SEPTEMBER 2017 59 SEPTEMBER ■ [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

FAO AQUACULTUREFAO NEWSLETTER 57 No. Within the framework Nam. Viet southern Trang, Soc in farms smallholder on focuses study this of transformation, supporting integrated, two to contributions men’s and women sustainable compare and highlight to is purpose production Its in a context rice-based farming systems and explore how gender of norms affect labour and access to rural productive inputs, technologies practice and innovative an services: adopted second the the while cropping, first rice double is on centered a system more traditional production of set a introduces conclusion The farming). (shrimp aquaculture and rice integrates which key findings and research, policy and project implementation recommendations. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/a-i7277e.pdf For further information, please contact: primario fue fortalecer las capacidades de los acuicultores de recursos limitados (AREL) y los acuicultores de la micro y de pequeña América Latina empresa y (AMyPE) el Caribe en (Antigua países y Barbuda, seleccionados Colombia, Paraguay). Costa Rica, Guatemala y be downloaded at the following web link: The PDF version of this publication can www.fao.org/3/a-i7317s.pdf For further information, please contact: 2017 FAO. labour, on perspective gender a production: rice–shrimp and Rice–rice time use and access to technologies and series in southern Viet Nam Thi Ngoc Chi Grassi, Thelma R. Paris, Truong by Flavia Prepared FAO. 2017 FAO. demostrativas: sistematización de un Granjas agro-acuícolas de para fortalecer las capacidades de acuicultores programa limitados recursos Oficina and R. Andrade. A.; D. Mendoza; M. Castro Flores-Nava, del Chile, para América Latina y el Caribe, Santiago Regional de la FAO Chile. 68 pp. El presente documento del es el Programa producto Regional Demostrativas, desarrollado del en el de marco del proyecto GCP/RLA/190/BRA, cuyo trabajo objetivo Construcción de y integración Operación de de resultados Granjas Agro-Acuícolas Scale farmers” is composed by two modules: Module 1 “The Technical Doing Dimension Aquaculture of as a Business” and Module 2 “The Economic Aquaculture Dimension as of a Doing Business” The target users of both modules scale are fish small farmers. and The medium- purpose of this module is to enhance fish farmers’ knowledge and capacities in understanding and applying the basic technical small and medium-scale Module activities. daily their in business a as aquaculture doing of concepts and principles 1 introduces the factors affecting primary productivity, carrying capacity, growth rate and yield in water, the general criteria for classifying the aquaculture systems and the main production, seed of concepts The systems. farming fish based cage and pond of features are also introduced. and harvest and post-harvest practices nutrition and feeds be downloaded at the following web link: The PDF version of this publication can www.fao.org/3/a-i7461e.pdf For further information, please contact: FAO. 2017 2017 FAO. and medium-scale for small- as a business Doing aquaculture farmers. technical The Module 1: training manual. Practical aquaculture of commercial dimension Lovshin Leonard Nathanael Hishamunda, by Ana Menezes, Prepared pp. 53 Italy. Rome, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Martone. and Elisabetta Medium- and Small for Business a as Aquaculture Doing on Manual Training “Practical The FAO. 2017 FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND): There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.

Outbreaks of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), commonly known as "early mortality syndrome" (EMS), caught the entire shrimp industry, the academe and the government sectors by surprise, and it took a long while to unravel its mystery because the disease broke through all biosecurity measures. While the industry has been dealing with vibriosis in all phases of culture for decades, nobody thought that a Vibrio would become an industry game-changer. The disease calls for a combination of basic, new and innovative strategies in biosecurity and control, and since the pathogen is ubiquitous in the environment, an exclusion strategy may not be possible. Sharing the responsibility among the government, academe and producer sectors has become essential. The "First International Technical Seminar/Workshop: EMS/AHPND - Government, scientist and farmer responses" was held in Panama City from 22-24 June 2015. The "Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on AHPND: There is a way forward" was held in Bangkok from 23-25 June 2016. The Bangkok AHPND 2016 is also the 3rd international event organized by FAO on EMS/AHPND; the first one was held in Hanoi, Viet Nam from 25-27 June 2013 (Hanoi EMS/AHPND June 2013, see www.fao.org/docrep/018/ i3422e/i3422e00.htm). This document presents the abstracts of presentations delivered in Bangkok in June 2016. The PDF version of this publication can be downloaded at the following web link: www.fao.org/3/a-bt131e.pdf For further information, please contact: [email protected] NEW PUBLICATIONS NEW A. STANKUS A. ©FAO/ Nutritious products (fish and vegetables) from an aquaponics facility in St. John’s, Antigua

60 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 CALENDAR OF EVENTS ©FAO CALENDAR OF EVENTS • CALENDAR OF EVENTS • CALENDAR OF EVENTS • CALENDAR OF EVENTS

FAO Regional Meeting on Agricultural Biotechnologies in Sustainable Food Systems and Nutrition in Asia-Pacific Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre (KLCC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 11-13 September 2017, www.fao.org/about/meetings/agribiotechs-symposium/en/ Information: [email protected]

FAO Regional Training and Verification Workshop on Technical Guidelines for Innovative Rice-Fish farming and Climate Resilient Tilapia Culture in Asia-Pacific Bangkok, Thailand, 12-14 September 2017

SEPTEMBER 2017 Information: [email protected]

Vigo Dialogue on Decent Work in Fisheries and Aquaculture Vigo, Spain 03 October 2017 Information: [email protected]

Epizootic Ulcerative Sindrome Surveillance Data Analysis Workshop (under FAO/ African Solidarity Trust Fund Project “Strengthening controls of food safety threats, plant and animal pests and diseases for agricultural productivity and trade in Southern Africa”), Kasane, Botswana, 4-6 October 2017 Information: [email protected]

End of Project Workshop of the FAO/African Solidarity Trust Fund Project “Strengthening controls of food safety threats, plant and animal pests and diseases for agricultural productivity and trade in Southern Africa”, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 9-12 October 2017 Information: [email protected]

OCTOBER 2017 Second Session of the COFI Advisory Group on Aquatic Genetic Resources and Technologies Rome, Italy, 19-20 October 2017 Information: [email protected]

Ninth Session of the Committee on Fisheries (COFI) Sub-Committee on Aquaculture Rome, Italy, 24-27 October 2017 Information: [email protected]

FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 61 Final Workshop of the FAO project TCP/INT/3501: Strengthening biosecurity governance and capacities for dealing with the serious shrimp infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) disease Qingdao, China, 2-5 November 2017 Information: [email protected]

FAO/APFIC Regional Consultative Workshop: Building Climate Resilient Fisheries and Aquaculture in Asia-Pacific. Bangkok, Thailand, 14-16 November 2017 Information: [email protected]

FAO Regional Expert Meeting: The Use of Antimicrobials in Aquaculture

NOVEMBER 2017 in Latin America: Challenges and Future Perspectives Lima, Peru, 22-24 November 2017 Information: [email protected]

FAO Regional Dissemination Workshop on Piloting of Aquaculture Planning and Management Tools Batam, Indonesia, 5-7 December 2017 Information: [email protected]

Final Workshop of the FAO project FMM/RAS/298: Strengthening capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries. Guangzhou, China 12-14 December 2017 DECEMBER 2017 Information: [email protected] NON FAO EVENTS CONXEMAR, Vigo, Conference and exhibition CALENDAR OF EVENTS Vigo, Spain 2-5 October, 2017 2017 Information: [email protected]

OECD Innovation for a Sustainable Ocean Economy: Linking economic potential and marine ecosystem health through innovation Naples, Italy, 10-11 October 2017 OCTOBER Information: [email protected]

AQUA 2018 #WeRAquaculture, The Joint EAS-WAS Conference Montpellier, France, 25-29 August 2018 www.was.org/meetings/default.aspx?code=Aqua18 2018 Information: [email protected] AUGUST Global Conference Tenure and User Rights in Fisheries 2018: Achieving Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 (User Rights 2018) Busan, Republic of Korea, 10-14 September 2018 Information: [email protected] 2018 SEPTEMBER

62 FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER No. 57 ■ SEPTEMBER 2017 FAO AQUACULTURE PHOTO LIBRARY www.fao.org/fishery/photolibrary

The FAO online photo library composed by more than 1 700 photos is especially addressed to extension services, aquaculture research centres and educational institutes that can use the photo library to learn more on aquaculture by means of a visual approach.

Contact us: Users who would like to contribute to this initiative are invited to send their original photos focusing on aquaculture to FAO by writing to: Valerio Crespi (Aquaculture Branch). E-mail address: [email protected] FFAO AquacultureAN Newsletter

Aquaculture Branch Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy 56

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N March 2017 E-mail: [email protected]

FFAO AquacultureA N Newsletter

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September 2016 September N FFAO AquacultureA Newsletter

In this month’s issue FISH » Aquaculture, Fish, Food and Health ii » Installation of Feed Mills and NUTRITION Hatcheries for Carp Production in Kyrgyz Republic & PEOPLE » Growing Interest for Aquaculture in the Near East 22 » Important for Improving Food Security in the nutrition pregnant and Northeast of Haiti 31 lactating women development » M a n a g i n g A q u a c u l t u r e f r o m S p a c e 4 6 Fish is an excellent source of 39 Key nutrient in (crucial for infant

Reduces risk of Vitamin B12 In this month’s issue diseases in adults Vitamin D » Aquaculture, Fish, Food and Health ii Vitamin A Provides essential » Installation of Feed Mills and nutrients Hatcheries for Carp Production in 22 Calcium Kyrgyz Republic 31 » Growing Interest for Aquaculture DHA Iron in the Near East » Improving Food Security in the 39 EPA Northeast of Haiti 17% » Managing Aquaculture from Space 46 Selenium Iodine

of global population’s Protein intake of animal protein

www.fao.org/aquaculture© FAO 2015

I5121E/1/11/15

The FAO Aquaculture Newsletter (FAN) is issued two times a year by the Aquaculture Branch (FIAA) of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, Italy. It presents articles and views from the FAO aquaculture programme and discusses various aspects of aquaculture as seen from the perspective of both headquarters and the fi eld programme. Articles are contributed by FAO staff from within and outside the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, from FAO regional offi ces and fi eld projects, by FAO consultants and, occasionally, by invitation from other sources. FAN is distributed free of charge to various institutions, scientists, planners and managers in member countries and has a current circulation of about 1 300 copies. It is also available on the FAO webpage: www.fao.org/fi shery/publications/fan/en I7851EN/1/10.17

Chief Editor: Valerio Crespi © FAO, 2017 Editorial Board Members: Malcolm Beveridge, José Aguilar Manjarrez, Esther Garrido Gamarro Graphic Designer: José Luis Castilla Civit

Citation: FAO. 2017. FAO Aquaculture Newsletter. No. 57 (September). Rome. Citation for single contribution: Name(s) of the author(s). Year. Title of the article. FAO Aquaculture Newsletter, No. 57, pp. xx–xx.