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State and Private Capital in the Making of Modern Mediterranean Tourism Please do not remove this page Partners in Pleasure: State and Private Capital in the Making of Modern Mediterranean Tourism Pappas, Dale https://scholarship.miami.edu/discovery/delivery/01UOML_INST:ResearchRepository/12379579970002976?l#13379579960002976 Pappas, D. (2021). Partners in Pleasure: State and Private Capital in the Making of Modern Mediterranean Tourism [University of Miami]. https://scholarship.miami.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991031573989602976/01UOML_INST:ResearchR epository Open Downloaded On 2021/09/25 01:03:26 -0400 Please do not remove this page UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI PARTNERS IN PLEASURE: STATE AND PRIVATE CAPITAL IN THE MAKING OF MODERN MEDITERRANEAN TOURISM By Dale Pappas A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Miami in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Coral Gables, Florida May 2021 ©2021 Dale Pappas All Rights Reserved UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy PARTNERS IN PLEASURE: STATE AND PRIVATE CAPITAL IN THE MAKING OF MODERN MEDITERRANEAN TOURISM Dale Pappas Approved: ________________ _________________ Dominique K. Reill, Ph.D. Michael B. Miller, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History Professor of History ________________ _________________ Krista A. Goff, Ph.D. Guillermo Prado, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of History Dean of the Graduate School ________________ Terrence Peterson, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of History Florida International University PAPPAS, DALE (Ph.D., History) Partners in Pleasure: State and Private Capital (May 2021) in the Making of Modern Mediterranean Tourism Abstract of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Dominique Reill. No. of pages in text. (271) This dissertation explores the development of tourism in the interwar eastern Mediterranean. It argues that the forging of networks of state officials and private commercial partners in the interwar years provided a critical foundation for the growth of tourism in the post-WWII period. The dissertation examines the case studies of tourism development in British Colonial Cyprus, Fascist Italian Colonial Rhodes, and the Greek nation-state. Each chapter draws on a diverse archival and printed primary source base from official government, corporate, and private bureaucratic records and travel literature. This dissertation prompts a reconsideration of the chronology of modern tourism development in the twentieth century Mediterranean. Acknowledgments A few paragraphs cannot begin to express the deep gratitude and thanks I owe to so many individuals for their efforts to ensure my success in completing this dissertation. I am indebted to Dominque Reill, my advisor, for her commitment to this project from initial conception to its completion. Without her guidance, I could not have finished this dissertation. I have also benefited from the intellectual support of faculty in the History Department at the University of Miami. Special thanks to professors Michael B. Miller and Krista Goff for their support and comments on my dissertation as committee members. I had the good fortune of learning so much from all my UM committee members as a student and teaching assistant during my years in the graduate program. I also want to thank the department’s directors of graduate studies during my time at UM, Ashli White and Michael Bernath for their encouragement and support in many facets of my graduate education. The welcoming nature of our department enabled me to interact with and benefit from the advice and support of many faculty members. I would like to especially thank professors Hermann Beck, Scott Heerman, Martin Nesvig, Kate Ramsey, Eduardo Elena, Mary Lindemann, Hugh Thomas, and Max Fraser for all they have done to help me become a better scholar and teacher. Our department administrators, especially Lori Franklin were always there to make sure I was on track. Outside of the department and the University of Miami, I would like to thank Professor Terrence Peterson of Florida International University for the opportunity to join several of his engaging seminar courses and for serving as the outside member of the committee. I want to thank several archivists who generously donated their time to locating precious primary sources in this project, especially Koula Pieri and Christos iii Kyriakides of the Cyprus State Archives. The staff of the General State Archives of Greece in Athens, Corfu, and Rhodes were always helpful, as too were those of the National Archives of the UK and the Caird Library in Greenwich. I would also like to thank the interlibrary loan staff at the University of Miami and Saint Joseph’s University. Many people have been of immeasurable help to me during European research trips. I am grateful to friends and contacts in the hotel industry for sharing insight and, at times, personal archival materials. Special thanks to Takis Mihailidis of the Hotel Elafos in Rhodes for valuable records and photographs of the island and its hotels in the interwar period. Chris Kordistos offered the same to me in the case of Kos and Rhodes. From my first summer research trip, Niko Clerides and Vera Lipton introduced me to so much of Cyprus and its history. In Athens, Peter Poulos of the Hellenic Initiative, Nikos Trivoulidis of the Benaki Museum, and Tassos Sakellaropoulos of the Benaki Historical Archives directed me to critical archival collections. I have had the fortune of making many good friends during my years in the Ph.D. program, but I would like to especially thank the members of my cohort for their support and valuable comments on earlier drafts of this dissertation. But to all my colleagues in the program I say thank you for your advice, friendship, and support during what is all too often an isolating experience of writing a dissertation. This project would not have been possible without my academic and personal ties to Saint Joseph’s University. Current and former faculty and staff in History, Italian, Economics, Political Science, and many other departments have fostered my passion for historical research and writing. I will be forever grateful for the years I spent at SJU. iv In closing, I want to say thank you to my friends and family. The Bachas-Daunert family has been so welcoming and supportive of me during my time in Miami. My friends and language tutors Vasilieos Stathias, Alexia Kafkoutsou, Philip Bachas- Daunert, and Cooper Copetas were always supportive and helped to keep me sane during this process. Finally, I cannot imagine writing about tourism without the many family trips abroad organized by my parents, Stephan and Dori, and my sister, Kali. I would not have undertaken such a project without inspiration drawn from the experiences of my grandparents and great-grandparents. Stories of their lives, along with several of my uncles born in the former Italian Aegean Islands that first drove me to research this time period and corner of the Mediterranean. And so, I dedicate this dissertation to my family. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... viii Chapter INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1 EMPIRE AND NEW MEDITERRANEAN TOURISM IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD ..................................................................................... 25 1.1 Context: The New Mediterranean (Dis)order: Embattled Empires in the Post- WWI Eastern Mediterranean ......................................................................... 30 1.2 Lausanne’s Children: Interwar State-Organized Tourism in the Greek-Speaking World .......................................................................................................... 38 1.3 The New Mediterranean Tourism .................................................................. 51 1.4 Chapter Conclusion ...................................................................................... 73 2 RHODES: A FASCIST ITALIAN CLUB MED? TOURISM, EMPIRE, AND MEDITERRANEAN RIVALRY .................................................................... 75 2.1 Chapter Introduction ..................................................................................... 75 2.2 ‘Temporary” Italian Military Occupation and the Construction of “Italian” Rhodes, 1912-1922 ...................................................................................... 81 2.3 Mario Lago and the Birth of a Modern Tourism Industry in Rhodes ................. 86 2.4 A Place in the Sun? Tourism and Mediterranean Rivalry ................................. 108 2.5 Chapter Conclusion: Rupture and Continuity in a Mediterranean Tourist Resort .......................................................................................................... 127 3 CYPRUS: BUREAUCRATS INTO TOUR GUIDES: TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND IMPERIAL SOVEREIGNTY IN THE BRITISH MEDITERRANEAN ...................................................................................... 131 3.1 Chapter Introduction ..................................................................................... 131 3.2 Tourism Development in Britain’s “Cinderella Colony” .................................. 137 3.3 Making “British” Cyprus through Tourism: The Troodos Mountains ............... 150 3.4 The Decentralized Tour of Cyprus ................................................................. 160 3.5 Cyprus Tourism
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