DOCSLIB.ORG

State and Private Capital in the Making of Modern Mediterranean Tourism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Please do not remove this page Partners in Pleasure: State and Private Capital in the Making of Modern Mediterranean Tourism Pappas, Dale https://scholarship.miami.edu/discovery/delivery/01UOML_INST:ResearchRepository/12379579970002976?l#13379579960002976 Pappas, D. (2021). Partners in Pleasure: State and Private Capital in the Making of Modern Mediterranean Tourism [University of Miami]. https://scholarship.miami.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991031573989602976/01UOML_INST:ResearchR epository Open Downloaded On 2021/09/25 01:03:26 -0400 Please do not remove this page UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI PARTNERS IN PLEASURE: STATE AND PRIVATE CAPITAL IN THE MAKING OF MODERN MEDITERRANEAN TOURISM By Dale Pappas A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Miami in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Coral Gables, Florida May 2021 ©2021 Dale Pappas All Rights Reserved UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy PARTNERS IN PLEASURE: STATE AND PRIVATE CAPITAL IN THE MAKING OF MODERN MEDITERRANEAN TOURISM Dale Pappas Approved: ________________ _________________ Dominique K. Reill, Ph.D. Michael B. Miller, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History Professor of History ________________ _________________ Krista A. Goff, Ph.D. Guillermo Prado, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of History Dean of the Graduate School ________________ Terrence Peterson, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of History Florida International University PAPPAS, DALE (Ph.D., History) Partners in Pleasure: State and Private Capital (May 2021) in the Making of Modern Mediterranean Tourism Abstract of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professor Dominique Reill. No. of pages in text. (271) This dissertation explores the development of tourism in the interwar eastern Mediterranean. It argues that the forging of networks of state officials and private commercial partners in the interwar years provided a critical foundation for the growth of tourism in the post-WWII period. The dissertation examines the case studies of tourism development in British Colonial Cyprus, Fascist Italian Colonial Rhodes, and the Greek nation-state. Each chapter draws on a diverse archival and printed primary source base from official government, corporate, and private bureaucratic records and travel literature. This dissertation prompts a reconsideration of the chronology of modern tourism development in the twentieth century Mediterranean. Acknowledgments A few paragraphs cannot begin to express the deep gratitude and thanks I owe to so many individuals for their efforts to ensure my success in completing this dissertation. I am indebted to Dominque Reill, my advisor, for her commitment to this project from initial conception to its completion. Without her guidance, I could not have finished this dissertation. I have also benefited from the intellectual support of faculty in the History Department at the University of Miami. Special thanks to professors Michael B. Miller and Krista Goff for their support and comments on my dissertation as committee members. I had the good fortune of learning so much from all my UM committee members as a student and teaching assistant during my years in the graduate program. I also want to thank the department’s directors of graduate studies during my time at UM, Ashli White and Michael Bernath for their encouragement and support in many facets of my graduate education. The welcoming nature of our department enabled me to interact with and benefit from the advice and support of many faculty members. I would like to especially thank professors Hermann Beck, Scott Heerman, Martin Nesvig, Kate Ramsey, Eduardo Elena, Mary Lindemann, Hugh Thomas, and Max Fraser for all they have done to help me become a better scholar and teacher. Our department administrators, especially Lori Franklin were always there to make sure I was on track. Outside of the department and the University of Miami, I would like to thank Professor Terrence Peterson of Florida International University for the opportunity to join several of his engaging seminar courses and for serving as the outside member of the committee. I want to thank several archivists who generously donated their time to locating precious primary sources in this project, especially Koula Pieri and Christos iii Kyriakides of the Cyprus State Archives. The staff of the General State Archives of Greece in Athens, Corfu, and Rhodes were always helpful, as too were those of the National Archives of the UK and the Caird Library in Greenwich. I would also like to thank the interlibrary loan staff at the University of Miami and Saint Joseph’s University. Many people have been of immeasurable help to me during European research trips. I am grateful to friends and contacts in the hotel industry for sharing insight and, at times, personal archival materials. Special thanks to Takis Mihailidis of the Hotel Elafos in Rhodes for valuable records and photographs of the island and its hotels in the interwar period. Chris Kordistos offered the same to me in the case of Kos and Rhodes. From my first summer research trip, Niko Clerides and Vera Lipton introduced me to so much of Cyprus and its history. In Athens, Peter Poulos of the Hellenic Initiative, Nikos Trivoulidis of the Benaki Museum, and Tassos Sakellaropoulos of the Benaki Historical Archives directed me to critical archival collections. I have had the fortune of making many good friends during my years in the Ph.D. program, but I would like to especially thank the members of my cohort for their support and valuable comments on earlier drafts of this dissertation. But to all my colleagues in the program I say thank you for your advice, friendship, and support during what is all too often an isolating experience of writing a dissertation. This project would not have been possible without my academic and personal ties to Saint Joseph’s University. Current and former faculty and staff in History, Italian, Economics, Political Science, and many other departments have fostered my passion for historical research and writing. I will be forever grateful for the years I spent at SJU. iv In closing, I want to say thank you to my friends and family. The Bachas-Daunert family has been so welcoming and supportive of me during my time in Miami. My friends and language tutors Vasilieos Stathias, Alexia Kafkoutsou, Philip Bachas- Daunert, and Cooper Copetas were always supportive and helped to keep me sane during this process. Finally, I cannot imagine writing about tourism without the many family trips abroad organized by my parents, Stephan and Dori, and my sister, Kali. I would not have undertaken such a project without inspiration drawn from the experiences of my grandparents and great-grandparents. Stories of their lives, along with several of my uncles born in the former Italian Aegean Islands that first drove me to research this time period and corner of the Mediterranean. And so, I dedicate this dissertation to my family. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... viii Chapter INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1 EMPIRE AND NEW MEDITERRANEAN TOURISM IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD ..................................................................................... 25 1.1 Context: The New Mediterranean (Dis)order: Embattled Empires in the Post- WWI Eastern Mediterranean ......................................................................... 30 1.2 Lausanne’s Children: Interwar State-Organized Tourism in the Greek-Speaking World .......................................................................................................... 38 1.3 The New Mediterranean Tourism .................................................................. 51 1.4 Chapter Conclusion ...................................................................................... 73 2 RHODES: A FASCIST ITALIAN CLUB MED? TOURISM, EMPIRE, AND MEDITERRANEAN RIVALRY .................................................................... 75 2.1 Chapter Introduction ..................................................................................... 75 2.2 ‘Temporary” Italian Military Occupation and the Construction of “Italian” Rhodes, 1912-1922 ...................................................................................... 81 2.3 Mario Lago and the Birth of a Modern Tourism Industry in Rhodes ................. 86 2.4 A Place in the Sun? Tourism and Mediterranean Rivalry ................................. 108 2.5 Chapter Conclusion: Rupture and Continuity in a Mediterranean Tourist Resort .......................................................................................................... 127 3 CYPRUS: BUREAUCRATS INTO TOUR GUIDES: TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND IMPERIAL SOVEREIGNTY IN THE BRITISH MEDITERRANEAN ...................................................................................... 131 3.1 Chapter Introduction ..................................................................................... 131 3.2 Tourism Development in Britain’s “Cinderella Colony” .................................. 137 3.3 Making “British” Cyprus through Tourism: The Troodos Mountains ............... 150 3.4 The Decentralized Tour of Cyprus ................................................................. 160 3.5 Cyprus Tourism
Recommended publications
  • The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs

    The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs

    The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21.
  • The Gordian Knot: American and British Policy Concerning the Cyprus Issue: 1952-1974

    The Gordian Knot: American and British Policy Concerning the Cyprus Issue: 1952-1974

    THE GORDIAN KNOT: AMERICAN AND BRITISH POLICY CONCERNING THE CYPRUS ISSUE: 1952-1974 Michael M. Carver A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2006 Committee: Dr. Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor Dr. Gary R. Hess ii ABSTRACT Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor This study examines the role of both the United States and Great Britain during a series of crises that plagued Cyprus from the mid 1950s until the 1974 invasion by Turkey that led to the takeover of approximately one-third of the island and its partition. Initially an ancient Greek colony, Cyprus was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, which allowed the native peoples to take part in the island’s governance. But the idea of Cyprus’ reunification with the Greek mainland, known as enosis, remained a significant tenet to most Greek-Cypriots. The movement to make enosis a reality gained strength following the island’s occupation in 1878 by Great Britain. Cyprus was integrated into the British imperialist agenda until the end of the Second World War when American and Soviet hegemony supplanted European colonialism. Beginning in 1955, Cyprus became a battleground between British officials and terrorists of the pro-enosis EOKA group until 1959 when the independence of Cyprus was negotiated between Britain and the governments of Greece and Turkey. The United States remained largely absent during this period, but during the 1960s and 1970s came to play an increasingly assertive role whenever intercommunal fighting between the Greek and Turkish-Cypriot populations threatened to spill over into Greece and Turkey, and endanger the southeastern flank of NATO.
  • National Report 2020

    National Report 2020

    National Report 2020 Regulation and performance of the electricity market and the natural gas market in Greece, in 2019. Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) Athens, June 2020. REGULATORY AUTHORITY FOR ENERGY 132, Piraeus str., 118 54 Athens, Greece Tel.: +302103727400, Fax: +302103255460 E-mail : [email protected], Website: www.rae.gr The Board of The Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE): President Nickolaos G. Boulaxis (since 23-6-2015) A’ Vice President Sotirios Manolkidis (since 23-6-2015) B’ Vice President Michaella Latta (since 18-2-2016) Member Nektaria Karakatsani (since 22-6-2015) Member Ioannis Anagnostopoulos (since 19-2-2016) Member Apostolos Gotsias (since 19-2-2016) Member Theodoros Zervos (since 19-2-2016) 1. Foreword _________________________________________________________ 6 2. Main developments in the electricity and gas markets ________________ 7 2.1 Electricity __________________________________________________________ 7 2.2 RES _______________________________________________________________ 9 2.3 Natural Gas _______________________________________________________ 10 2.4 Consumer Protection ______________________________________________ 13 2.5 Other important actions of RAE _____________________________________ 14 3. Regulation and Performance of the Electricity Market _______________ 16 3.1 Network Regulation __________________________________________________ 16 3.1.1. Unbundling_____________________________________________________________ 16 3.1.1.1. Certified Transmission System Operator - ADMIE S.A. ___________________ 16 3.1.1.2. Distribution System Operator - DEDDIE S.A. ____________________________ 16 3.1.1.3. Accounting unbundling _______________________________________________ 16 3.1.2. Technical functioning and network development ____________________________ 17 3.1.3. Security and reliability standards, quality of service and supply _______________ 19 3.1.4. Network Tariffs for connection and access _________________________________ 20 3.1.5. Transmission Network operation __________________________________________ 20 3.1.6.
  • THE RECENT HİSTORY of the RHODES and KOS TURKS “The Silent Cry Rising in the Aegean Sea”

    THE RECENT HİSTORY of the RHODES and KOS TURKS “The Silent Cry Rising in the Aegean Sea”

    THE RECENT HİSTORY OF THE RHODES and KOS TURKS “The Silent Cry Rising in the Aegean Sea” Prof. Dr.Mustafa KAYMAKÇI Assoc. Prof. Dr.Cihan ÖZGÜN Translated by: Mengü Noyan Çengel Karşıyaka-Izmir 2015 1 Writers Prof. Dr. Mustafa KAYMAKÇI [email protected] Mustafa Kaymakçı was born in Rhodes. His family was forced to immigrate to Turkey for fear of losing their Turkish identity. He graduated from Ege University Faculty of Agriculture in 1969 and earned his professorship in 1989. He has authored 12 course books and over 200 scientific articles. He has always tried to pass novelties and scientific knowledge on to farmers, who are his target audience. These activities earned him many scientific awards and plaques of appreciation. His achievements include •“Gödence Village Agricultural Development Cooperative Achievement Award, 2003”; •“TMMOB Chamber of Agricultural Engineers Scientific Award, 2004”; and •“Turkish Sheep Breeders Scientific Award, 2009”. His name was given to a Street in Acıpayam (denizli) in 2003. In addition to his course books, Prof. Kaymakçı is also the author of five books on agricultural and scientific policies. They include •Notes on Turkey’s Agriculture, 2009; •Agricultural Articles Against Global Capitalization, 2010; •Agriculture Is Independence, 2011; •Famine and Imperialism, 2012 (Editor); and •Science Political Articles Against Globalization, 2012. Kaymakçı is the President of the Rhodes and Kos and the Dodecanese Islands Turks Culture and Solidarity Association since 1996. Under his presidency, the association reflected the problems of the Turks living in Rhodes and Kos to organizations including Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Parliamentary Association of the European Council (PA CE), the United Nations and the Federal Union of European Nationalities (FEUN).
  • British Intelligence Against Eoka in Cyprus 1945-1960

    British Intelligence Against Eoka in Cyprus 1945-1960

    BRITISH INTELLIGENCE AGAINST EOKA IN CYPRUS 1945-1960 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY NİHAL ERKAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JULY 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences ___________________________ Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ___________________________ Prof.Dr.Oktay Tanrısever Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________ Prof.Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur (METU, IR) _____________________ Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU,IR) _____________________ Prof. Dr. Oktay Tanrısever (METU,IR) _____________________ Prof. Dr. Gökhan Koçer (Karadeniz Teknik Uni., ULS) _____________________ Assist. Prof.Dr. Merve Seren (Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Uni., INRE) _____________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Nihal Erkan Signature : iii ABSTRACT BRITISH INTELLIGENCE AGAINST EOKA IN CYPRUS, 1945-1960 Erkan, Nihal Ph.D; Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı July 2019, 367 pages This thesis analyses the role of British intelligence activities in the fight against EOKA in Cyprus between 1945 and 1960.
  • US-World War I

    US-World War I

    World War One (The Great War) 1914 - 1918 http://www.bbc.co.uk/remembrance/img/gassed_446x251.jpg “Gassed,” John Singer Sargent (1919) Quick Overview The war began in August 1914 When war broke out, the U. S. declared itself neutral The U.S. entered the war on April 6, 1917 The fighting ended with a cease-fire agreement on November 11, 1918 Approximately 9 million soldiers were killed. At least 21 million soldiers were wounded. MAIN Causes of the War MILITARISM The Glorification of military power An Arms Race (Competition to build the most powerful weapons) took place - lead to fear MAIN Causes of the War Alliances Suspicions about other nations led to the formation of alliances Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente Britain, France and Russia MAIN Causes of the War Imperialism Competition between European nations over land and resources created rivalries in Africa American imperialism in Latin America and Asia was also a source of concern & tension MAIN Causes of the War Nationalism A deep pride in one’s own country - believing that it is better than all nations European nations competed to prove the superiority of their cultures U.S. - “God’s Chosen People” http://web.viu.ca/davies/H482.WWI/poster.US.DestroyThisMadBrute.jpg Archduke Franz Ferdinand and His Family He was to be the next emperor of Austria-Hungary The Assassination Franz Ferdinand was killed by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo June 28, 1914 This event “sparked” war in Europe The Fighting Begins Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28,
  • Register of All-Party Groups

    Register of All-Party Groups

    REGISTER OF ALL-PARTY GROUPS (As at 13 June 2007) REGISTER OF ALL-PARTY GROUPS PAGE 2 SECTION 1: COUNTRY GROUPS TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................... 2 The Nature of All-Party Groups ..................................................................................... 2 Purpose and Form of the ‘Register of All-Party Groups’............................................... 2 Purpose and Form of the ‘Approved List’ of Groups..................................................... 2 Administration of the Register and Approved List......................................................... 4 Complaints about All-Party Groups................................................................................ 4 Section 1: Country Groups ...................................................................................................... 6 Section 2: Subject Groups.................................................................................................... 141 REGISTER OF ALL-PARTY GROUPS PAGE 3 SECTION 1: COUNTRY GROUPS INTRODUCTION The Nature of All-Party Groups All-party groups are regarded as relatively informal compared with other cross-party bodies such as select committees of the House. The membership of all-party groups mainly comprises backbench Members of the House of Commons and Lords but may also include ministers and non-parliamentarians. Groups flourish and wane according to the interests and enthusiasm of Members.
  • Chapter Six the War Grinds to a Gruesome End

    Chapter Six the War Grinds to a Gruesome End

    Chapter Six The War Grinds to a Gruesome End 5 The Armistice came, the day we had dreamed of. The guns stopped, the fighting stopped. Four years of noise and bangs ended in silence. The killings had stopped. We were stunned. I had been out since 1914. I should have been happy. I was sad. I thought of the slaughter, the hardships, the waste, and the friends I had lost.1 —British sergeant-major Richard Tobin of the Army’s Royal Naval Division ussia’s withdrawal from the Great War in late 1917 was a major benefit to Germany and the other Central Powers. True, the Germans would have R to leave some manpower in place in the East in order to keep an eye on Ukraine, Poland, Finland, and Baltic states that it had received according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. But with Russia no longer a concern, Ger- man military commanders could still shift huge numbers of troops, guns, and other military resources to the Western Front, where the enemy remained for- midable. The only question that remained, according to German strategists, was whether this additional muscle would enable them to defeat reeling French and British armies before Americans troops began pouring into Europe. A Race Against Time for Germany In early 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II remained Germany’s emperor and the offi- cial commander-in-chief of its military. In reality, however, the war had elevat- ed the country’s generals to positions of influence that eclipsed the Kaiser. From 1916 to 1918, in fact, Germany operated under an unoffical military dictator- 89 Defining Moments: World War I and the Age of Modern Warfare ship—a “silent dictatorship” in the words of some historians—led by two men, Chief of the General Staff Paul von Hindenburg and his deputy, First Quar- termaster-General Erich Ludendorff (see biography, p.
  • The Impact of World War I

    The Impact of World War I

    IMPACTIMPACT OF OF WORLD WORLD WAR WAR I I •• WorldWorld War War I I has has been been called called a a ““warwar with with many many causes causes but but no no objectivesobjectives..”” •• ThisThis profound profound sense sense of of wastewaste andand pointlessness pointlessness willwill shape shape EuropeanEuropean politics politics in in the the post post-- warwar period. period. NewNew Horrors Horrors for for a a New New Century Century •• TotalTotal WarWar •• IndustrialIndustrial weaponsweapons ofof massmass--killingkilling •• ExtremeExtreme NationalismNationalism •• CiviliansCivilians targetedtargeted •• Genocide:Genocide: TurksTurks slaughterslaughter ArmeniansArmenians •• CommunistCommunist RevolutionRevolution •• TerrorismTerrorism AftermathAftermath ofof WorldWorld WarWar I:I: ConsequencesConsequences SocialSocial:: •• almostalmost 1010 millionmillion soldierssoldiers werewere killedkilled andand overover 2020 millionmillion areare woundedwounded •• millionsmillions ofof civilianscivilians dieddied asas aa resultresult ofof thethe hostilities,hostilities, famine,famine, andand diseasedisease •• thethe worldworld waswas leftleft withwith hatred,hatred, intolerance,intolerance, andand extremeextreme nationalism.nationalism. WorldWorld War War I I Casualties Casualties 10,000,000 9,000,000 Russia 8,000,000 Germany 7,000,000 Austria-Hungary 6,000,000 France 5,000,000 4,000,000 Great Britain 3,000,000 Italy 2,000,000 Turkey 1,000,000 US 0 TheThe Spanish Spanish Flu Flu (Influenza) (Influenza) -- 19181918 •• StruckStruck inin thethe
  • Of the Modern Age

    Of the Modern Age

    1 1 Interior with a Table, 1921. Vanessa Bell. Oil on canvas. 21 /4 x 25 /4 inches. Tate Gallery, London. ©1961 Estate of Vanessa Bell. Courtesy of Henrietta Garnett. 1028 Tate Gallery, London/Art Resource, NY 1028-1042 UOU6-845482.indd 1028 1/29/07 1:43:43 PM UNIT SIX THE MODERN AGE 1901–1950 Looking Ahead When the twentieth century began, Britain was at the height of its power. During the next half century, the British endured bitter class conflict, two world wars, global economic depression, and growing demands for independence among the colonial peoples they ruled. This period of profound change also witnessed the emergence of powerful Modernist writers, who modified and broke with the forms and traditions of British literature. Keep the following questions in mind as you read: ▲▲▲ ▲ How did World Wars I and II impact British literature? How was class conflict represented in British literature? How did attitudes toward the British Empire begin to change during this period? What were some major characteristics of Modernism? OBJECTIVES In learning about the Modern age, you will focus on the following: • analyzing the characteristics of modern literature and how issues of the period influenced writers • evaluating the influences of the historical forces that shaped literary characters, plots, settings, and themes in modern literature • connecting modern literature to historical contexts, current events, and your own experiences 1029 11028-1042028-1042 UOU6-845482.inddUOU6-845482.indd 10291029 11/10/07/10/07 8:29:258:29:25 AMAM TIMELINE 1901–1950 BRITISH LITERATURE 1900 1920 1901 1914 1917 1920 Rudyard Kipling publishes Modernist journal Blast William Butler Yeats Wilfred Owen’s Collected Kim begins publication ▼ publishes The Wild Swans Poems is published at Coole 1907 1922 Rudyard Kipling wins Nobel 1918 Katherine Mansfield Prize in Literature Siegfried Sassoon publishes publishes The Garden Party Counter-Attack 1913 1922 George Bernard Shaw’s T.
  • Sasha Massey St Patrick's College

    Sasha Massey St Patrick's College

    THE Simpson PRIZE A COMPETITION FOR YEAR 9 AND 10 STUDENTS 2017 Winner Tasmania Sasha Massey St Patrick's College "The experience of Australian soldiers on the Western Front in 1916 has been largely overlooked in accounts of the First World War." To what extent would you argue that battles such as Fromelles and Pozières should feature more prominently in accounts of the First World War? It has been engraved into our national identity to commemorate the sacrifice of those who have participated in conflict, but perhaps one of the greatest tragedies of how we remember World War 1 is that details of battles on the Western Front have eluded the Australian public. Gallipoli, ANZAC Cove and Lone Pine usually dominate the national conversation on ANZAC Day, but the Western Front deserves greater recognition. The loss of a loved one on the Western Front is not an uncommon story, with approximately 45,000 Australian’s being killed.1 The Australian soldiers faced a monumental struggle in France and Belgium, with an immense death toll and unspeakable conditions. It is not only the conditions that were faced that justify the need for a more prominent commemoration of the battles on the Western Front, but they are also very important in the formation of the ANZAC spirit. When Australians think of the ANZACs, we think of tremendous courage, mateship and heroism, qualities that were displayed in abundance on the Western Front, especially at Fromelles and Pozieres. By preserving the legacy of those who served at Pozieres and Fromelles we can remember the lessons they taught us and strive for the qualities they demonstrated.
  • British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914–1925; Empire, Loyalties and Democratic Deficit; First Edition

    British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914–1925; Empire, Loyalties and Democratic Deficit; First Edition

    British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914–1925 Most of the Cypriot population, especially the lower classes, remained loyal to the British cause during the Great War and the island contributed significantly to the First World War, with men and materials. The British acknowledged this yet failed to institute political and economic reforms once the war ended. The obsession of Greek Cypriot elites with enosis (union with Greece), which only increased after the war, and the British dismissal of increasing the role of Cypriots in government, bringing the Christian and Muslim communities closer, and expanding franchise to all classes and sexes, led to serious problems down the line, not least the development of a democratic deficit. Andrekos Varnava studies the events and the impact of this crucial period. Andrekos Varnava is an Associate Professor in Imperial History at Flinders University, Adelaide and an Honorary Professor at De Montfort University, Leicester. Routledge Studies in First World War History Series Editor: John Bourne The University of Birmingham, UK The First World War is a subject of perennial interest to historians and is often regarded as a watershed event, marking the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the ‘modern’ industrial world. The sheer scale of the conflict and massive loss of life means that it is constantly being assessed and reassessed to examine its lasting military, political, sociological, industrial, cul- tural and economic impact. Reflecting the latest international scholarly research, the Routledge Studies in First World War History series provides a unique platform for the publication of monographs on all aspects of the Great War.