DOCSLIB.ORG

The Cult of Coercion: Religion and Strategic Culture in British Counterinsurgency by Jason Klocek a Dissertation Submitted in P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Cult of Coercion: Religion and Strategic Culture in British Counterinsurgency by Jason Klocek a Dissertation Submitted in P The Cult of Coercion: Religion and Strategic Culture in British Counterinsurgency By Jason Klocek A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ron E. Hassner, Chair Professor Leonardo Arriola Professor Michaela Mattes Professor Ann Swidler Professor Steven Weber Summer 2018 Abstract The Cult of Coercion: Religion and Strategic Culture in British Counterinsurgency by Jason Klocek Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science University of California, Berkeley Professor Ron E. Hassner, Chair Why are religious civil wars so difficult to resolve peacefully? This dissertation argues that states, not just insurgents, drive the intractability of religious conflicts. More specifically, it draws on insights from social psychology, along with religious and strategic studies, to develop and test a novel theoretical framework for why and when government officials refuse to compromise with opposition movements that mobilize along religious lines. The argument posits that Western political and military elites share a secular strategic culture that heightens the correspondence between religious insurgents’ behavior and motives. This cognitive bias leads decision makers to infer that religious guerrillas fight to radically alter the status quo, rather than protest unfavorable conditions, such as poverty or territorial occupation. It is most influential when religious demands represent a central incompatibility in the conflict and counterinsurgents face an unfamiliar faith tradition. Ultimately, government officials discount the efficacy of a negotiated settlement because they conclude their opponents will stop at nothing to achieve their objective. It is not that religious insurgents are necessarily unwilling to make concessions; it is that they cannot credibly do so. These claims are tested with comparative evidence from British counterinsurgency campaigns during the early postwar period with an emphasis on Mandatory Palestine, Cyprus, and Kenya. The dissertation draws on original data collected from more than a half dozen archives in Great Britain, Cyprus, and Israel. This includes documents from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and housed at The National Archives of the United Kingdom that have only been available to the public since 2013. For each case, process tracing is employed to show as explicitly as possible the link between British decision-makers general beliefs about religion and their strategic preferences over the course of the conflict. The dissertation’s argument and findings challenge the influential notion that dissidents’ spiritual beliefs alone drive civil wars to endure longer and remain resistant to bargained solutions. In addition, they promise to augment the study of religious conflict by establishing a research agenda on the role of state forces in such engagements. 1 This dissertation is dedicated to the students of PS123J, especially the founding members of the K.L.F. It was through your eyes that I saw who I might yet still be. i Table of Contents 1. List of Tables iii 2. List of Figures iv 3. Acknowledgments v 4. Chapter 1: Introduction 1 5. Chapter 2: Bringing the State Back in to Religious Civil Wars 25 6. Chapter 3: Mandatory Palestine (1944 – 47): Countering “Rabid and Hysterical” 50 Insurgents in the Holy Land 7. Chapter 4: Cyprus Emergency: 1955 – 59: Fighting EOKA on the Enchanted Island 71 8. Chapter 5: The Mau Mau Uprising: 1952 – 56: Struggling to Find Common Ground 95 at God’s Resting Place 9. Chapter 6: Conclusion 117 10. Bibliography 123 ii List of Tables 1.1 Case Selection and the Conditions that Influence Correspondence Bias 18 2.1 Determinants of the Level of Correspondence between Behavior and Motive 39 2.2 Conditions that Influence Correspondence Bias towards Religion 47 3.1 The Causal Mechanism of Strategic Culture 53 3.2 Summary of Jewish Insurgent Groups 56 3.3 Causal Process Observations for the Jewish Insurgency 70 4.1 Causal Process Observations for the Cyprus Emergency 93 5.1 Descriptive Inferences for the Mau Mau Uprising 116 iii List of Figures 2.1 Conflict Termination Outcomes by Civil War Type, 1975-2015 26 2.2 Threat Assessment Model of Religious Violence 40 2.3 Contingency Model of Religious Insurgent Groups 42 3.1 Attacks by Insurgent Organizations in Mandatory Palestine, 1945-48 67 3.2 Casualties Inflicted by Insurgent Organizations in Mandatory Palestine, 1945-48 68 iv Acknowledgments This dissertation is the product of deep friendships, stimulating (and at times perplexing) relationships, and the more than occasional extended interval of silence. Both its completion and form owe heavily to those persons kind enough to discuss, support, probe, challenge, and object to the project at offices, seminar rooms, archives, conferences, cafes, pubs, and beaches across three continents. While I can only mention a few names here, my appreciation for all those who have contributed is no less heartfelt. My sincere gratitude, first and foremost, goes to the advisors that walked beside me during my time at Berkeley. They did much more than merely provide advice on research designs, query the logic of my theoretical claims, and comment on various drafts. My dissertation committee provided a collegial, engaging, and affectionate environment in which to explore, laugh, take intellectual risks, fail, and pick myself up again. I remain deeply appreciative of the seriousness with which they considered my ideas, the thoughtfulness with which they pushed back against those oftentimes naïve impressions, and the fact that they saw where I was going with this project long before I did. It was an off-hand remark by Leo Arriola during my prospectus defense that first made me consider whether there might be something unique to how states construe religious insurgent groups. It took another two years of that comment niggling at the back of my mind before I finally paid it serious attention. Once my argument started to come together, Leo further shaped this project by adding an intellectual discipline to my analysis and a healthy dose of skepticism about the role religious ideas, identities, and practices might actually play in civil wars. I hope this manuscript leaves him nodding and shaking his head in equal measure. Ann Swidler also provided a number of comments that stuck with me since my initial defense. And, she has continued to provide support and advice that goes well beyond her role as the outside member of my committee. While our meetings have been limited over the years, each conversation left me with pages full of notes that took weeks, and sometimes months, to think through properly. I am humbled by her intellectual vision and commitment to this project. Her detailed and critical feedback made this a better dissertation. Steve Weber provided my first introduction to the study of international relations. During that evening graduate seminar, he inspired in me a deep appreciation for puzzle-driven research. And, he has enflamed that interest over the years with his incorrigible enthusiasm and detachment from the more insular debates in the field that too often distract from the bigger picture. I remain ever thankful that Steve stayed with this project until its completion, even after he transitioned to a different academic department and had no obligation to continue to serve on the committee. Michaela Mattes joined the project during the final writing stage, but what a contribution she has made. The organization and lucidity of this manuscript unquestionably have her hand behind them. I remain indebted to her appeals for and guidance regarding analytic rigor and conceptual clarity. I will also forever be in awe of here ability to not only return drafts within a few days (and on at least one occasion a few hours), but also identify and offer concrete advice on how to address substantial shortcomings. Finally, what can I say of my chair, Ron Hassner? Any attempt to explain this gift of friendship seems inadequate. In Ron, I quite unexpectedly found the type of confrere that is a constitutive part of rewarding scholarship. Ron has been a mentor, teacher, counselor, critic, and my greatest advocate. He has been an editor, a co-author, and even a travel guide. He brought a v delight and intellectual curiosity to my work. He drove me to pursue interesting, rather than trendy, research topics. And, he gave me the courage to look in the direction no one else was bothering to consider. This includes caring deeply about teaching. Most importantly, Ron is friend. It is the hours spent talking and laughing over meals that I will miss most. I cannot quite pin down the moment when Ron became more than an advisor, but it has made all the difference. Ron welcomed me figuratively and literally into his family. He provided a home in Berkeley and Herzliya. He invited me to holiday celebrations. He included me on excursions that crisscrossed the Bay Area and Israel. He suggested we grab a coffee at the exact moment I felt at my lowest. Ron made research and life in Berkeley and beyond a communal, joyful, and enlivening experience. I can only hope my company provided a mere fraction of the same for him. My committee has, of course, been just one part of the larger crucible of relationships that defined my time at Berkeley. I remain deeply indebted to all of my colleagues that offered comments on previous versions of this project, lent a sympathetic ear over drinks or a ride through the Berkeley hills, or shared hotel rooms to make conference travel more affordable. I am especially grateful for the Monday International Relations Thought Series (MIRTH), which provided an intellectual focal point over the years. This project is all the better for the meals shared with and the feedback I received from the regular participants of that colloquium.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Gordian Knot: American and British Policy Concerning the Cyprus Issue: 1952-1974
    THE GORDIAN KNOT: AMERICAN AND BRITISH POLICY CONCERNING THE CYPRUS ISSUE: 1952-1974 Michael M. Carver A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2006 Committee: Dr. Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor Dr. Gary R. Hess ii ABSTRACT Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor This study examines the role of both the United States and Great Britain during a series of crises that plagued Cyprus from the mid 1950s until the 1974 invasion by Turkey that led to the takeover of approximately one-third of the island and its partition. Initially an ancient Greek colony, Cyprus was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, which allowed the native peoples to take part in the island’s governance. But the idea of Cyprus’ reunification with the Greek mainland, known as enosis, remained a significant tenet to most Greek-Cypriots. The movement to make enosis a reality gained strength following the island’s occupation in 1878 by Great Britain. Cyprus was integrated into the British imperialist agenda until the end of the Second World War when American and Soviet hegemony supplanted European colonialism. Beginning in 1955, Cyprus became a battleground between British officials and terrorists of the pro-enosis EOKA group until 1959 when the independence of Cyprus was negotiated between Britain and the governments of Greece and Turkey. The United States remained largely absent during this period, but during the 1960s and 1970s came to play an increasingly assertive role whenever intercommunal fighting between the Greek and Turkish-Cypriot populations threatened to spill over into Greece and Turkey, and endanger the southeastern flank of NATO.
    [Show full text]
  • British Intelligence Against Eoka in Cyprus 1945-1960
    BRITISH INTELLIGENCE AGAINST EOKA IN CYPRUS 1945-1960 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY NİHAL ERKAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JULY 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences ___________________________ Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ___________________________ Prof.Dr.Oktay Tanrısever Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________ Prof.Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur (METU, IR) _____________________ Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU,IR) _____________________ Prof. Dr. Oktay Tanrısever (METU,IR) _____________________ Prof. Dr. Gökhan Koçer (Karadeniz Teknik Uni., ULS) _____________________ Assist. Prof.Dr. Merve Seren (Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Uni., INRE) _____________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Nihal Erkan Signature : iii ABSTRACT BRITISH INTELLIGENCE AGAINST EOKA IN CYPRUS, 1945-1960 Erkan, Nihal Ph.D; Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı July 2019, 367 pages This thesis analyses the role of British intelligence activities in the fight against EOKA in Cyprus between 1945 and 1960.
    [Show full text]
  • Duncan Sandys, Unmanned Weaponry, and the Impossibility of Defence
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of East Anglia digital repository 1 Nuclear Belief Systems and Individual Policy-Makers: Duncan Sandys, Unmanned Weaponry, and the Impossibility of Defence Lewis David Betts This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of East Anglia (School of History, Faculty of Arts and Humanities) November, 2014 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. 2 This thesis attempts to explore the influence that Duncan Sandys' experiences of the Second World War had on his policy preferences, and policy-making, in relation to British defence policy during his years in government. This is a significant period in British nuclear policy which began with thermonuclear weaponry being placed ostentatiously at the centre of British defence planning in the 1957 Defence White Paper, and ended with the British acquiring the latest American nuclear weapon technology as a consequence of the Polaris Sales Agreement. It also saw intense discussion of the nature and type of nuclear weaponry the British government sought to wield in the Cold War, with attempts to build indigenous land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, and where British nuclear policy was discussed in extreme depth in government. The thesis explores this area by focusing on Duncan Sandys and examining his interaction with prominent aspects of the defence policy-making process.
    [Show full text]
  • Register of All-Party Groups
    REGISTER OF ALL-PARTY GROUPS (As at 13 June 2007) REGISTER OF ALL-PARTY GROUPS PAGE 2 SECTION 1: COUNTRY GROUPS TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................... 2 The Nature of All-Party Groups ..................................................................................... 2 Purpose and Form of the ‘Register of All-Party Groups’............................................... 2 Purpose and Form of the ‘Approved List’ of Groups..................................................... 2 Administration of the Register and Approved List......................................................... 4 Complaints about All-Party Groups................................................................................ 4 Section 1: Country Groups ...................................................................................................... 6 Section 2: Subject Groups.................................................................................................... 141 REGISTER OF ALL-PARTY GROUPS PAGE 3 SECTION 1: COUNTRY GROUPS INTRODUCTION The Nature of All-Party Groups All-party groups are regarded as relatively informal compared with other cross-party bodies such as select committees of the House. The membership of all-party groups mainly comprises backbench Members of the House of Commons and Lords but may also include ministers and non-parliamentarians. Groups flourish and wane according to the interests and enthusiasm of Members.
    [Show full text]
  • British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914–1925; Empire, Loyalties and Democratic Deficit; First Edition
    British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914–1925 Most of the Cypriot population, especially the lower classes, remained loyal to the British cause during the Great War and the island contributed significantly to the First World War, with men and materials. The British acknowledged this yet failed to institute political and economic reforms once the war ended. The obsession of Greek Cypriot elites with enosis (union with Greece), which only increased after the war, and the British dismissal of increasing the role of Cypriots in government, bringing the Christian and Muslim communities closer, and expanding franchise to all classes and sexes, led to serious problems down the line, not least the development of a democratic deficit. Andrekos Varnava studies the events and the impact of this crucial period. Andrekos Varnava is an Associate Professor in Imperial History at Flinders University, Adelaide and an Honorary Professor at De Montfort University, Leicester. Routledge Studies in First World War History Series Editor: John Bourne The University of Birmingham, UK The First World War is a subject of perennial interest to historians and is often regarded as a watershed event, marking the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the ‘modern’ industrial world. The sheer scale of the conflict and massive loss of life means that it is constantly being assessed and reassessed to examine its lasting military, political, sociological, industrial, cul- tural and economic impact. Reflecting the latest international scholarly research, the Routledge Studies in First World War History series provides a unique platform for the publication of monographs on all aspects of the Great War.
    [Show full text]
  • The London Gazette
    2570 SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 8 JUNE, 1944 and appointments to, the Most Distinguished To be Additional Knights Commanders of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George: Said Most Eminent Order:— To be an Additional Member of the First Class, Robert Francis Mudie, Esq., C.S.I., C.I.E., or Knight Grand Cross, of the said Most O.B.E., Indian Civil Service, lately Acting Distinguished Order:— Governor of Bihar. Sir Eric Teichman, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., until Cyril Edgar Jones, Esq., C.S.I., C.I.E., recently Chinese Adviser to His Majesty's Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Embassy at Chungking. Government of India in the Finance Department. To be Additional Members of the Second Class, Lieutenant-Colonel George Van Baerle Gillan, or Knights Commanders, of the said Most C.I.E., Indian Political Service, Resident for Distinguished Order:— Rajputana. Laurence Collier, Esq., C.M.G., His Majesty's Lieutenant-General William Henry Goldney Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipoten- Baker, C.B., D.S.O., O.B.E., Indian Army, tiary to His Majesty the King of Norway. lately Adjutant-General in India. Donald St. Clair Gainer, Esq., C.M.G., Lieutenant-General Thomas Jacomb Button, O.B.E., His Majesty's Ambassador Extra- C.B., M.C., Secretary, War Resources, and ordinary and Plenipotentiary to be, United Reconstruction Committees of Council, States of Brazil (dated 3ist May, 1944). Government of India. Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari, Esq., C.S.I., William Thomas Matthews, Esq., C.B., C.I.E., Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the O.B.E., Director-General of the Middle East Government of India in the Department of Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.
    [Show full text]
  • The Environment and Early Influences Shaping Political Thought of Niyazi Berkes in British Cyprus, 1908-1922*
    The Environment and Early Influences Shaping Political Thought of Niyazi Berkes in British Cyprus, 1908-1922* Şakir Dinçşahin Yeditepe University Abstract Niyazi Berkes was born on 21 September 1908 in Nicosia/Lefkoşa, the capital of Cyprus. Naturally, his intellectual personality began to be shaped by the social and political context on the island as well as the empire which was in the process of imperial change. As a result of the turmoil created by the British rule, the Young Turk Revolution, the First World War, and the Turkish national struggle, the Greek and the Turkish identities for the Orthodox and the Muslim communities, respectively, were constructed. Niyazi Berkes, who was born and raised in this turbulent period, developed the Turkish national identity that laid the foundations of his patriotism among the Muslim community. But in the early years of his long life, the social and political context of Cyprus also planted the seeds of his liberal-mindedness. Key Words: Niyazi Berkes, Nationalism, National Identity, British Rule, Young Turks, World War I, Turkish National Struggle. Özet Niyazi Berkes 21 Eylül 1908’de İngiliz idaresine devredilmiş olan Doğu Akdeniz’deki Osmanlı adası Kıbrıs’ın Lefkoşa şehrinde dünyaya gelmiştir. Niyazi Berkes’in çocukluk ve yetişme döneminde entelektüel kişiliğini belirgin bir biçimde etkilemiş olan üç temel olgudan bahsedilebilir. Bunlardan birincisi Kıbrıs’taki özgür düşünce ortamı, ikincisi Kıbrıs’taki Müslüman ve Ortodoks cemaatlerin uluslaşma sürecine girmeleriyle beraber ortaya çıkan etnik gerilimdir. Sonuncusu ise Birinci Dünya Savaşı (1914– 1918) ile Anadolu’daki bağımsızlık mücadelesinin Kıbrıs’taki Müslüman- Türk ahali üzerinde yarattığı travmadır. Bu olgulardan Kıbrıs’taki liberal düşünce ortamı, Niyazi Berkes’in özgürlükçü bir aydın olmasının temellerini atmıştır.
    [Show full text]
  • Published in Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 47 (2019), Pp. 138-166 Jewish Refugees in Cyprus and British Imperial
    Published in Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 47 (2019), pp. 138-166 Jewish Refugees in Cyprus and British Imperial Sovereignty in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1933-1949 Alexis Rappas Introduction: Empire and refugees in the first -half of the twentieth century When is a migrant a refugee, an asylum seeker, an illegal immigrant? As recent events remind us, such designations are of crucial importance as they entail different treatments for people on the move and reveal the political priorities of those using them. Numerous scholars have shown that they were first codified as administrative categories involving different sets of rights by governments and international organizations in the context of the unprecedented, massive population displacements caused by the two world wars. Armenians fleeing massacres in the Ottoman Empire, White Russians seeking refuge after the Bolshevik Revolution and the Russian Civil War, Muslims and Orthodox Christians officially ‘exchanged’ between Greece and the new-born Republic of Turkey or Jews escaping Nazi persecution: each new mass displacement of people in the interwar period and after the Second World War forced Western governments, operating under the scrutiny of domestic and international public opinion, to devise a legal, institutional, economic but also discursive framework meant to guide and legitimize their reactions to the challenges of these new migratory flows.1 Such frameworks were also intended to establish a common language between, on the one hand, governments and, on the other, both public opinion and the growing number of international organizations –governmental and nongovernmental- involved in the management of migrants and refugees, from the League of Nations to the United Nations, and the Red Cross to the American Joint Distribution Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 Army History & Personnel
    2020 www.BritishMilitaryHistory.co.uk Author: Robert PALMER, M.A. A CONCISE HISTORY OF: 8 ARMY (HISTORY & PERSONNEL) A concise history of the 8th Army, a higher level formation in the British Army in existence from 1941 until 1945. In addition, known details of the senior appointments held in that period are included. Copyright ©www.BritishMilitaryHistory.co.uk (2020) 2 May 2020 [8 ARMY HISTORY & PERSONNEL] A Concise History of 8th Army (History & Personnel) Version: 1_1 This edition dated: 2 May 2020 ISBN: Not yet allocated. All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means including; electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, scanning without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Author: Robert PALMER, M.A. (copyright held by author) Assisted by: Stephen HEAL Published privately by: The Author – Publishing as: www.BritishMilitaryHistory.co.uk ©www.BritishMilitaryHistory.co.uk Page 1 2 May 2020 [8 ARMY HISTORY & PERSONNEL] 8th Army With the build-up of British Forces in Egypt and Libya to counter the arrival of German Forces in North Africa, the C in C Middle East (General AUCHINLECK) decided to create the establishment of an Army with two Corps under command for the campaign. On 9 September 1941, the 8th Army came into being, with elements of its new headquarters coming from the H.Q. Western Desert Force. It had under command: • XIII Corps (the former Western Desert Force); • XXX Corps (newly formed). 8th Army was the formation that fought throughout the rest of the campaign in Libya and Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Marios Vasiliou
    Writing Cyprus: Homecoming and Cosmopolitanism in Colonial, Anti-Colonial, and Postcolonial Anglophone Literary Texts Marios Vasiliou Vasiliou Department of English Studies MariosMay 2014 Abstract The present thesis explores the divergent meanings of homecoming and cosmopolitanism for Anglophone literary narratives that write Cyprus in three distinct periods: the colonial, the anti-colonial and nationalist, and the postcolonial. While all three periods manifest a plurality of Anglophone narratives that write the island and inscribe it with an identity which reflects their ideological intentions, they also exemplify significant differences regarding the meanings invested on the above themes. In other words, reaching a ‘homecoming’ or finding a cultural arrival in the Anglophone narratives that write Cyprus often passes through the idiom of cosmopolitanism, but the latter manifests different meanings at different historical periods in the literary history of the island. While the first colonial narratives (which contribute to a literary colonial cosmopolitanism on the island) waver between domesticating and vilifying depictions of the island to the extent that only the first ones imbibe some form of ‘homecoming’ to the island, anti-colonial texts uniformly envisage ‘home’ along nationalist strictures and exude a sense of homecoming in their glorification of the nation and its nostalgia for ethnic homogeneity. In contrast to both, the Anglophone postcolonial texts that I deal with envisage ‘home’ across ethnic lines and imbibe an idiom of cosmopolitanism of the utopian and heterotopian kinds that is unlike any former cosmopolitan visionsVasiliou that have been observed before in the island’s literary topographies. Cultural arrival, for these latter texts, is envisaged in rapprochement and cross-cultural friendship and is often deferred since the notions of home, homecoming, and community are often deemed to be implicated in, and traversed by, disruption and dislocation.
    [Show full text]
  • 31 Indian Armoured Division (1942
    27 September 2016 [10 INDIAN MOTOR BRIGADE (1942 – 43)] th 10 Indian Motor Brigade (1) Headquarters, 10th Indian Motor Brigade Group Skinner’s Horse (1st Duke of York’s Own) (2) The Central India Horse (21st King George V’s Own Horse) (3) The Guides Cavalry (10th Queen Victoria’s Own Frontier Force (4) 5th (Vaughan’s) Bn. 13th Frontier Force Rifles 3rd (Rattray’s Sikhs) Bn. 11th Sikh Regiment (5) 402nd Field Squadron, Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners 10th Indian Motor Brigade Signal Squadron, Indian Corps of Signals 10th Indian Motor Brigade Troops Transport Company, Royal Indian Army Service Corps 5th Indian Light Field Ambulance, Indian Army Medical Corps 10th Indian Motor Brigade Ordnance Company, Indian Army Ordnance Corps 114th Indian Field Post Office, Indian General Service Corps ©www.BritishMilitaryH istory.co.uk Page 1 27 September 2016 [10 INDIAN MOTOR BRIGADE (1942 – 43)] NOTES: 1. The 10th Indian Motor Brigade was formed in Egypt in March 1942, with the intention of serving with the British 10th Armoured Division. Brigadier (Temporary) Harold REDMAN, p.s.c., commanded the brigade upon its formation, and he assumed command on 31 March 1942. A Regular Army officer born in 1899, Brigadier REDMAN had seen service in the First World War in France and Belgium with the Royal Artillery. Between the wars, he served in Waziristan, and on the North-West Frontier with the 1st Bn. The King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, to which he transferred in February 1929. He passed the Staff Course at Camberley and was a qualified 1st Class interpreter in French.
    [Show full text]
  • The British Administration of Cyprus George Blair
    THE BRITISH ADMINISTRATION OF CYPRUS 1925-60 by GEORGE BLAIR GREENWOOD A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of HISTORY We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard from candidates for the degree of Master of Arts. THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1962 1 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of f-f tsasiiH^ The University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. Date I 9C -Z ABSTRACT Cyprus, a small island in the' eastern Mediterranean which, since the "beginning of recorded history, had always been dominated by a foreign power, obtained its independence in August, i960. At that time it ceased to be a part of the British Empire and became a member of the Commonwealth. Great Britain, the last power to control the island, obtained it in I878, as a base from which to check Russian expansion into the Near East. From I878 until 191^ the island was held on a temporary basis from Turkey. After that date, when the two powers became involved as enemies at war, Britain annexed the island.
    [Show full text]