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The Impact of World War I

The Impact of World War I

IMPACTIMPACT OF OF WORLD WORLD WAR I I

•• WorldWorld War War I I has has been been called called a a ““warwar with with many many causes causes but but no no objectivesobjectives..”” •• ThisThis profound profound sense sense of of wastewaste andand pointlessness pointlessness willwill shape shape EuropeanEuropean politics politics in in the the post post-- warwar period. period. NewNew Horrors Horrors for for a a New New Century Century

•• TotalTotal WarWar •• IndustrialIndustrial weaponsweapons ofof massmass--killingkilling •• ExtremeExtreme NationalismNationalism •• CiviliansCivilians targetedtargeted •• Genocide:Genocide: TurksTurks slaughterslaughter ArmeniansArmenians •• CommunistCommunist RevolutionRevolution •• TerrorismTerrorism AftermathAftermath ofof WorldWorld WarWar I:I: ConsequencesConsequences

SocialSocial:: •• almostalmost 1010 millionmillion soldierssoldiers werewere killedkilled andand overover 2020 millionmillion areare woundedwounded •• millionsmillions ofof civilianscivilians dieddied asas aa resultresult ofof thethe hostilities,hostilities, ,famine, andand diseasedisease •• thethe worldworld waswas leftleft withwith hatred,hatred, intolerance,intolerance, andand extremeextreme .nationalism. WorldWorld War War I I Casualties Casualties

10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 Germany 7,000,000 - 6,000,000 France 5,000,000 4,000,000 Great Britain 3,000,000 Italy 2,000,000 1,000,000 US 0 TheThe Spanish Flu (Influenza) (Influenza) -- 19181918 •• StruckStruck inin thethe trenchestrenches ofof thethe WesternWestern FrontFront andand thenthen flourishedflourished whenwhen soldierssoldiers returnedreturned home.home. •• ItIt becamebecame thethe greatestgreatest publicpublic healthhealth disasterdisaster ofof modernmodern historyhistory –– TheThe pandemicpandemic killedkilled betweenbetween 2222 andand 3030 millionmillion peoplepeople worldwide,worldwide, oror roughlyroughly twicetwice asas manymany asas hadhad dieddied duringduring thethe fightingfighting –– InIn Spain,Spain, itit killedkilled roughlyroughly 4040 percentpercent ofof thethe populationpopulation (8(8 million),million), thusthus givinggiving itit thethe namename ofof thethe SpanishSpanish Influenza.Influenza. –– BritishBritish colonialcolonial troopstroops carriedcarried itit toto IndiaIndia wherewhere itit killedkilled 1212 million.million. –– NoNo disease,disease, plague,plague, war,war, famine,famine, oror naturalnatural catastrophecatastrophe inin worldworld historyhistory hadhad killedkilled soso manymany peoplepeople inin suchsuch aa shortshort time.time. TurkishTurkish GenocideGenocide AgainstAgainst ArmeniansArmenians

AA PortentPortent ofof FutureFuture HorrorsHorrors toto Come!Come! TurkishTurkish GenocideGenocide AgainstAgainst ArmeniansArmenians Districts & Vilayets of Western 1914 1922 in Turkey Erzerum 215,000 1,500 Van 197,000 500 Kharbert 204,000 35,000 Diarbekir 124,000 3,000 Bitlis 220,000 56,000 Sivas 225,000 16,800

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western 371,800 27,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000 European Turkey 194,000 163,000 Trapizond District 73,390 15,000 Total 2,133,190 387,800 AftermathAftermath ofof WorldWorld WarWar I:I: ConsequencesConsequences

EconomicEconomic:: •• thethe totaltotal costcost ofof thethe war:war: overover $350$350 billion.billion. HowHow waswas thisthis paidpaid for???for??? –– heavyheavy taxestaxes  causescauses lowerlower standardstandard ofof livingliving forfor thethe EuropeanEuropean people.people. •• internationalinternational tradetrade sufferssuffers  nationsnations raiseraise thethe tariffstariffs onon importsimports andand exports.exports. •• RussiaRussia  CCommunistsommunists seizeseize powerpower andand introduceintroduce aa newnew economiceconomic system.system. •• EconomicEconomic collapsescollapses bringbring onon thethe GreatGreat DepressionDepression ofof thethe latelate 19201920’’ss andand 19301930’’s.s. AftermathAftermath ofof WorldWorld WarWar I:I: ConsequencesConsequences

PoliticalPolitical: •• U.U. S.S. emergesemerges asas aa worldworld powerpower becausebecause ofof thethe assumptionassumption ofof internationalinternational responsibilities.responsibilities. •• 33 majormajor EuropeanEuropean dynastiesdynasties areare takentaken outout ofof power:power: RomanovsRomanovs inin Russia,Russia, HohenzollernsHohenzollerns inin Germany,Germany, HapsburgsHapsburgs inin AustriaAustria--Hungary.Hungary. •• NewNew statesstates areare createdcreated inin centralcentral Europe,Europe, somesome containingcontaining severalseveral differentdifferent nationalities,nationalities, especiallyespecially inin PolandPoland andand .Czechoslovakia. •• TheThe LeagueLeague ofof NationsNations isis createdcreated toto solvesolve internationalinternational problemsproblems andand maintainmaintain worldworld peacepeace  WillWill bebe aa failure.failure. •• ManyMany nationsnations turnturn toto militarymilitary dictatorshipsdictatorships——primarilyprimarily Russia,Russia, Italy,Italy, andand Germany,Germany, toto controlcontrol theirtheir politicalpolitical problems.problems. AA Difficult Difficult Peace Peace Although peace had come to the battlefield, the leaders of the war’s major countries still had to work out a formal peace agreement. This task would prove difficult. Wilson’s Vision Allied Goals

• Wilson announced his vision of • Leaders of four major Allies all had world peace, different ideas of peace treaty • Included reduction of weapons, • French wanted to punish Germany, right of people to choose own reparations for cost of war government • British wanted to punish Germany, • Proposed organization of world but not weaken it nations, protect from aggression

Italy’s leader hoped to gain territory for his nation, but was disappointed to find himself mostly ignored by other leaders during peace talks. TheThe Treaty Treaty of of Versailles Versailles After difficult negotiations, the Allies finally compromised on the . The treaty was named after the French , where the treaty signing took place. Key points Weaker Germany German reaction • Germany forced to • size limited • Furious, though no pay enormous choice but to sign • Return conquered amount of money lands to France, • Reparations to war’s victims Russia crippled economy • Treaty also • German land taken • Bitterness would assessed to form affect German responsibility for politics in years to the war on • Other colonies come Germany given to various world powers AftermathAftermath Main goals • Organization of world • Encourage cooperation, keep governments proposed by peace between nations Wilson • Germany excluded • Established by Treaty of • U.S. did not ratify treaty, not Versailles member, weakened League

Other treaties Changes in Europe • Separate agreements with all • Austria-Hungary, Ottoman defeated Empire lands broken apart • Made important changes to • Independent nations created: Europe Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Turkey German Territorial Losses: 1919-1921

TheThe Costs Costs of of the the War War

UnrestUnrest inin ColoniesColonies •• ManyMany colonistscolonists whowho foughtfought inin warwar heardheard noblenoble wordswords aboutabout importanceimportance ofof freedom,freedom, democracydemocracy •• AfterAfter fightingfighting forfor colonialcolonial rulers,rulers, expectedexpected rightsrights forfor themselvesthemselves •• WartimeWartime sacrificessacrifices diddid notnot winwin newnew freedomsfreedoms •• EuropeanEuropean powerspowers splitsplit upup landslands controlledcontrolled byby Germans,Germans, AustroAustro--Hungarians,Hungarians, OttomansOttomans andand redistributedredistributed themthem toto otherother colonialcolonial powerspowers TheThe Middle East Changes in Middle East Zionist movement • Former Ottoman lands turned • Movement to create a Jewish into mandates, territories to be state in the Middle East ruled by European powers • Balfour Declaration favored • Syria, Lebanon became French establishing Jewish state in mandates Palestine • Palestine, Iraq became British • Britain created Transjordan mandates from Palestine Mandate • European nations supposed to • Mandates eventually became control mandates only until they colonies were able to govern selves FrenchFrench and and British British Mandates Mandates Nationalist Hopes Mandates • Supported by British, Arab • British did not fulfill nationalist nationalists rebelled against hopes , 1916 • Peace agreements established • Wanted to create independent French, British mandates in Arab state from Syria to Middle East • Zionism, Jewish national • France controlled Syria, movement to rebuild Jewish Lebanon; British controlled Iraq, state in ancient homeland Palestine Mandate • British government supported • Arabs, believed wartime Jewish homeland in Palestine promises broken PalestinePalestine Mandate Mandate

BritishBritish createdcreated Jordan,Jordan, 19211921 •• CreatedCreated fromfrom easterneastern partpart ofof PalestinePalestine MandateMandate •• PalestinePalestine’’ss populationpopulation rapidlyrapidly expandedexpanded – Tens of thousands of Jews, Arabs immigrated – Palestinian anger over Jewish immigration led to mid-1930s conflict – Conflict in region continues today PersiaPersia

SimilarSimilar reformsreforms tooktook placeplace inin PersiaPersia •• RezaReza KhanKhan ledled overthrowoverthrow ofof shah,shah, 19211921 •• KhanKhan becamebecame shah,shah, 19251925 –– RuledRuled asas RezaReza ShahShah PahlaviPahlavi –– WantedWanted toto makemake PersiaPersia intointo modern,modern, independentindependent nationnation –– SoughtSought toto advanceadvance industry,industry, improveimprove educationeducation –– ChangedChanged PersiaPersia’’ss namename toto Iran,Iran, 19351935 TheThe Middle Middle East East The years after saw nationalist hopes and dreams flourish throughout much of the Middle East, too. Some of these nationalist movements achieved their goals-others did not. Turkey and Atatürk Kemal Mustafa Modern Nation • Ottoman Empire • World War I hero • Mustafa known as agreed to give up • Fought plans to Kemal Atatürk, homeland of ethnic give up lands “father of the Turks” Turkish population • Tried to modernize after World War I • Defeated Greek forces sent to claim Turkey, end Muslim • Allied Powers Turkish territory influence planned to give • Established • Made government lands to Greece, secular others Republic of Turkey, October 1923 • Other advances The Middle East in 1914 Sykes-Picot Agreement: 1916 Balfour Declaration: 1917 Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild. I have much pleasure to convey to you, on behalf of His Majesty’s Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations {hopes} which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. “His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate {assist} the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.” I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR British Foreign Secretary The British Mandate in Palestine: July, 1922 League of Nations Mandates in the Middle East ChinaChina after after World World War War I I

World War I devastated much of Europe; postwar treaties and political unrest reshaped many nations. China also faced postwar unrest. Uneasy Partnership • 1917, China declared war on • Guomindang nationalists had Germany support of some Chinese • Hoped Allied Powers would • Others believed return German-controlled best way to modernize China Chinese territories • Communist Party of China • Treaty of Versailles gave formed, 1921 Germany’s Chinese territories • Communists, Guomindang to Japan formed partnership, fought • May 4, 1919, angry students warlords who controlled much began strikes, protests of China Gains,Gains, 1920s1920s • Jiang Jieshi, also known as Chiang Kai-Shek, led Guomindang • Continued to fight warlords, soon controlled much of China • Eventually turned against Communist allies, attacked in several cities • This marked beginning of Chinese Civil War TheThe LongLong MarchMarch • Mao Zedong, others survived Jiang’s attack, tried to rebuild • 1934, Communists under Guomindang pressure, tried to escape • Mao led 100,000 supporters on 6,000 mile trek through China • Long March tried to find safe place for Chinese Communists; only 8,000 survived ChangesChanges in in India The early 1900s also saw the rise of nationalist feeling in India. This soon led to increasing tension between Indians and their British rulers. India and World War I Rowlatt Acts • 800,000 Indians served with • Rowlatt Acts passed, allowed British in World War I Britain to act harshly against • Fought on Western Front, in opposition in India Middle East • British soldiers opened fire on • Returned home to find peaceful, unarmed Indian sacrifices had not won them demonstrators in Amritsar, any new freedoms April 1919 • Britain planned to keep firm • Amritsar Massacre control over India convinced Indians they must rid themselves of British rulers • Anger, unrest grew GandhiGandhi’’ss Protest Protest ProtestsProtests organizedorganized • Indian lawyer Mohandas Gandhi began to organize protests against British • Gandhi believed in two concepts, nonviolence, civil disobedience • First nonviolent action, boycott of British products, 1920 SpinningSpinning wheelwheel • Gandhi stopped wearing clothes made of British cloth • Indians began to make own cloth; spinning wheel became movement symbol • Protest against British monopoly on salt, 1930; Indians produced own salt GandhiGandhi’’ss progressprogress • Inspired millions to resist British rule • Arrested often, increased public sympathy for cause • Some changes occurred, limited degree of self-rule granted, 1935 NationalismNationalism in in Africa World War I Africa • Africa almost entirely under rule of European colonial powers during war • Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in European armies during war • Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives during war • Wartime experience increased nationalist feeling in Africa Nationalism Grows Little to Show • Africans believed they earned • Africans felt they had suffered for independence through wartime Europe, had little to show for it sacrifices • No Africans involved in negotiations • War caused economic hardship of Treaty of Versailles • Trade with Europe dried up, • Did not grant independence; European spending in Africa transferred Germany’s colonies slowed to other countries WorkingWorking for for Independence Independence PanPan--AfricanAfrican CongressesCongresses • Frustrations with European powers led to seeking greater independence • Organized by Africans worldwide, Pan-African Congresses began, 1919 • Conferences led to series of demands for African independence NorthNorth AfricanAfrican ArabsArabs • Sought independence in British-controlled Egypt, took demands to British • Members of group arrested, protests swept country, many Egyptians killed • British finally formally declared Egypt independent, February, 1922 VictoryVictory forfor NationalismNationalism • Egypt’s independence a victory, but did not start trend • Most of Africa remained under European control in 1920s, 1930s • Desire for reform and independence continued to grow League of Nations Mandates in Africa TheThe Costs Costs of of the the War War Human Costs • Nearly 9 million soldiers killed in battle • Millions wounded, taken prisoner • Almost an entire generation of young German, Russian, French men died, were wounded in war • Deadly outbreak of influenza spread by returning soldiers killed tens of millions worldwide, spring 1918 Economic Costs Political Changes

• War destroyed national economies • World War I caused widespread • Farmland, cities devastated political unrest • Economic chaos in much of Europe • Communist revolution in Russia • Cost Europe role as dominant • Monarchies in Austria-Hungary, economic region of world Ottoman Empire overthrown • U.S., Japan, others prospered • Political, social turmoil would shape during war world in years to come

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