IMPACTIMPACT OF OF WORLD WORLD WAR WAR I I •• WorldWorld War War I I has has been been called called a a ““warwar with with many many causes causes but but no no objectivesobjectives..”” •• ThisThis profound profound sense sense of of wastewaste andand pointlessness pointlessness willwill shape shape EuropeanEuropean politics politics in in the the post post-- warwar period. period. NewNew Horrors Horrors for for a a New New Century Century •• TotalTotal WarWar •• IndustrialIndustrial weaponsweapons ofof massmass--killingkilling •• ExtremeExtreme NationalismNationalism •• CiviliansCivilians targetedtargeted •• Genocide:Genocide: TurksTurks slaughterslaughter ArmeniansArmenians •• CommunistCommunist RevolutionRevolution •• TerrorismTerrorism AftermathAftermath ofof WorldWorld WarWar I:I: ConsequencesConsequences SocialSocial:: •• almostalmost 1010 millionmillion soldierssoldiers werewere killedkilled andand overover 2020 millionmillion areare woundedwounded •• millionsmillions ofof civilianscivilians dieddied asas aa resultresult ofof thethe hostilities,hostilities, famine,famine, andand diseasedisease •• thethe worldworld waswas leftleft withwith hatred,hatred, intolerance,intolerance, andand extremeextreme nationalism.nationalism. WorldWorld War War I I Casualties Casualties 10,000,000 9,000,000 Russia 8,000,000 Germany 7,000,000 Austria-Hungary 6,000,000 France 5,000,000 4,000,000 Great Britain 3,000,000 Italy 2,000,000 Turkey 1,000,000 US 0 TheThe Spanish Spanish Flu Flu (Influenza) (Influenza) -- 19181918 •• StruckStruck inin thethe trenchestrenches ofof thethe WesternWestern FrontFront andand thenthen flourishedflourished whenwhen soldierssoldiers returnedreturned home.home. •• ItIt becamebecame thethe greatestgreatest publicpublic healthhealth disasterdisaster ofof modernmodern historyhistory –– TheThe pandemicpandemic killedkilled betweenbetween 2222 andand 3030 millionmillion peoplepeople worldwide,worldwide, oror roughlyroughly twicetwice asas manymany asas hadhad dieddied duringduring thethe fightingfighting –– InIn Spain,Spain, itit killedkilled roughlyroughly 4040 percentpercent ofof thethe populationpopulation (8(8 million),million), thusthus givinggiving itit thethe namename ofof thethe SpanishSpanish Influenza.Influenza. –– BritishBritish colonialcolonial troopstroops carriedcarried itit toto IndiaIndia wherewhere itit killedkilled 1212 million.million. –– NoNo disease,disease, plague,plague, war,war, famine,famine, oror naturalnatural catastrophecatastrophe inin worldworld historyhistory hadhad killedkilled soso manymany peoplepeople inin suchsuch aa shortshort time.time. TurkishTurkish GenocideGenocide AgainstAgainst ArmeniansArmenians AA PortentPortent ofof FutureFuture HorrorsHorrors toto Come!Come! TurkishTurkish GenocideGenocide AgainstAgainst ArmeniansArmenians Districts & Vilayets of Western 1914 1922 Armenia in Turkey Erzerum 215,000 1,500 Van 197,000 500 Kharbert 204,000 35,000 Diarbekir 124,000 3,000 Bitlis 220,000 56,000 Sivas 225,000 16,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000 European Turkey 194,000 163,000 Trapizond District 73,390 15,000 Total 2,133,190 387,800 AftermathAftermath ofof WorldWorld WarWar I:I: ConsequencesConsequences EconomicEconomic:: •• thethe totaltotal costcost ofof thethe war:war: overover $350$350 billion.billion. HowHow waswas thisthis paidpaid for???for??? –– heavyheavy taxestaxes causescauses lowerlower standardstandard ofof livingliving forfor thethe EuropeanEuropean people.people. •• internationalinternational tradetrade sufferssuffers nationsnations raiseraise thethe tariffstariffs onon importsimports andand exports.exports. •• RussiaRussia CCommunistsommunists seizeseize powerpower andand introduceintroduce aa newnew economiceconomic system.system. •• EconomicEconomic collapsescollapses bringbring onon thethe GreatGreat DepressionDepression ofof thethe latelate 19201920’’ss andand 19301930’’s.s. AftermathAftermath ofof WorldWorld WarWar I:I: ConsequencesConsequences PoliticalPolitical: •• U.U. S.S. emergesemerges asas aa worldworld powerpower becausebecause ofof thethe assumptionassumption ofof internationalinternational responsibilities.responsibilities. •• 33 majormajor EuropeanEuropean dynastiesdynasties areare takentaken outout ofof power:power: RomanovsRomanovs inin Russia,Russia, HohenzollernsHohenzollerns inin Germany,Germany, HapsburgsHapsburgs inin AustriaAustria--Hungary.Hungary. •• NewNew statesstates areare createdcreated inin centralcentral Europe,Europe, somesome containingcontaining severalseveral differentdifferent nationalities,nationalities, especiallyespecially inin PolandPoland andand Czechoslovakia.Czechoslovakia. •• TheThe LeagueLeague ofof NationsNations isis createdcreated toto solvesolve internationalinternational problemsproblems andand maintainmaintain worldworld peacepeace WillWill bebe aa failure.failure. •• ManyMany nationsnations turnturn toto militarymilitary dictatorshipsdictatorships——primarilyprimarily Russia,Russia, Italy,Italy, andand Germany,Germany, toto controlcontrol theirtheir politicalpolitical problems.problems. AA Difficult Difficult Peace Peace Although peace had come to the battlefield, the leaders of the war’s major countries still had to work out a formal peace agreement. This task would prove difficult. Wilson’s Vision Allied Goals • Wilson announced his vision of • Leaders of four major Allies all had world peace, Fourteen Points different ideas of peace treaty • Included reduction of weapons, • French wanted to punish Germany, right of people to choose own reparations for cost of war government • British wanted to punish Germany, • Proposed organization of world but not weaken it nations, protect from aggression Italy’s leader hoped to gain territory for his nation, but was disappointed to find himself mostly ignored by other leaders during peace talks. TheThe Treaty Treaty of of Versailles Versailles After difficult negotiations, the Allies finally compromised on the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty was named after the French Palace of Versailles, where the treaty signing took place. Key points Weaker Germany German reaction • Germany forced to • Military size limited • Furious, though no pay enormous choice but to sign • Return conquered amount of money lands to France, • Reparations to war’s victims Russia crippled economy • Treaty also • German land taken • Bitterness would assessed to form Poland affect German responsibility for politics in years to the war on • Other colonies come Germany given to various world powers AftermathAftermath League of Nations Main goals • Organization of world • Encourage cooperation, keep governments proposed by peace between nations Wilson • Germany excluded • Established by Treaty of • U.S. did not ratify treaty, not Versailles member, weakened League Other treaties Changes in Europe • Separate agreements with all • Austria-Hungary, Ottoman defeated Central Powers Empire lands broken apart • Made important changes to • Independent nations created: Europe Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Turkey German Territorial Losses: 1919-1921 TheThe Costs Costs of of the the War War UnrestUnrest inin ColoniesColonies •• ManyMany colonistscolonists whowho foughtfought inin warwar heardheard noblenoble wordswords aboutabout importanceimportance ofof freedom,freedom, democracydemocracy •• AfterAfter fightingfighting forfor colonialcolonial rulers,rulers, expectedexpected rightsrights forfor themselvesthemselves •• WartimeWartime sacrificessacrifices diddid notnot winwin newnew freedomsfreedoms •• EuropeanEuropean powerspowers splitsplit upup landslands controlledcontrolled byby Germans,Germans, AustroAustro--Hungarians,Hungarians, OttomansOttomans andand redistributedredistributed themthem toto otherother colonialcolonial powerspowers TheThe Middle Middle East East Changes in Middle East Zionist movement • Former Ottoman lands turned • Movement to create a Jewish into mandates, territories to be state in the Middle East ruled by European powers • Balfour Declaration favored • Syria, Lebanon became French establishing Jewish state in mandates Palestine • Palestine, Iraq became British • Britain created Transjordan mandates from Palestine Mandate • European nations supposed to • Mandates eventually became control mandates only until they colonies were able to govern selves FrenchFrench and and British British Mandates Mandates Nationalist Hopes Mandates • Supported by British, Arab • British did not fulfill nationalist nationalists rebelled against hopes Ottoman Empire, 1916 • Peace agreements established • Wanted to create independent French, British mandates in Arab state from Syria to Yemen Middle East • Zionism, Jewish national • France controlled Syria, movement to rebuild Jewish Lebanon; British controlled Iraq, state in ancient homeland Palestine Mandate • British government supported • Arabs, Jews believed wartime Jewish homeland in Palestine promises broken PalestinePalestine Mandate Mandate BritishBritish createdcreated Jordan,Jordan, 19211921 •• CreatedCreated fromfrom easterneastern partpart ofof PalestinePalestine MandateMandate •• PalestinePalestine’’ss populationpopulation rapidlyrapidly expandedexpanded – Tens of thousands of Jews, Arabs immigrated – Palestinian anger over Jewish immigration led to mid-1930s conflict – Conflict in region continues today PersiaPersia SimilarSimilar reformsreforms tooktook placeplace inin PersiaPersia •• RezaReza KhanKhan ledled overthrowoverthrow