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The Evolution of Turkey's Foreign Policy: the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's Entry Into NATO

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Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-1987 The Evolution of Turkey's Foreign Policy: The Truman Doctrine and Turkey's Entry into NATO Sinan Toprak Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the International Law Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Toprak, Sinan, "The Evolution of Turkey's Foreign Policy: The Truman Doctrine and Turkey's Entry into NATO" (1987). Master's Theses. 1284. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1284 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EVOLUTION OF TURKEY'S FOREIGN POLICY: THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND TURKEY'S ENTRY INTO NATO fay Sinan Toprak A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Political Science Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 1987 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE EVOLUTION OF TURKEY'S FOREIGN POLICY: THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND TURKEY'S ENTRY INTO NATO Sinan Toprak, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1987 This thesis examines the historical development of Turkey's foreign policy up to the period immediately following World War II, and its decision to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The study begins with a survey of Turkey's geo­ political importance. The narrative highlights political conditions from the Ottoman period to the years following World War II. Domestic political developments, as well as foreign relations of Turkey in the Republican period, are analyzed. Turkey's current foreign policy was established during the initial years following World War II. The thesis discusses the reasons for the shift in Turkey's foreign policy, from peaceful co-existence to its enterance into bloc politics. The impact of the Truman Doctrine, how it influenced Turkish-Soviet and Turkish-American relations, and how the combination of domestic and foreign factors facilitated Turkey's alignment with the Western bloc are examined. Finally the personalities and institutions who influenced Turkey's foreign policy decisions are discussed. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank members of my thesis committee, Professors Lawrence Ziring, Ernest E.Rossi, and Jack C.Plano, for their encouragement and constructive criticism. I owe a real debt of gratitude to Dr. Lawrence Ziring, who spent a considerable amount of time working with me on this thesis. I also acknowledge the Political Science Department for granting me a graduate assistantship and allowing me to use the Department's computer. For the editorial assistance, I would like to express my appreciation to my colleague and friend Thomas K.Kostrzewa. And, thank you Anne for your love and patience. I also wish to thank Ayhan Erinc, M.D. who sponsored me in the United States and provided moral and material support during my graduate studies. Finally, I owe the greatest debt to my parents for supporting me morally and financially in every stage of my studies. Sinan Toprak Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. 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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 1331051 The evolution of Turkey’s foreign policy: The Truman Doctrine and Turkey's entry into NATO Toprak, Sinan, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1987 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rcl Ann Aibor, M I 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages_____ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy _____ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page_______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages. X 8. Print exceeds margin requirements ______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine_______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print_______ 11. Page(s) ___________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other University Microfilms International Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ......... ............... ii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......... ..... 1 N o t e s ..................... 5 II. TURKEY'S STRATEGIC POSITION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ........................ ..... 6 Turkey's Changing Political Geography . 6 Historical Background: Ottoman Period . 8 The Turkish Straits and the Post World War I P e r i o d ............ 22 Geographic Setting of The Turkish Republic . 24 N o t e s .................... 26 III. THE TURKISH REPUBLIC ............... 31 Domestic Political Developments ...... 31 Foreign Relations of Turkey ............. 3 6 Immediate Aftermath of World War II . 43 N o t e s ........... 50 IV. TURKEY AND THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE ........ 56 Peaceful Co-Existence Prior to World War II 56 American Policy toward Turkey Prior to World War I I .................... 71 Notes ................................. .. 84 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents— Continued CHAPTER V. TURKEY JOINS NATO .............. 90 From the Truman Doctrine to the Marshall Plan .................... ......... 90 Turkey and N A T O .............. ... 95 Notes .................................. 112 VI. DECISION MAKING IN TURKEY'S POLITICS: PERSONALITIES AND INSTITUTIONS ................. 117 Post World War II Turkey: Inonu and the Passing of RPP ....................... 118 The Menderes Era,1950-60: Promises and Performance............... ............... 129 N o t e s ........................ .... 140 VII. CONCLUSION . .......................... 144 Notes ........... 150 APPENDICES ....... ............................. 151 A. M a p s ........... 152 B. T a b l e s ................. 157 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................ 160 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION After World War II, Turkey's foreign policy emphasized ties with the United States and Western Europe, and its national security necessitated full-fledged membership in Western alliances. This dependence
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