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Introduction Acknowledgements 10 11 Acknowledgements Introduction General geography of Greece Greece is a relatively small country, and with a surface area of 132,000 km2 it is only half as big as the UK. Encompassed, however, in this modest area, is a great diversity of habitats, exceeding many European countries of much larger size. For example, one can encounter in Epirus alpine areas complete with lush conifer forests, dramatic peaks and extensive snowfields that physiographically resemble Switzerland. On the other hand, some regions of the southern Aegean are closer to Africa than to Athens, and their climate and habitats reflect this proximity. Southeastern Crete for example, con- tains one of the few true European deserts, an area closely resembling certain hamma- da regions of the Middle East. Greece is a country of mountains and islands. The Pindos range, an extension of the Dinaric Alps, forms the backbone of peninsular Greece. A number of smaller mountains originate as spurs from this block, although some, including Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece (2,917 m elevation) arise in relative isola- tion. A second major mountain block, the Rhodopes, located in Thrace, runs in a roughly east-west direction separating Greece and Bulgaria. The Peloponnese, a small- er peninsula in the south, is as mountainous as the mainland and encompasses several peaks exceeding 2,000 m in elevation. With the exception of a few large flat regions located mostly in Thessaly and Thrace, the country lacks extensive plains. Typically the mountains drop rather steeply into the sea and are generally flanked only by narrow coastal plains. While this has his- torically translated into meager agricultural outputs, it also means that large areas of the country are, by virtue of their steep and mountainous terrain, relatively protected from human activities. To visitors, Greece conjures up images of islands and there is a good reason for this. The country encompasses close to 10,000 islands and islets, the vast majority of which are found in the Aegean Sea. However, due to difficult transportation and the harsh conditions, only about 200 of them are inhabited. These islands vary significantly in physical and biological characteristics so that visiting a number of them may be neces- sary to obtain a good understanding of the region. Climate The climate in Greece is broadly classified as Mediterranean, with mild, rainy winters and long, dry summers. Typically the bulk of the annual precipitation, in the form of 12 Introduction Introduction 13 BLACK SEA [a{ak Kraljevo Bartin SERBIA BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Montana Lovech a Priπtina Plovdiv Kruπevak Vratsa BOSNIA-H. MONTENEGRO YUGOSLAVIA D r n Sliven 1913 S ≤ Gabrovo Edirne Isk i Burgas Troglav SARAJEVO * Niπ n YUGOSLAVIA KOSOVO Pirot t a s Istanbul Gora≠de J. a Yambol BLACK SEA Zonguldak Ard TURKEY a YUGOSLAVIA M a l2376 Botev Karabük Orestiada CROAT-MUSLIM FED. r P E o a YUGOSLAVIA v european part r r * a Kazanl≤k o s ∏ibenik 2228 v s SERBIA BULGARIA u l a SOFIYA r Plo‹no Podgorica Didymoteicho Novi Pazar Leskovac Stara Zagora o m SERB REP. OF B s p Split Lavara s Mostar Ta (Sofia) u Bo BOSNIA-H. ra r CROATIA BULGARIA o Skopje a 2386 2522 Soufli Pernik p SEA OF Magli‹ Durmitor 2155 Plovdiv Dimitrovgrad s 1511 CROATIA Bra{ t o Echinos Pogled Pazardzhik Kirklareli Düzce 1827 MARMARA B stos i a Bolu Ne Komotini * Priπtina Kyustendil Maritsa Khaskovo Edirne Tykhero 2925 Asenovgrad * Kato Iasmos Sapes Hvar a MONTENEGRO 2378 Pe‹ M Sariyer F.Y.R.O.M 2212 Nevrokopi 2232 Xanthi 2484 Musala * a Köro‘lu Da‘i Feres Komovi 2656 KOSOVO r * Xylagani l i Izmit Adapazari t s ANATOLIKI MAKEDONIA KAI THRAKI R Lüleburgaz Former Yugoslav Republic Alexandroupoli Kor{ula ]aravica Blagoevgrad s 2029 Sidirokastro s k h a 1963 Mikropoli e a n Drama s K≤rdzhali Rodopoli Agios of Macedonia o o Irakleia Chrysoupoli r Charalampos v Dubrovnik Podgorica Kumanovo d E 2693 S o Istanbul Serres Prizren 2914 p L Dojran L Kerkinitis Kavala Nea Karvali rdanell t e s Jezercë r Skoutari Keramoti o a u Vikhren Tekirda‘ Yalova Stri D mo 1956 g Lake Tetovo m SEA OF nas Rodolivos a Kukës SKOPJE a A Nigrita Nea Peramos Thasos l V x i Scutari a o Kilkis Xylopoli Mavrothalassa 1127 e 2748 rd MARMARA Iznit Lake ADRIATIC s Thasos Samothraki Shkodër ar Komotini P Titov a Polykastro 1091 Samothraki Palagru≠a a Ke≈an Bilecik ary Aridaia Limenaria 1611 2764 i Mudanya ak KENTRIKI MAKEDONIA Asprovalta Croatia Xanthi s S SEA Tirana Kolpos o e Nea Santa L Volvi Kourab n ll Polatli Lagkadas Stavros Ulcinj Drama Bursa 2524 Koufalia k F.Y.R.O.M o Alexandroupoli e Lake L Koronia Nea Apollonia Orfanou n Bozüyük Edessa Giannitsa i Peshkopi (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) a Evosmo Gerakarou Lezhë d d Prespa Arnissa k Serres r Karacabey 2543 a Eski≈ehir Thessaloniki (Salonica) a ADRIATIC Lake Alexandreia Platy Arnaia e Kavala D Sivrihisar 2334 L Vegoritis Kalamaria 1165 Prilep Uluda‘ AGIONOROS r Lake Ku≈ Florina Naousa Nea Ulubat Amyntaio Vasilika Galatista (Mont Athos) c Aiginio Roda Akra h Samothraki Veroia Mesimeri Plaka SEA (Tirana) Karyes Akrathos TIRANË Vergina Polygyros K A ol T s g po 2030 a Ptolemaïda 2052 a io s n Sfendami uOr Akra Durrës Eceabat Kastoria o Athos Bitola Thasos Çanakkale Korinos o 430 Kütahya L Kastorias m Nea Moudania u Mourtzeflos ALBANIA Maniakoi k s Moudros K a o i Katerini l Neos l Ka po Sikea Myrina Elbasan M Argos Orestiko A ss s 2111 an Lake Ohrid Kosani Thermaïkos Kassandreia dr Porto Karras Akra Agia Thessaloniki 2194 as Foggia Kalamaria Galatini Koufos Eirinis Lake Velvendos Kolpos (Salonica) Gökçeada Balikesir 2520 Siatista Servia Akra Drepano Limnos Prespa Veroia 2030 S Leptokarya Paliouri Akra Polygyros Athos t L Aliakmonas 2917 Akra Bari S Ak≈ehir r Platamonas Paliouri t a Olympos Kassandras r Korçë Edremit i DYTIKI MAKEDONIA Mithymna 968 AnatoliaLake t Pyrgetos Agios Efstratios s TURKEY a Agios Katerini o Grevena i ALBANIA Kosani 2637 Elassona e Efstratios t Afyon f Smolikas 1615 Mytilini Limnos Ak≈ehir O Deskati d Sigri o ITALY Konitsa A 1978 Akra Sigri o a 800 os C Tyrnavos Agia ) f t h a s i a r s Eresos Vlorë r 2497 o e Brindisi 2917 U≈ak a Verdikoussa Larisa d Gioura Polichnitos p a O Mt Olympus P r Plomari Matera 2637 n Kalampaka 1054 S o Piperi Akra Potenza 2485 E‘ridir Metsovo i p Lesvos t t Nikaia io S Maleas Papingut Smolikas Northern Mytilini (Mytilène) o e n (Lesbos) r Lake Bey≈ehir Lake Farkadhon Stefanoviki 1551 or er Kyra Panagia Lecce P Ereikoussa 2204 Trikala V th a s or Ioannina eio N Peristera Sporades z i Pin Volos ( Alonnisos Taranto n Larisa i Kula Othonoi is d TURKEY m e 906 Katsikas 2469 Skantzoura i G a THESSALIA Rigaio Pagasitikos y Patitiri VOREIO AIGAIO Dinar Mathraki Argalasti t Lesbos Manisa Filiates h Pramanta Pyli 680 Akra Kartsino Liapades T A Nea Anchialos Skopelos r Karditsa Sofades o Ioannina a Farsala Akra n c n Kolpos Volos h Skyros (Corfu) t 2393 A Skiathos Vamvakas Trikala Kerkyra Paramythia 1974 h c Almyros Skopelos Skyros o h Kallifoni Izmir ITALY s e Igoumenitsa l 2184 2980 o Neo Monastiri d Isparta o s 792 Marmaro 2248 Kerkyra IPEIROS Domokos 530 Delegöl Da‘i 1726 Istiaia Valaxa 1297 Gulf of Burdur Perdika Thesprotiko d Antipsara Volissos Mt Pollino u (Corfu) Lefkimmi Psara Kerkyra Igoumenitsa Izmir Kanallaki Pelasgia Acigöl 2042 Burdur V I (Corfu) Parga Filippiada Petas Stylida Akra Sarakiniko Chios Taranto s Loutra Akra Kymis s Nazilli o Skyros Arta a p Mantoudi lake o Makrakomi Lamia Aidipsou Kymi o r Chios Chios l v Molos s I o Paxoi a Sperche V o r e i o s Corfu t t T 2315 ios E 1343 1743 Oxylithos s Denizli o v v Akra Meston Aydin e Antipaxoi Krikellos o ï Pyrgi Chios Çe≈me r u Karpenisi 2152 Agios Konstantinos k o Psachna Ochthonia M Lamia de M Amvrakikos Kolpos s ( Preveza s Oiti Nea Artaki en ifis K o n K os Malesina l p Akra Masticho Euboea M o Vonitsa Amfilochia o s t ük Martino Aliveri Büy s 2510 Kato Tithorea Chalkida Evvoia (Euboea) Chalkida I STEREA ELLAS Drosia Krieza s Giona i Samos u Palairos Eretria Samos 2457 IONIAN IONIOI NISOI Lefkada 1924 Orchomenos Akraifnio Samos Davlia Almyropotamos Neo Karlovasi r 1589 Amfissa 2457 Agioi Akra Kafireas Parnassos AEGEAN SEA o Levadeia Schimatari Cosenza a n Kandila Parnassos Apostoloi AEGEAN SEA 1434 DYTIKI ELLAS Thermo Thiva u Antalya Lefkada Agrinio Aliartos Avlida Marathokampos 1158 L Trichonida Itea SEA ös Leucade 1413 Marathonas 1398 Akra Fanari Crotone o Milâs l Panaitolio Kapareli Erythres Akra Kampanos Andros Ikaria (Leucade) e Mataragka n n Astakos 1748 Parnitha Nea Makri a h Platanistos Mu‘la c Nafpaktos os Gulf of A n 1409 Kolpos i Akra Doukato Aitoliko r Nea Liosia Kifisia Karystos o Andros Agios Makronisi T Mandra Petalion Gavrio TYRRHENIAN M Kamares Andros Christos Keffalonia 3086 i Korinth Petaliori Ikaria Kirykos Antalya Mesolongi Aigio iakos Zografos 994 Agathonisi Catanzaro Patra Akra Dafnoudi Kopos Peristerio Arkoi Korinthos ATHINA (Athens) Bey Da‘lari s Xylokastro Megara Koropi 1033 SEA I o Ithaki o Salamina Agios Dimitrios Dalaman a olp Kiato Tinos Peiraias Tinos Patraïkos K Patra ATHINA (Athens) Akra Livada 2374 Loutraki Keratea Akra Papas Leipsoi D Ithaki Akra Araxos Vrachnaïka Agioi Theodoroi 650 s Voula Patmos Kyllini Sami Kato Achaïa Kalavryta Zevgolatio Salamina Agios Dimitrios Gyaros n Tinos i 2374 Korinthos Palaia Lavrio l Lixouri Argostoli 2341 Kea Gyaros Mykonos D Ermoupoli Naxos o Bozburun 2221 Kyllini (Corinth) Fokaia 1627 Poros Varda Peiraias Ermoupoli Leros Erymanthos Kleitoria Mykonos a Zante Kefallonia Nemea Chiliomodi Sofiko Peloponnese d Akra Mounta Kallithea Kea Syros Rineia ( 678 Aigina Loutra
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