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High and Dry in the Swiss Mountains? Evaluative Study into Flood Resilience in Flood Risk Management Policy in Mountainous River Catchments in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland Abstract: Flood risks form a threat to society and this threat is growing, because climate change will cause more frequent flooding and economic developments cause the potential damage of floods to rise. Communities in flood prone regions need to be able to withstand and adapt to stress whilst not being harmed in their functionality; they need to be flood resilient. Mountainous river catchments in Switzerland also need to be flood resilient as climate change will make the rivers unmanageable. Flood risk management (FRM) policy is supposed to help the communities become more flood resilient, but does the local Flood Risk Governance Arrangement (FRGA) focus on all aspects of flood resilience, namely robustness, adaptability and transformability? This research evaluates the current state of the FRGA in three mountain river catchments in Switzerland to analyse where the current FRGA is supporting or constraining flood resilience. The analysis of the question `What dimensions of flood resilience are supported or constrained by the local FRGA in mountainous river catchments in the Bernese Oberland?` shows that the main focus is on robustness, which is adequately supported, whereas adaptability and transformability require policy changes. Unfit organisational structures and lacking involvement of stakeholders constrain local flood resilience. Keywords: Flood Risk Management, Flood Resilience, Mountainous Rivers, Policy Evaluation & Transformability Master’s Thesis 08-10-2019 by Steven Daniëls (s1012359) Supervised by dr. Maria Kaufmann (Radboud University Nijmegen) and dr. Karin Ingold (UniBe) High and Dry in the Swiss Mountains? Evaluative Study into Flood Resilience in Flood Risk Management Policy in Mountainous River Catchments in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. Master’s thesis Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen school of Management Master in Environment & Society Studies Specialisation in Local Environmental Change and Sustainable Cities Author: J.S. (Steven) Daniëls S1012359 Supervised by: dr. Maria Kaufmann Internship provider: University of Bern, Institut für Politikwissenschaften (IPW) Supervisor in Switzerland: dr. Karin Ingold Word count: 44199 Date of submission: 08-10-2019 1 Wat de rivier genomen heeft krijgen we nooit meer terug, maar wat we haar nog geven is aan ons. 2 Preface Dear reader, Thank you for reading my Master’s thesis, which is the final product of my Master’s ‘Local Environmental Change and Sustainable Cities’ at the Radboud University Nijmegen. After five years of studying, it is with great pride and relief that I am able to present the following document. I have always wanted to write a book. This is not how I had imagined it, but now that it is there, I am not less proud. It is not solely my effort that has brought forth this piece of academic writing. If it were only up to me to write a Master’s thesis, it would be much less academic and definitely much less elaborate. My many words of thanks therefore go out to a number of people, because of whom I am now able to present this to you. First and foremost I want to thank my parents, for their support in the times in which this moment was beyond imaginable. Secondly, I want to thank my colleagues and friends in Switzerland. Special thanks to dr. Karin Ingold for agreeing to welcome me under her supervision and for welcoming me to the IPW and the university of Bern. Special thanks to Laura Herzog, for welcoming me to Bern and for helping me in my least disciplined times. My thanks also go out to the rest of ‘my Bern’: Maximilian, Fadri, Ruth, Clau, Sean, Efraim, Livia, Simone, Tofunmi, Jonathan, Mirjam and too many others, to whom I owe the experience of a lifetime. Thirdly, I want to thank my support in Holland. To all my friends that have let me find my way, I will never forget. You know who you are. I was lucky to have ‘lotgenoten’, thanks for that Mikko and Merith. To those who still suffer, I wish all the strength in the world. Thanks for the help and the financial incentive Theo. Thanks at last for my proof-readers. Lastly, I want to thank my supervisor dr. Maria Kaufmann for letting me go where I needed to go. Thank you for letting me find out how I can do what I cannot do. It has taught me more about who I am not, than anything has ever taught me. Thanks for the patience and for seeing through. It was not easy, but the future will prove it was worth it. To you, my reader I apologise for the lengthiness of this document. I would gladly tell you much more in much less words. I applaud all of you who are able to make it through. Perseverance is an underappreciated virtue in society today. A pint of Guinness at O’Leary’s Irish Pub will be awarded to all those who are able to make it through this document. I sincerely hope this Master’s thesis can help the local flood risk management practitioners in the Bernese Oberland, to make their beautiful homes as safe as they have fought so hard for them to be. Every insight you have allowed me to have into the beautiful delicacy of your life in the mountains fills me with the pugnacity to fight for your cause. Häbet nech Sorg, passet uf euch uf, u löht nech nüt la gfaue! Merci Viumau, Steven Daniëls 3 Content High and Dry in the Swiss Mountains? ............................................................................................... 0 High and Dry in the Swiss Mountains? ..................................................................................................... 1 Preface .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Content ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 The Danger of Flooding .................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Flood Resilience ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Flood Risk Management................................................................................................................. 9 1.4 Floods in Switzerland ................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.6 Societal Relevance ....................................................................................................................... 12 1.7 Scientific Relevance ..................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 15 2.1 From Flood Management to Flood Risk Management .................................................................. 15 2.2 Different Conceptualisations of FRM Theory ................................................................................ 16 2.3 Flood Resilience and Robustness .................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Flood Resilience and Adaptability ................................................................................................. 18 2.5 Flood Resilience and Transformability .......................................................................................... 19 2.6 Flood Resilience Conceptualised .................................................................................................. 20 2.7 Implementation Research as Part of Policy Analysis Research ...................................................... 21 2.8 The Policy Arrangement Approach (PAA) ..................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3: Methodology........................................................................................................................ 23 3.1 Ontological and Epistemological Considerations .......................................................................... 23 3.2 Qualitative Research .................................................................................................................... 24 3.3 Case Study Research .................................................................................................................... 24 3.4 The Case Study ............................................................................................................................ 25 3.5 Initiation of the Research ............................................................................................................. 28 3.6 Method of Data Acquirement 1: Documents ................................................................................ 28 3.7 Method of Data Acquirement 2: Interviews ................................................................................. 31 3.8 Data Triangulation ......................................................................................................................
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