Aspekte zur Tempelarchitektur in Myanmar Eine Beurteilung des Räumlichen Aufbaus Von der Fakultät Architektur und Stadtplanung der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Abhandlung vorgelegt von Thaw Tar Aung aus Meiktila, Myanmar Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. phil. Klaus Jan Philipp Mitberichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Helmut Bott Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 04.12.2012 Institut für Architekturgeschichte der Universität Stuttgart 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VI ABSTRACT VIII KURZZUSAMMENFASSUNG X LIST OF FIGURES XII LIST OF TABLES XIX LIST OF MAPS XX LIST OF APPENDIX XXI CHAPTER I 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Presentation the Problems defining Areas 5 1.2. Hypothesis 7 1.3. Method of Research 9 1.4. Structure of Thesis 10 1.5. Research Review 11 1.5.1. Literature review 11 1.5.2. Literature study concerning the methods of classification and evolution of temples 15 1.5.2.1. Pyu 15 1.5.2.2. Bagan 15 1.5.2.3. Mrauk-U 18 1.6. Conclusion 18 CHAPTER II 2. BACKGROUND STUDY OF MYANMAR RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE 23 2.1. Background Study of Pyu 26 2.1.1. The Archaeological and Historical Background 27 2.1.2. Pyu’s Religious, Culture and Artifacts 30 2.2. Background Study of Bagan 32 i 2.2.1. The Archaeological and Historical Background 34 2.2.2. Bagan’s Religious, Culture and Artifacts 37 2.3. Background Study of Mrauk-U 39 2.3.1. The Archaeological and Historical Background 40 2.3.2. Mrauk-U’s Religious, Culture and Artifacts 42 2.4. Conclusion 43 CHAPTER III 3. ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGY OF TEMPLES 49 3.1. The Origin of Buddhist Temples 49 3.1.1. The First Temples in Myanmar 52 3.1.2. Temples in Sri-Khit-Tra 54 3.2. The Main Features of Temples 55 3.2.1. The Central Shrine 56 3.2.1.1. The Sub-Features of the Central Shrine 57 3.2.2. The Vestibule 59 3.2.3. The Porch 60 3.2.4. The Solid Core 60 3.3. Conclusion 62 CHAPTER IV 4. STUDY OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS IN TEMPLES 67 4.1. Study of the Space 67 4.1.1. Spatial Composition 68 4.1.1.1. Significance of Pyu Period Architecture 68 4.1.1.2. Significance of Bagan Period Architecture 76 4.1.1.3. Significance of Mrauk-U Period Architecture 83 4.2. Study of the Form 86 4.2.1. Form Composition 87 4.2.1.1. Significance of Pyu Period Architecture 88 4.2.1.2. Significance of Bagan Period Architecture 90 ii 4.2.1.3. Significance of Mrauk-U Period Architecture 95 4.3. Study of the Decorative Elements 97 4.3.1. Meaning of Architectural Components and Aesthetic Achievements 97 4.3.1.1. Significance of Pyu Period Architecture 99 4.3.1.2. Significance of Bagan Period Architecture 100 4.3.1.3. Significance of Mrauk-U Period Architecture 108 4.4. Study of the Physical Aspects 109 4.4.1. Axis and Orientation 109 4.4.1.1. Significance of Pyu Period Architecture 109 4.4.1.2. Significance of Bagan Period Architecture 110 4.4.1.3. Significance of Mrauk-U Period Architecture 110 4.4.2. Construction Materials and Structural Systems 110 4.4.2.1. Significance of Pyu Period Architecture 111 4.4.2.2. Significance of Bagan Period Architecture 112 4.4.2.3. Significance of Mrauk-U Period Architecture 114 4.4.3. Environmental Control (Climate, Lighting and Ventilation) 115 4.4.3.1. Significance of Pyu Period Architecture 115 4.4.3.2. Significance of Bagan Period Architecture 116 4.4.3.3. Significance of Mrauk-U Period Architecture 120 4.5. Conclusion 121 CHAPTER V 5. ANALYSIS OF TEMPLES - DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL COMPOSITION 127 5.1. Part I - Pyu 127 5.1.1. Development and Evolution by the Aspects of Historic Period 127 5.1.2. Development and Evolution by the Plan 128 5.1.2.1. Temple with Niches - R1 128 5.1.2.2. Temple with Central Shrine - R2 129 5.1.2.3. Temple with Solid Pillar - R3 130 5.1.2.4. Findings and Conclusions 131 5.1.3. Development and Evolution by the Architectural Form 132 iii 5.1.3.1. Temple with Niches - R1 132 5.1.3.2. Temple with Porch and Central Shrine - R2 132 5.1.3.3. Temple with Central Solid Pillar and Corridor - R3 133 5.1.3.4. Findings and Conclusions 134 5.1.4. Development and Evolution by the Design and Technology 135 5.2. Part II – Bagan 138 5.2.1. Development and Evolution by the Aspects of Historic Period 138 5.2.2. Development and Evolution by the Plan 139 5.2.2.1. Temple with Central Shrine - R1 139 5.2.2.2. Temple with Solid Core - R2 143 5.2.2.3. Temple with Solid Pillar - R3 151 5.2.2.4. Findings and Conclusions 153 5.2.3. Development and Evolution by the Architectural Form 156 5.2.3.1. Temple with Central Shrine - R1 156 5.2.3.2. Temple with Solid Core - R2 157 5.2.3.3. Temple with Solid Pillar - R3 161 5.2.3.4. Findings and Conclusions 162 5.2.4. Development and Evolution by the Design and Technology 166 5.3. Part III – Mrauk-U 168 5.3.1. Development and Evolution by the Aspects of Historic Period 168 5.3.2. Development and Evolution by the Plan 169 5.3.2.1. Temple with Central Shrine - R1 170 5.3.2.2. Temple with Solid Core - R2 173 5.3.2.3. Temple with Central Shrine - O1 174 5.3.2.4. Temple with Solid Pillar - O2 175 5.3.2.5. Findings and Conclusions 176 5.3.3. Development and Evolution by the Architectural Form 179 5.3.3.1. Temple with Central Shrine - R1 179 5.3.3.2. Temple with Solid Core - R2 181 5.3.3.3. Temple with Central Shrine - O1 182 5.3.3.4. Temple with Solid Pillar - O2 183 5.3.3.5. Findings and Conclusions 183 5.3.4. Development and Evolution by the Design and Technology 186 iv 5.4. Conclusion 187 CHAPTER VI 6. CLASSIFICATION OF TEMPLES - APPRECIATION OF SPATIAL COMPOSITION 193 6.1. Classification of Types Based upon the Different Formation of Shrine 194 6.1.1. Part I - Pyu 195 6.1.1.1. Central Shrine Type 195 6.1.1.2. Solid Core Type 196 6.1.1.3. Solid Core plus Corridor Type 197 6.1.1.4. Findings and Conclusions 197 6.1.2. Part II – Bagan 198 6.1.2.1. Central Shrine Type 200 6.1.2.2. Central Shrine plus Corridor Type 204 6.1.2.3. Solid Core Type 205 6.1.2.4. Solid Core plus Corridor Type 207 6.1.2.5. Findings and Conclusions 212 6.1.3. Part III – Mrauk-U 213 6.1.3.1. Central Shrine Type 214 6.1.3.2. Central Shrine plus Corridor Type 215 6.1.3.3. Solid Core Type 216 6.1.3.4. Solid Core plus Corridor Type 217 6.1.3.5. Findings and Conclusions 218 6.2. Conclusion 219 CHAPTER VII 7. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 223 Glossary 231 Bibliography 235 Appendix 241 v Acknowledgements I would like to thank the DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst) for generously funding and supporting my study in Germany. My special thanks go to Mrs. Elke Burbach from the DAAD for her kindly support and help during my stay in Germany. I would like to express my great gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. phil. Klaus Jan Philipp, Professor at the Institut für Architekturgeschichte, University of Stuttgart, for supervising my work, providing invaluable ideas and comments, giving time for discussions and suggestions, and his patience in understanding all of my problems during my Ph.D work. I am also deeply grateful to Prof. Dr. - Ing. Helmut Bott for giving his time to be the co-supervisor for my thesis. Many special thanks go to my lecturer Ms. Tin Tin Aye, of the Department of Architecture at Mandalay Technological University for her advice and time throughout my study period and helping me during my filed work in Bagan. And my great gratitude also goes to lecturer Mr. Tun Tun Oo, Prof. Dr. Swe Swe Aye, Prof. Dr. Mg Mg Hlaing, honorary professor Dr. Kyaw Lat, honorary lecturer Mr. Than Tin Aung and visiting lecturer Mr. Sun Oo, Department of Architecture at Yangon Technological University, for their great assistance, for supplying me data collection and major information and giving me the encouragement to apply to this Ph.D program. And I am also thankful to associate professor Ms. San San Moe, Department of Architecture, Yangon Technological University, for enriching my knowledge about study in Germany and for giving me the courage to do this Ph.D. program. And I also would like to expand my thanks to my other lecturers and my colleagues from Mandalay Technological University and Yangon Technological University for supporting me with the necessary and relevant data with relation to this thesis. Then I would like to express my thanks to the AMA office (Association of Myanmar Architects) in Yangon for permitting me to copy some reference books and data. And my thanks also go to the staff at the Archaeological Department in Bagan, for their permission to use their library and support the maps, and books about Bagan during my field research period.