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Myanmar Buddhism of the Pagan Period
MYANMAR BUDDHISM OF THE PAGAN PERIOD (AD 1000-1300) BY WIN THAN TUN (MA, Mandalay University) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES PROGRAMME NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the people who have contributed to the successful completion of this thesis. First of all, I wish to express my gratitude to the National University of Singapore which offered me a 3-year scholarship for this study. I wish to express my indebtedness to Professor Than Tun. Although I have never been his student, I was taught with his book on Old Myanmar (Khet-hoà: Mranmâ Râjawaà), and I learnt a lot from my discussions with him; and, therefore, I regard him as one of my teachers. I am also greatly indebted to my Sayas Dr. Myo Myint and Professor Han Tint, and friends U Ni Tut, U Yaw Han Tun and U Soe Kyaw Thu of Mandalay University for helping me with the sources I needed. I also owe my gratitude to U Win Maung (Tampavatî) (who let me use his collection of photos and negatives), U Zin Moe (who assisted me in making a raw map of Pagan), Bob Hudson (who provided me with some unpublished data on the monuments of Pagan), and David Kyle Latinis for his kind suggestions on writing my early chapters. I’m greatly indebted to Cho Cho (Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture, NUS) for providing me with some of the drawings: figures 2, 22, 25, 26 and 38. -
Myanmar | Content | 1 Putao
ICS TRAVEL GROUP is one of the first international DMCs to open own offices in our destinations and has since become a market leader throughout the Mekong region, Indonesia and India. As such, we can offer you the following advantages: Global Network. Rapid Response. With a centralised reservations centre/head All quotation and booking requests are answered office in Bangkok and 7 sales offices. promptly and accurately, with no exceptions. Local Knowledge and Network. Innovative Online Booking Engine. We have operations offices on the ground at every Our booking and feedback systems are unrivalled major destination – making us your incountry expert in the industry. for your every need. Creative MICE team. Quality Experience. Our team of experienced travel professionals in Our goal is to provide a seamless travel experience each country is accustomed to handling multi- for your clients. national incentives. Competitive Hotel Rates. International Standards / Financial Stability We have contract rates with over 1000 hotels and All our operational offices are fully licensed pride ourselves on having the most attractive pricing and financially stable. All guides and drivers are strategies in the region. thoroughly trained and licensed. Full Range of Services and Products. Wherever your clients want to go and whatever they want to do, we can do it. Our portfolio includes the complete range of prod- ucts for leisure and niche travellers alike. ICS TRAVEL ICSGROUPTRAVEL GROUP Contents Introduction 3 Tours 4 Cruises 20 Hotels 24 Yangon 24 Mandalay 30 Bagan 34 Mount Popa 37 Inle Lake 38 Nyaung Shwe 41 Ngapali 42 Pyay 45 Mrauk U 45 Ngwe Saung 46 Excursions 48 Hotel Symbol: ICS Preferred Hotel Style Hotel Boutique Hotel Myanmar | Content | 1 Putao Lahe INDIA INDIA Myitkyina CHINA CHINA Bhamo Muse MYANMAR Mogok Lashio Hsipaw BANGLADESHBANGLADESH Mandalay Monywa ICS TRA VEL GR OUP Meng La Nyaung Oo Kengtung Mt. -
Mamweb: Regional Styles of Thai Cuisine
Regional Styles of Thai Cuisine: Thailand is comprised of four main culinary regions, each with their own specialties, and each having slight deviations in flavor profile from that of the Central region, which is considered by most to be the ‘classic’ Thai culinary style. The variations are caused by differences in ethnicity, cultural background, geography, climate, and to some extent, politics. Each ethnographic group can lay claim to dishes which are known nationwide, whether they originated with the Chinese immigrants from Hainan, Fujian, Guangzhou, or Yunnan, the Sunni Muslim Malays or animist Moken sea gypsies in the South, the Mon of the west-Central, the Burmese Shan in the North, the Khmer in the East, or the Lao in the Northeast. Geography and climate determine what can be grown and harvested, and whether the aquatic species consumed in the region are derived from the sea or freshwater. The cuisine of Northeastern Thailand: Aahaan Issan: Issan (also written as Isaan, Isarn, Esarn, Isan) is Thailand’s poorest region, both economically and agriculturally. It is plagued by thin soils, with an underlying layer of mineral salts (mineral salt is harvested and exported country wide). The weather is a limiting factor in agricultural production: it is hotter and dryer during the dry season, and rains can easily become floods, since it is basically a large flat plateau (the Khorat Plateau), hemmed-in by mountain ranges to the west and the south. Watersheds are limited and flow into the Mekong, which serves as a transportation link for trade. Marshes and temporary lakes appear during the rainy season. -
Monday, 4/19 Tuesday, 4/20 Wednesday, 4/21 Thursday, 4/22
Monday, 4/19 Tuesday, 4/20 Wednesday, 4/21 Thursday, 4/22 Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Breakfast Bagels & Cream Cheese (Regular, Vegan) Bagels & Cream Cheese (Regular, Vegan) Bagels & Cream Cheese (Regular, Vegan) Bagels & Cream Cheese (Regular, Vegan) Breakfast Burrito Breakfast Sandwich (Crossaint) Breakfast Quesadilla Breakfast Sandwich (English Muffin) Fruit Cup Fruit Cup Fruit Cup Fruit Cup Whole Fruit Whole Fruit Whole Fruit Whole Fruit Assorted Pastries Assorted Pastries Assorted Pastries Assorted Pastries Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Classic Chicken BLT w. avocado aioli Chicago-style Hot Dog (all Beef) Italian Stromboli W/ Marinara Sauce Banh Mi Burger (V) Tempeh BLT w. avocado aioli (V) Chicago-style Tofu Pup (V) Stromboli W/ Marinara Sauce (V)Banh Mi Tofu Pup Waffle Fries Mac-n-cheese Fried Clams w. tartar sauce Fried spring rolls Housemade BBQ chips Vegan Mac-n-cheese French Fries Burmese Noodle Salad Vegan Broccoli Salad (V) Classic Coleslaw Caprese Salad w/ Balsamic Glaze Sweet Potato Fries Pasta Salad French Fries Roasted Oregano Cauliflower Broccoli Garden Salad Garden salad Spicy Cucumber Salad w. Fried shallots Dinner Dinner Dinner Dinner Classic Beef Lasagna Miso-glazed Local Cod Filipino Adobo Chicken Pork Kielbasa Vegan Veggie Lasagna (V) Miso Glazed Tofu Vegan Pancit noodles w. Crispy Tofu Vegan Kielbasa Garlic Parmesan Chicken Wings Sauteed Edamame & Vegetables Sticky Rice Potato pierogis Rosemary Polenta Sesame Soba Noodles French Fries Vegan Halushki (sauteed Cabbage & Noodles) Balsamic-glazed root veggies Brown Rice -
The Edvectus Educator: an Introduction to Myanmar a Guide to Successful Integration
The Edvectus Educator: An Introduction to Myanmar A Guide to Successful Integration The Facts and Figures Official Name: The Republic of the Union of Myanmar (formerly Burma) Location: South East Asia Border: Myanmar borders with Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand Area: 676,578 square kms Topography: Mountainous borders with central lowlands. Capital: Naypyidaw though Yangon is the largest city Population: About 51 million Main Language: Burmese Currency: Burmese Kyat (MMK) Dialling Code: +95 Time Zone: UTC+06:30 Government: Unitary Presidential Republic Main Airport: Yangon International Airport Main Carrier: Myanmar National Airlines Drives on the: Right Religion: Buddhism © Edvectus This information has been developed for Edvectus candidates and cannot be distributed or copied without written permission Unique Selling Points Myanmar (formerly Burma) is a beautiful, unspoiled country, steeped in tradition and culture and, following a long period of self-isolation, visiting Myanmar is said to be a little like stepping back in time to the turn of the 20th century. Back to ‘old’ Asia where locals still wear traditional dress (the men where the Longyi which is a skirt-like piece of cloth), walk with bare feet and travel in trishaws and in the open country, by horse and cart. Where the pace of life is leisurely, the local food virtually unknown outside of Myanmar and the locals inquisitive, friendly and kind. Myanmar has so much to offer its newly invited tourists. An ethnically diverse nation there are around 135 officially recognised ethnic groups within Myanmar grouped into 8 major national ethnic races (primarily grouped by region). With a population that is about 90% Buddhist, there are hundreds and hundreds of Buddhist temples and Pagodas to visit. -
Summer-Canteen-Menu.Pdf
summercanteen Appetizers Soups ISAAN SAUSAGE 8.5 SPICY & SOUR CHICKEN SOUP [tom-yum] 7.5 Classic north-eastern Thailand appetizer. Kaffir leaves, galangal, chilis, lime juice, and tomatoes. GRILLED PORK BUTT 9.5 SPICY COCONUT MILK CHICKEN SOUP [tom-kha] 7.5 Garlic and cilantro marinade. Coconut milk, lime leaves, galangal, chilis, and cilantro. SUMMER ROLL 8.5 VEGETABLE DUMPLING SOUP 7 Shrimp, vermicelli rice noodles, fresh herbs wrapped in Vegetarian dumplings in clear vegetable soup. wafer-thin rice paper. CHICKEN SATAY 10.5 With peanut sauce and cucumber salad. Salads LEAF-WRAPPED SAVORY NIBBLES [miang-kham] 9.5 THAI BEEF SALAD WITH NOODLE & MANGO 14.5 Shrimp, spinach leaves, ginger, peanuts, lemon skin, chilis, Grilled rib eye, cashew nuts, mango, tomatoes, mint and grated coconut, and minced shallots w/ tamarind caramel. spicy dressing. MUSSELS WITH LEMONGRASS 11 BURMESE TEA LEAF SALAD 11.75 Kaffir, lemongrass, basil, and herb-seasoned broth served Homemade pickled tea leaves, peanuts, cashew nuts, with chili sauce. pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, dried shrimp, tomatoes, fried garlic, sesame seeds, and lettuce. CRISPY CRAB & SHRIMP ON SOY PAPER [hoy-jo] 10.5 Crab meat & shrimp, coriander root, water chestnuts, and GREEN PAPAYA & SHRIMP SALAD [som-tum] 10.5 white wine served with sweet & sour sauce. Shrimp, roasted peanuts, tomatoes, string beans, chilis, and palm sugar with spicy lime juice dressing. SALMON KHAM WAN 13 Salmon sashimi, crunchy broccoli and carrot batons, served GREEN SALAD WITH PEANUT DRESSING 8 with zesty Thai chili-lime dipping sauce. Cucumber, tomatoes, broccoli, pineapple, onion, bell peppers, and shallots with peanut dressing. -
Authentic Thai-Isan Cuisine
cover_hires.pdf 1 16/6/2564 15:49:37 C Authentic Thai-Isan Cuisine M Y CM MY CY An authentic, rounded Isan meal is equipped with various options CMY —not one single dish— K to be enjoyed with friends and families “ at any moment of the day. ” Isan kitchen brings forth traditions, cultural heritage and good health as well as never neglects majestic spices, admired simplicity and fresh products. 18% of gratuity will be added to a party of 6 or more menu01-02_hires.pdf 1 16/6/2564 13:17:16 SOMTUM C M Y ตำไทย + ไขเค็ม 13.- CM Tum Thai Kai Kem MY Peanuts, Long bean, Cherry Tomato, Lime, CY Dried Shrimp, Salted Duck Egg CMY K This menu contains hard-shell crabs ตำไทย 12.- ตำซั่วเดอ 13.- ตำปู - ปลารา 13.- Tum Thai Tum Suo Der Tum Poo - Plara Peanuts, Long Bean, Cherry Tomato, Dried Pork Skin, Rice Vermicelli, Spicy Papaya Salad with Field Crabs, Lime, Dried Shrimp Bean Sprouts, Cherry Tomato, Lime, Long Bean, Cherry Tomato, Lime, Long Bean, Dried Chili, Fermented Thai Eggplants, Fermented Fish Fish (Pla-Ra) Dressing (Pla-Ra) Dressing Spicy Recommended Dish Fermented fish or Plaara (Isan Style) Vegetarian Request menu01-02_hires.pdf 2 16/6/2564 13:17:19 CHINA VIETNAM MYANMAR LAOS ISAN Derived from a Sanskrit word, “Ishan” (north east direction), Isan is a THAILAND commonly used word to describe the beautiful northeastern plateau of Thailand. Bordered by the famous Mekong River, Isan is situat- ed next to Lao People's Democratic Republic and Kingdom of CAMBODIA Cambodia. The region is known and loved for its strong family ties and lively cultures seen in upbeat music, memorable festivals and simple traditional clothing. -
Breakfast Lunch
Breakfast Served until 3 pm Daily Substitute Egg Whites 2 Avocado Toast 12.85 House Cured Salmon Lox Sandwich 16.45 Avocado, Chile Flakes, Sea Salt, Arugula, Watermelon Radish, Lemon Cream Cheese, Cucumbers, Tomato, Red Onion, Arugula Juice, Cumin, Seasame Seeds & Olive Oil & Capers on a Toasted Everything Bagel with Baby Greens Buttermilk Pancakes 12.45 Fried Egg Sandwich 15.85 Three Pancakes, Maple Syrup & Sweet Butter Fried Eggs, Bacon, Shallot Aioli & Jack Cheese on a Croissant Blueberry or Banana Pancakes 13.45 with Potatoes or Organic Greens Substitute Berries 2 Homemade Granola & Yogurt 13.85 Breakfast Grain Bowl 15.45 Housemade Granola with Nuts, Plain Greek Yogurt, Berries & Honey Organic Wild Rice, Farro & Quinoa with Asparagus, Mushrooms, Cilantro, Arugula, Lemon Vinaigrette & Two Poached Eggs Brioche French Toast 12.85 Huevos Rancheros Thick Cut Brioche French Toast, Maple Syrup & Sweet Butter 15.45 Fried Eggs on a Crisp Corn Tortilla with a Black Bean Potato Cake, Bowl of Oatmeal 11.85 Avocado, Jack Cheese & Ranchero Sauce Brown Sugar & Raisins Bacon & Spinach Benedict 15.85 Farm Breakfast Burrito 15.85 Poached Eggs, Spinach & Bacon on an English Muffin with Scrambled Eggs, Bacon, Pico de Gallo, Potatoes, Cheddar Cheese & Hollandaise with Potatoes or Organic Greens Substitute Berries 2 Avocado Steak & Eggs 22.85 Organic Acai Bowl 15.85 Poached Eggs, Seasoned Breakfast Potatoes & Onions, Berries, Housemade Granola, Banana & Honey Rib Eye Steak & Hollandaise Sauce Build Your Own Three Egg Omelet or Scramble 15.45 Choice of -
Soup Vegetarian Tamatar Dhaniya Shorba
Soup Vegetarian Tamatar Dhaniya Shorba (V) Spicy tomato and coriander broth Non -Vegetarian Shrimp Curry Mee Malay-Indian curried noodle soup Cold Selection Vegetarian Laphet Thoke Burmese green tea salad Bulgur and Cucumber Salad Broken durum wheat and cucumber salad NRI Caprese Bocconcini, basil-coriander pesto, aubergine caviar, olive soil and naan crisp Non -Vegetarian Jerk Spiced Chicken Salad Jerk spiced chicken, lettuce, raw papaya Potted Shrimp Baby shrimps cooked in flavored butter served with a toast Tuna Coronation Tuna tossed in mango chutney and curried mayonnaise Hot Selection Vegetarian Kenyan Butter Mogo Cassava fries tossed with chili, garlic and lime Soya Murtabak Pan fried stuffed soya pan cakes Mushroom Galauti Spiced button mushroom galletes Mirch Malai Broccoli Broccoli marinated in chilies and cream, pickle mayonnaise Non - Vegetarian Chicken 65 Spicy deep-fried chicken Calamar Crostillant Mauritian style deep fried squid, squid ink aioli Andhra Mutton Roast Boneless lamb cooked with chilies, curry leaves and pepper Chicken Liver Masala on Toast Tanzanian spiced liver, toast, kachumber Kasundi Fish Tikka Tandoor cooked mustard flavored Indian sea bass Robata Vegetarian Phaldari Chaat Grilled fruit chat with smoked yogurt Mishkaki East African barbecue skewers Nimbu Dhaniya Paneer Lemongrass and coriander flavoured cottage cheese with soy glaze Non -Vegetarian Ikan Bakar Nyonya style Indian sea bass grilled in banana leaf Hickory Smoked Jumbo Prawns Jumbo prawns marinated in hickory smoked BBQ sauce served with vermicelli -
View Lunch Menu
APPETIZERS FRENCH FRIED POTATOES ONION RINGS SPRING ROLLS MANDU LUNCH SPECIAL $5.99 Large SOUP OF THE GODS! Soup and two CLASSIC NO FISH! GO FISH! Sandwiches please add .50 for each PREMIUM NO FISH! GO FISH! Sandwich NO FISH! SANDWICHES CLASSIC NO FISH! GO FISH! $1.50 Spinach & Feta, Tomato & Mozzarella, Cheddar, Black Olive with Basil & Garlic, Ham & Cheese, Turkey & Cheese, Egg & Cheese, Egg & Pico de Gallo, Chocolate & Caramel, Banana & Chocolate, Apple & Cinnamon, Berry PREMIUM NO FISH! GO FISH! $2.00 Refried Bean with Pico de Gallo, Cream Cheese & Pepperoncini, Bacon & Cheddar, Sausage & Cheddar, Curried Vegetable, Mushroom Pate, Garlic & Parmesan SOUP OF THE GODS! A selection of fine soups made from scratch daily with the freshest ingredients. small $4.00 / large $4.50 PASTA Pasta dishes include a garlic and parmesan NO FISH! Sandwich and a dinner salad. Add grilled chicken breast! $8.00 / $10.00 Choose from: FRESH TOMATO SAUCE ROSEMARY PARMESAN CREAM SAUCE FRESH SPINACH & CILANTRO PUREE WITH CREAM CHEESE AND YOGURT PANINI Grilled Italian sandwich on hand sliced Ciabatta. Includes small soup. ASK YOUR SERVER FOR DAILY SELECTION $7.50 FRITTATA An egg and potato casserole served with a small SOUP OF THE GODS! soup and a NO FISH! Sandwich $7.50 Topped with your choice of: Fresh Tomato and Black Olive, Mushroom and Artichoke, Cheddar Cheese CAESAR SALAD An entire heart of romaine served with parmesan, crouton, our delicious dressing and anchovy filet upon request. Add grilled chicken breast! $7.00 / $9.00 ASIAN NOODLE BOWL Served with Burmese salad. Add grilled chicken breast! $6.00 / $8.00 Choose from three styles: COLD SESAME NOODLE - Tahini peanut sauce BIBIMYUN - Very spicy Korean pepper sauce CAMBODIAN NOODLE - Mild coconut and lime sauce with cilantro SIDE SALADS SMALL GREEN SALAD - with Italian red peppers and parmesan BURMESE SALAD - red and green cabbage with cilantro and onion and ginger soy dressing . -
WARRIORS KILLED, SLICED AS CUCUMBER: FOOD SYMBOLISM in the MARTIAL SCENES of OLD JAVANESE KAKAWINS Photo Credit: Andrea Acri
NALANDA-SRIWIJAYA CENTRE WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 13 WARRIORS KILLED, SLICED AS CUCUMBER: FOOD SYMBOLISM IN THE MARTIAL SCENES OF OLD JAVANESE KAKAWINS Photo credit: Andrea Acri Jiri Jakl NALANDA-SRIWIJAYA CENTRE WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 13 (June 2013) WARRIORS KILLED, SLICED AS CUCUMBER: FOOD SYMBOLISM IN THE MARTIAL SCENES OF OLD JAVANESE KAKAWINS Jiri Jakl Jiri Jakl is a PhD candidate at Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia. His main academic interest covers pre-modern history of Indonesia and military history of pre-Islamic Java. Currently, he is working on his dissertation entitled ‘Literary Representation of War in the Old Javanese Kakawin’. He obtained his MA in Southeast Asian Studies from Leiden University, the Netherlands, in 2008. Email: [email protected] The NSC Working Paper Series is published Citations of this electronic publication should be electronically by the Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre of the made in the following manner: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore. Jiri Jakl, ‘Warriors Killed, Sliced as Cucumber: Food Symbolism in the Martial Arts Scenes of Old © Copyright is held by the author or authors of each Javanese Kakawins’, Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Working Paper. Working Paper No 13 (June 2013), http://www.iseas.edu.sg/nsc/documents/working_ papers/nscwps013.pdf NSC Working Papers cannot be republished, reprinted, or reproduced in any format without the permission of the paper’s author or authors. NSC WPS Editors: Andrea Acri Geoff Wade Joyce Zaide ISSN: 2529-7287 Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Editorial Committee: Andrea Acri Geoff Wade Ten Leu-Jiun Joyce Zaide Typesetting and Layout: Andrea Acri and Joyce Zaide The Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Working Paper Series has been established to provide an avenue for swift publication and wide dissemination of research conducted or presented within the Centre, and of studies engaging fields of enquiry of relevance to the Centre. -
Thai Cuisine
Thai Cuisine If there is any Thai dish that is not on our menu that you wish to enjoy please ask your server, and if ingredients are available we will be more than happy to prepare it for you. Appetizers, Soups &Salads Traditional “Som Tam’’ (N) 150 Papaya Salad with Dry Shrimp, Fish Sauce, Chili Lime Dressing Chicken Satay (N)(G) 220 Chicken Skewers, Pickled Vegetable Garnish, Toast, Peanut sauce Poh Pia Hed (V)(G) 220 Asian Wild Mushroom Spring Rolls with Citrus Soya Sauce Moo Ping 180 Thailand’s Favorite Skewered Marinated Pork Tom Yam Goong” Famous Shrimp and Lemon Grass Soup 270 Sour and Spicy Broth, Thai Herbs, Roasted Chili Paste, Fresh Lime Juice Tom Kha Gai Coconut Cream Chicken Soup 240 Infused with Kaffir Lime and Galangal, Local Mushrooms and Shallots Gang Jued Pak Soup (V) 180 Clear Broth Soup Mildly Seasoned with Vegetables & Tofu Yam Nua Yang 310 Grilled Spicy Vegetable Beef Salad Pla Goong 300 Spicy Prawn Salad with Lemongrass & Mint Yam Woon Sen 300 Spicy Seafood Glass Noodle Salad Laab Gai 270 Minced Chicken North East Style with Thai Herbs Tod Man Pla 240 Fried Breaded Fish Cake with Plum Sauce Classic Thai Stir-Fry Noodles Phad Thai Goong (N) 270 Andaman Sea Prawns, Rice Noodles, Chinese Chives, Chili, Peanuts Phad See Ew Thaley 250 A Mild Stir Fry of Wide Rice Noodle, Shrimp & Squid & Vegetables Laad Na Gai 235 Another Mild Stir Fry with Wide Rice Noodle Chicken Vegetables & Soya Gravy Phad Mee Hokkien 235 Local Yellow Egg Noodles, Farm Fresh Vegetables & Soya Glaze With a choice of Chicken, Beef, Pork or Prawns (G)