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Phantom Immigrants Oikawa Jinsaburo, the Suian Maru, and the Miyagi-Ken Japanese-Canadians of Lion Island and Don Island

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Phantom Immigrants Oikawa Jinsaburo, the Suian Maru, and the Miyagi-Ken Japanese-Canadians of Lion Island and Don Island Phantom Immigrants Oikawa Jinsaburo, the Suian Maru, and the Miyagi-ken Japanese-Canadians of Lion Island and Don Island 密航船水案丸 (Mikkousen Suian Maru) by Nitta Jiro translation by David Sulz in the hope that we all find the pioneer within ourselves and act to make our dreams of a better world come true. ISBN 0-9685608-0-6 PHANTOM IMMIGRANTS: Oikawa Jinsaburo, the Suian-Maru, and the Miyagi-ken Japanese-Canadians of Lion Island and Don Island. English translation © 1998 by David Sulz. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations which must be properly credited. 2nd Printing: June 2000 3rd Printing: January 2006 4th Printing: January 2009 Information: David Sulz, 307-11115-80 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 0R4 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Mikkousen Suian Maru was published in Showa 54 (1979) by Kodansha Publishing Co.: Tokyo, Japan Table of Contents Translator’s Notes ......................................... 1 VIII Storm 95 IX Land! 98 Chapter 1: ....................................................... 3 X Waiting 102 The Golden Horse XI Vancouver Island 108 I Runaway Horse 4 XII Capture 112 II The Vision 8 XIII End and Beginning II 115 III Yokohama 13 IV The Voyage 17 Chapter 4 .................................................... 123 V The Golden Horse 19 Long Knife VI Childhood Education 21 I Starting Out 124 VII Civil Unrest 24 II Avalanche 126 VIII Firefly 25 III Deal 131 IX Ice 28 IV Riot 135 X Silk Reeling 31 V Betrayed 137 XI Factory 34 VI Busted 140 XII End and Beginning I 37 VII Tragedy 144 VIII Confrontation 147 Chapter 2 ...................................................... 41 IX Decision 150 The Fraser River X Farewell 154 I Vancouver 42 II Steveston 44 Epilogue ..................................................... 158 III Labourer 48 Hirobuchi Swamp IV Souemon 51 I “Return” 159 V Mr. Clark 54 II Friends 162 VI Home 60 III Rejection 165 VII Death 64 IV Reminiscences 168 VIII Passing 67 V Finale 170 Chapter 3 ...................................................... 72 Author’s Notes Phantom Immigrants Gold Mountain ...................................... 176 I Success 73 II Split 76 Appendices III Michie 80 I “Jap Coolies Land…” 203 IV Phantom Immigrants 82 II Original article 206 V The Secret 86 III Bibliography 209 VI Departure 89 VII Setting Sail 92 Translator’s Notes My involvement with this story has been one of coincidence and opportunity since my introduction to it in the summer of 1991. As an intern with the Miyagi Internship Programme, I stayed with many wonderful families for short homestays. During one such stay, the Grandfather asked where I came from. “Canada,” I answered. “British Columbia.” “B.C.?” he asked. “Yes, near Victoria.” “Just a minute,” he said and whisked away to a back room. A few moments later he returned with a book. To my surprise, there was a map of B.C.; on one side of the inside cover and a map of Miyagi Prefecture on the other. Grandfather explained that Jinsaburo Oikawa smuggled 80-odd people from Miyagi to B.C. in the late 1800s. He offered me the book, although I doubted I would ever be able to read it. When I returned to the University of Victoria to finish a degree in Pacific/Asian Studies and Economics, I found I could add a minor in Japanese with only one more course. Dr. Hiroko Noro agreed to supervise an individual Directed Studies course (a mini-thesis) based on translating the Author‟s Notes. Although her field of research was Japanese immigration to Canada, she had never heard the Jinsaburo Oikawa story and was interested. After graduation, I applied for a job as a Co-ordinator for International Relations with the JET (Japan Exchange and Teaching) Programme. The deadline for acceptance came and went with no word. The phone rang just as I was about to accept a job in my hometown of Cobble Hill. “There‟s an opening on the JET Programme,” the consulate‟s representative said. “Thank you,” I replied, “but I‟ve already found a great job.” “It‟s in Sendai,” she said. I promised to think about it. It was a difficult decision: an interesting job in Sendai or an equally interesting job just up the road. The Canadian job was stimulating and the boss enlightened, “If you‟re distracted, go to the lake for a swim, take a nap, or do some carving; come back to work when you‟re fresh and can give your best.” The Japanese option was also intriguing. After a day spent pondering Robert Frost‟s The Road Not Taken, I decided on Japan. At the International Affairs Division of the Miyagi Prefectural Government, I had lots of free time and a colleague, Kei Yoshida, who was interested in the story. At first, I just planned on reading the book. This required so much effort I figured translating would only require minimum additional effort. By the end of that year, I had translated only a sixth of the book but was hooked and committed to finishing. When I heard the JET teacher in Towa-cho was returning to Canada, I requested a transfer to the heart of the story. I spent two wonderful years in Towa-cho, officially as Assistant Language Teacher at the Junior High School but also assisting with International Relations at the Town Office especially during preparations for the yearly trip to Canada (Towa-cho and Vernon, B.C. are sister cities). Although an isolated mountain village on the border of two prefectures, Towa-cho is a remarkable town with a fascinating history. The other big local story is the kakure-kurishitan (secret Christians) who took to the mountains of Towa-cho when Date Masamune (the feudal lord) outlawed Christianity in the early 1600s in line with the Shogun‟s edict to isolate Japan from the outside world. There is even a Canadian link; a Catholic Church in Quebec donated money and material to build a church when this story was rediscovered after World War II. I translated a few pages each day and quickly learned that a translator‟s greatest tool is background knowledge and an intimate relationship with the story. I would never have completed this book without a 1 connection to the landscape, the descendants, and the “not-included” events that lie behind this story, both in Japan and in Canada. Living in Towa-cho with people who knew the story made translating much easier. In particular, Mr. Kanichi Onodera (Head of the Public Hall), and two consecutive principals (Saito-kocho and Abe-kocho) were great supporters who explained difficult grammar and provided background information. After two years, I had completed the entire story but the real challenge of revising the translation into real English remained. There is a long-standing debate over translating literally or creatively; literal translations stick to the original text whereas creative translations try to translate the meaning and intention of the story. I hope this translation is a happy medium. It sticks to the sentence and paragraph order fairly rigidly although the word order must be altered when translating Japanese into English). However, I tried to make the story flow for an English-speaking audience. Of course, it would be arrogant to think that this work is all my own doing. Some of my wonderful friends (and family) who have contributed greatly by reading and suggesting and discussing are Terry Greatrex in Furukawa, Roger Howden in Victoria, Marilyn Sulz (mom) in Cobble Hill, and Tanya Berry (my partner in fun and learning). Ken Sulz (dad) and Jun Hirose in Sendai have also been very supportive and helpful. Finally, thanks to all my friends and family in Canada and Japan who may not yet have read the story but who have listened patiently to my explanations and ramblings. Any mistakes are, naturally, my own responsibility. June 2000: This “second printing” includes minor corrections suggested by readers who took time to contact me about spelling, grammatical, and name-reading errors. I am grateful to everyone who has shared their own stories. It seems Jinsaburo Oikawa has had a lasting effect on the lives and histories of Japanese and Canadians alike. Thank you also to the Nikkei Voice newspaper. January 2006: A bibliography has been added - mostly from my M.A. (history) thesis research - Japanese “Entrepreneur” on the Fraser River: Oikawa Jinsaburo and the Illegal Immigrants of the Suian Maru. Many of these sources were unused (or unknown) to Nitta and add new nuances to the story. More thanks to Jennifer Hashimoto at Nikkei Books and everyone at the Japanese-Canadian National Museum. January 2009: A few additions to the bibliography. To date, I have made about 350 copies of the book by hand (10-20 at a time) in response to requests which often include wonderful notes about personal connections and additional information. I have had opportunities to present this story to community groups, at academic conferences, and in print articles. In October 2006, the Japanese Canadian National Museum in Burnaby, B.C. hosted a Suian Maru Centennial Celebration which brought together several hundred people from Canada and Japan. In March 2009, a Japanese play called 加奈陀に渡った蛍火 の夢 (loosely, “The Firefly‟s Dream that Sailed to Canada”) will premiere in March 2009 in the town of Hasama, Miyagi-ken. It seems this fascinating story strikes a chord with a variety of people. 2 Chapter 1: The Golden Horse (Outer gate of the Batto Kannon Doh shrine Masubuchi-village, Towa-cho) 3 I Runaway Horse Parade banners filled the narrow street as hordes of people celebrated the Batto Kannon1 Doh shrine Spring Festival.
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